Download - Definitivat Engleza 2011
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
1/46
TEXTE LITERARE,TEXTE LITERARE,
CONTEXTECONTEXTECULTURALECULTURALE II
PREDAREA LORPREDAREA LOR
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
2/46
A.OBIECTIVEA.OBIECTIVE
CandidaCandidaii vor dovedi capacitatea de :ii vor dovedi capacitatea de :
aannelegeelege i analiza un text literar la prima vedere prin utilizareai analiza un text literar la prima vedere prin utilizarea
corecta termenilorcorecta termenilor i conceptelor, noi conceptelor, noiunilor de teorieiunilor de teorie i critici criticliterar prin care un text se plaseazliterar prin care un text se plaseazn context istoricn context istoric i cultural;i cultural;
a cona contientizatientiza i transmite atitudini culturale (cultural awareness)i transmite atitudini culturale (cultural awareness);;
a adecva predarea termenilora adecva predarea termenilor i a conceptelor de teoriei a conceptelor de teorie i critici criticliterarla diverse tipuri de claseliterarla diverse tipuri de clase;;
a selecta texte literarea selecta texte literaren predarea limbii engleze ca limbstrinn predarea limbii engleze ca limbstrin;;
a aborda temele generale de mai jos cu referire la operele inclua aborda temele generale de mai jos cu referire la operele inclusese
n bibliografien bibliografie..
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
3/46
B.TEME GENERALEB.TEME GENERALE
Power, identity, love in ShakespearePower, identity, love in Shakespeares playss plays
and sonnetsand sonnets
Enlightenment ideas reflected in the EnglishEnlightenment ideas reflected in the Englishnovelnovel
The Victorian character: values in actionThe Victorian character: values in action
Approaches to narrative and character inApproaches to narrative and character in
British and American literatureBritish and American literature -- the realist,the realist,modernist and postmodernist paradigms.modernist and postmodernist paradigms.
Values, symbols and myths in British andValues, symbols and myths in British andAmerican literatureAmerican literature
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
4/46
Literatura britanicLiteratura britanic
Austen, Jane:Austen, Jane: Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice
ororEmmaEmma
Bronte, Emily:Bronte, Emily: Wuthering HeightsWuthering Heights
Carroll, Lewis:Carroll, Lewis:AliceAlices Adventures in Wonderlands Adventures in Wonderland
Conrad, Joseph:Conrad, Joseph: Heart of DarknessHeart of Darkness
sausau
Lord JimLord Jim
Defoe, Daniel:Defoe, Daniel: Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe
Dickens, Charles:Dickens, Charles: Great ExpectationsGreat Expectations
sausau
Oliver TwistOliver Twist
Forster, E. M.:Forster, E. M.:A Passage to IndiaA Passage to India
sausau
A Room With a ViewA Room With a View
FowlesFowles, John:, John: The French LieutenantThe French Lieutenants Womans Woman
sausau
The MagusThe Magus
GoldingGolding, William:, William: Lord of the FliesLord of the Flies
Hardy, Thomas:Hardy, Thomas: TessTess
of the Dof the DUrbervillesUrbervilles
sausau
Jude the ObscureJude the Obscure
James, Henry:James, Henry: The Portrait of a LadyThe Portrait of a Lady
sausau
The AmbassadorsThe Ambassadors
Joyce, James:Joyce, James:A Portrait of the ArtistA Portrait of the Artist
as a Young Manas a Young Man
sausau
DublinersDubliners
Shakespeare, WilliamShakespeare, William: Sonnets: SonnetsXVIIIXVIII, CXXX; Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar,, CXXX; Romeo and Juliet, Julius Caesar, HamletHamlet,,AA
Midsummer NightMidsummer Nights Dreams Dream..
