NicolAE BATACANicolAE BURNETE * ISTVANBARABAS * AURicACAZILA

NicolAE FILIP * ALEXANdRUNACHIU * FLoRiANDAN

COMBUSTIBILI, LUBRIFIANTI ~IMATERIALE SPECIALE PENTRU

AUTOMOBILEECONOMICITATE ~I POLUARE

ALMA MATER

Cluj.,NAPOCA,200~

PRof.dR.iNq.NicolAE BArAGA

Poof.dR.iNG. NicolAE BURNETE * ~Ef IUCR.iNG.ISTVANBARABAS * Pnof.dR.iNG.AURiCAcAZII..A

CoNf.dR.iNG.NicolAEFILIP* PRof.dR.iNG.AIEXANdRUNAGHIU* iNG.floRiANDAN

COMBUSTIBILI, LUBRIFIANTI~IMATERIALESPECIALEPENTRU

AUTOMOBILE

ECONOMICITATESI . POLUARE,

ALMAMATERCluj...NApOCA,200}

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Nationale a RomanieiCombustibili, lubrifianti, materiale speciale pentru automobile:

economicitate, poluare, / Nicolae Biitaga,Nicolae Burnete,Istvan Barabas, ... - Cluj-Napoca:AlmaMater,2003.Bibliogr.ISBN 973-8397-17-5

1.Biitaga,Nicolae A.II. Burnete, NicolaeIII. Istvan Barabas

662.75:629.33

Tipar executat la Print ArtClui.Napoca,Str. Rahoveinr. 2

Tel. /Fax: 0264-193903

Pft£F~'A#

Combustibilii $i lubrifiantii. precum $i problemele legate de economicitate $ipaluareaprodusa de motoarele cu ardere interna intereseaza un cerc foarte largde beneficiari, care prefera ca automobilele sa fie cat mai performante In aceastaprivinta.

Combustibilii clasici (benzina # motorina) # cei neconventionali (compu#iarganicioxigenati, gaze Ie naturale, hidrogenul, uleiurile vegetale etc.) sunt trata/iin lucrare sub aspectul influentei asupra formarii # arderii amesteeului atat la mo-taruleu aprindere prin scanteie cat # la cel cu aprindere prin comprimare. Se pre-zintiistarea fizica a amestecului combustibil-aer $i evolutia acestuia pe parcursuldezvaltiiriiproceselor de lucru din motoare.

Solufiile de marire a eficientei energetice pentru amestecurile combustibil-aersuntaxatepe ionizarea amestecului precum # pe utilizarea unor dispozitive pentruultrasanareaaeestora.

Lubrifiantii se trateaza sub aspectul proprietatilor fizice, reologice, tensioac-tive~i termice precum $i a aditivilor folosifi pentru sporirea eficienfei uleiurilor Infunclionareamotoarelor.

Se face clasificarea uleiurilor dupa viscozitate $i tipul serviciului # se pre-cizeaziiuleiurile multigrade cu durata lunga de utilizare.

Uleiurile pentru tran.fmisii mecanice $i automate precum $i unsorile eonsis-tentesuntcore/ate cu particularitatilefunctionale ale motoarelor.

Consumul de ulei, degradarea acestuia, aprecierea degradarii lui respeetivregenerareauleiurilor sunt prezentate sub aspectul unor directii care trebuie dez-valtateprin cereetari ulterioare.

Eeonomicitatea motoarelor cu ardere interna este axata pe mijloacele funda-mentalede marire a economicitatii atat la MAS cat # la MAC.

Se prezinta conditiile de optimizare a eonsumului de combustibil la limitanorme/orde antipoluare.

Lichidele speciale pentru exploatarea motoarelor de autovehicule se refera lacelepentruracire, la lichidele defrana $i la electrolitiipentru acumulatoare.

-.

