“How Generations and Gender Shape Demographic Change”, Geneva, May 14-16, 2008
INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL POLICYINDEPENDENT INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL POLICY
www.socpol.ruwww.ined.frwww.socpol.ruwww.ined.fr
INEDINEDlogohere
800 x 800 px
Labor force participation of men Labor force participation of men and women and gender relations and women and gender relations in the framework of women-in the framework of women-friendly policies in France and friendly policies in France and RussiaRussia
Labor force participation of men Labor force participation of men and women and gender relations and women and gender relations in the framework of women-in the framework of women-friendly policies in France and friendly policies in France and RussiaRussia
Ariane Pailhé (INED), Ariane Pailhé (INED), Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)
Ariane Pailhé (INED), Ariane Pailhé (INED), Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)
Geneva, May 14-16, 20082
logohere
400x400pxResearch objectivesResearch objectives
• At individual level: female employment and motherhood – At individual level: female employment and motherhood – competing activitiescompeting activities
• BUT: macrolevel evidences: BUT: macrolevel evidences: – positive links between higher female employment and higher positive links between higher female employment and higher
fertility + egalitarian values and higher fertilityfertility + egalitarian values and higher fertility
• Policies aimed at reconciliation of family life and work…Policies aimed at reconciliation of family life and work…
• Effects of children and household composition on the Effects of children and household composition on the employment positions of men and women in employment positions of men and women in countries with different family policies? Role of countries with different family policies? Role of gender values?gender values?
Geneva, May 14-16, 20083
logohere
400x400pxData usedData used
• 1st wave of Generations and Gender Surveys 1st wave of Generations and Gender Surveys (GGS): France (2005), Russia (2004)(GGS): France (2005), Russia (2004)
• Sample = men and women of 20 to 54 years Sample = men and women of 20 to 54 years old; pensioners, students, chronically ill or old; pensioners, students, chronically ill or disabled people excluded disabled people excluded
– N = 5,785 in France; and 6,533 in RussiaN = 5,785 in France; and 6,533 in Russia
Geneva, May 14-16, 20084
logohere
400x400px
Background: comparison of Background: comparison of France and RussiaFrance and Russia
Common featuresCommon features• High rates of female High rates of female
paid employmentpaid employment• Legislation supports Legislation supports
gender equality on gender equality on labor marketlabor market
• In fact: numerous In fact: numerous examples of gender examples of gender inequalitiesinequalities
DifferencesDifferences• Fertility ratesFertility rates• Approaches in family Approaches in family
policies and actual access policies and actual access to the promised rightsto the promised rights– Child benefitsChild benefits– Formal childcare servicesFormal childcare services– Flexibility of labor marketFlexibility of labor market
• Household composition, Household composition, role of family role of family
• Gender attitudesGender attitudes
Geneva, May 14-16, 20085
logohere
400x400px
Gender values in France and Gender values in France and RussiaRussia
Two examples:Two examples:% of ‘completely agree’ and ‘agree’% of ‘completely agree’ and ‘agree’
• Children suffer when their mother (and not father) works:Children suffer when their mother (and not father) works:– FR = 14.2%, FR = 14.2%, RUS = 21.4%RUS = 21.4%
• When jobs are scarce, men should have more rights to When jobs are scarce, men should have more rights to get jobs:get jobs:– FR = 17.6%, FR = 17.6%, RUS = 36.4%RUS = 36.4%
Gender value index (constructed from 9 transformed Gender value index (constructed from 9 transformed questions on gender attitudes), [0, 32]:questions on gender attitudes), [0, 32]:– Lowest 25%: Lowest 25%: FR = 19, FR = 19, RUS = 13RUS = 13– Median: Median: FR = 23, FR = 23, RUS = 15RUS = 15– Highest 25%: Highest 25%: FR = 26, FR = 26, RUS = 18RUS = 18
Geneva, May 14-16, 20086
logohere
400x400px
Male and female labor market Male and female labor market status in France and Russiastatus in France and Russia
Russia
8973 79 84
8
7
19 9207
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
men women men women
with coresident partner singles
OLF
unemployed
employed
France
9276 82 78
7
815 15
176
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
men women men women
with coresident partner singles
OLF
unemployed
employed
•Partner in HH matters for both males and females•More women with partners - OLF in Russia
Geneva, May 14-16, 20087
logohere
400x400px