Swift, Jonathan:Swift, Jonathan: GulliverGullivers Travelss Travels
WoolfWoolf, Virginia:, Virginia:Mrs. DallowayMrs. Dalloway
sausau
To the LighthouseTo the Lighthouse
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
5/46
Literatura americanLiteratura american
Faulkner, William:Faulkner, William:Absalom, AbsalomAbsalom, Absalom
sausau
The Sound and The FuryThe Sound and The Fury
Fitzgerald, F. Scott.Fitzgerald, F. Scott. The Great GatsbyThe Great Gatsby
Hawthorne, Nathaniel.Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter
Hemingway, Ernest.Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man and the SeaThe Old Man and the Sea;;
The Short Happy LifeThe Short Happy Life
of Francisof FrancisMacomberMacomber
Melville, Herman.Melville, Herman.Moby DickMoby Dick
Poe, Edgar Allan.Poe, Edgar Allan. The TellThe Tell--Tale HeartTale Heart;;
The Fall of the House of UsherThe Fall of the House of Usher
PynchonPynchon, Thomas., Thomas. The Crying of Lot 49The Crying of Lot 49
Twain, Mark.Twain, Mark. Huckleberry FinnHuckleberry Finn
Vonnegut, Kurt.Vonnegut, Kurt. Slaughterhouse 5Slaughterhouse 5
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
6/46
Oral ExamOral Exam
WilliamWilliam FalknerFalknerss
Absalom, AbsalomAbsalom, Absalom: from: from
literary text to cultural context.literary text to cultural context.
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
7/46
Written ExamWritten Exam
Consider the following text:Consider the following text:
Contextualize it from a historical and cultural pointContextualize it from a historical and cultural pointof view, and discuss its relevance with reference toof view, and discuss its relevance with reference toits authorits authors literary canon (2 paragraphs).s literary canon (2 paragraphs).
Which of the next thematic approaches do youWhich of the next thematic approaches do youfind best able to reveal its meanings and stylisticfind best able to reveal its meanings and stylisticpreferences? Argument your opinion. (1preferences? Argument your opinion. (1
paragraph).paragraph).
AnalyseAnalyse the text with the above in view (3the text with the above in view (3paragraphs).paragraphs).
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
8/46
Power, identity, love in ShakespearePower, identity, love in Shakespearess
sonnets and playssonnets and plays
The Shakespearean Sonnet: themes and poeticThe Shakespearean Sonnet: themes and poetic
style instyle in
ShakespeareShakespeares comic worlds: rhetoric ands comic worlds: rhetoric and
personationpersonation inin
ShakespeareShakespeares tragic hero: infringement ands tragic hero: infringement and
identity inidentity in
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
9/46
Sonnet XVIIISonnet XVIII
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?
Thou art more lovely and more temperate:Thou art more lovely and more temperate: Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date;And summer's lease hath all too short a date; Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And often is his gold complexion dimmed;And every fair from fair sometime declines,And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed:By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed: But thy eternal summer shall not fade,But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thouNor lose possession of that fair thou ow'stow'st,,Nor shall Death brag thouNor shall Death brag thouwand'restwand'rest in his shade,in his shade, When in eternal lines to time thouWhen in eternal lines to time thou grow'stgrow'st..
So long as men canSo long as men canbreathe or eyes can see,breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
10/46
A Midsummer NightA Midsummer Nights Dream, Acts Dream, Act
V, Scene OneV, Scene OnePUCK:PUCK:
If we shadows have offended,If we shadows have offended,
Think but this, and all is mended,Think but this, and all is mended, That you have butThat you have but slumber'dslumber'd herehere
While these visions did appear.While these visions did appear. And this weak and idle theme,And this weak and idle theme, No more yielding but a dream,No more yielding but a dream, Gentles, do not reprehend:Gentles, do not reprehend: if you pardon, we will mend:if you pardon, we will mend: And, as I am an honest Puck,And, as I am an honest Puck, If we have unearned luckIf we have unearned luck Now to 'Now to 'scapescape the serpent's tongue,the serpent's tongue,
We will make amends ere long;We will make amends ere long; Else the Puck a liar call;Else the Puck a liar call; So, good night unto you all.So, good night unto you all. Give me your hands, if we be friends,Give me your hands, if we be friends, And Robin shall restore amends.And Robin shall restore amends.
