Filip Gabriel

VADEMECUM Romn-Englez

pentru cadeTII

ELECROMECANICI

ROMANIAN-english guide

book for electromechanic

cadets

Ediie electronic aniversar

Trgu Mure, 2011

ISBN 978-973-0-11905-3

FILIP V. GABRIEL

Vademecum romn-englez pentru cadeii electromecanici

Romanian-English Guide Book for Electromechanic Cadets

Ediie electronic 2011

REFERENT TIINIFIC: Prof. univ. dr. ing. ANASTASE PRUIU (Academia Naval Mircea cel Btrn, Constana)

Tehnoredactare computerizat: Filip V. Gabriel Desene i grafic: Filip V. Gabriel

ISBN 978-973-0-11905-3

Filip V. Gabriel 2011 Toate drepturile rezervate, inclusiv dreptul de a

publica pe suport de informaie electronic.

Prefa

Cartea este destinat studenilor pentru formarea i mbogirea vocabularului cu termenii n limba englez specifici activitii de exploatare i ntreinere a instalaiilor navale. Lucrarea permite studenilor i dobndirea cunotinelor n ceea ce privete instrumentarul tehnic, specific activitii lor de la bordul navei.

n lucrare textul este prezentat sub form de coloane paralele astfel nct fiecare paragraf n limba romn i are corespondentul n limba englez spre a facilita recunoaterea i nsuirea termenilor necunoscui i a sensului paragrafului, fr a mai fi necesar consultarea dicionarului de specialitate. n prezentarea desenelor s-a optat, pe ct posibil, pentru reprezentrile axonometrice i schemele explodate pentru o mai uoar recunoatere a prilor componente ale diferitelor maini i instalaii ale navei.

n ceea ce privete structura, cartea este divizat n 32 capitole care pot fi grupate n opt pri. n prima parte, care privete nava comercial n general, sunt prezentai termeni referitori la diferitele tipuri de nave i caracterizarea structural-constructiv a corpului navei.

A doua parte trateaz termeni cu privire la unelte, instrumente de msur i control necesare cadetului n activitatea curent.

Partea a treia trateaz termeni referitori la componentele instalaiilor i a nelegerii reprezentrii n schemele de la bord, a tipurilor i formelor constructive a valvulelor, pompelor i filtrelor.

Partea a patra este dedicat instalaiilor de for ale navei i trateaz amnunit motorul cu ardere intern.

Partea a cincea cuprinde termeni referitori la cldrile navale, instalaiile de producere a aburului i turbinele cu abur.

Partea a asea se refer la combustibili, proprieti i caracteristici, precum i instalaiile de separare a combustibililor.

Partea a aptea este destinat descrierii construciei i funcionrii unor instalaii auxiliare de bord.

n partea a opta sunt prezentai ali termeni folosii la bordul navei, care nu au fost inclui n capitolele precedente.

Dei lucrarea se prezint cu un bogat coninut tehnic, ea nu nlocuiete instruciunile de utilizare a instalaiilor de la bordul navei, exemplele alese sunt cazuri particulare i sunt menite formrii unui limbaj tehnic cursiv.

Aceast ediie celebreaz 10 ani de la absolvirea Academiei Naval Mircea cel Btrn, Constana.

Mulumesc domnului profesor universitar dr. ing. Anastase Pruiu pentru documentaia tehnic i cunotinele puse la dispoziie, pentru ncurajarea i suportul acordat.

Autorul

5

Tabla de materii Table of contents

Prefa ................................................................. Preface............................................................. 4

Clasificarea navelor ............................................. Ships Classification ......................................... 7

Schema general a unui cargobot ......................... General View of a Multi-deck Vessel............... 9

Sistemul osaturii i nveliul corpului ................... The Hull Framing System and Plating ............ 11

Unelte .................................................................. Tools ............................................................. 15

Msurtori ........................................................... Measurement ................................................. 20

Msurtori pe motor i n compartimentul maini . Measurements on Engine and in Engine Room . 35

Simboluri ............................................................. Symbols ......................................................... 37

Valvule ................................................................ Valves ........................................................... 45

Materiale.............................................................. Materials........................................................ 54

Pompe .................................................................. Pumps ............................................................ 60

Filtre .................................................................... Filters ............................................................ 75

Instalaii de for .................................................. Power Plants .................................................. 82

Motorul principal ................................................. Main Engine .................................................. 88

Cmaa cilindrilor i chiulasa ............................... The Cylinder Liner and Cover........................ 91

Pistonul i tija pistonului ...................................... The Piston and the Piston Rod ....................... 96

Biela i lagrele de pat (principale) ...................... The Connecting Rod and Main Bearings ........ 99

Arborele cotit ....................................................... The Crankshaft ............................................ 102

Supapele .............................................................. The Valves .................................................. 105

Pompa de injectie ................................................. Fuel Pump ................................................... 112

Injectorul ............................................................. Fuel Valve ................................................... 116

Uzuri i defeciuni ................................................ Wearing and Breakdowns ............................ 119

Cldri ................................................................. Boilers ......................................................... 127

Turbine cu abur .................................................... Steam Turbines ............................................ 148

Combustibili ........................................................ Combustibles ............................................... 159

Instalaia de separare ............................................ Separation System ....................................... 169

Generatorul de ap tehnic NIREX ...................... NIREX Fresh Water Generator .................... 188

Generatorul de ap tehnic Atlas .......................... Atlas Fresh Water Generator ........................ 193

Instalaia de tratare biologic a apelor uzate ......... Biological Sewage Treatment Plant.............. 196

Crma i maina crmei ....................................... The Rudder and the Steering Gear ............... 200

Tancuri la bordul navei ........................................ Tanks on Board of Ship ............................... 207

Alte echipamente ................................................. Other Equipment ......................................... 209

Ali termeni .......................................................... Other Terms................................................. 211

Bibliografie selectiv ........................................... Selective References .................................... 218

6

7

Capitolul 1

Clasificarea navelor

1. Nave pentru transport marf a) Nave pentru transport mrfuri solide :

- Cargou; - Vrachier; - Nav port container;

- Nav frigorific; - Ro-Ro; - Feribot; - Mineralier; - Carbonier; - Cerealier; - lep;

- Barj. b) Nave pentru transport mrfuri lichide:

- Petrolier; - Nav pentru transport gaze naturale;

- Nav pentru transport substane chimice; c) Nave pentru transportul mrfurilor lichide i solide:

- OBO

2. Nave auxiliare: - Remorcher; - mpingtor; - Nav de salvare; - Sprgtor de ghea; - Nave pentru stins incendii; - Pilotin.

3. Nave tehnice: - Macara plutitoare; - Drag; - Deroeoz;

- Doc plutitor; - Far plutitor.

4. Nave cu destinaie special: - Trauler; - Nav pentru cercetri maritime;

- Nav pentru ranfluarea epavelor;

Unit 1

Ships Classification

1.Cargo ships: a) Dry cargo ships:

- Multi-deck vessel; - Bulk carrier; - Container ship; - Refrigerating cargo boat; - Roll on-roll off vessel; - Ferry boat; - Ore carrier; - Collier self trimmer; - Grain carrier; - River barge; - Flat bottom craft. b) Liquid cargo ships:

- Oil tanker; - LNG carrier; - Chemical carrier;

c) Dry and liquid cargo ships:

- OBO (Ore bulk-oil carrier)

2. Auxiliary ships: - Tug; - Push tug; - Rescue ship; - Ice-breaker; - Fire-fighting vessel; - Pilot boat.

3. Technical vessels: - Floating crane; - Dredge; - Rock breaker; - Floating doc; - Light vessel.

4. Special vessels: - Trawler; - Oceanographic vessel; - Heavingoff ship;

8

- Nav colectoare.

5. Nave pentru transport persoane: - Nav de cltori; - Nav de croazier;

- Feribot;

- Collecting vessel.

5. Passenger ships: - Passenger liner; - Cruise ship; - Ferry.

9

Capitolul 2

Schema general a unui cargobot Unit 2

General View of a Multi-deck Vessel

1. Etambou; 2. Pic prov, pic pup; 3. Scar de salvare; 4. Cal, magazie; 5. Tancuri de balast n dublul fund; 6. Perete etan; 7. Compartimentul mainilor; 8. Buncr de crbuni; 9. Scar de serviciu; 10. Coferdam; 11. Sabord; 12. Chil; 13. Perete etan de coliziune; 14. Etrava; 15. Puul lanului de ancor; 16. Magazie; 17. Ancor; 18. Vinci de ancor; 19. Castel prova, teug; 20. Big; 21. Catarg dublu pentru bigi; 22. Prima punte, puntea principal; 23. Puntea a doua; 24. Timonerie; 25. Camera hrilor; 26. Cabina comandantului; 27. Ruf; 28. Barc de salvare;

1. Stern frame, stern post; 2. Peak; 3. Escape ladder; 4. Hold; 5. Double bottom ballast tank; 6. Watertight bulkhead; 7. Engine room; 8. Coal bunker; 9. Accommodation ladder; 10. Cofferdam; 11. Scupper, wash port; 12. Keel; 13. Collision bulkhead ; 14. Stem; 15. Chain locker; 16. Bowlocker; 17. Anchor; 18. Windlass; 19. Forecastle; 20. Derrick; 21. Derrick mast; 22. Main deck; 23. Lower deck; 24. Wheelhouse; 25. Chart room; 26. Captains quarters; 27. Deck house; 28. Life boat;

29. Castel central; 29. Upper works;

10

30. Spirai; 31. Dunet; 32. Cambuz; 33. Barc de salvare; 34. Bocaporte, capac de magazie; 35. Co de fum;

30. Air shaft; 31. Afterdeck; 32. Sternlocher; 33. Life boat; 34. Hatch; 35. Funnel;

Cargourile sunt cele mai rspndite tipuri de nave maritime de transport. Acestea pot opera ca nave de linie (de curs lung sau de curs scurt) sau ca nav tramp (de curse neregulate). Unele sunt amenajate i pentru transportul unui numr limitat de pasageri.

Cargourile au deplasamente foarte diferite care variaz de la cteva sute la peste 30000 tdw. Cele mai utilizate sunt ns cele ntre 4500-8000 tdw. Creterea exagerat a tonajului este evitat pentru a nu se prelungii perioadele de staionare n porturi.

Cargourile cu mai multe puni pot fi de tipul shelterdeck (cu puni adpostite). Puntea de protecie este o platform situat imediat deasupra punii superioare, acoperind o structur fr deschideri n borduri.

Pentru ncrcarea i descrcarea mrfurilor, cargourile de mrfuri generale sunt dotate cu bigi sau macarale (granice).

Pentru mrirea randamentului operaiilor la dan i deci scderea timpilor de staionare n porturi marfa este nscuit, pachetizat, paletizat sau containerizat.

