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21. Bail - Security, usually in the form of money or property, exchanged for the release of a jailed

person to insure his or her appearance in court.

Bail Release of a defendant from custody, until his/her next appearance in Court, subject

sometimes to security being given and/or compliance with certain conditions

22. Bailiff - An officer from the sheriff’s department who maintains courtroom order and jury

custody.

Bailiffs and enforcement officers are people authorised to remove and sell possessions in order

to pay the money a debtor owes to a person or an organisation. They may also conductevictions, and arrest people.

A bailiff can also serve (deliver) court documents on people

23. Bar Association - A collective body of attorneys qualified to practice law in a particular

jurisdiction, such as the American Bar Association, or Kentucky Bar Association.

24. Brief - A written or printed document prepared by counsel to file in court, usually setting forth

both facts and law in support of a case.

Brief

Written instructions to counsel to appear at a hearing on behalf of a party prepared by the

solicitor and setting out the facts of the case and any case law relied uponbrief: a written or printed document prepared by the lawyers on each side of a dispute and

submitted to the court in support of their arguments - a brief includes the points of law which

the lawyer wished to establish, the arguments the lawyer uses, and the legal authorities on

which the lawyer rests his/her conclusions.

25. bench, The Judge's seat or the judge, himself/herself, (e.g., the attorney addressed the bench)

26. Case - Any proceeding action, cause, suit, lawsuit or controversy initiated through the court

system by filing a complaint, petition or indictment.

CaseAn action, suit or claim in a court of law. It can also mean the arguments put forward by parties

in a court of law

27. Case (Capital) - A criminal case in which the death sentence may be imposed.

Capital Case - A prosecution for murder in which the prosecutor asks the jury to decide if the

defendant is guilty and, if he is, whether he should be put to death. When prosecutors bring a

capital case (also called a death penalty case), they must charge one or more "special

circumstances" that the jury must find to be true in order to sentence the defendant to death.

Each state (and the federal government) has its own list of special circumstances, but common

ones include multiple murders, use of a bomb, or a finding that the murder was especially

heinous, atrocious, or cruel.

28. Charge to the Jury - A judge's instructions to the jury regarding the laws pertaining to a case.

charge to jury: in trial practice, an address delivered by the court to the jury at the close of the

case instructing the jury as to what principles of law they are to apply in reaching a decision

charge to jury: in trial practice, an address delivered by the court to the jury at the close of the

case instructing the jury as to what principles of law they are to apply in reaching a decision


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29. Closing argument - A summary of evidence presented to the jury by the attorneys involved in a

trial.

A closing argument, summation, or summing up is the concluding statement of each party's

counsel reiterating the important arguments for the trier of fact, often the jury, in a court case.

A closing argument occurs after the presentation of evidence. A closing argument may not

contain any new information and may only use evidence introduced at trial. It is not customary

to raise objections during closing arguments, except for egregious behavior. However, such

objections, when made, can prove critical later in order to preserve appellate issues.30. Codicil - A supplement or addition to a will.

Codicil An addendum signed and executed which amends or adds something to a will

31. Commute a Sentence - reduction of legal penalties, especially in terms of imprisonment.

Commutation of sentence involves the reduction of legal penalties, especially in terms of

imprisonment. Unlike a pardon, a commutation does not nullify the conviction and is often

conditional. Clemency is a similar term, meaning the lessening of the penalty of the crime

without forgiving the crime itself. The act of clemency is a reprieve. Today, pardons and

reprieves are granted in many countries when individuals have demonstrated that they have

fulfilled their debt to society, or are otherwise deserving (in the opinion of the pardoning

official) of a pardon or reprieve.32. Concurrent Sentences - Sentences for multiple crimes that are served at the same time, or

concurrently.