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
11/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
12/46
Enlightenment ideas reflected in the EnglishEnlightenment ideas reflected in the English
novelnovel
Swift, Jonathan:Swift, Jonathan: GulliverGullivers Travelss Travels
Defoe, Daniel:Defoe, Daniel: Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe
Austen, Jane:Austen, Jane: Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
13/46
NeoclassicismNeoclassicism
A principle according to which the writing and criticism of liteA principle according to which the writing and criticism of literatureratureshould be guided by the rules and principles derived from the beshould be guided by the rules and principles derived from the beststof Greek and Roman writers.of Greek and Roman writers.
It dominated French literature during the 17It dominated French literature during the 17thth and 18and 18
thth
centuries.centuries.
It had a significant influence in England from the Restoration uIt had a significant influence in England from the Restoration untilntil1798.1798.
Characteristics:Characteristics:
A regard for tradition and reverence for the classics, with anA regard for tradition and reverence for the classics, with anaccompanying mistrust of innovation;accompanying mistrust of innovation;
A sense of literature as art (i.e.A sense of literature as art (i.e. artificedartificed), hence the value put on), hence the value put on rulesrules,,conventionsconventions,, decorumdecorum, the properties of received genres;, the properties of received genres;
A concern for social reality and the communal commonplaces of thA concern for social reality and the communal commonplaces of thoughtoughtwhich hold it together (art is pragmatic and man is its most appwhich hold it together (art is pragmatic and man is its most appropriateropriatesubject);subject);
A concern forA concern for naturenature, i.e. the way things are and should be;, i.e. the way things are and should be;
A concern with pride (standing for individual selfA concern with pride (standing for individual self--assertion against theassertion against thestatus quo).status quo).
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
14/46
Jonathan Swift (1667Jonathan Swift (1667 1745)1745)
Born in Ireland, of AngloBorn in Ireland, of Anglo--IrishIrishparentsparents
Writings:Writings:
satiresatiress
A Tale of a Tub (1704)A Tale of a Tub (1704)
The Battle of the Books (1704)The Battle of the Books (1704)
GulliverGullivers Travels (1726)s Travels (1726)
essaysessays
PamphletPamphletss
The Story of an Injured LadyThe Story of an Injured Lady
(1707)(1707)
A Short View of the State ofA Short View of the State ofIreland (1727)Ireland (1727)
A Modest Proposal (1729)A Modest Proposal (1729)
poemspoems
Characteristic style:Characteristic style:
It combines parody, with its imitationIt combines parody, with its imitation
of form and style of anotherof form and style of anotherwork/author, and satire in prose.work/author, and satire in prose.
It moves away from simple satire orIt moves away from simple satire orburlesque:burlesque:
Satire: argues against a habit, practice,Satire: argues against a habit, practice,
or policy by making fun of its reach oror policy by making fun of its reach orcomposition or methods;composition or methods;
Burlesque: imitates a despised authorBurlesque: imitates a despised authorand quickly moves toand quickly moves to reductioreductio
adad
absurdumabsurdum
by having the victim sayby having the victim say
things coarse or idiotic.things coarse or idiotic.
It pretends to speak in the voice of anIt pretends to speak in the voice of anopponent and imitate the style of theopponent and imitate the style of theopponent and have theopponent and have the parodicparodic
workwork
itself be the satire: the imitation woulditself be the satire: the imitation would
have subtle betrayals of the argumenthave subtle betrayals of the argumentbut would not be obviously absurd.but would not be obviously absurd.
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
15/46
GulliverGullivers Travelss Travels
Both aBoth a satiresatire
on human nature and aon human nature and a parodyparody
of the "of the "travellerstravellers' tales" literary' tales" literary
subsub--genre.genre.