De obicei acest tip de nav este dotat cu un motor diesel n doi sau patru timpi. De asemenea se mai utilizeaz i turbinele n cazul navelor port-container rapide de linie.

The multi-deck vessels are the most used type of merchant ships. They can operate as liners (deep-sea liners or short sea liners) or tramps (without regular routes). Some are also designed to carry a limited number of passengers.

The multi-deck vessels have a very large scale of displacements between a few hundred and 30000 tdw. However the most used are those between 4500 and 8000 tdw. A very extensive increase of vessel tonnage is avoided not to extend the berthing time.

A multi-deck vessel can be of shelterdeck (coating deck) type. The shelter deck is a platform placed first above the main deck covering a structure without openings in boards.

For loading and unloading cargoes, the general goods multi-deck vessels are endowed with derricks or barge deck cranes.

To increase berthing performance and consequently to decrease berthing times the cargo is bagged, unitized, palletized or containerized.

Usually these type of ship is powered by a diesel two stroke or four stroke engine. Steam turbines are also used at high speed container liners.

11

Capitolul 3

Sistemul osaturii i nveliul corpului Unit 3

The Hull Framing System and Plating

1. Etambou; 2. Chil; 3. Carling central; 4. Etrava;

1. Stem; 2. Keel; 3. Middle line keelson; 4. Stern frame;

Corpul navei este un complex care este format n principal dintr-un cadru de oel nvelit cu tabl. Cadrul de oel poate fi construit n patru moduri: sistemul transversal; sistemul longitudinal; sistemul combinat; sistemul mixt;

n mod obinuit se folosete un sistem mixt de osatur cunoscut sub denumirea de sistem longitudinal transversal, unde construcia navei este n sistem longitudinal exceptnd dublul fund n compartimentul mainilor, picul pupa, partea din pupa a covertei, construcii i rufuri care au un sistem de osatur transversal .

Corpul navei este n mare parte sudat. Tipul principal de mbinare a elementelor etravei, a etamboului i a cavaleilor arborelui portelice este sudarea cap la cap. Pentru celelalte mbinri ale osaturii i nveliului se mai folosete i nituirea.

mbinrile asamblrilor sunt de asemenea sudate ct mai mult cu putin. n general sudura este folosit la toi pereii despritori transversali sau longitudinali incluznd legtura cu longitudinalele bordajului, care i strpung, i captul coastelor. Toate capetele i custurile bordajului nu au mbinri nituite datorit regulilor societii de clasificare. Oricum, chila de ruliu este nituit pe cornierul care este sudat pe bordajul metalic al cocii.

Exist dou tipuri de etrave: etrav din tabl de oel sudat ntrit cu brachei transversali sau etrav turnat, care are o execuie simpl cu raze de turnare ct mai

The hull is a complex which consists mainly of a steel frame covered with plating. The steel frame could be constructed in four ways : transverse framing system; longitudinal framing system; combination system of framing; mixed framing system;

Usually the used system is the mixed framing system named longitudinal-transverse framing system, where the construction of the vessel is of longitudinal framing system except for the double bottom in machinery space, aft peak tank, after end of the upper deck, erections and houses which are transverse framing system.

The hull is of extensively welded construction. Butt welding is considered the main type of connection of separate parts of stem, sternframe and shaft brackets. Riveting is also used for the other joints of the hull framing and plating.

The connections of fittings are also welded as widely as possible. In general welding is used on all traverse and longitudinal bulkheads including the connection of shell longitudinals throughout, and end framing. All butts and seams of shell and deck plating do not have riveted seams as per classification societys rules. However, the bilge keel is riveted to the angle bar which is welded to the shell plating.

There are two types of stems: fabricated welded stem constructed of steel plates strengthened by horizontal brackets, or cast stem, which is simple in design with

Fig. 3.1

12

mari posibil i este prevzut cu nervuri transversale de ntrire.

Ambele tipuri de etrave se leag de chila masiv sau de chila plat i, dac este posibil, cu carlinga central. La etravele turnate, pentru mbinarea cu carlinga central, se va prevedea la talpa etravei o nervur special.

Construcia etamboului este similar intr-un fel cu construcia etravei: din table sudate sau turnat. Particularitile sunt date de prezena elicei, axului elicei, crmei i axului crmei.

Forma etamboului este aleas cu grij astfel nct curentul de ap s nu influeneze curgerea n jurul elicei. Etamboul elicei i etamboul crmei pot fi construite ntr-un corp comun. Deschiderea cadrului dintre etamboul crmei i etamboul elicei este ct mai mic posibil.

all fillets having large cast radii and is reinforced by horizontal webs.

Both types of stems are efficiently connected to the bar or plate keels and, whenever possible, to the bottom centre grider. A special web is provided in cast stems for attachment to the centre grider at the stem foot.

The stern post construction is, in a way, similar to the stem construction: fabricated stern post or cast stern post. Particularities come from the presence of the propeller, the propulsion shaft, the rudder and the rudder spindle.

The form of the stern frame is carefully decided in a way that the flow of water does not disturb the flow around the propeller. The stern post and the rudder post could be made as one piece. The span of the frame lower portion between the propeller post and the rudder post is as small as practically possible.

Fig. 3.2

13

1. Varang; 2. Suport central (n cazul navelor cu

dublu fund) sau carling central ( n cazul navelor cu simplu fund);

3. Suport lateral (n cazul navelor cu dublu fund) sau carling lateral ( n cazul navelor cu simplu fund);

4. Nervur de rigidizare a varangei; 5. Tabl marginal; 6. Guseu de gurn; 7. Coast de cal; 8. Traversa punii intermediare; 9. Coast de interpunte; 10. Traversa punii principale; 11. Guseu de legtur ntre coast i

traversa punii (braol); 12. Curent de punte; 13. Guseu de legtur ntre travers i

curentul de punte; 14. Parapet; 15. Guseul parapetului; 16. Copastie; 17. Pontil de cal; 18. Pontil de interpunere; 19. Chila; 20. nveliul fundului; 21. nveliul (puntea) dublului fund; 22. nveliul gurnei (gurna); 23. nveliul bordajului; 24. Centura punii intermediare; 25. Tabla lcrimar a punii intermediare; 26. nveliul punii intermediare; 27. Guseu de legtur ntre coasta de

interpunte i puntea intermediar; 28. Centura punii principale; 29. Tabla lcrimar a punii principale; 30. nveliul punii principale; 31. Cptueala punii principale; 32. Cornier lcrimar; 33. Guseu de legtur ntre pontil i punte.

1. Floor; 2. Central grider (at hulls with inner

bottom) or centre/main keelson (at hulls with single bottom);

3. Side grider (at hulls with inner bottom) or side/sister keelson (at hulls with single bottom);

4. Floor stiffener; 5. Margin plate; 6. Bilge bracket/knee; 7. Hold frame; 8. Middle-deck beam; 9. Between/tween frame; 10. Main deck beam/grider; 11. Deck beam frame bracket;

12. Deck longitudinal; 13. Beam knee;

14. Bulwark; 15. Bulwark knee; 16. Bulwark rail; 17. Hold pillar/stanchion; 18. Middle-deck pillar; 19. Keel (centre-line-skeg); 20. Bottom plating; 21. Double bottom plating; 22. Bilge planking/plating; 23. Planking; 24. Sheer strake of middle deck; 25. Middle deck stringer plate; 26. Middle deck plating; 27. Between frame middle deck bracket;

28. Sheer strake of main deck; 29. Main deck stringer plate; 30. Main deck plating; 31. Main deck planking; 32. Waterway bar; 33. Deck pillar bracket;

14

Elementul principal al sistemului de osatur este carlinga (in cazul navelor cu simplu fund) sau suportul (n cazul navelor cu dublu fund). Acesta este elementul de osatur longitudinal, inclus n structura bloc-seciei de fund, situat n planul diametral navei (carling central / suport central) sau la o anumit distan de acest plan (carling lateral / suport lateral). De carling se sudeaz varangele. Acestea sunt elemente de osatur transversal incluse n structura bloc-seciei de fund i avnd capetele limitate de cele dou bordaje (n cazul navelor cu simplu fund) sau de tablele marginale (n cazul navelor cu dublu fund).

Elementul de osatur transversal, inclus n structura bloc-seciilor de punte i avnd capetele prinse de cele dou bordaje, respectiv de doi perei longitudinali sau de un perete longitudinal i de un bordaj ( n cazul existenei pereilor longitudinali), se numete traversa punii. Acesta este elementul transversal principal de structur a punii.

ntre varang sau guseul de gurn i traversa sau nveliul punii (principale, intermediare, respectiv a suprastructurii), lng nveliul bordajului se gsete coasta. Aceasta este elementul de structur transversal care asigur forma i rigiditatea bloc-seciei de bordaj n plan vertical-transversal.

Aceste elemente sunt rigidizate longitudinal prin intermediul longitu-dinalelor de fund (sudate pe nveliul fundului), prin longitudinale de bordaj (sudate pe nveliul bordajului) i cureni de punte (sudai de nveliul punii).

n cazul cnd coastele din interpuni i suprastructuri sunt ntrerupte la punte capetele lor inferioare se vor prinde cu gusee.

In cazul navelor mari se pot ntlni ca elemente de susinere a punii i pontilii de cal cu rol de rigidizare vertical.

The main element of the hull framing system is the keelson (for hulls with single bottom) or the grider (for hulls with inner bottom). This is the element of the longitudinal framing system, included in the structure of the bottom section, placed in the centre-line plane (centre/main keelson / centre-grider) or at a certain distance from it (side/sister keelson / side grider). On the keelson are welded the floors. These are elements of the transverse framing system included in the structure of the bottom section, having their butts limited by the ships sheathing (for hulls with single bottom) or by the margin plates (for hulls with inner bottom).

The element of the transverse framing system included in the structure of the deck sections, having its butts attached to the ships sheathing or between two side-wing bulkheads or a side-wing bulkhead and one side of casing (if there are side-wing bulkheads), is named deck beam. This is the main element of the deck transverse framing system.

The frame is found between the bottom floor or bilge bracket and deck beam, next to the side plating. This is the element of the transverse framing system which provide shape and strengthening of the side section on the framing body plan.

These elements are longitudinally strengthened by means of bottom fore-and-aft lines (welded on the bottom plating), side fore-and-aft lines (welded on the side plating) and deck stringers (welded on the deck plating)

Where the tween deck and superstructure frames are cut at decks, their lower ends are attached by brackets.

On the ships larger in size there might be deck holding elements and hold pillars/stanchions with vertical strengthening role.

