célule éucariote
TRANSCRIPT
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Celula Eucariotae
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Celula
- este unitatea structurala si functionala a tuturor organismelor vii;
- Notiunea de celula a fost formulata de Robert Hook, iar ulterior Schleiden si Schwann
elaboreaza Teoria Celulara;
- marimea majoritatii Celulelor sete de 20-30 microni.
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Compozitia Chimica
Substante anorganice:
- apa;- sarurile minerale.
Substante organice:
- gucide;- lipide;- proteine;- enzime;- hormoni.
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Forma Celulelor
Celulele au initial forma sferica,
ulterior forma celulelor se adapteazafunctiei pe care o au. Ele pot fi:- fusiforme (celule musculare netede);- stelate (neuronul);- cilindrice (celulele plantelor
vasculare);- cubice (epiteliul);- discoidale (monocitele);- etc.
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NEURON
MONOCIT
Eutrepia lanovii
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Tipuri de celule
Dupa structura nucleului celulele pot fi:
- procariote;
- eucariote.
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Celula Eucariota
- se intalneste la protiste, fugi, plante superioare si animale.
- este alcatuita intr-run invelis celular (perete celular si membrana celulara), citoplasma si nucleu;
- eucariotele prezinta constituenti vii ( protoplasmatici si nevii neprotoplasmatici).
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Membrana celulara
Ribozom
Nucleu
Reticul endoplasmatic
Lizozm
Mitocondrie
Aparatul Golgi
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Membrana Celulara
- delimiteaza citoplasma si portejeaza constituentii celurari;
- permite iesirea si intrarea in celula a anumitor substante;
- este formata din 2 straturi de fosfolipide in care se inclaveaza proteine globulare.
Strat fosfolipidic
Cap hidrofil
Coada hidrofoba
Fosfolipid
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Citoplasma
este subtanta fundamentala a celulei care se gaseste intre membrana celulara si membrana nuclala;este alcatuita din :
- citosol (citoplasma fundamentala);
- citoplasma structurata.
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Citosolul
este o solutie apoasa de consistenta gelatinoasa;este formata din proteine hibrinare;in citosol se gasesc organite celulare si incluziuni citoplasmatice.
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Citoplasma structurala
se prezinta ca sistem de vezicule, canale, cisterne.organitele celulare pot fi comune sau necomune celulelor vegetale si animale;organitele celulare indeplinesc diferite functii(in sinteza, in aparare, in contractia muschilor, etc.);pot avea sau nu membrana proprie.
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Organite celulare comune
Reticulul Endoplasmatic (neted sau rugos);Ribozomii (corpusculii lui Palade);Aparatul Golgi (dictiozom);Lizozomii;Peroxizomii;Vacuolele;Mitocondriile.
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Specifice la animale
Centrozomul;Miofibrilele;Neurofibrilele;Corpii tigroizi.
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plastide;vacuom;incluziuni ergastice.
Specifice la plante
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Nucleul
component celular de obicei central, avand forma sferica;majoritatea celulelor sunt uninucleate unele pot binucleate sau polinucleate, dar existe si celule anucleate(hematii);acizii nucleici pot fi : ADN si ARN.
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Alcatuire
membrana nucleara (dubla, cu pori care permite schimbul de substante);nucleoplasma care prezinta 2 faze una lichida si alta solida;si nucleoli (contin o baza azotata, un glucid si o grupare fosfat)
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Cromozomii
sunt structuri stabile in nucleu;la eucariote sunt compusi din doua formatiuni lungi (cromatide) unite printr-o constructie (centromer);celulele somatice prezinta doua seturi de cromozomi si se numesc diploinde(2n)celulele reproducatoare prezinta un singur set de cromozomi.
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Ciclul celular
reprezinta perioada scursa de la formarea unei celule prin diviziune pana la diviziunea acesteiaprezinta doua etape
- interfaza; - diviziunea celulara propriu-
zisa(directa sau indirecta)
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Diviziunea mitotică în celula animală:a) profaza; b) metafaza; c) anafaza; d) telofaza.
a) b)
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