It is divided in 4 parts:It is divided in 4 parts:
Part I: A Voyage to LilliputPart I: A Voyage to Lilliput
Part II: A Voyage toPart II: A Voyage to BrobdingnagBrobdingnag
Part III: A Voyage toPart III: A Voyage to LaputaLaputa,, BalnibarbiBalnibarbi,, GlubbdubdribGlubbdubdrib,, LuggnaggLuggnagg
and Japanand Japan
Part IV: A Voyage to the Country of thePart IV: A Voyage to the Country of the HouyhnhnmsHouyhnhnms
Themes:Themes:
a satirical view of the state of European government, and of peta satirical view of the state of European government, and of petty differencesty differencesbetween religions.between religions.
an inquiry into whether men are inherently corrupt or whether than inquiry into whether men are inherently corrupt or whether they becomeey become
corrupted.corrupted.
a restatement of the older "ancients versus moderns" controversya restatement of the older "ancients versus moderns" controversy..
Construction:Construction:
each part is the reverse of the preceding part;each part is the reverse of the preceding part;
Gulliver's view between parts contrasts with its other coincidinGulliver's view between parts contrasts with its other coinciding part.g part.
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
16/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
17/46
Daniel DefoeDaniel Defoe (1660(1660--1731)1731)
Sometimes called the founder of the modern English novel, DefoeSometimes called the founder of the modern English novel, Defoe established:established:
a dominant unifying theme with a serious thesisa dominant unifying theme with a serious thesis
convincing realism (through an almostconvincing realism (through an almost--journalistic firstjournalistic first--person narrative)person narrative)
a middle class viewpointa middle class viewpoint
Characteristics:Characteristics:
His works are written in the form of fictional autobiography orHis works are written in the form of fictional autobiography or diaries to makediaries to makethem more realistic.them more realistic.
There is no real plot, just a chronological series of connectedThere is no real plot, just a chronological series of connected episodes featuring aepisodes featuring asingle protagonist.single protagonist.
The protagonist must struggle to overcome a series of misfortuneThe protagonist must struggle to overcome a series of misfortunes, using only hiss, using only hisor her physical and mental resources.or her physical and mental resources.
DefoeDefoes selfs self
supporting hero/heroine combines the virtues of Puritanism andsupporting hero/heroine combines the virtues of Puritanism and
merchant capitalism.merchant capitalism.
There is no psychological development of the characters, only inThere is no psychological development of the characters, only in
their externaltheir external
condition.condition.
His fictional autobiographies anticipate semiHis fictional autobiographies anticipate semi
autobiographical novels such asautobiographical novels such as
Jane EyreJane Eyre..
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
18/46
Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe
It reworks the memoirs of an actual sailor (Alexander Selkirk) iIt reworks the memoirs of an actual sailor (Alexander Selkirk) in the story ofn the story ofRobinson Crusoe;Robinson Crusoe;
Plot: Crusoe is a mariner who takes to sea despite parental warnPlot: Crusoe is a mariner who takes to sea despite parental warnings and, afterings and, aftersuffering a number of misfortunes at the hands of Barbary piratesuffering a number of misfortunes at the hands of Barbary pirates and thes and theelements, is shipwrecked off South America, where, according toelements, is shipwrecked off South America, where, according to his journal,his journal,is able to resist for some 28 years, two months and nineteen dayis able to resist for some 28 years, two months and nineteen days.s.
Interpretations:Interpretations:
James JoyceJames Joyce: "He is the true: "He is the trueprototype of the Britishprototype of the British
colonistcolonist the manlythe manly
independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slowindependence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow
yet efficientyet efficient
intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity".intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity".
J.P. HunterJ.P. Hunter: Robinson is not a hero, but an: Robinson is not a hero, but an everymaneveryman
(he begins as a wanderer,(he begins as a wanderer,
and ends as aand ends as a pilgrimpilgrim, entering the, entering the promised landpromised land.).)
LikeLikeJonahJonah, Crusoe neglects his 'duty' and is punished at sea., Crusoe neglects his 'duty' and is punished at sea.
PuritanPuritan
morality:morality: Crusoe often feels himself guided by a divinely ordained fateCrusoe often feels himself guided by a divinely ordained fate
((ProvidenceProvidence), thus explaining his robust optimism in the face of apparent), thus explaining his robust optimism in the face of apparenthopelessness.hopelessness.