15

Capitolul 4

Unelte Unit 4

Tools

Measuring Apparatus Dispozitive de msurat

Dial gauge with magnet holder

Micrometer (outside)

Comparator cu suport magnetic

Micrometru (de exterior)

Vernier caliper

Hand tachometer

ubler Tahometru de mn

Clinometer

Marking scriber

Aparat pentru msurat nclinarea Ac de trasat

Surface gauge

Surface plate

Trasator paralel Mas de trasat

Straight edge

Square

Rigl Echer (vinclu)

Feeler gauge

Steel scale

Lere de grosime Rigl gradat de oel

Steel tape measure for sounding

Cloth tape measure

Rulet din oel pentru sond

Rulet din material textil

Spring balance

Compasses

Cntar cu arc Compas pentru trasat

Inside caliper

Outside caliper

Compas de interior Compas de exterior

16

Thermometer with holder

Thermometer with alcohol or mercury

Termometru cu suport (teac)

Termometru cu alcool sau mercur

Working Tools

Unelte

Portable electric grider

Portable electric drill with chuck

Polizor electric portabil

Main electric de gurit portabil cu

mandrin

Straight shank drill

Tap & round die with case

Burghiu cu coad cilindric

Trus de tarozi i filiere

Spanner (single ended)

Spanner (double ended)

Cheie fix (cu un singur capt)

Cheie fix (cu dou capete)

Box spanner

Monkey wrench

Cheie tubular Cheie reglabil

Pipe wrench

Screw driver

Cheie pentru tubulaturi urubelni

Screw driver (cross head type)

Pliers

urubelni cap cruce

Patent

File (for white metal)

File (flat, round and half-round)

abr (pentru material antifriciune)

Pil (plat, rotund i semirotund)

File (flat, round, half-round and

triangular)

File handle

Pil (plat, rotund i semi., triunghiular) Mner de pil

17

File brush

Hand hammer

Perie pentru pile Ciocan de mn

Lead hammer

Wooden hammer

Ciocan de plumb Ciocan de lemn

Sledge hammer

Chipping hammer

Baros Maragon (ciocan-dalt)

Scrapers

Paint scraper

Rzuitoare Rzuitor pentru vopsea

Center punch

Cutting punch

Punctator Preducea

Chisels

Chisel (oil grove cut)

Dli Dalt (pentru tiat canalul de ulei

Scissors for packing

Scissors for metal (flat and round)

Foarfeci pentru garnituri

Foarfeci pt. metal (dreapt i rotund)

Hacksaw frame and hacksaw

Packing tools (hook, screw and stick)

Fierstru pentru metale (bomfaier) i

pnz

Instrumente pentru garnituri (crlig,

tirbuon i spatul)

Packing knife

Parallel vice

Cuit pentru garnituri Menghin paralel

Leg vice

Bench vice

Menghin de mn Menghin de banc

18

Torch lamp (kerosene)

Flash light

Lamp de benzin Lantern de buzunar

Wire rope sling

Screwjack with ratchet

Legtur din parm metalic

Cric cu urub i clichet

Shackle

Chain block

Cheie de tachelaj Palanc cu lan

Crow bar

Wedge

Rang cu gheare Pan (ic)

Valve handle spanner

Forge with heart

Cheie pentru manevrat valvule Forj cu vatr

Anvil with wooden bed

Smith tongs (flat and round)

Nicoval cu postament de lemn

Cleti de fierar (plat i rotund)

Smith hammer

Eyebolt

Ciocan de fierar Ochet

Miscellaneous Articles

Articole diverse

Oil measure

Oil hopper with filter screen

Msur pentru ulei Plnie pentru ulei cu ecran filtrant

Oil feeder

Oil feeder (syringe)

Ungtor Ungtor (siring)

19

Grease pump with microhose

Oil pan with strainer

Tecalemit cu furtun Tav pentru ulei cu filtru

Water bucket

Wire brush

Ghiordel Perie de srm

Painting brush

Paint can

Pensule pentru vopsit Bidon de vopsea

Listening rod

Rubber air hose with nozzle

Tij de ascultat Furtun pt. aer din cauciuc cu ajutaj

Flexible metal hose

Canvas cover

Furtun metalic flexibil Prelat textil

Scaffolding plate

Aluminium foot stool

Plac de schelrie Bncu cu picioare de aluminiu

Shoe mat

Desk (for engine room)

Pre de ters pe picioare

Birou pentru compartimentul

mainilor

Blackboard and eraser

Waste box

Tabl de scris i burete

Cutie pentru reziduuri

Wet stone with bed

Oil stone with bed

Gresie de ap cu suport

Gresie de ulei cu suport

20

Capitolul 5

Msurtori Unit 5

Measurement

n toate ramurile tehnicii msurarea joac un rol vital deoarece proiectarea, fabricarea i utilizarea oricrui produs nu poate fi considerat fr a se face referire la acest concept.

Msurarea este un proces de comparare. Pentru a msura mrimea, cantitatea, volumul, unghiul, greutatea etc. se compar mrimea acestei proprieti cu mrimea unui dispozitiv de msur.

Pentru c msurtorile sunt aa importante, exist o larg gam de instrumente destinate s indice foarte precis lungimea, presiunea, timpul i aa mai departe.

SI - uniti i cantiti n conformitate cu SI (Systme

International dUnits care n francez nseamn Sistemul Internaional de Uniti) unitile de msur pot fi mprite n dou clase:

- uniti fundamentale; - uniti derivate;

Unitile fundamentale ale SI sunt:

In all branches of engineering, measurement plays a vital role since the design, manufacture and use of any product cannot be considered without reference to this concept.

The measurement is a comparing process. To measure size, quantity, volume, degree, weight etc you compare the size of that feature with the size of a measuring device.

Since measurement is so important, it follows that there is a wide range of devices and instruments which are designed to indicate very precisely length, pressure, time and so on.

SI - Units and Quantities According to SI (Systme

International dUnits which in French means International System of Units) units can be divided in two classes :

- the base units; - the derived units;

The base units of SI are:

Cantitatea Unitatea Notare Quantity Unit Abbreviation Lungime metru m Length meter m Masa kilogram kg Mass kilogram kg Timp secunda s Time second s Intensitatea curentului electric amper A Electric current ampere A

Temperatura grad kelvin K Temperature kelvin K

Intensitatea luminoas candela cd Luminous intensity candela cd Cantitate de substana mol mol Amount of substance mole mol

Aceste uniti sunt definite prin formule fizice ca aceasta, folosit pentru a defini metrul:

Lungimea parcurs de raza laser in 1/299792458 secunde. Raza fiind obinut prin folosirea unui laser stabilizat iod heliu-neon.

Aceste uniti se pot combina spre a da unitile de msur derivate, precum urmtoarele:

These units are defined with physical formulas such as this one used to define the meter:

The length of path travelled by laser light in 1/299792458 seconds. The light being realized through the use of iodine stabilized helium-neon laser.

These units can be combined to give the derived units, like the following:

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Cantitate Notaie Unitate Notaie unitate Quantity Symbol Unit

Unit symbol

For F newton N Force F newton N Presiune p pascal Pa Pressure P pascal Pa Lucru mecanic L joule J Work W joule J Energie E joule J Energy E joule J Putere W watt W Power P watt Vitez v - m/s Velocity v - m/s Acceleraie a - m/s2 Acceleration a - m/s2 Frecven f hertz Hz Frequency f hertz Hz

Chiar dac SI este n general folosit, SUA i Marea Britanie folosesc nc un sistem de msur care este diferit de cel folosit n restul lumii.

Tabelul de conversie dintre sistemul US obinuit i SI echivalent este dat mai jos.

Although the SI is generally used, the USA and Great Britain still retain a measurement system that is different from the one used by the rest of the world.

The US customary to SI equivalent conversion table is done below:

Cantitate US SI Quantity US SI Lungime picior 0.3048 m Length ft (foot)

0.3048 m ol 25.40 mm in (inch) 25.40 mm mil 1.609 km mi (mile) 1.609 km yard 91.44 cm yd (yard) 91.44 cm Arie ol ptrat 645.2 mm2 Area in2 (square

inch) 645.2 mm2

picior ptrat 0.0929 m2 ft2 (square foot)

0.0929 m2

acru 4046.856 m2

acre 4046.856 m2

mil ptrat 2590 km2 mi2 (square mile)

2590 km2

Mas dram 64.80 mg Mass grain 64.80 mg uncie 28.35 g oz 28.35 g livr 0.45359243

kg lb (libra,

pound in weight)

0.45359243 kg

ton lung 1016.047 kg

long ton 1016.047 kg

ton scurt 907.18 kg short ton 907.18 kg Volum galon 0.0037854

m3 SUA 0.0045461 m3 MB

Volume gal (gallon) 0.0037854 m3 USA 0.0045461 m3 GB

acru ori picior

1233.485 m3

acre ft (acre-foot)

1233.485 m3

ol cubic 16.387064 cm3

in3 (cubic-inch)

16.387064 cm3

picior cubic 0.028316846 m3

ft3 (cubic-foot)

0.028316846 m3

yard cubic 0.7646 m3 yd3 (cubic-yard)

0.7646 m3

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Cantitate US SI Quantity US SI Vitez picior pe

secund 0,3048 m/s Velocity ft/s 0.3048 m/s

ol pe secund

0,0254 m/s in/s 0.0254 m/s

galon pe picior ptrat ntr-un minut

0,0407 m/min

gal/ft2 per min

0.0407 m/min

galon pe picior ptrat ntr-o zi

58,678 m/zi gal/ft2 per day

58.678 m/day

Putere picior ori livr pe secund

1,356 W Power ft lb/s 1.356 W

cal putere (englezesc)

745,7 W hp 745.7 W

Presiune livr pe picior ptrat

47,88 Pa Pressure lb/ft2 47.88 Pa

livr pe ol ptrat

6,895 k Pa lb/in2 6.895 k Pa

picior (ap) 2,988 k Pa ft (of water) 2.988 k Pa For livr 4,448 N Force lb 4.448 N Energie picior ori

livr 1,356 J Energy ft lb 1.356 J

Debit picior cubic pe secund

0,0283 m3/s Flow ft3/s 0.0283 m3/s

galon pe minut

0,003785 m3/min

gal/min 0.003785 m3/min

Concentraie pri livr per milion la galon

0,1200 mg/l Concentration lb/million gal

0.1200 mg/l

n practic este imposibil s se lucreze la mrimea exact i s se msoare la o mrime exact. De aceea trebuie prevzut o eroare dimensional. Pentru a controla aceast eroare, proiectantul prevede un domeniu de dimensiuni ntre care componentul va funciona satisfctor. Termenii asociai cu limite i ajustaje pot fi rezumai astfel:

Mrimea nominal, care este dimensiunea dup care se identific pentru convenien fiecare mrime.

Mrimea de baz, care este mrimea funcional de baz de la care se consider limitele prin folosirea permisiunii i toleranelor necesare.

