“How Generations and Gender Shape Demographic Change”, Geneva, May 14-16, 2008

INDEPENDENT INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL POLICYINDEPENDENT INSTITUTE FOR SOCIAL POLICY

www.socpol.ruwww.ined.frwww.socpol.ruwww.ined.fr

INEDINEDlogohere

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Labor force participation of men Labor force participation of men and women and gender relations and women and gender relations in the framework of women-in the framework of women-friendly policies in France and friendly policies in France and RussiaRussia

Labor force participation of men Labor force participation of men and women and gender relations and women and gender relations in the framework of women-in the framework of women-friendly policies in France and friendly policies in France and RussiaRussia

Ariane Pailhé (INED), Ariane Pailhé (INED), Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)

Ariane Pailhé (INED), Ariane Pailhé (INED), Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)Oxana Sinyavskaya (IISP)

Geneva, May 14-16, 20082

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400x400pxResearch objectivesResearch objectives

• At individual level: female employment and motherhood – At individual level: female employment and motherhood – competing activitiescompeting activities

• BUT: macrolevel evidences: BUT: macrolevel evidences: – positive links between higher female employment and higher positive links between higher female employment and higher

fertility + egalitarian values and higher fertilityfertility + egalitarian values and higher fertility

• Policies aimed at reconciliation of family life and work…Policies aimed at reconciliation of family life and work…

• Effects of children and household composition on the Effects of children and household composition on the employment positions of men and women in employment positions of men and women in countries with different family policies? Role of countries with different family policies? Role of gender values?gender values?

Geneva, May 14-16, 20083

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400x400pxData usedData used

• 1st wave of Generations and Gender Surveys 1st wave of Generations and Gender Surveys (GGS): France (2005), Russia (2004)(GGS): France (2005), Russia (2004)

• Sample = men and women of 20 to 54 years Sample = men and women of 20 to 54 years old; pensioners, students, chronically ill or old; pensioners, students, chronically ill or disabled people excluded disabled people excluded

– N = 5,785 in France; and 6,533 in RussiaN = 5,785 in France; and 6,533 in Russia

Geneva, May 14-16, 20084

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Background: comparison of Background: comparison of France and RussiaFrance and Russia

Common featuresCommon features• High rates of female High rates of female

paid employmentpaid employment• Legislation supports Legislation supports

gender equality on gender equality on labor marketlabor market

• In fact: numerous In fact: numerous examples of gender examples of gender inequalitiesinequalities

DifferencesDifferences• Fertility ratesFertility rates• Approaches in family Approaches in family

policies and actual access policies and actual access to the promised rightsto the promised rights– Child benefitsChild benefits– Formal childcare servicesFormal childcare services– Flexibility of labor marketFlexibility of labor market

• Household composition, Household composition, role of family role of family

• Gender attitudesGender attitudes

Geneva, May 14-16, 20085

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Gender values in France and Gender values in France and RussiaRussia

Two examples:Two examples:% of ‘completely agree’ and ‘agree’% of ‘completely agree’ and ‘agree’

• Children suffer when their mother (and not father) works:Children suffer when their mother (and not father) works:– FR = 14.2%, FR = 14.2%, RUS = 21.4%RUS = 21.4%

• When jobs are scarce, men should have more rights to When jobs are scarce, men should have more rights to get jobs:get jobs:– FR = 17.6%, FR = 17.6%, RUS = 36.4%RUS = 36.4%

Gender value index (constructed from 9 transformed Gender value index (constructed from 9 transformed questions on gender attitudes), [0, 32]:questions on gender attitudes), [0, 32]:– Lowest 25%: Lowest 25%: FR = 19, FR = 19, RUS = 13RUS = 13– Median: Median: FR = 23, FR = 23, RUS = 15RUS = 15– Highest 25%: Highest 25%: FR = 26, FR = 26, RUS = 18RUS = 18

Geneva, May 14-16, 20086

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Male and female labor market Male and female labor market status in France and Russiastatus in France and Russia

Russia

8973 79 84

8

7

19 9207

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

men women men women

with coresident partner singles

OLF

unemployed

employed

France

9276 82 78

7

815 15

176

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

men women men women

with coresident partner singles

OLF

unemployed

employed

•Partner in HH matters for both males and females•More women with partners - OLF in Russia

Geneva, May 14-16, 20087

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Couple employment status in Couple employment status in France and RussiaFrance and Russia