\,

Materialele plastice # adezivii sintetici sunt tratate sub aspectul eompozitiei§i earaeteristici/or principa/e. Se exemplifiea # lJne/epiese fabricate din materia/eplastice.

fA materialele pentru pneuri se prezinta proprietati/e fizico-mecanice alecauciucu/ui $i unele caracteristici $iforme de cauciucuri.

Se trateaza materialele ceramice # utilizarea aeestora pentru fabriearea unorpiese $i echipamente din construetia motoarelor $i autovehicu/e/or.

Poluarea produsa de motoare/e eu ardere interna cuprinde cea ehimica $i eeasonora.

Poluarea ehimica se reJera la producerea $i combaterea poluanti/or /a gene-za pentru MAS $i MAC.

Se trateaza geneza oxidu/ui de carbon, oxizi/or de azot $i hidrocarburi/or,precum # injluenta dozajului asupra acestor poluanti.

Reducerea poluanti/or se face prin intermediul combustibilului, prin neutra/i-zare in reactori termici $i eatalitici.

Geneza, masurarea $i redueerea fumu/ui este exemp/ifieata pentru motoare/ede putere mica, mij/oeie $I mare.

Parametrii de control ai emisiilor poluante sunt corelati eu norme/e reeenteeare limiteaza po/uarea produsa de motoare/e cu ardere interna.

Se trateaza'ciclurile de incercare la poluare: ciclul Federal, ciclul Europa $iciclul eu 13 punete de testare. Se prezinta sistemu/ de pre/evare a probelor $i ma-surarea poluanti/or.

Poluarea sonora euprinde: sursele de zgomot, reglementari/e $i unele tehnicide reducere a zgomotului la motoarele pentru autovehicule rutiere. Se face calcu-ful unor atenuatoare de zgomot $I apoi se prezinta traductoarele, analizoarele dezgomot $i unele rezultate ale masurarii zgomotului.

Lucrarea se adreseaza studenti/or de fa specializari/e de Autovehicu/e rutiere$i Automobi/e, putand fi consultata $I de a/ti studenti sau speciali$ti care au tan-gen/a eu motoare/e eu ardere interna respeetiv eu autovehicule/e rutiere.

Autoni

CUPRINS

USfA PRINCIPALELOR SIMBOLURI ~I ABREVIERI 151. SISTEMULTEHNIC COMPLEX

AUTOVEIDCUL-COMBUSTIBIL -MATERIALE 172. REZERVEDE COMBUSTIBIL (PETROL) 183. CORELATIACARACTERISTICIWR COMBUSTIBILILOR CU

PARTICULARITATILEFUNCTIONALE LA MAI 203.1. CERINTEGENERALEIMPUSE COMBUSTmILILORPENTRUMAS 203.2.INFLuENTA PROPRIETATILORCOMBUSTmILILORASUPRA

FORMARIIAMESTECULUILA MAS 213.2.].StareafizicAa amesteculuicombustibil-aer ; 213.2.2.Evolutiaamesteculuicombustibil-aer 22

3.3. CERINTEGENERALEIMPUSE COMBUSTIBILILORPENTRUMAC 323.3.]. Starea fizicila amesteculuicombustibil+aerpentru MAC 323.3.2. Influentaproprietilplorcombustibilului

asupraformilriiamestecului 333.4. COMBUSTIBILllSTANDARDIZATI PENTRU

MAS~l MAC DIN TARA NOASTRA 383.4.1.Calitateabenzinelor standard 383.4.2.Caracteristicide calitate standardale motorinelor 403.4.3.Tendinteactuale privind combustibiliipentru autovehicule 42

BmUOGRAFIE ...46

4. COMBUSTIBILINECONVENTIONALI 474.1. COMPU~IIORGANICIOXIGENATI 474.2. GAZELENATURALE 544.3. HIDROGENUL 554.4. ULEIURIVEGETALE 564.5. SUSPENSIIDE CARBUNEiN MOTORINA 604.6. EFIClENTA ENERGETICA~I PRETULPENTRU