Mrimea medie, care este mrimea care se situeaz la mijlocul distanei ntre limitele superioar i inferioar i care nu trebuie confundat nici cu mrimea

In practice it is impossible to work and measure to an exact size. Therefore allowance has to be made for dimensional deviation. To control this deviation, the designer specifies a range of dimensions within which the component will work satisfactorily. The terms associated with limits and fits can be summarized as follows:

Nominal size, which is the dimension by which a feature is identified for convenience.

Basic size, which is the exact functional size from which the limits are derived by application of necessary allowance and tolerances.

Mean size, which is the size that lies halfway between the upper and lower limits of size and must not be mistaken either for the nominal size or the basic size.

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nominal nici cu mrimea de baz. Mrimea de baz, care este

mrimea msurat corect la 20C. Limite, care sunt valorile maxim i

minim ntre care se poate situa mrimea proprietii componetului.

Tolerana, care este diferena aritmetic ntre limitele mrimii.

Eroarea, care este diferena ntre mrimea de baz i limite.

Jocul minim (permisiunea), care este jocul dintre un ax i o gaur n condiiile dilatrii maxime a metalului.

Actual size, which is the size correctly measured at 20C.

Limits, which are the high and low values of size between which the size of a component feature may lie.

Tolerance, which is the arithmetic difference between the limits of size.

Deviation, which is the difference between the basic size and the limits.

Minimum clearance (allowance), which is the clearance between a shaft and hole under maximum metal dilatation conditions.

1. urub pentru reglaj fin 2. Piulia manonului 3. Manon gradat 4. Tij gradat 5. Piuli de blocare 6. Potcoav 7. Tij tampon 8. Feele tampoanelor 9. Tampon capt

1. Ratchet 2. Thimble adjusting nut 3. Thimble 4. Barrel 5. Locknut 6. Steel frame 7. Spindle 8. Spindle and anvil faces 9. Anvil end

1. Clam pentru reglaj fin 2. urub pentru reglaj fin 3. Scara vernierului 4. Falc mobil 5. Fee pentru msurat interior

1. Fine adjustment clamp 2. Fine adjustment screw 3. Vernier scale 4. Sliding jaw 5. Inside measuring faces

Fig.5.1

Fig.5.2

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6. Fee pentru msurat exterior 7. Falc fix 8. in 9. Scar

6. Outside measuring faces 7. Fixed jaw 8. Beam 9. Scale

Msurarea obiectelor Msurarea lungimii

Measuring objects Measurement of length

c d

Fig.7.1

25

Prin msurarea lungimii se nelege msurarea distanei n linie dreapt ntre dou puncte, linii sau fee.

Principalele instrumente pentru msurarea lungimii sunt urmtoarele: - Riglele, riglele gradate, liniile; - Compasuri de interior (exterior) [fig.5.3,b(a)]; - ublere [fig.5.2]; - Micrometre [fig.5.1];

Msurarea formei Datorit aciunii solicitrilor

mecanice i coroziunii n timp, componentele i pierd forma iniial. De aceea este necesar s se proiecteze unelte pentru a verifica forma, unelte precum: - Muchii (pentru paralelism i planeitate); - abloane (pentru form);

- Calibre pentru raz [fig.5.4,a]; - Calibre de interstiii (spion)[fig.5.4,b];

- Calibre pentru filete (pentru msurarea pasului)[fig.5.4,c]; - Comparatoare (pentru ovalitate, circularitate, paralelism etc.)[fig.5.3,d];

- Echer (pentru unghiuri drepte) [fig.5.3,c]; - Raportor (pentru alte unghiuri dect cele drepte);

To measure length means to measure the shortest distance in a straight line between two points, lines or faces.

The main tools for length measuring are the follow: - Rules; - Inside (outside) calipers [fig.5.3,b(a)];

- Vernier calipers [fig.5.2]; - Micrometer calipers [fig.5.1];

Shape measurement Due to the action of stress and time

corrosion the components lose their initial shape. Therefore it is necessary to design tools for checking the shape, like the following: - Edges (for parallelism and flatness);

- Templates (for shape); - Radius gauges (for radius) [fig.5.4,a]; - Feeler gauges (for allowance) [fig.5.4,b]; - Screw pitch gauges (for checking the pitch) [fig.5.4,c]; - D.T.I. Dial Test Indicators (for ovalty, circularity, parallelism etc.) [fig.5.3,d]; - Try square (for right angles) [fig.5.3,c]; - Bevel angle (for angles other than right angles);

1. Opritor ram geam; 2. Cadran rotativ i geam; 3. Numrtor de rotaii; 4. Pies de centrare; 5. Tij; 6. Cap de schimb;

1. Bezel clamp; 2. Ratable bezel and dial; 3. Revolution counter; 4. Spigot; 5. Plunger; 6. Removable anvil;

Msurarea proceselor Msurarea proprietilor

- Manometru; - Termometru;

Measuring processes Measuring properties - Pressure gauge (manometer);

Fig.7.2

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- Debitmetru (indicator de debit);

Clasificarea termometrelor: Cu indicaie local: - Termometre staionare cu ecran: - Ecran ptrat - Ecran tubular - Termometre temporare: - Termometre cu teac - Termometre cu lichid in tub de sticl Cu indicaie la distan: - Termometre electrice: - Termometre cu termocuplu - Termometre cu rezisten - Termometre cu tub Bourdon: - Termometre cu mercur n tub de oel - Termometre cu presiune de vapori

- Temperature gauge (thermometer); - Flow gauge, (flow indicator);

Thermometers classification: Local indicating type: - Stationary thermometers with frame - Square frame type - Tubular frame type - Temporary thermometers - Marine pocket thermometers - Liquid-in-glass thermometers Remote indicating type: - Electric type thermometers - Thermoelectric thermometers - Resistance thermometers - Bourdon tube type thermometers - Mercury-in-steel thermometers - Vapour pressure thermometers

Termometre staionare cu ecran ptrat Square frame type stationary thermometers

Termometre staionare cu ecran tubular Tubular frame type stationary thermometers

Fig.5.3.

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Fig.5.4

Indicatoare de nivel: Indicator de nivel din oel forjat de tip cu reflexie cu robinete pentru cldri navale (fig. 5.5):

Level gauges: Forged steel reflex type water gauge with cocks for maritime boilers (fig. 5.5):

1. Corpul robinetului superior 2. Corpul robinetului inferior 3. Corpul robinetului de golire

1. Upper cock body 2. Lower cock body 3. Drain cock body

Fig.5.5

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4. tu superior 5. tu inferior 6. Flan 7. Cepul robinetului 8. Manta 9. Piuli nfundat 10. Prghie de manevr 11. Opritor 12. Indicator 13. Piuli hexagonal 14. plint (cui despicat) 15. Presetup 16. Piuli presetupei (olandez) 17. Bil de oel 18. urub de rezemare pentru bil 19. Dop 20. Prezon 21. Piuli hexagonal 22. Racord pentru eav de cupru 23. Piuli olandez 24. Racord pentru eav de oel 25. Buc de etanare 26. Etanare 27. Garnitur 28. Garnitur 29. Garnitur 30. Garnitur 31. Garnitur 32. tift de fixare 33. Tabl indicatoare 34. Suportul tablei indicatoare 35. Piuli hexagonal 36. Nit 37. Corpul indicatorului 38. Sticla indicatorului

4. Upper gauge holder 5. Lower gauge holder 6. Flange 7. Cock plug 8. Bonnet 9. Cover nut 10. Lever handle 11. Stopper 12. Indicator 13. Hexagon nut 14. Splint pin 15. Packing gland 16. Gland nut 17. Steel ball 18. Steel ball seating plug 19. Plug 20. Stud 21. Hexagon nut 22. Nipple for copper pipe 23. Union nut 24. Nipple for steel pipe 25. Sleeve packing 26. Packing 27. Gasket 28. Gasket 29. Gasket 30. Gasket 31. Gasket 32. Set pin 33. Indicator plate 34. Support for indicator plate 35. Hexagon nut 36. Rivet 37. Water gauge body 38. Gauge glass

Indicator de nivel din oel forjat de tip transparent cu valvule pentru cldri navale (fig. 5.6):

1. Corpul valvulei superioare 2. Corpul valvulei inferioare 3. Corpul valvulei de golire 4. Manon 5. Jug 6. Tija valvulei 6A. Tija valvulei 7. Ventilul valvulei

Forged steel transparent type water gauge with valves for marine boilers (fig. 5.6):

1. Upper valve body 2. Lower valve body 3. Drain valve body 4. Bonnet 5. Yoke 6. Valve stem 6A. Valve stem 7. Valve disc

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Fig.5.6 8. Piulia ventilului 9. aib de blocare a ventilului 10. aiba tijei valvulei 11. Presetup 12. urub articulat 13. Piuli hexagonal 14. tift 15. Buc filetat 15A.Buc filetat 16. urub de blocare 17. Prghie de manevr 18. Piuli hexagonal 19. Susintorul mantalei 20. Prezon 21. Piuli hexagonal 22. Flan 23. Inel de aezare a etanrii

8. Disc nut 9. Disc lock washer 10. Valve stem washer 11. Packing gland 12. Hinge bolt 13. Hexagon nut 14. Pin 15. Screwed bush 15A.Screwed bush 16. Lock screw 17. Lever handle 18. Hexagon nut 19. Bonnet keep 20. Stud 21. Hexagon nut 22. Flange 23. Packing seat ring

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24. Tabl indicatoare 25. Indicator 26. Plcu etichet 27. plint (cui despicat) 28. Roat de manevr 29. Bil de oel 30. Scaunul superior al bilei de oel 31. Scaunul inferior al bilei de oel 32. Flan 33. urub cu filet infinit 34. Piuli hexagonal 35. Flan 36. Flan 37. urub n cruce cu cap rotund

38. Racord 39. Piuli olandez 40. Pies de suport 41. urubul de reglaj al piesei suport 42. Compensator de dilataie 43. Garnitur 44. Garnitur bobinat n spiral 45. Etanare 46. tift de fixare 47. Presetup 48. aib plat (lustruit rotund ) 49. aib elastic 50. Corpul indicatorului 51. Sticla indicatorului

24. Indicator plate 25. Indicator 26. Name plate 27. Split pin 28. Handwheel 29. Steel ball 30. Upper steel ball seat 31. Lower steel ball seat 32. Flange 33. Continuous-thread stud 34. Hexagon nut 35. Flange 36. Flange 37. Cross recessed round head machine screw 38. Nipple 39. Union nut 40. Supporting piece 41. Supporting piece set screw 42. Expansion pipe 43. Gasket 44. Spiral-wound gasket 45. Packing 46. Set pin 47. Packing gland 48. Flat washer (polished and round) 49. Spring washer 50. Water gauge body 51. Gauge glass.