Concurrent Sentence A direction by a Court that a number of sentences of imprisonment should

run at the same time

33. Consecutive Sentences - Sentences for multiple crimes that succeed one another.

Consecutive Sentence An order for a subsequent sentence of imprisonment to commence as

soon as a previous sentence expires. Can apply to more than two sentences

34. Contempt of Court - Disregard or disobedience for the authority of a court of law.

Contempt of Court Disobedience or wilful disregard to the judicial process.

35. Conviction - The finding that a person is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt of committing acrime.

Conviction In civil cases, for example, failing to appear as a witness without informing the court

or the party that called you. A person found to be in civil contempt of court could be fined.

In law, a conviction is the verdict that results when a court of law finds a defendant

guilty of a crime.[1] The opposite of a conviction is an acquittal (i.e. "not guilty"). In Scotland and

in the Netherlands, there can also be a verdict of "not proven", which counts as an acquittal.

There are also cases where the court orders that a defendant not be convicted, despite

being found guilty.

For a host of reasons, the criminal justice system is not perfect, and sometimes guilty

defendants are acquitted, while innocent people are convicted. Appeal mechanisms mitigate

this problem to some extent. An error which results in the conviction of an innocent person isknown as a miscarriage of justice.

After a defendant is convicted, the court determines the appropriate sentence as a

punishment. Furthermore, the conviction may lead to results beyond the terms of the sentence

itself. Such ramifications are known as the collateral consequences of criminal charges.

A minor conviction is a warning conviction, and it does not affect the defendant but

does serve as a warning.


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A history of convictions are called antecedents, known colloquially as "previous" in the

United Kingdom, and "priors" in the United States and Australia. The history of convictions also

shows that a minor law conviction can be prosecuted as any individuals punishment.

36. Counterclaim - A claim filed by a defendant against the plaintiff in a civil action.

counterclaim: 1. In civil actions, a claim brought by a defendant against the plaintiff for an

unlimited amount of money. 2. In small claims/commercial claims, a claim brought by a

defendant against the plaintiff for an amount not to exceed the maximum monetary jurisdiction

allowed in the small claims/commercial claims court.

Counterclaim A claim made by a defendant against a claimant in an action. There is no limit

imposed on a counterclaim, but a fee is payable according to the amount counterclaimed

37. Cross Examination - Questioning of a witness by opposing counsel.

Cross-examination The questioning of a witness for the other side in a case.

cross- examination: questioning by a party or his attorney of an adverse party or a witness

called by an adverse party

38. certified copy, Copy of a document signed and certified as a true copy of an original by the Clerk

of the Court or other authorized persons (e.g., lawyer).

39. certify, to testify in writing

40. change of venue, the removal of a suit begun in one county or district to another county or

district for trial, though the term may also apply to the removal of a suit from one court to

another court of the same county or district

41. Chief Justice, is the name for the presiding member of a supreme court in many countries with a

justice system based on English common law, such as the Supreme Court of Canada, the

Constitutional Court of South Africa, the Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong, the Supreme Court

of India, the Supreme Court of Pakistan, the Supreme Court of Nepal, the Supreme Court of

Ireland, the Supreme Court of New Zealand, the High Court of Australia, the Supreme Court of

the United States, and provincial or state supreme courts.

The situation is slightly different in the three legal jurisdictions within the United

Kingdom. The courts of England and Wales are headed by the Lord Chief Justice of England and

Wales; in Northern Ireland's courts, the equivalent position is the Lord Chief Justice of Northern

Ireland and in Scottish courts, the equivalent is the Lord President of the Court of Session. These

three judges are not, though, part of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which operates

across all three jurisdictions and is headed by the President of the Supreme Court of the United

Kingdom.

The Chief Justice can be selected in many ways, but, in many nations, the position is

given to the most senior justice of the court, while, in the United States, it is often the

President's most important political nomination, subject to approval by the United States

Senate. Although the title of this top American jurist is, by statute, Chief Justice of the United

States, the term "Chief Justice of the Supreme Court" is often used unofficially.