Couple employment status in Couple employment status in France and RussiaFrance and Russia
Less dual earners couples in Russia
68 63
2224
6 94 4
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
France Russia
both not-employed
only woman employed
only man employed
both employed
Geneva, May 14-16, 20088
logohere
400x400px
86 82 83 8389 9378 77
95 8876 69
9076
55 57
0
20
40
60
80
100
France Russia France Russia
men women
%
0
1
2
3+
Male and female employment Male and female employment rates by the number of childrenrates by the number of children
Geneva, May 14-16, 20089
logohere
400x400px
Female employment rates by Female employment rates by the age of childrenthe age of children
58 63
29
70
0
20
40
60
80
below 3 3 to 6
Age of children
%
France
Russia
Geneva, May 14-16, 200810
logohere
400x400px
The effect of children of The effect of children of different ages on female labor different ages on female labor force participationforce participation
Age of children
France Russia
employed unemployed employed unemployed
[0;3) 0.151*** 0.160*** 0.060*** 0.080***
[3;6) 0.352*** 0.613*** 0.720* 0.815
[6;14) 0.513*** 0.549*** 0.775** 0.888
[14,20) 0.705*** 0.789*** 0.999 0.981
Multinomial logit results (OLF=base outcome), Relative Risk Ratios (RRR)Significance level: *** - 0.001, ** - 0.05, * - 0.1
Geneva, May 14-16, 200811
logohere
400x400px
Full- vs. part-time employment Full- vs. part-time employment and working hoursand working hours
Median working hours Median working hours per week:per week:
• Any type of work:Any type of work:– FR: males=39h, FR: males=39h,
females=35hfemales=35h– RUS: males=42h, RUS: males=42h,
females=40hfemales=40h
• Full-time work:Full-time work:– FR: m=39h, f=37hFR: m=39h, f=37h– RUS: m=42h, f=40hRUS: m=42h, f=40h
Full- and part-time female employment
7294
286
France Russia
part-time
full-time
Geneva, May 14-16, 200812
logohere
400x400px
Part-time employment of men and women with different number of children
6 5
19
53 3
26
63 3
37
73 4
53
7
France Russia France Russia
men women
0
1
2
3+
Geneva, May 14-16, 200813
logohere
400x400px
Do household composition and Do household composition and gender attitudes affect gender attitudes affect employment of men..? employment of men..? (bivariate probit, (bivariate probit, some factors only)some factors only) France Russia
Number of children:
below 3 years old 0 0
3 to 5 0 0
6 to 13 0 0
14 to 19 - 0
Partnership status:
married + +
in hh, unmarried + +
Potential grandmother + 0
Other adults in hh n.d. 0
Religiosity - 0
Gender values:
traditional 0 0
modern 0 +
Geneva, May 14-16, 200814
logohere
400x400px
… … and women? and women? (multinomial logit, OLF =base (multinomial logit, OLF =base outcome, the results for probability of employment here, some outcome, the results for probability of employment here, some factors only)factors only)
France Russia
Number of children
below 3 years old - -
3 to 5 - -
6 to 13 - -
14 to 19 - 0
Partnership status:
married - -
in hh, unmarried 0 -
Potential grandmother + +
Other adults in hh n.d. -
Religiosity - 0
Gender values:
traditional - -
modern 0 +
Geneva, May 14-16, 200815
logohere
400x400pxConclusionsConclusions
• Children decreases labor supply of mothers in both Children decreases labor supply of mothers in both countries, but in different wayscountries, but in different ways
• Gender attitudes influence labor supply decisions, Gender attitudes influence labor supply decisions, especially of women, in both countriesespecially of women, in both countries
• Potential grandmothers matter but more in RussiaPotential grandmothers matter but more in Russia
– Involuntary back to labor market in Russia?!Involuntary back to labor market in Russia?!
• Family and labor market policy matters for labor Family and labor market policy matters for labor force participation of women in both countriesforce participation of women in both countries
Geneva, May 14-16, 200816
logohere
400x400pxConclusionsConclusions
Policy options for Russia and other former socialist economies:Policy options for Russia and other former socialist economies:
• Support of traditional gender attitudes Support of traditional gender attitudes female employment female employment (-) / internal conflict between mother’s role and need to work(-) / internal conflict between mother’s role and need to work
• Only income support of family with children Only income support of family with children female female employment (-)employment (-)
• To achieve both goals of high employment and raise in To achieve both goals of high employment and raise in fertility:fertility:– Development of formal childcare, beyond kindergartensDevelopment of formal childcare, beyond kindergartens
– Increasing flexibility of labor marketIncreasing flexibility of labor market
– Promoting gender equality in labor market AND familyPromoting gender equality in labor market AND family