Indicator de nivel naval de 5 kgf/cm2 cu valvule (fig. 5.7) 1. Corp (tu) superior de tip A 2. Racord 3. Presetup 4. Piulia presetupei (olandez) 5. Piuli olandez 6. Garnitur 7. Garnitur 8. Garnitur 9. Cep 10. mbinare 11. Corp (tu) superior de tip B 12. Corp (tu) superior de tip C 13. Corp (tu) inferior 14. Tij 15. Presetup 16. Piulia presetupei (olandez) 17. Inel 18. Mner 19. Piuli hexagonal 20. aib arcuit

Marine 5 kgf/cm2 level gauge with valve (fig. 5.7) 1. Type A upper body 2. Nipple 3. Packing gland 4. Gland nut 5. Union nut 6. Gasket 7. Gasket 8. Gasket 9. Plug 10. Joint 11. Type B upper body 12. Type C upper body 13. Lower body 14. Stem 15. Packing gland 16. Gland nut 17. Ring 18. Handle 19. Hexagon nut 20. Spring washer

31

Fig.5.7 21. plint (cui despicat) 22. Etanare 23. Armtur superioar de tip D 25. Sit metalic esut

21. Splint pin 22. Packing 23. Type D upper fitting 24. Wire gauze

Indicator de nivel naval cu plutitor (fig. 5.8):

1. Ghidajul plutitorului 2. Pies de fixare a firului

Marine float level gauge (fig. 5.8):

1. Float guide 2. Wire fitting piece for float

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Fig.5.8 3. Racord 4. Plutitor 5. Lagr cu rostogolire 6. Suportul scripetelui 7. Ax 8. Greutate 9. Fir metalic mpletit 10. Ghidajul greutii 11. Placa de scal 12. Indicator 13. Scripete 14. aib plat 15. Etanare de cauciuc 16. Buca firului 17. Flan 18. Pies de etanare 19. Pies de fixare a greutii

3. Nipple 4. Float 5. Ball bearing 6. Bearing for sheave 7. Pin 8. Weight 9. Wire rope 10. Weight guide 11. Scale plate 12. Indicator 13. Sheave 14. Plain washer 15. Seal rubber 16. Wire sleeve 17. Flange 18. Seal piece 19. Wire fitting piece for weight

33

20. Capacul ghidajului plutitorului 21. aib plat 22. plint (cui despicat) 23. Garnitur 24. urub cu capul n cruce 25. urub cu capul n cruce 26. urub hexagonal 27. Piuli hexagonal 28. Piuli hexagonal 29. Suportul ghidajului greutii 30. Agtoare pentru ridicat 31. Suport pentru lagre 32. Postament pentru ghidajul plutitorului 33. Legtura firului 34. Adaos pentru cepul de aerisire 35. Cep 36. Garnitur

20. Float guide cover 21. Plain washer 22. Split pin 23. Gasket 24. Cross pan head machine screw 25. Cross pan head machine screw 26. Hexagon bolt 27. Hexagon nut 28. Hexagon nut 29. Weight guide support 30. Lifting lug 31. Seat for bearing 32. Base for float guide 33. Bind wire 34. Boss for air vent plug 35. Plug 36. Gasket

Msurri electrice

Nava este un sistem care se autosusine. ntreaga energie electric necesar este produs, distribuit i folosit la bordul navei. De aceea msurtorile electrice joac un rol important n activitatea zilnic, n prevenirea avarilor i (cel mai ru) a black-out-ului.

Black-out-ul este situaia cnd nava rmne fr nici o surs de energie. Aceast situaie este critic deoarece toate sistemele pot cdea, nava este scpat de sub control i se poate scufunda.

La bordul navei sunt utilizate dou tipuri de aparate de msur electrice:

- Indicatoare de tablou care sunt montate pe tablourile de comand sau de distribuie. Acestea pot msura o singur mrime i ,de obicei, pe o singur scal. - ampermetru de tablou; - voltmetru de tablou; - wattmetru de tablou; - varmetru de tablou; - frecvenmetru; Multimetre. Aceste tipuri de aparate de msur sunt foarte utile pentru orice reparator care lucreaz la echipament electric, datorit multiplelor scale de msurare i manipulrii simple. Multimetrele portabile pot msura de obicei: - tensiuni CC i CA;

Electrical measurement

A ship is a self-sustaining system. The entire electrical energy needed is produced, distributed and used on the board. Therefore the electrical measurements play a very important role in the daily activity, in preventing damages and (in the worst case) blackout.

Black-out is the situation when the ship remains without any electrical power supply. It is a critical situation because all systems can breakdown, the ship is out of control and it may sink.

On the board of the ship two types of electrical gauges are used:

- Panel gauges (indicators) which are placed on the control boards or switchboards. They can measure a single feature and usually a single range.

- panel ammeter; - panel voltmeter; - panel wattmeter; - panel reactive energy meter; - panel frequency meter; Portable multimeters. These types of gauges are very useful tools for each serviceman working at electric equipment, due to their many measuring ranges and simple operation. The portable multimeters can usually measure : - DC and AC voltages;

34

- cureni CC i CA; - rezistene; adesea aceste pot msura i: - capaciti; - frecvene;

Un multimetru obinuit este artat mai jos:

- DC and AC currents; - resistances; and often these can measure: - capacities; - frequencies;

A common type of portable multimeter is shown below:

Fig. 5.9 unde sunt indicate cteva componente importante ale aparatului: 1 Comutatorul scrilor; 2, 3, 4, 5 Borne; 6 Corectorul de zero;

7 Scara rezistenelor; 8, 9 Scrile tensiunilor i curenilor

CC i CA; 10 Corectorul de zero al

ohmmetrului; 11 Comutator CC/CA; 12, 13 Sigurane 3,15A/250V; 14 Baterie tip B 6 F 22 (9 V); 15 Baterie tip R6 AA (1,5 V); 16 Siguran 10A/500 V;

where several important components of the meter are indicated: 1 Range Switch; 2, 3, 4, 5 Jacks; 6 Mechanical Zero Adjustment

Control 7 Resistance Scale; 8, 9 DC/AC Voltage and Current

Scales; 10 Ohmmeter Zero Adjustment

Control; 11 DC/AC Switch; 12, 13 Fuses 3,15A/250V; 14 Type 6 F 22 Battery (9 V); 15 Type R6 AA Battery Cell (1,5 V); 16 Fuse 10A/500 V

35

Capitolul 6

Msurtori pe motor i n compartimentul maini

Unit 6

Measurements on Engine and in Engine Room:

Msurtori pe motor: Uniti

1. Pi, Pmax i Pcomp [bar] 2. Indicaia tijei pompei de injecie i

reglajul pmax [mm] 3. Temperatura gazelor de evacuare [C] 4. Temperatura gazelor de evacuare

nainte i dup turbosuflant(e) [C] 5. Presiunea dup turbin [mmHg] 6. Presiunea gazelor n colectorul de

evacuare [mmHg sau bar] 7. Temperaturile de intrare n

turbosuflant i de ieire la filtru de admisie [C]

8. Cderea de presiune pe filtrul de admisie [mmHg sau bar]

9. Cderea de presiune pe rcitorul de aer [mmHg]

10. Temperatura apei la intrarea i ieirea n/din rcitorul de aer [C]

11. Presiunea de baleiaj (pbal) [mmHg sau bar]

12. Temperatura aerului de baleiaj [C] 13. Temperatura aerului de baleiaj nainte

de rcitorul de aer [C] 14. Temperatura aerului de baleiaj dup

rcitorul de aer [C]

Measurements on engine: Units

1. Pi, Pmax and Pcomp [bar] 2. Fuel pump index and pmax adjustment

index [mm] 3. Exhaust temperature [C] 4. Exhaust temperature before and after

turbocharger(s) [C] 5. Turbine back pressure [mmHg] 6. Exhaust gas receiver pressure [mmHg

or bar] 7. Turbocharger inlet and outlet

temperature at inlet filter [C]

8. Pressure drop across inlet filter [mmHg]

9. Pressure drop across air cooler [mmHg]

10. Air cooler water inlet and outlet temperature [C]

11. Scavenge air pressure (pscav) [mmHg or bar]

12. Scavenge air temperature [C] 13. Scavenge air temperature before air

cooler [C] 14. Scavenge air temperature after air

cooler [C]

36

15. Temperatura apei de rcire la ieirea din motorul principal [C]

Msurtori n compartimentul maini: Uniti Turaia turbosuflantei i motorului [rot/min] Presiunea uleiului nainte i dup filtru [bar] Temperatura uleiului la intrarea n motor [C] Temperatura apei (tehnic) de rcire la intrarea n motorul principal [C] Presiunea barometric [milibar]

Pentru s se fac aceste msurtori?

Evaluarea la intervale regulate a funcionrii motorului permite detectarea multor probleme i rezolvarea acestora nainte ca acestea s devin critice. De exemplu: Presiunea indicat (Pi) i turaia motorului [rot/min] pot fi folosite pentru a calcula ncrcarea curent i pentru a afla dac regimul elicei este greu. Presiunea indicat (Pi), presiunea maxim (Pmax), presiunea de compresie (Pcomp) i mrimea temperaturii gazelor de evacuare pot fi folosite pentru a stabili starea fiecrui cilindru. Indexul pompei de injecie, mpreun cu ncrcarea curent a motorului pot fi folosite pentru a stabili starea pistoanelor plonjoare sau a corpului pompei de injecie. Presiunea dup turbin i cderea de presiune pe rcitorul(le) de aer i filtrul(lor) de admisie al turbosuflantei indic dac msurtorile trebuie luate n considerare pe cile de aer sau gaze. Presiunea de baleiaj (Pbal), presiunea de compresie (Pcomp), turaia turbosuflantei rot/min i temperatura nainte i dup turbin permit stabilirea strii turbosuflantei.

Oricum, este important ca toate msurtorile s se ia in considerare pentru o evaluare corect a performanelor motorului.

15. Fresh cooling water outlet temperature from main engine [C]

Measurements in engine room: Units

Turbocharger and engine revolutions [rpm]

Fuel oil pressure before and after filter [bar] ] Fuel oil temperature before engine [C]

Main engine fresh cooling water inlet temperature, [C] Barometric pressure [milibar]

Why do these measurements?

Regular performance evaluations enable many problems to be detected and solved before they become critical. For example:

The indicated pressure (Pi) and the engine speed (rpm) can be used to calculate the actual load and to find out if the propeller is heavy. The indicated pressure (Pi), the maximum pressure (Pmax) the compression pressure (Pcomp) and the exhaust temperature level can be used to judge the individual cylinder condition. The fuel pump index together with the actual engine load, can be used to judge the condition of the fuel pump plungers/barrels and suction valves. The turbine back pressure and the pressure drop across the air cooler(s) and turbocharger intake filter(s) reveal if measures should be taken regarding the air/gas ways. Scavenge air pressure (Pscav), the compression pressure (Pcomp), the turbocharger rpm and the temperature before and after the turbine enable the condition of the turbocharger to be judged.