In some courts, the Chief Justice has a different title, e.g. President of the Supreme

Court. In other courts, the title of Chief Justice is used, but the court has a different name, e.g.

the Supreme Court of Judicature in colonial (British) Ceylon, and the Maryland Court of Appeals(in the US state of Maryland).

42. Chief Judge, is a title that can refer to the highest-ranking judge of a court that has more than

one judge. The meaning and usage of the term vary from one court system to another. While

the term "Chief Judge" is used in some courts, other courts use terms such as "Chief Justice,"

"Presiding Judge," "President Judge," or "Administrative Judge."

43. circuit, is the name of court systems in several common law jurisdictions.


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44. citation, 1) summons to appear; 2) reference to authorities in support of an argument

45. civil suit,

46. claim, Proceedings issued in the County or High Court. Previously know as an Action. See also

Civil case or claim

47. clerk's minutes, notes, which are taken by a clerk, of events that occurred in court

48. commitment, an order to commit a person to the custody of a sheriff, commissioner of

corrections, or mental health facility

49. compensatory damages, reimbursement for actual loss or injury, as distinguished fromexemplary or punitive damages

Compensation Usually a sum of money offered in recompense (to make amends) for an act,

error or omission that harmed someone. The harm suffered may have been loss, personal injury

or inconvenience

50. complainant, A person who makes a complaint

51. complaint (civil), the initial pleading in an action formally setting forth the facts and reasons on

which the demand for relief is based

52. complaint (criminal), In legal terminology, a complaint is any formal legal document that sets

out the facts and legal reasons (see: cause of action) that the filing party or parties (the

plaintiff(s)) believes are sufficient to support a claim against the party or parties against whomthe claim is brought (the defendant(s)) that entitles the plaintiff(s) to a remedy (either money

damages or injunctive relief)]). For example, the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (FRCP) that

govern civil litigation in United States courts provide that a civil action is commenced with the

filing or service of a pleading called a complaint. Civil court rules in states that have incorporated

the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure use the same term for the same pleading.

53. counsel, Lawyer or attorney

Counsel A Barrister or solicitor in legal proceedings

54. Defendant - The person against whom a civil lawsuit is started, or a crime is charged.

Defendant (civil) The person who has a claim made against them. They can defend (dispute the

claim) or admit liability, in part or in fullDefendant (criminal) Person standing trial or appearing for sentence

55. Deliberations - Jury discussions and consideration of the facts presented prior to reaching a

verdict, or decision.

deliberation: the process by which a panel of jurors comes to a decision on a verdict

56. Deposition - Testimony taken under oath and outside the courtroom.

Deposition A statement of evidence written down and sworn on oath, or by affirmation

deposition: sworn testimony of a witness

57. Direct Examination - Questioning of a witness by counsel who introduced the witness.

direct examination: the first interrogation of a witness by the party on whose behalf the witness

is called

58. Due process - A constitutional provision guaranteeing an accused person a fair and impartial

trial.

59. damages, Monetary compensation or indemnity for wrong or injury caused by the violation of a

legal right. 1. Compensatory damages - Reimbursement for actual loss or injury. 2. Exemplary

damages - Monetary award by way of punishment for injury caused by aggravated

circumstances or malice, in addition to compensation for the injury. 3. Punitive damages -


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Monetary compensation awarded in excess of ordinary damages, as punishment for a gross

wrong.

Damages An amount of money claimed as compensation for physical/material loss, e.g.

personal injury, breach of contract

60. decision, the determination reached by a court in any judicial proceeding, which is the basis of

the judgment

61. decree, An order of the Court in proceedings commenced by petition

Decree Absolute A final certificate, resulting from an application, dissolving a marriageDecree Nisi Order for divorce unless cause to contrary is shown within a set period

62. default, a "default" in an action of law occurs when a defendant omits to plead or otherwise

defend within the time allowed, or fails to appear at the trial

Default Judgment May be obtained without a hearing by the claimant if the defendant fails to

reply or pay within a 14 day period after service of the claim. A claimant can apply for a default

judgment if the amount claimed is specified or for a judgment on liability if the amount claimed

is unspecified.