COMBUSTIBILIINECONVENTIONALI 62BffiLIOGRAFIE 64

S.SOLUTIIDE MARIRE A EFICIENTEI ENERGETICE PENTRUAMESTECULCOMBUSTIBIL-AER 655.1. POSmILIT ATI DE MAR1RE A EFICIENTEI ENERGETlCE PENTRU

~TECUL COMBUSTIBIL-AER 655.2. IONIZAREACOMBUSTIBILULUI 665.3. IONIZAREAAMESTECULUICOMBUSTIBIL-AER 71

5

5.4. ULTRASONAREACOMBUSTIBILULUI 755.4.1. Principaleleefecte ale ultrasunetelor 755.4.2. Dispozitivede ultrasonarea amesteculuicombustibil-aer 76

5.5. ALIMENTAREA MOTOARELORCU ARDEREINTERNAcuEMULSn DE COMBUSTffiIL ~I APA 79

BffiLIOGRAFIE " 826. ULEIURI LUBRIFIANTE 84

6.1. ULEIURIDE BAZA 846.2. PROPRIETATILE ULEIURILORLUBRIFIANTE 85

6.2.1. Puritatea fIzica ... ...856.2.2. Proprietap reologice... 856.2.3. Proprietap tensioaetive 886.2.4. Proprietati termiee.. 896.2.5. Alte proprietap ale uleiurilor 90

6.3. ADITIVIPENTRU ULEIURI LUBRlFIANTE 916.4. ULEIURIPENTRU MOTOARECU ARDEREINTERNA 91

6.4.1. Clasifieareauleiurilor dupa viseozitate~itipul servieiului 916.4.2. Specifieapi ~ievaluari de uleiuri pentru diferitesolicitari 936.4.3. Vleiuri multigrade ~ieu durataiunga de utilizare 94

6.5. ULEIURIPENTRUTRANSMISn 956.5.1. Uleiuri pentru transmisii mecanice 956.5.2. Uleiuri pentru transmisii automate 95

6.6. UNSOR!CONSISTENTE 960.6.1. Proprietatiale unsorilor consistente 966.6.2. Unsori eonsistente lubrifiante~ide protecpeantieorosiva 976.6.3. Lubrifiantisolizi ~ipaste lubrifiante 98

6.7. ASPECTETEHNICO-ECONOMICEPRIVINDUTILIZAREALUBRIFIANTILOR 98

6.7.1. Consumulde ulei in motoarele eu ardere intema 986.7.2. Degradareauleiului in motoareleeu ardere intema 986.7.3. Regenerareauleiurilor 986.7.4. Apreciereadegradarii ~ia sehimbariiuleiurilor 99

BffiLIOGRAFIE 1037. ECONOMICITA TEA MOTOARELOR CU ARDERE INTERNA 105

7.1. NOTIUNIGENERALE : 1057.2. ECONOMICITATEAMOTOARELORCU

APRINDEREPRIN SCANTEIE 1097.2.1. Posibilitatifundamentalede marire a eeonomicitatiila MAS 1107.2.2. Alte mijloaeede marire a economicitatiiMAS 114

7.3. ECONOMICITATEAMOTOARELORCU APRINDEREPRINCOMPRIMARE 132 1

7.4. OPTIMIZAREACONSUMULUIDE COMBUSTmIL iN CONDITIILELA LIMITA DEFINITEDE NORMELEANTIPOLUANTE 139

BffiUOGRAFIE : 1408. LICHIDE SPECIALE PENTRU EXPLOATAREA AUTOVEHICULELOR 142

8.1. UCHIDE (FLUIDE)PENTRU RACIREAMOTOARELOR 142

6

D9

1014

32

8.2. LICHIDEDE FRANA 1448.3. ELECTROLlTIPENTRU ACUMULATOARE 145BffiUOGRAFlE 147

9. MATERIALE PLASTICE ~I ADEZIVI SINTETICI UTILIZATI iNcONSTRuCTIA AUTOVEHICULELOR 1489.1. MATERIALEPLASTICE 148

9.1.1. Clasificarea~icompozitiamaterialelorplastice 1499.1.2.Principalelecaracteristici ale materialelorplastice 1509.1.3.Piese auto fabricate din mase plastice 153