Protestant work ethicProtestant work ethic::
Crusoe's experiences on the island represents theCrusoe's experiences on the island represents the
inherent economic value ofinherent economic value of labourlabour
over capital. Defoe's point is that money hasover capital. Defoe's point is that money has
no intrinsic value and is only valuable insofar as it can be useno intrinsic value and is only valuable insofar as it can be used in trade.d in trade.
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
19/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
20/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
21/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
22/46
The Victorian character: values inThe Victorian character: values in
actionaction
Bronte, Emily:Bronte, Emily: Wuthering HeightsWuthering Heights
Dickens, Charles:Dickens, Charles: Great ExpectationsGreat Expectations
Hardy, Thomas:Hardy, Thomas: TessTess
of the Dof the DUrbervillesUrbervilles
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
23/46
Victorian AgeVictorian Age
Chronologically comprised between 1837 and 1901 (reign of QueenChronologically comprised between 1837 and 1901 (reign of QueenVictoria)Victoria)
It is equated with EnglandIt is equated with Englands rise to the pinnacle of her economic and politicals rise to the pinnacle of her economic and political
power as revealed by the Great Exhibition of 1851 or the Queenpower as revealed by the Great Exhibition of 1851 or the Queens Diamonds DiamondJubilee of 1897Jubilee of 1897
The British colonial empire (covering a vast territory from CanaThe British colonial empire (covering a vast territory from Canada to India)da to India)
IndustrialisationIndustrialisation: material progress coupled with the exploitation of the poor an: material progress coupled with the exploitation of the poor anddthe emergence of a classthe emergence of a class--conscious workingconscious working--class (the Chartist movement, theclass (the Chartist movement, the
popularity of the doctrine of socialism among some intellectualspopularity of the doctrine of socialism among some intellectuals like thelike theWebbsWebbs and G.B. Shaw. )and G.B. Shaw. )
As a state of mind and pattern ofAs a state of mind and pattern of behaviourbehaviour: Victorian Orthodoxy manifested: Victorian Orthodoxy manifestedby middleby middle--class selfclass self--complacency, respect for authority and rules, nacomplacency, respect for authority and rules, naveveconfidence in the societyconfidence in the societys concern to reward the individual according to hiss concern to reward the individual according to his
merits.merits.
AntiAnti--Victorian attitudes: writers and artists who did not share the gVictorian attitudes: writers and artists who did not share the generaleneralenthusiasm with material progress.enthusiasm with material progress.
Darwinism further divided the intellectual world (many VictorianDarwinism further divided the intellectual world (many Victorians lost theirs lost theirbelief in the immortality of the soul.)belief in the immortality of the soul.)
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
24/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
25/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
26/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
27/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
28/46
Approaches to narrative and character in British and American liApproaches to narrative and character in British and American literatureterature --
the romantic, realist, modernist and postmodernist paradigms.the romantic, realist, modernist and postmodernist paradigms.
Romantic:Romantic:
Bronte, Emily:Bronte, Emily: Wuthering HeightsWuthering Heights
Melville, Herman.Melville, Herman.Moby DickMoby Dick
Edgar, Alan Poe,Edgar, Alan Poe,
The Fall of the House ofThe Fall of the House of
UsherUsher
Nathaniel Hawthorne,Nathaniel Hawthorne, TheTheScarlet LetterScarlet Letter
Realist:Realist:
Daniel Defoe,Daniel Defoe, Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe
Jane Austen,Jane Austen, Pride and PrejudicePride and Prejudice
Charles Dickens,Charles Dickens, Great ExpectationsGreat Expectations
Twain, Mark.Twain, Mark. Huckleberry FinnHuckleberry Finn
__________________________________________________________* See the information and the text* See the information and the text
selection in Michaela Praisler,selection in Michaela Praisler, OnOnModernism, Postmodernism and the NovelModernism, Postmodernism and the Novel(EDP, 2005).(EDP, 2005).