63. deponent, Person giving evidence by affidavit

deponent: One who testifies under oath to the truth of facts.

64. deposition, A statement of evidence written down and sworn on oath, or by affirmationdeposition: sworn testimony of a witness

65. dismissal, To make order or decision that a claim be ceased

dismissal: termination of a proceeding for a procedurally prescribed reason

dismissal with prejudice: Action dismissed on the merits which prevents renewal of the same

claim or cause of action.

dismissal without prejudice: Action dismissed, not on the merits, which may be re-instituted.

66. dispose, : the act of terminating a judicial proceeding

67. disposal, Case disposal The case is taken out of the court process (see Disposal).

68. district, District Judge A judicial officer of the Court whose duties involve hearing applications

made within proceedings and final hearings subject to any limit of jurisdiction Previously knownas Registrars

District Registry see High Court

High Court

A civil Court which consists of three divisions:-

i) Queen's Bench (can be known as King's Bench Division if a King is assuming the throne) - civil

disputes for recovery of money, including breach of contract, personal injuries, libel/slander;

ii) Family - concerned with matrimonial maters and proceedings relating to children, e.g.

wardship;

iii) Chancery - property matters including fraud and bankruptcy

69. District Court,

70. Evidence - Any legally presented proof by a witness, records, documents, etc. during the course

of a trial.

Evidence -a form of proof or probative matter legally presented at the trial of an issue by the

acts of the parties and through witnesses, records, documents, concrete objects, etc., for the

purpose of inducing belief in the minds of the court or the jury


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Evidence

Documentary or other material which is used to support a person’s case in a court of law

71. Exhibit - Papers, documents, or other material objects received by the court and offered as

evidence during a trial or hearing.

Exhibit a paper, document or other article produced and exhibited to a court during a trial or

hearing and, on being accepted, is marked for identification or admitted in evidence

Exhibit Item or document referred to in an affidavit or used as evidence during a Court trial or

hearing72. estop, to stop, bar, or impede

73. estoppel, a rule of law which prevents a person from alleging or denying a fact, because of

his/her own previous act

74. eviction (warrant of), Legal mandate authorizing an enforcement officer to remove persons and

their personal property from their premises.

75. execution, execution: (1) the performance of all acts necessary to render a written instrument

complete, such as signing, sealing, acknowledging, and delivering the instruments (2)

supplementary proceedings to enforce a judgment, which, if monetary, involves a direction to

the sheriff to take the necessary steps to collect the judgment

Execution (see taking control of goods) Seizure of debtors goods following non payment of aCourt order

76. expunge, the authorized act of physically destroying information, in files, computers or other

depositories

77. Felony - A serious criminal offense punishable by imprisonment exceeding one year.

78. fee, a fixed charge for service rendered on behalf of court

79. fiduciary, a person or institution who manages money or property for another, and who must

exercise a standard of care in such management activity imposed by law or contract

80. finding, the court's or jury's decision on issues of fact

81. fine, a sum imposed as punishment for an offense

82. foreclosure, a legal proceeding that bars or extinguishes right83. foreperson, a member of a jury, usually the first juror called and sworn, or a juror elected by

fellow jurors, who delivers the verdict to the court

84. Indictment - A grand jury's written accusation charging that a person or business allegedly

committed a crime.

85. Injunctions - Court orders enjoining or prohibiting parties in court or legal matters from specific

courses of action.

Injunction a court order for a party to stop doing or to start doing a specific act

Injunction A court order which either restrains a person from a course of action or behaviour, or

which requires a person to follow another course of action.