However, it is important to take all measurements into consideration if a reliable evaluation of the engine performance is to be made.

3

37

Capitolul 7

Simboluri Unit 7

Symbols

Pipes and Pipe Joints evi i mbinri de evi

Not connecting crossing pipes

Connected crossing pipes

evi care se intersecteaz i nu

sunt conectate

evi care se intersecteaz i sunt

conectate

Tee pipe

Flexible joint, Flexible pipe joint

mbinare cu teu mbinare mobil, mbinare cu tub

flexibil

Flanged joint

Sleeve joint

mbinare flanat mbinare prin mufe

Reducer

Screwed joint

Manon de reducie (seciune) mbinare filetat

Welded joint

Sleeve type expansion joint

mbinare sudat Compensator de dilataie cu muf Bellows type

expansion pipe joint

Expansion pipe joint

Compensator de dilatare cu burduf

Lir de dilatare din eav

Penetrating, watertight bulkhead and deck crossing

Penetrating, non-watertight bulkhead and deck crossing

Trecere prin perei despritori etani i

puni etane

Trecere prin perei neetani i puni

neetane

Blank flange

Spectacle flange

Flan oarb Flan de col

38

38

Control and Regulation Parts Componente pentru reglare i control

To bilge

Hand-operated

Spre santin Acionare manual

Remote control

Spring

Comand de la distan Arc

Weight

Float

Contragreutate Plutitor

Diaphragm

Diaphragm with positioner

Membran Membran cu pozitioner

Piston

Electric motor driven

Piston Acionare cu motor electric

Air motor driven

Solenoid driven

Acionare cu motor pneumatic

Acionare electric prin bobin

Valves and Cocks

Valvule i robinete

Globe stop valve

Angle stop valve

Valvul dreapt de nchidere

Valvul de col de nchidere

Three way valve (crossover valve)

Globe lift check valve

Valvul cu trei cai Clapet dreapt de reinere cu micare

vertical Angle lift check

valve

Screw down globe stop check valve

Clapet de col de reinere cu micare

vertical

Robinet drept cu ventil de reinere

39

Screw down stop angle valve

Swing check valve

Robinet de col cu ventil de reinere

Ventil de reinere cu clapet

Pressure reducing valve

Angle safety valve

Valvul reductoare de presiune

Supap de siguran de col

Self closing globe valve

Self closing angle valve

Supap dreapt de siguran cu

nchidere automat

Supap de col de siguran cu

nchidere automat

Regulating valve

Butterfly valve

Valvul regulatoare Van-fluture

Gate valve

Breather valve

Van cu sertar Supap de respiraie

Hose globe valve

Hose angle valve

Valvul dreapt pentru furtun

Valvul de col pentru furtun

Needle globe valve

Needle angle valve

Van dreapt inelar (robinet cu ac)

Van de col inelar (robinet cu ac)

Relief globe valve

Relief angle valve

Supap dreapt de descrcare (de

golire)

Supap de col de descrcare (de

golire)

Foot valve

Cock

Robinet de fund Robinet

Three-way cock L-port

Three-way cock T-port

Robinet cu trei ci cu canal L

Robinet cu trei ci cu canal T

40

Manifold valve

Manifold check valve

Caset de valvule Caset cu valvule de reinere

Remote operated valve

Emergency shut off valve

Valvul acionat de la distan

Van de nchidere de avarie

Locked cock

Air motor valve

Robinet zvort Valvul acionat cu motor pneumatic

Electric motor valve

Solenoid valve

Valvul acionat cu motor electric

Valvul electromagnetic

Piston valve

Diaphragm operated valve

Valvul acionat prin piston

Valvul acionat prin diafragm

Connecting ends of valves mbinrile capetelor valvulelor

mbinare cu flan

Flanged end

mbinare cu uruburi

Screwed end

mbinare sudat

Welding end

Pipe fittings Accesorii pentru tubulaturi

Rose box

Mud box

Camer cu pulverizare

Camer de decantare

4

41

Simplex strainer

Duplex strainer

Filtru simplu Filtru dublu

Separator

Drain trap

Separator Oal de scurgere

Y type strainer

Hopper

Filtru tip Y Plnie

Air vent pipe

Scupper

Tubulatur de aerisire

Scurgere de pe punte

Sounding head with cap

Sounding head with self closing valve

Cap de sondare cu capac

Cap de sondare cu valvul cu nchidere

automat

Orifice

Hose coupling

Duz Cuplaj de furtune

Hand pump

Ejector

Pomp manual Ejector

Sea chest

Drain silencer

Cheson Amortizor de zgomot al scurgerii

Hull distance piece

Bilge hat

Distanier de bordaj Capac de santin

Sight glass

Fusible plug

Vizor Dop fuzibil

42

Thermometer pocket

Boss

Suport pentru termometru Proeminen

Boss and plug

Rose plate

Proeminen cu dop Plac pulverizatoare

Change piece (change over piece)

Goose neck type air pipe head

(without wire net)

Pies de comutare Cap tubulatur de

aerisire gt de lebd (fr plas de srm)

Bonnet type air pipe head

(without wire net)

Goose neck type air pipe head

(with wire net)

Cap tubulatur de aerisire (fr plas

de srm)

Cap tubulatur de aerisire gt de lebd (cu plas de srm)

Bonnet type air pipe head

(with wire net)

Oil tray

Cap tubulatur de aerisire (cu plas de

srm) Tav pentru uleiuri

Bellmouth

Evazare

Control and Instrumentation Control i aparate de msur i control

Hydraulic oil line

Control air line

Tubulatur de ulei hidraulic

Tubulatur de aer de comand

Capillary tube

Electric wiring

Tub capilar Linie electric

Local indicator

Remote indicator

Indicator local Indicator la distan

43

Thermometer

Pressure gauge

Termometru Manometru

Compound gauge

Vacuum gauge

Manovacuummetru Vacuummetru

Differential pressure gauge

Change over switch box

Manometru diferenial Cutie de comutare

Pressure switch

Temperature switch

Presostat Termostat

Float switch

Limit switch

Traductor de nivel Limitator

Transmitter

Salinity cell

Transmitor Celul detectare salinitate

Seal pot

Loop seal

Recipient de etanare Bucl de atenuare

Glass level gauge

Float glass oil level gauge

Sticl de nivel Indicator de nivel cu

sticl plutitoare pentru ulei

Float type level gauge

Inner float type level gauge

Indicator de nivel cu plutitor

Indicator interior de nivel cu flotor

Outer float type level gauge

Indicator exterior de nivel cu flotor

44

Senzor de densitate de alarmare DSA Density switch for alarm (oil mist ) Senzor de densitate de ncetinire DS-SLD Density switch for slow-down Dispozitive electrice E Electric devices Valvul electromagnetic EV Solenoid valve Comutator electric de alarmare ESA Electrical switch for alarm Senzor de debit de alarmare FSA Flow switch for alarm Senzor de debit de ncetinire FS-SLD Flow switch for slow-alarm Senzor de nivel de alarmare LSA Level switch for alarm Indicator de diferen presiune PDI Pressure difference indicator Senzor de diferen presiune de alarmare PDSA Pressure difference for alarm

Transmitor de diferen de presiune PDT Pressure difference transmitter

Indicator de presiune PI Pressure indicator Presostat PS Pressure switch Presostat pentru ntrerupere PS-SHD Pressure switch for shut-down Presostat pentru ncetinire PS-SLD Pressure switch for slow-down Presostat pentru alarmare PSA Pressure switch for alarm Presostat pentru control PSC Pressure switch for controlling Senzor de presiune (analogic) PE Pressure sensor (analogue) Senzor de presiune pentru (analogic) pentru alarmare PEA

Pressure sensor for alarm (analogue)

Senzor de presiune pentru (analogic) pentru indicare la distan PEI

Pressure sensor for remote indication (analogue)

Senzor de presiune pentru (analogic) pentru ncetinire PE-SLD

Pressure sensor for slow-down (analogue)

Turometru (analogic) SE Speed sensor (analogue) Senzor de turaie pentru alarmare SSA Speed switch for alarm Senzor de turaie pentru oprire SS-SHD Speed switch for shut-down Termometru TI Temperature indicator Termostat pentru alarmare TSA Temperature switch for alarm Termostat de control TSC Temperature switch for control Termostat pentru oprire TS-SHD Temperature switch for shut-down Termostat pentru ncetinire TS-SLD Temperature switch for slow-down Senzor de temperatur (analogic) TE Temperature sensor (analogue) Senzor de temperatur pentru alarm (analogic) TEA

Temperature sensor for alarm (analogue)

Senzor de temperatur pentru indicare la distan (analogic) TEI

Temperature sensor for remote indication (analogue)

Senzor de temperatur pentru ncetinire (analogic) TE-SLD

Temperature sensor for slow down (analogue)

Senzor de viscozitate (analogic) VE Viscosity sensor (analogue) Viscozimetru VI Viscosity indicator Senzor de poziie ZE Position sensor Comutator de poziie ZS Position switch Detector de vibraii pentru alarmare (analogic) WEA

Vibration signal for alarm (analogue)

Indicator de vibraii WI Vibration indicator Detector de vibraii pentru ncetinire WS-SLD Vibration switch for slow down

45

Capitolul 8

Valvule Unit 8

Valves

Definiie: O valv este un dispozitiv pentru

controlul debitului. Valvele sunt utilizate pentru a regla debitul fluidelor (lichide sau gaze) n sistemele cu tubulaturi ale instalaiilor de exploatare. Adesea, n instalaii, debitul are un caracter pulsatoriu sau intermitent, iar valvele i mecanismele asociate dau o caracteristic de reglare. Parametrii: - Diametrul nominal; - Numrul desenului; - Materialul corpului; - Regimul de lucru: - Presiunea nominal; - Presiunea de prob: - la rezisten; - la etaneitate;

Definition: A valve is a flow-control device.

Valves are used to regulate the flow of fluids (liquids and gases) in piping systems and machinery. In machinery, the flow phenomenon is frequently of a pulsating or intermittent nature and the valve with its associated gear provide a timing feature.

Parameters: - Nominal diameter; - Number of drawing; - Body material; - Operating range: - Nominal pressure; - Testing pressure: - in resistance; - in tightness;

Tipuri de armturi n practic se ntlnesc mai multe

tipuri de valve fiecare proiectat s efectueze o operaie specific.

Types of valves There are many different types of

valves in operation each designed to perform a specific function.