Modernist:Modernist:
Joyce, James:Joyce, James:A Portrait of the ArtistA Portrait of the Artist
WoolfWoolf, Virginia:, Virginia:Mrs. Dalloway*Mrs. Dalloway*
Foster, E.M.:A Passage to India*
Faulkner, William:Faulkner, William:Absalom, AbsalomAbsalom, Absalom
Hemingway, Ernest.Hemingway, Ernest. The Old Man andThe Old Man andthe Seathe Sea
Postmodernist:Postmodernist:
GoldingGolding, William:, William: Lord of the FliesLord of the Flies
FowlesFowles, John:, John: The French LieutenantThe French LieutenantssWoman*Woman*
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
29/46
RomaticismRomaticism
RomanticismRomanticism is a movement in art and literature thatis a movement in art and literature thatbegan in Europe in the late 18th century and was mostbegan in Europe in the late 18th century and was mostinfluential in the first half of the 19th century.influential in the first half of the 19th century.
Romanticism fosters a return to nature and also valuesRomanticism fosters a return to nature and also values
the imagination over reason and emotion over intellect.the imagination over reason and emotion over intellect.
One strain of the Romantic is theOne strain of the Romantic is the GothicGothic with itswith itsemphasis on tales of horror and the supernatural.emphasis on tales of horror and the supernatural.
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
30/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
31/46
American GothicAmerican Gothic
The gothic explores the dark or uncertain sides of human nature.
Rapid social changes in the nineteenth century cause anxiety in America, nurturing a gothicsensibility in literature.
In stories of obsessive or tormented characters who find their most basic assumptions aboutthe world turned upside-down, these writers challenge their readers to question their own
values and beliefs through exploring the ever-evolving character of American identity.
Hawthorne s works explore the construction of reality through subjective perception, thepasts inevitable and often malevolent hold on the present, and the agonizing ethical dilemmas
encountered by individuals in society.
The Scarlet Letter
works through the painful
inheritance of rigid Puritan faith, dealing with the wrenching implications of its conception ofsin; it also expresses anxiety about the torments of gender inequality
MelvillesMoby-Dick shares a similar interest in the dark truths of humanity; the white whale isa symbol of ambiguity and uncertainty, and the ship functions as
a microcosm of mid-
nineteenth century society; Ahabs hunt is symbolically a rage against God.
Often set in exotic, vaguely medieval, or indeterminately distant locations, Poes work seemsmore interested in altered states of consciousness than history or culture: his characters oftenswirl within madness, dreams, or intoxication, and may or may not encounter the supernatural,functioning as allegories of human consciousness. For example, there are many doubles
in
Poe: characters who mirror each other in profound but nonrealistic ways, suggesting not somuch the subtleties of actual social relationships as the splits
and fractures within a single
psyche trying to relate to itself.
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
32/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
33/46
ModernismModernism
A radical shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evidentA radical shift in aesthetic and cultural sensibilities evident in thein theart and literature of the first half of the 20art and literature of the first half of the 20thth
century.century.
It rejected nineteenthIt rejected nineteenth--century optimism, presenting a profoundlycentury optimism, presenting a profoundlypessimistic picture of a culture in disarray. This despair oftenpessimistic picture of a culture in disarray. This despair often
results in an apparent apathy and moral relativism.results in an apparent apathy and moral relativism.
Literary tactics and devices:Literary tactics and devices:
the radical disruption of linear flow of narrative;the radical disruption of linear flow of narrative;
the frustration of conventional expectations concerning unity anthe frustration of conventional expectations concerning unity anddcoherence of plot and character and the cause and effect developcoherence of plot and character and the cause and effect developmentmentthereof;thereof;
the deployment of ironic and ambiguous juxtapositions to call inthe deployment of ironic and ambiguous juxtapositions to call intotoquestion the moral and philosophical meaning of literary action;question the moral and philosophical meaning of literary action;
the opposition of inward consciousness to rational, public, objethe opposition of inward consciousness to rational, public, objectivectivediscourse; and an inclination to subjective distortion to pointdiscourse; and an inclination to subjective distortion to point up theup theevanescence of the social world of the nineteenthevanescence of the social world of the nineteenth--century bourgeoisie.century bourgeoisie.