86. Instructions - Direction given by a judge to the jury regarding the law in a case

87. Jury - People selected as prescribed by law to render a decision or verdict in a trial.

jury: a prescribed number of persons selected according to law and sworn to make findings of

fact

Jury Body of jurors sworn to reach a verdict according to the evidence in a Court


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88. habeas corpus, : "You have the body." - the name given a variety of writs whose object is to

bring a person before a court or judge - in most common usage, it is directed to the official or

person detaining another, commanding him/her to produce the body of a person detained so

the court may determine if such person has been denied his/her liberty without due process of

law

89. hearing, a preliminary examination where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an

issue of fact and reaching a decision on the basis of that evidence

90. hearsay, a type of testimony given by a witness who relates not what he/she knows personally,but what others have told the witness, or what the witness has heard said by others; may be

admissible or inadmissible in court depending upon rules of evidence

91. hung jury, a jury whose members cannot reconcile their differences of opinion and thus cannot

reach a verdict

92. empanelling, the process by which jurors are selected and sworn to their task

93. interpreter, a person sworn at a judicial proceeding to translate oral or written language

94. judge, An officer appointed to administer the law and who has authority to hear and try cases in

a court of law

95. judgment, A determination of the rights of the parties in an action or special proceeding. A

judgment shall refer to and state the result of a verdict or decision, or recite the circumstanceson which it is based

96. judgment roll, a record of the judgment with the supporting papers

97. jurisdiction, the geographical, subject matter, and monetary limitations of a court

Personal jurisdiction- Directed to a specific person to impose a personal liability on him (usually

the defendant).

Subject matter jurisdiction- Topic of consideration, thing in dispute, right claimed by one party

against another

Jurisdiction The area and matters over which a court has legal authority

98. Misdemeanour - A less serious criminal offense punishable by a fine or imprisonment not to

exceed one year.A misdemeanor (also spelled misdemeanour) is any "lesser" criminal act in some common law

legal systems. Misdemeanors are generally punished less severely than felonies, but

theoretically more so than administrative infractions (also known as minor, petty or summary

offences) and regulatory offences. Many misdemeanors are punished with monetary fines.

99. Oath - A written or oral pledge to keep. a promise to speak the truth.

Oath To call upon God to witness that what you say at the hearing is the truth or binding. (see

affirmation)

oath: a swearing to the truth of a statement which, if made by one who knows it to be false,

may subject one to a prosecution for perjury or other legal proceedings

100. Objection - A statement by an attorney opposing specific testimony or admission of

evidence.

Objection Disagreement with an argument or set out by another at the hearing

101. Opening Statement - An outline of anticipated proof presented to the jury by the attorneys in a

case.

opening statement: the first address of counsel prior to offering of evidence overrule

102. Overrule - The court's denial of a motion or objection raised to the court.


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overrule 1. reject or disallow by exercising one's superior authority. 2.reject the decision or

opinion of. "welfare staff overruled an experienced detective"

103. litigant, Party to a legal action

Litigant in person A person who starts or defends a case without legal representation. Such a

person is entitled to be accompanied by another person who may advise them, but may not

address the court

104. litigation, Legal proceedings or court action. Litigation can be either civil or criminal

proceedings.105. material witness, person whose testimony on some issue has been judicially

determined as relevant and substantial

106. minutes, a record of court proceedings kept by noting significant events

107. mistrial, a trial which has been terminated and declared void prior to the reaching of

verdict due to extraordinary circumstance, serious prejudicial misconduct or hung jury - it does

not result in a judgment for any party but merely indicates a failure of trial

108. moot, unsettled, undecided, not necessary to be decided

109. Perjury - The act of a witness providing false or misleading testimony while under oath

in criminal court proceedings.

110. Peremptory Challenges - The removal of members from a jury for no stated reason orcause-

Peremptory challenge in law refers to a right in jury selection for the attorneys to reject a

certain number of potential jurors without stating a reason. Other potential jurors may be

challenged for cause, i.e., by giving a good reason why they might be unable to reach a fair

verdict, but the challenge will be considered by the presiding judge and may be denied.

A peremptory challenge can be a major part of voir dire.