Fig 8.1

46

Valvul naval de drenaj tanc de combustibil cu nchidere automat (fig. 8.1)

1A. Corp (tip U) 1B. Corp (tip F) 2. Disc 3. Scaunul supapei 4. Ventil 5. Capac 6. Tij 7. Buc de etanare 8. Presetup 9. Arc 10. Suportul arcului 11. Mner 12. Piuli hexagonal 13. Piuli hexagonal 14. uruburi cruce cu cap plat

15. Etanare 16. Garnitur 17. Garnitur 18. Piuli olandez 19. Racord 20. Garnitur

Valvul dreapt filetat naval pentru aer comprimat (fig. 8.2)

1. Corp 2. Ghidaj filetat 6. Tij 7. Roat de manevr 8. Scaun 9. Piuli olandez 10. Presgarnitur 11. Piuli hexagonal 12. plint (cui spintecat) 13. urub cruce cu cap tronconic

14. Plcu de blocare a ghidajului filetat 16. Etanare 17. Garnitur 18. Racord pentru eav de cupru 19. Racord pentru eav de oel 20. Piuli olandez (de cuplare) 21. Plcu etichet

Marine Fuel Oil Tank Self-Closing Drain Valve (fig. 8.1)

1A. Body (Type U) 1B. Body (Type F) 2. Disc 3. Valve seat 4. Plug 5. Bonnet 6. Stem 7. Packing bush 8. Packing gland 9. Spring 10. Spring support 11. Handle 12. Hexagon nut 13. Hexagon nut 14. Cross-recessed flat head machine

screws 15. Packing 16. Gasket 17. Gasket 18. Union nut 19. Nipple 20. Gasket

Marine Forged Steel Screwed Globe Valve for Compressed Air (fig. 8.3)

1. Body 2. Bonnet 6. Stem 7. Handwheel 8. Seat ring 9. Gland nut 10. Gland 11. Hexagon nut 12. Split pin 13. Cross-recessed pan head machine

screw 14. Bonnet lock plate 16. Packing 17. Gasket 18. Nipple for copper pipe 19. Nipple for steel pipe 20. Union nut 21. Name plate

47

Valvul de col naval din font (fig. 8.3) Marine Cast Iron Angle Valve (fig. 8.3)

Fig 8.3

Fig 8.2

48

1. Corp 2. Ghidaj filetat 3. Roat de manevr 4. Ventil 5. Scaun 6. Piuli disc 7. Buc filetat de ghidare 8. Scaunul garniturii 9. Presgarnitur 10. Tij 11. Prezon 12. Prezon 13. Piuli hexagonal 14. Piuli hexagonal 15. Piuli hexagonal 16. tift de blocare 17. plint (cui spintecat) 18. aib disc de blocare 19. Etanare 20. Garnitur 21. Plcu etichet 22. aib pentru tij

Clapet de reinere ghidat (cu micare vertical), naval, din font (fig. 8.4)

1. Body 2. Bonnet 3. Handwheel 4. Disc 5. Valve seat 6. Disc nut 7. Screwed bonnet bush 8. Seat ring 9. Packing gland 10. Stem 11. Stud 12. Stud 13. Hexagon nut 14. Hexagon nut 15. Hexagon nut 16. Lock pin 17. Split pin 18. Disc lock washer 19. Packing 20. Gasket 21. Name plate 22. Washer for stem

Marine Cast Iron Lift Check Angle Valve (fig 8.4)

1. Corp supap 2. Flan 3. Ventil 4. Scaun ventil 5. Buc 6. Prezon 7. Piuli hexagonal 8. urub de fixare 9. Garnitur

1. Body 2. Bonnet 3. Disc 4. Valve seat 5. Bush 6. Stud 7. Hexagon nut 8. Set screw 9. Gasket

Fig 8.4

49

Valvul naval din bronz pentru furtun (fig. 8.5)

1. Corp 2. Ghidaj filetat 3. Roat de manevr 4. Piuli disc 5. Presgarnitur 6. Piuli olandez 7. Tij 8. urub n cruce cu cap tronconic

9. Roat de manevr 10. Piuli hexagonal 11. plint (cui spintecat) 12. Plcu de ghidare a ghidajului filetat 13. aib plat de blocare 14. Etanare 15. Plcu etichet 16. mbinarea mufei 17. Capac 18. Inel de cuplare 19. Inel de fixare 20. urub de fixare 21. Lan 22. Garnitur 23. Garnitur

Marine Bronze Hose Valve (fig. 8.5)

1. Body 2. Bonnet 3. Disc 4. Disc nut 5. Packing gland 6. Gland nut 7. Stem 8. Cross recessed pan head machine

screw 9. Handwheel 10. Hexagon nut 11. Split pin 12. Bonnet lock plate 13. Disc lock washer 14. Packing 15. Name plate 16. Base connection 17. Cap 18. Coupling ring 19. Set ring 20. Set screw 21. Chain 22. Gasket 23. Gasket

Fig 8.5

50

Robinet naval cu sertar pan din font (fig. 8.6)

1. Corp 2. Capac 3. Sertar disc pan 4. Roat de manevr 5. Scaunul corpului 6. Scaunul sertarului 7. Pies filetat 8. Presetup 9. Indicator 10. Tbli indicatoare 11. Tij 12. urub cu cap hexagonal 13. Prezon 14. urub articulat 15. tift conic cu filet 16. Piuli hexagonal

Marine Cast Iron Gate Valve (fig. 8.6)

1. Body 2. Bonnet 3. Disc 4. Handwheel 5. Valve seat of body 6. Valve seat of disc 7. Screwed piece 8. Packing gland 9. Indicator 10. Indicator plate 11. Stem 12. Hexagon head bolt 13. Stud 14. Swing bolt 15. Taper pin with thread 16. Hexagon nut

Fig 8.6

51

17. urub cruce cu cap tronconic

18. plint (cui spintecat) 19. Etanare 20. Garnitur 21. Garnitur 22. Plcu etichet 23. Jug 24. Angrenaj conic (roat) 25. Angrenaj conic (pinion) 26. Buc de ghidare 27. Buc de ghidare 28. Buc de ghidare 29. Axul roii de manevr 30. Tija indicatorului 31. urub cu cap hexagonal 32. Piuli hexagonal 33. tift 34. aib 35. aib 36. aib Grower 37. Pan 38. Pan 39. urub de blocare cu cap ptrat 40. urub de blocare 41. urub de blocare 42. plint (cui spintecat) 43. plint (cui spintecat) 44. Rulment de presiune (axial) 45. Niplu pentru ungere 46. Capacul jugului

17. Cross recessed pan head machine screw

18. Split pin 19. Packing 20. Gasket 21. Gasket 22. Name plate 23. Yoke 24. Bevel gear (wheel) 25. Bevel gear (pinion) 26. Guide bush 27. Guide bush 28. Guide bush 29. Handwheel shaft 30. Indicator rod 31. Hexagon head bolt 32. Hexagon nut 33. Pin 34. Washer 35. Washer 36. Spring washer 37. Key 38. Key 39. Square head set screw 40. Set screw 41. Set screw 42. Splint pin 43. Splint pin 44. Thrust ball bearing 45. Grease nipple 46. Cap for yoke.

Valvul de trecere Se utilizeaz ca armtur de reglare

i nchidere pentru: ap tehnic, ap de mare, produse petroliere.

Valvul de trecere cu reinere Se utilizeaz ca armtur de reinere

i nchidere pentru: ap dulce, ap de mare, produse petroliere.

Valvul de col Se utilizeaz ca armturi de reglare

i nchidere pentru: ap dulce, ap de mare, produse petroliere.

Valvul de col cu reinere Se utilizeaz ca armtur de reinere

i nchidere pentru: ap dulce, ap de mare, produse petroliere.

Straight-way valve It is used as adjusting and closing

fitting for: fresh water, seawater, oil products.

Non return straight-way valve It is used as non-return and closing

fitting for: fresh water, seawater, oil products.

Angle valve It is used as adjusting and closing

fitting for: fresh water, seawater, oil products.

Non return angle valve It is used as non-return and closing

fitting for: fresh water, seawater, oil products.

52

Valvul cu sertar Se utilizeaz ca armtur de

nchidere pentru: ap dulce, ap de mare, produse petroliere. Valvul cu sertar lungime variabil

Este o armtur de nchidere destinat instalaiilor navale. Valvul de col contragreutate

Este utilizat ca valvul de zon n instalaiile de stins incendiu cu CO2 a compartimentelor aprate contra incendiilor la bordul navelor. Valvul dreapt cu contragreutate

Este o armtur industrial de nchidere-deschidere complet, utilizat ca valvul de zon n instalaiile de stins incendiu cu CO2 a compartimentelor aprate contra incendiilor la bordul navelor. Robinet butelie

Este destinat instalaiei de stins incendiu cu CO2 n compartimentele aprate contra incendiilor la bordul navelor. Clapet cu reinere CO2

Este destinat instalaiei de stins incendiu cu CO2 n compartimentele navelor. Valvul dreapt nchidere rapid

Se utilizeaz ca armtur de nchidere pentru: ap, aer comprimat, produse petroliere. Valvul de col nchidere rapid

Se utilizeaz ca armtur de nchidere pentru: ap, aer comprimat, produse petroliere. Valvul de bordaj dreapt

Se utilizeaz ca armtur de reglare i nchidere pentru: ap dulce, ap de mare, produse petroliere. Valvul de bordaj de col

Se utilizeaz ca armtur de reglare i nchidere pentru: ap, spum aeromecanic, produse petroliere. Valvul de siguran de col

Se utilizeaz ca armtur de reglare i nchidere pentru: ap, spum aeromecanic, produse petroliere. Valvul de siguran pentru aburi

Se utilizeaz ca armtur de reglare i nchidere pentru abur. Robinet serviciu nchidere automat

Se utilizeaz ca armtur de reglare i nchidere pentru instalaiile de ungere i combustibil.

Slide valve It is used as closing fitting for: fresh

water, seawater, oil products.

Adjustable length slide valve It is a closing fitting for naval

systems. Angle counter weight valve

It is used as a zone valve for CO2 fire fighting systems of the fire-protected rooms on board of a ship.

Straight counter weight valve It is an industrial fitting for

complete closing-opening, used as a zone valve for the CO2 fire fighting systems of the fire-protected rooms on board of a ship.

Bottle cock It is used in the CO2 fire fighting

systems in the fire-protected rooms on board of a ship.

CO2 non-return flap It is used in the CO2 fire fighting

system in the ship rooms.

Quick straight check valve It is used as closing fitting for:

water, compressed air, oil products.

Quick angle check valve It is used as closing fitting for

water, compressed air, oil products.

Side straight valve It is used as adjusting and closing

fitting for: water, seawater, oil products.

Side angle valve It is used as adjusting and closing

fitting for: water, mechanic foam, oil products. Angle safety valve

It is used as closing fitting for: water, mechanic foam, oil products.

Steam safety valve It is used as adjusting and closing

fitting for steam. Automatic check service cock

It is used as closing fitting for the lubricating (lube.) and fuel oil systems.