9.2. ADEZlVISINTETICI 156BffiLIOGRAFlE 162

10. MATERIALE PENTRU PNEURI ~I ALTE PlESE DIN CAUCIUC 16310.1. PROPRIETATILE FIZICO-MECANICEALECAUCIUCULUI 163JO.2.PNEURIPENTRU AUTOVEHICULE 16610.3. ALTEPlESE DE CAUCIUCDIN

CONSTRUCTIAAUTOVEHICULELOR 17410.3.1.Tuburi, man~oane~icoturi de cauciuc pentru

sistemulde rAcireal autovehiculelor 17410.3.2.Furtune flexibilepentru sistemulde franare hidraulic

al autovehiculelor 17610.3.3.Garnituride cauciuc pentru franele hidrauliceale autovehiculelor 17710.3.4.Lame de ~tergerea parbrizelorautovehiculelorrutiere 179

BffiLIOGRAFIE 18011. MATERIALE DE FRICTIUNE PENTRU AUTOVEIDCULE 181

11.1.CLASIFICAREA~l COMPOZITIAMATERIALELORDE FRICTIUNE 18211.2.CARACTERISTICILEPRINCIPALEALE

MATERIALELORDE FRICTIUNE 18411.3.MONTAREAGARNITURILORDE FRICTIUNEPE PIESA SUPORT 186BffiLIOGRAFlE 189

12. MATERIALE CERAMICE ~I COMPOZITE : 19012.1. MATERIALECERAMICE : 190

12.1.1.ProprietAplematerialelorceramice 19012.1.2.Utilizareaceramicii la motoarelecu ardere intern! convenponale 19512.].3. Utilizareaceramicii la echipamentelemotoarelorcu ardere intern! ]9712.1.4.Utilizareaceramiciiin perspectivii ; 198

12.2. MATERIALECOMPOZITE 19812.2.1.ProprietAplematerialelorcompozite 20012.2.2.Utilizareamaterialelorcompozite la motoarelecu ardere interna 204

BIBLIOGRAFlE 20713. POLUAREACHIMICA A MOTOARELOR CU ARDERE INTERNA 208

13.1. ASPECTEGENERAlE 20813.2. PRODUCEREA~I COMBATEREA POLUANTILORLA

GENEZAiN MAS 20913.2.1.Geneza CO ~iNO 20913.2.2.Geneza hidrocarburilor(CmHn) 214

7

13.2.3.Influenta dozajuluiasupra concentratieipoluanplorin gazele de evacuare 217

13.2.4.Posibilitati de funcponare cu dozaje sarace prinmodificareacarburatorului 219

13.2.5.Reducerea neuniformitapidozajului 22113.2.6.Recircularea gazelor de ardere 223

13.3. GENEZA ~I COMBATEREAPOLUANTILORiN MAC 22413.3.1.Geneza fumului 22413.3.2.Geneza NOx.CO. Cn,Hn.aldehidelor.S02 ~ia

produ~iIorodoranp.. 22713.3.3.Influenta unor factori asupra genezeipoluanplorin MAC 228

13.4. REDUCEREAPOLUANfILOR EMI~I DE MACPRIN INTERMEDruL COMBUSTIBILULUI 235

13.4.1.Benzine ~imotorine reformulate 23513.5. REDUCEREAPOLUANTILORPRIN NEUTRALIZAREALOR 235