The idea behind peremptory challenges is that if both parties have contributed in the

configuration of the jury, they will find its verdict more acceptable. The existence of peremptory

challenges is argued to be an important safeguard in the judicial process, allowing both the

defendant and the prosecution to get rid of potentially biased jurors. Their use allows attorneys

to use their training and experience to dismiss jurors who might say the correct thing, but mightotherwise harbor prejudices that could infringe the rights of the defendant to a fair trial.

A peremptory challenge also allows attorneys to veto a potential juror on a "hunch".

111. Preliminary Hearings - Synonymous with "preliminary examination." The court hearing

given a person charged with a crime to determine whether he or she should be released or

jailed –

Preliminary hearing A hearing in which the Judge ensures that the parties understand what they

must do to comply with any directions and offers guidance on such matters as the use of an

expert witness. This hearing is before the final hearing

112. Pleadings - The offering of pleas of a specific nature, such as guilty or not guilty, to a

court.

pleadings: complaint or petition, answer, and reply

Pleading Documents setting out claim/defence of parties involved in civil proceedings

113. Probate - The legal process of determining the validity of a will.

Probate The legal recognition of the validity of a will

114. Probation - Suspending the sentence of a convicted person and granting supervised

freedom on the promise of good behavior.


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may have been committed (for arrest) and that evidence of the crime is present in the place to

be searched (for search).

123. precedent, previously adjudged action or decision on same or similar point, serving as a

rule or example for present guidance

Precedent The decision of a case which established principles of law that act as an authority for

future cases of a similar nature

In United States criminal law, probable cause (also referred to as reasonable cause) is the

standard by which an officer or agent of the law has the grounds to obtain a warrant for, or asan exception to the warrant requirements for, making an arrest or conducting a personal or

property search, etc. when criminal charges are being considered. It is also used to refer to the

standard to which a grand jury believes that a crime has been committed. This term comes from

the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution:

The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against

unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon

probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be

searched, and the persons or things to be seized.

"Probable" in this case may relate to actual statistical probability, or to a general standard of

common behavior and customs. The context of the word "probable" here is not exclusive tocommunity standards and does not predate statistics, as some have suggested.

124. proceeding, : the succession of events constituting the process by which judicial action

is invoked and utilized pursuant to procedure

125. prosecutor, Person who prosecutes (see PROSECUTION)

126. Rebuttal - The introduction of evidence to discredit statements of witnesses.

rebuttal - an instance of rebutting evidence or an accusation.

to refute or disprove, esp by offering a contrary contention or argument

127. Redirect Examination - Follows cross examination and is exercised by the counsel who

introduced the witness.

Redirect examination is the trial process by which the party who offered the witness has achance to explain or otherwise qualify any damaging or accusing testimony brought out by the

opponent during cross-examination. Redirect examination may question only those areas

brought out on cross-examination and may not stray beyond that boundary.

When a witness is presented for testimony in the U.S. judicial system, the order is "direct"

testimony, then the opposing attorney does "cross" and then "redirect" from the attorney first

offering the witness. "Recross" may be allowed, but usually the opposing attorney must ask for

permission from the judge before proceeding with this additional round of questioning.

128. Sequester a Jury - To place members of a jury into 24 hour a day seclusion until they are

able to reach a verdict.

Sequester to separate, set apart, hold aside for safekeeping or awaiting some determination;

jurors are sequestered when not permitted to return home until the case is closed

Jury sequestration is the isolation of a jury to avoid accidental or deliberate tainting.[1]

Although sequestration is rare, publicity surrounding a trial and interested parties may interfere

with juror objectivity; a judge may order that a jury be sequestered in order to prevent others

from tampering with members of the jury through undue persuasion, threats, or bribes.


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129. Status Offense - Non-criminal forms of misbehavior, such as running away from home,

skipping school, or being beyond the control of parents or teachers.

Two common definitions of a status offense or status crime are

1. A status offense is an action that is prohibited only to a certain class of people, and most

often applied only to offenses committed by minors.