Less dual earners couples in Russia

68 63

2224

6 94 4

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

France Russia

both not-employed

only woman employed

only man employed

both employed

Geneva, May 14-16, 20088

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86 82 83 8389 9378 77

95 8876 69

9076

55 57

0

20

40

60

80

100

France Russia France Russia

men women

%

0

1

2

3+

Male and female employment Male and female employment rates by the number of childrenrates by the number of children

Geneva, May 14-16, 20089

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Female employment rates by Female employment rates by the age of childrenthe age of children

58 63

29

70

0

20

40

60

80

below 3 3 to 6

Age of children

%

France

Russia

Geneva, May 14-16, 200810

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The effect of children of The effect of children of different ages on female labor different ages on female labor force participationforce participation

Age of children

France Russia

employed unemployed employed unemployed

[0;3) 0.151*** 0.160*** 0.060*** 0.080***

[3;6) 0.352*** 0.613*** 0.720* 0.815

[6;14) 0.513*** 0.549*** 0.775** 0.888

[14,20) 0.705*** 0.789*** 0.999 0.981

Multinomial logit results (OLF=base outcome), Relative Risk Ratios (RRR)Significance level: *** - 0.001, ** - 0.05, * - 0.1

Geneva, May 14-16, 200811

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Full- vs. part-time employment Full- vs. part-time employment and working hoursand working hours

Median working hours Median working hours per week:per week:

• Any type of work:Any type of work:– FR: males=39h, FR: males=39h,

females=35hfemales=35h– RUS: males=42h, RUS: males=42h,

females=40hfemales=40h

• Full-time work:Full-time work:– FR: m=39h, f=37hFR: m=39h, f=37h– RUS: m=42h, f=40hRUS: m=42h, f=40h

Full- and part-time female employment

7294

286

France Russia

part-time

full-time

Geneva, May 14-16, 200812

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Part-time employment of men and women with different number of children

6 5

19

53 3

26

63 3

37

73 4

53

7

France Russia France Russia

men women

0

1

2

3+

Geneva, May 14-16, 200813

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Do household composition and Do household composition and gender attitudes affect gender attitudes affect employment of men..? employment of men..? (bivariate probit, (bivariate probit, some factors only)some factors only)  France Russia

Number of children:

below 3 years old 0 0

3 to 5 0 0

6 to 13 0 0

14 to 19 - 0

Partnership status:

married + +

in hh, unmarried + +

Potential grandmother + 0

Other adults in hh n.d. 0

Religiosity - 0

Gender values:

traditional 0 0

modern 0 +

Geneva, May 14-16, 200814

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… … and women? and women? (multinomial logit, OLF =base (multinomial logit, OLF =base outcome, the results for probability of employment here, some outcome, the results for probability of employment here, some factors only)factors only)

  France Russia

Number of children

below 3 years old - -

3 to 5 - -

6 to 13 - -

14 to 19 - 0

Partnership status:

married - -

in hh, unmarried 0 -

Potential grandmother + +

Other adults in hh n.d. -

Religiosity - 0

Gender values:

traditional - -

modern 0 +

Geneva, May 14-16, 200815

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400x400pxConclusionsConclusions

• Children decreases labor supply of mothers in both Children decreases labor supply of mothers in both countries, but in different wayscountries, but in different ways

• Gender attitudes influence labor supply decisions, Gender attitudes influence labor supply decisions, especially of women, in both countriesespecially of women, in both countries

• Potential grandmothers matter but more in RussiaPotential grandmothers matter but more in Russia

– Involuntary back to labor market in Russia?!Involuntary back to labor market in Russia?!

• Family and labor market policy matters for labor Family and labor market policy matters for labor force participation of women in both countriesforce participation of women in both countries

Geneva, May 14-16, 200816

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400x400pxConclusionsConclusions

Policy options for Russia and other former socialist economies:Policy options for Russia and other former socialist economies:

• Support of traditional gender attitudes Support of traditional gender attitudes female employment female employment (-) / internal conflict between mother’s role and need to work(-) / internal conflict between mother’s role and need to work

• Only income support of family with children Only income support of family with children female female employment (-)employment (-)

• To achieve both goals of high employment and raise in To achieve both goals of high employment and raise in fertility:fertility:– Development of formal childcare, beyond kindergartensDevelopment of formal childcare, beyond kindergartens

– Increasing flexibility of labor marketIncreasing flexibility of labor market

– Promoting gender equality in labor market AND familyPromoting gender equality in labor market AND family