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
34/46
PostmodernismPostmodernism
The termThe termpostmodernismpostmodernism
implies a movement away from andimplies a movement away from and
perhaps a reaction against modernism.perhaps a reaction against modernism.
If modernism sees man rejecting tradition and authority in favorIf modernism sees man rejecting tradition and authority in favor
of aof a
reliance on reason and on scientific discovery, postmodernismreliance on reason and on scientific discovery, postmodernismstretches and breaks away from the idea that man can achievestretches and breaks away from the idea that man can achieveunderstanding through a reliance on reason and science.understanding through a reliance on reason and science.
Postmodernist fiction is generally marked by one or more of thePostmodernist fiction is generally marked by one or more of thefollowing characteristics:following characteristics:
playfulness with languageplayfulness with language
experimentation in the form of the novelexperimentation in the form of the novel
less reliance on traditional narrative formless reliance on traditional narrative form
less reliance on traditional character developmentless reliance on traditional character development
experimentation with point of viewexperimentation with point of view
experimentation with the way time is conveyed in the novelexperimentation with the way time is conveyed in the novel
mixture of "high art" and popular culturemixture of "high art" and popular culture
interest ininterest in metafictionmetafiction, that is, fiction about the nature of fiction, that is, fiction about the nature of fiction
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
35/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
36/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
37/46
CharacterisationCharacterisation
The process by which an author presents and develops a fictionalThe process by which an author presents and develops a fictional
character.character.
Character: a textual representation of a human being (or occasioCharacter: a textual representation of a human being (or occasionally anothernally anothercreature).creature).
Key points to note:Key points to note:
we learn about individual characters from their own words and acwe learn about individual characters from their own words and actions; from whattions; from whatother characters say about them and the way others act towards tother characters say about them and the way others act towards themhem
characters help to advance the plotcharacters help to advance the plot
believable characters must grow and change in response to theirbelievable characters must grow and change in response to their experiences in theexperiences in thenovel.novel.
Types:Types:
protagonistprotagonist: a story: a storys main characters main character
antagonistantagonist: the character or force in conflict with the protagonist: the character or force in conflict with the protagonist
round characterround character: a complex, fully developed character, often prone to change: a complex, fully developed character, often prone to change
flat characterflat character: a one: a one--dimensional character, typically not central to the storydimensional character, typically not central to the story
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
38/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
39/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
40/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
41/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
42/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
43/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
44/46
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
45/46
d
-
8/14/2019 Definitivat Engleza 2011
46/46
Values, symbols and myths in BritishValues, symbols and myths in British
and American literatureand American literature
Bronte, Emily:Bronte, Emily: Wuthering HeightsWuthering Heights
Defoe, Daniel:Defoe, Daniel: Robinson CrusoeRobinson Crusoe
GoldingGolding, William:, William: Lord of the FliesLord of the Flies
Hardy, Thomas:Hardy, Thomas: TessTess
of theof the
DDUrbervillesUrbervilles
Joyce, James:Joyce, James:A Portrait of the ArtistA Portrait of the Artist
as a Young Manas a Young Man
Swift, Jonathan:Swift, Jonathan: GulliverGullivers Travelss Travels
WoolfWoolf, Virginia:, Virginia:Mrs. DallowayMrs. Dalloway
Foster, E.M.:A Passage to IndiaA Passage to India
FowlesFowles, John:, John: The French LieutenantThe French LieutenantssWomanWoman
Faulkner, William:Faulkner, William:Absalom,Absalom,
AbsalomAbsalom
Hemingway, Ernest.Hemingway, Ernest. The Old ManThe Old Manand the Seaand the Sea;;
Melville, Herman.Melville, Herman.Moby DickMoby Dick
Twain, Mark.Twain, Mark. Huckleberry FinnHuckleberry Finn
Edgar, Alan Poe,Edgar, Alan Poe,
The Fall of theThe Fall of the
House of UsherHouse of Usher
Nathaniel Hawthorne,Nathaniel Hawthorne, The ScarletThe ScarletLetterLetter