53

Valvul nchidere automat Se utilizeaz ca armtur de

nchidere pentru instalaiile de ungere i combustibil. Valvul nchidere automat de col

Se utilizeaz ca armtur de nchidere pentru instalaiile de ungere i combustibil. Hidrant drept

Este utilizat n cadrul instalaiilor de stins incendiul cu ap. Hidrant de col

Este utilizat n cadrul instalaiilor de stins incendiul cu ap. Valvul purjare inferioar

Se monteaz la cldrile de abur din instalaiile navale, pentru extracia de fund. Valvul dubl de siguran

Se monteaz n cadrul instalaiilor navale de caldarine Robinet cu cep drept

Se utilizeaz ca armtur de nchidere pentru: ap, produse petroliere. Robinet serviciu autonchidere

Se utilizeaz pe tancuri pentru controlul sau pentru purjare n cadrul instalaiilor de ungere sau combustibil. Robinet cu trei ci

Se utilizeaz pentru acionarea pneumatic a capacelor spirai. Robinet de siguran

Se monteaz n cadrul instalaiilor navale sau pe recipieni sub presiune cu scopul de a regla presiunea din interior cnd aceasta crete peste valoarea prescris. Clapet reinere bordaj

Are rolul de evacuare a apei reziduale i a impuritilor din tubulatura instalaiei de scurgeri generale. Clapet cu flotor

Se monteaz pe conductele de scurgere a produselor petroliere, avnd rolul de a reine lichidul n tancuri n cazul deversrii lichidului sau spargerii, eliminnd pericolul de inundare a navei.

Valv fluture Se utilizeaz pentru controlul

debitului la reglarea puterii de ieire cu o eficien mrit i cu o pierdere minim de ap i pentru siguran n condiiile vehiculrii unor mari cantiti de ap.

Automatic check valve It is used as closing fitting for the

lubricating (lube.) and fuel oil systems.

Angle automatic check valve It is used as closing fitting for the

lubricating and fuel oil systems.

Straight hydrant It is used within water fire fighting

systems. Angle hydrant

It is used within water fire fighting systems. Lower pourging valve

It is mounted on the steam boilers in the ship systems for bottom pourging. Double safety valve

It is mounted within the ship boilers systems. Straight stop cock

It is used as closing fitting for: water, oil products. Self closing service cock

It is mounted on tanks for control or discharge within the lube or fuel oil systems. Three way cock

It is used for air driving at skylight covers. Safety cock

It is mounted within the naval systems or on tanks under pressure to adjust the internal pressure when this pressure exceeds the established value.

Side non-return flap It is intended for residual water or

impurities from general scupper discharge.

Float flap It is mounted on the oil product

leakage piping, having the function to retain the liquid in the tank in case of overflowing discharge or breaking, eliminating the possibility of ship overflowing. Butterfly valve

It is used to control water flow in order to regulate power output with sustained efficiency and minimum waste of water and to ensure safety under inertial flow conditions of large masses of water.

54

Capitolul 9

Materiale Unit 9

Materials

Un material este n general folosit pentru c ofer rezistena necesar, aparen i alte proprieti la un cost minim.

Lemnul a fost primul material folosit de ctre om pentru construirea ambarcaiunilor. n zilele noastre ns lemnul mai este utilizat numai la construcia ambarcaiunilor mici (brci de salvare, brci de pescuit sau agrement), a unor nave nepropulsate (bacuri, lepuri) sau pentru confecionarea punilor. Lemnul mai este utilizat la confecionarea materialelor pentru vitalitatea navei i a mobilei i amenajrilor interioare.

Metalele sunt cele mai utilizate materiale n construciile navale. Principalele avantaje ale metalelor sunt rezistena i tenacitatea lor.

Nu toate metalele sunt rezistente. Cuprul i aluminiul, de exemplu, sunt ambele foarte slabe.

Metalele pot fi produse s ndeplineasc orice cerin sau specificaie tehnic.

Alierea este o metod important pentru obinerea oricror proprieti speciale sunt cerute: rezisten, tenacitate, rezisten la uzur, proprieti magnetice i rezisten electric sau rezisten la coroziune.

Proprietile metalelor pot fi mai departe mbuntite prin folosirea tratamentelor termice. Tratament termic este denumirea unui numr de procedee diferite prin care proprietile metalelor i aliajelor sunt schimbate. De obicei const din nclzirea metalului sau aliajului la o anumit temperatur, sub punctul su de topire, meninerea lui la aceast temperatur pentru o anumit perioad de timp i apoi rcirea lui cu o anumit vitez pentru a obine orice proprieti speciale sunt cerute.

A material is generally used because it offers the required strength, appearance, and other properties at minimum cost.

Wood was the first material used by man for ship building. But nowadays, wood is only used to build small ships (lifeboats, fishing boats or recreation boats), some dumb boats (float bridges, scows) or decks. Wood is also used for ship safety equipment and ships furniture.

Metals are the most commonly used materials in ship constructions. The main advantages of metals are their strength and toughness.

Not all metals are strong. Copper and aluminium, for example, are both fairly weak.

Metals can be produced to meet every kind of engineering specification and requirement.

Alloying is an important method of obtaining whatever special properties are required: strength, toughness, resistance to wear, magnetic properties and high electrical resistance or corrosion resistance.

The properties of a metal can be further improved by use of heat treatment. Heat treatment is the term given to a number of different procedures in which the properties of metals and alloys are changed. It usually consists of heating the metal or alloy to a selected temperature below its melting point, maintaining it at that temperature for a certain time and then cooling it at a certain rate to obtain whatever special properties are required.

55

Principalele tratamente termice sunt:

Clirea, care este folosit spre a face metalele mai rigide. Acest tratament este caracteristic oelului, dar poate fi aplicat fontelor cenuii i anumitor metale i aliaje neferoase. Clirea const n nclzirea i meninerea temperaturii metalului la o temperatur superioar i urmat de o rcire rapid n ap sau alte soluii.

Revenirea, care face metalele i aliajele mai maleabile i mai puin casante. Acest tratament const dintr-o nclzire la o temperatur inferioar urmat de o rcire lent i se aplic metalelor clite.

Recoacerea, care se efectueaz pentru a face un metal moale astfel nct s poat fi prelucrat mai uor. Acest tratament const dintr-o nclzire la o temperatur nalt , o meninere i o rcire lent.

Nitrurarea, este un tratament termic pentru durificarea prii exterioare a materialului, n timp ce la interior acesta rmne tenace. Aceasta este un tratament final, nu se mai aplic nici o alt prelucrare termic sau mecanic dup aceasta.

Cele mai utilizate metale i aliaje metalice la bordul navei sunt: Oelul: majoritatea prilor com-

ponente ale sistemului de osatur i nveliul corpului sunt construite din oel de laminare denumit oel laminat;

Oelul forjat: care este folosit pentru tijele pistoanelor n partea de abur i manipulare combustibil; pentru cuplaje;

Oel forjat Siemens Martin: care se folosete pentru bielele i arborii cotii ai compresoarelor;

Oel inoxidabil: care este folosit pentru supape la pompele de alimentare cu ap; axul pompei de vacuum. Acest oel poate fi aliat cu crom la duzele turbinelor (13%Cr), lamele turbinelor (12%Cr) i supapa de laminare;

Oel nitrurat: care se folosete pentru uruburile i angrenajele pompelor cu urub i celor cu roi dinate;

Oel de nalt calitate: care este folosit n general la arborii cotii;

The main heat treatment procedures are:

Hardening, which is used to make metals harder. This treatment is characteristic for steel but it can be applied to gray cast irons and some non-ferrous metals or alloys too. Hardening consists of heating and maintaining the metal temperature at a high value, followed by a fast cooling in water or other solutions.

Tempering, which makes the metals or alloys softer and less brittle. This treatment consists of heating the metal at an inferior temperature, followed by a slow cooling; it is applied to hardened metals.

Annealing, which is carried out to make a metal soft so that it can be machined more easily. This treatment consists of a heating at a high temperature, a maintaining and a slow cooling.

Nitriding, is a surface treatment made for hardening the outside of the material while keeping the inside tough. This is a final treatment; no further heat treatments or mechanical processing should be applied.

The most frequently used metals and metal alloys on the board of ship are: Steel: major parts of the hull framing

system and plating are made from a laminated steel called rolled iron;

Forged steel: which is used for piston rods on the steam side and fuel oil handling; for couplings;

Siemens Martin forged steel: which is used for the compressors connecting rod and crank shaft;

Stainless steel: which is used for valves on the feed water pumps; vacuum pump shaft. This steel can be alloyed with Chrome for steam turbine nozzles (13%Cr), blades (12%Cr) and governor valve;

Nitrided steel: which is used for screws and gears in screw and gear wheels pumps;

High-quality steel: which is generally used for crankshafts;

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Fonta: care este folosit pentru carcasele turbinelor; carcasele lagrelor; cilindrii, segmeni i supapelor pompelor pe partea de abur i manevrare combustibil; carcasele pompelor cu urub i cu roi dinate, a pompelor centrifuge (pentru pompa de circulaie a cldrii i pentru circularea apei tehnice);

Fonta Mehanite: care este utilizat pentru blocul cilindrilor;

Fonta perlitic: care este utilizat pentru cmile cilindrilor;

Cuprul: care este utilizat pentru evile rcitoarelor de aer;

Bronzul: care este folosit la anumite valve;

Bronzul rou: care este un aliaj Cu 87-80% i Sn 13-15% i este utilizat pentru cuzinei; cmile cilindrilor la pompele pentru circulat ap de mare, pompele de alimentare cu ap i celor de stripping;

Aluminiul: este foarte mult folosit n construciile navale. Acesta se folosete pentru: motoare, tubulaturi etc. S-au realizat chiar nave n ntregime din aluminiu.

Bronzul cu aluminiu: care este folosit la cuzineii axului i la rotorul pompelor centrifugale de circulaie ap de mare; pentru rotorul pompelor de vacuum;

Bronzul cu magneziu: care este folosit pentru supapele i tijele pistoanelor la pompele de ap de mare i de alimentare cu ap;

Bronzul cu fosfor: care este folosit pentru rotorul pompei de ap tehnic;

Alama cu aluminiu: care este folosit la tuburile schimbtoarelor de cldur;

Metalul antifriciune (alb): folosit pentru cptuirea suprafeelor de reazem.

Cast iron: which is used for turbine casings; bearing boxes; pump cylinders; pump pistons, piston rings and valves on the steam side and fuel oil handling; casings on the screw and gear pumps, centrifugal pumps (for boiler water circulation and fresh water handling);

Mehanite cast iron: which is used for the cylinder block;

Pearlitic cast iron: which is used for cylinder liners;

Copper: which is used for air coolers pipes;

Bronze: which is used for some valves;

Gunmetal: which is an Cu 87-80% and Sn 13-15% alloy and is used for bushes; cylinder liners and pistons on the