2. In the United States, the term status offense refers to an offense such as a traffic

violation where motive is not a consideration in determining guilt. In the United Kingdom and

Europe, this type of status offense may be termed a regulatory offense.

130. Subpoena - A written legal notice requiring a person to appear in court to provide

testimony as a witness.

Subpoena Legal process which commands a witness to appear and testify.

Subpoena A summons issued to a person directing their attendance in Court to give evidence

131. Sustain - The court's acceptance of any motion or objection.

Sustain To affirm the validity of:

132. recuse, challenge (a judge or juror) as unqualified to perform legal duties because of a

potential conflict of interest or lack of impartiality.

o (of a judge) excuse oneself from a case because of a potential conflict of interest or lackof impartiality.

"it was the right of counsel to ask a judge to recuse himself from continuing to hear a case

because of bias"

recuse: To disqualify oneself as a judge

133. relief , Legal remedy

134. sanction, a penalty or punishment provided as a means of enforcing obedience to a law,

rule or code; also, an authorization

Sanction A penalty imposed on a person involved in a case if he or she, for example, fails to

comply with directions or refuses to consider an alternative to court. Even though a person wins

a case, the judge may order them to pay the other party’s costs135. seal, to close a case file from public scrutiny - in instances of youthful offenders and

acquittal, sealing orders are issued by the court to prevent the public from obtaining

information on the cases

136. statutes,

137. statute of limitations, a statute that declares that no actions of a specified kind be

commenced after a specified period of time after the cause of action arose

138. stay, a stopping or suspension of procedure or execution by judicial or executive order

139. stipulation, an agreement by attorneys on opposite sides of a case as to any matter

pertaining to the proceedings or trial - most stipulations must be in writing

140. stipulation of settlement, A formal agreement between litigants and/or their attorneys

resolving their dispute.

141. suit, A legal action or proceeding.

Suit Legal proceedings commenced by petition

142. summons, A form used to commence a civil action and acquire jurisdiction over a party

Summons Order to appear or to produce evidence to a court

Summons (Jury) Order to attend for jury service


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Summons (Witness) Order to appear as a witness at a hearing

143. testify,

144. testimony, an oral declaration made by a witness or party under oath

145. trial, the formal examination of a legal controversy in court so as to determine the issue

Trial A public hearing in which the evidence in a case, and the law which applies, are examined

Trial (civil) Civil trials are generally held before one or more judges without a jury. The form and

length of a civil trial will depend on the track to which the case has been allocated

146. Venire - A group of sworn jurors.; technically, a writ summoning persons to court to act

as jurors; popularly used as meaning the body of names thus summoned

147. Verdict - The final formal trial decision made by a jury, read before the court and

accepted by the judge.

verdict: the determination of a jury on the facts

Verdict The finding of guilty or not guilty by a jury

148. Voir Dire Examination - The preliminary questioning of jurors to establish their

qualifications.

voir dire: a questioning of prospective jurors by the attorneys, and, on application of any party,

by the judge, to see if any of them should be disqualified or removed by challenge orexamination

149. Witness - A person testifying under oath in court, who possesses factual knowledge

about a case.

witness: one who testifies to what he/she has seen, heard, or otherwise observed

150. Writ of Mandamus - An order issued by a court of superior jurisdiction commanding

performance of a particular act by an inferior court or public official.

writ: an order issuing from a court of justice and requiring the performance of a specified act, or

giving authority and commission to have it done

151. Writ of Prohibition - An order issued by a court of superior jurisdiction commanding a

lower court to vacate a ruling issued in a suit.152. venue, 1. Geographical place where some legal matter occurs or may be determined. 2.

The geographical area within which a court has jurisdiction. It relates only to a place or territory

within which either party may require a case to be tried. A defect in venue may be waived by

the parties.

153. waiver, an intentional and voluntary relinquishment of some known right

154. warrant, a written order directing the arrest of a person issued by an authority -

warrants are "issued," "executed" or "canceled"