13.5.1.Neutralizarea poluantilorprin reactori termici 23513.5.2.Neutralizarea poluantilorprin reactoricatalitici 23913.5.3.Aspecte constructive~ide exploatarea catalizatorilor 24013.5.4.Solupi recente pentru reducerea poluiiriimediuluiambiant

de clltremotoarele cu ardere intemii 24213.5.5.Parametrii de control ai emisiilorpoluante 247

13.6. DETERMINAREAEMISm..ORPOLUANTE 248.13.6.1. Aparatura utilizata pentru determinareaemisiilorpoluante 250

BIBUOGRAFIE 26214. POLUAREA SONORA A MOTOARELOR CU ARDERE INTERNA 263

14.1. PERCEPEREAZGOMOTULUI~I A VIBRA"fIlLOR.ACTfUNEA ~I EFECTELELOR 263

14.1.1.Perceperea zgomotului~ia vibratiilor 26314.1.2.Acpunea ~iefectele zgomotului~ia vibrapilor 267

14.2. SURSEDE ZGOMOT ALEMOTOARELORCU ARDEREINTERNA 27614.3. REGLEMENTARIPRIVINDZGOMOTULADMISLA

MDLOACELEDE TRANSPORT 28014.4. TEHNICI DE REDUCERE A ZGOMOTULUILA MAI 282

14.4.1.Reducereaglobalii 28314.4.2.Reducerea prin intervenpe locala 286

14.5. CALCULULATENUATOARELORDE ZGOMOT 29514.6. MASURAREAZGOMOTULUIPRODUSDE

MDLOACELEDE TRANSPORT 29814.6.1.Traductoare~ianalizoare de zgomot 29814.6.2.Condipile de miisurare.azgomotului 30814.6.3.Rezultatelemiisuriiriizgomotului 312

BIBLIOGRAFIE 314

8

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LISTOFMAIN SYMBOLS AND ABREVIATIONS 161. THECAR-FUELS-MATERIALS COMPLEX SYSTEM 172. FUELRESOURCES .183. THECORRELATION OF THE FUEL CHARACTERISTICS

WITHTHE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE'SFUNCTIONINGPARTICULARITIES 203.1. GENERALREQUIREMENTSOF THE PETROLENGINEFUELS 203.2. THEFUELPROPERTIESINFLUENCEON THE

MIXTUREFORMATIONIN THE DIESELENGINECASE 213.2.1.The fuel-air mixture physical state 213.2.2.The fuel-air mixture evolution 22

3.3. GENERALREQUIREMENTSOFTHE FUELS 323.3.1.The fuel-air mixture in the physical state case 323.3.2.The influenceof the fuel's parameterson the mixtureformation 33

3.4. STANDARDIZEDFUELS FOR MAC AND MASIN ROMANIA 383.4.1.The standardgasolinesquality 383.4.2.The gas oils standardquality characteristics 403.4.3.The automotivefuels present tendencies 42

Literature 464. NONCONVENTIONAL FUELS ...47

4.1. OXIDIZEDORGANICCOMPOUNDS 474.2. NATURALGASES 544.3. HYDROGEN 554.4. VEGEfABLEOILS 564.5. CARBONSUSPENSIONSIN GAS OIL 604.6. THEENERGETICALEFFICIENCYAND THE COST OF THE

NON CONVENTIONALFUELS 62Literature : 64

5.THEIMPROVEMENT SOLUTIONS OF THEAIR-FUELMIXTURE ENERGETICAL EFFICIENCY 655.1. THE IMPROVEMENTPOSSffiILITIESOF THE

AIR-FUELMIXTUREENERGETICALEFFICIENCY 655.2. THEFUEL IONIZATION 665.3. THE AIR-FUELMIXTUREIONIZATION 715.4. THEFUELULTRASONATION 75

9

5.4.1. The ultrasoundsmain effects 755.4.2. The fuel ultrasonationdevices 76

5.5. INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINE ALIMENTATIONWITHFUEL-WATER..EMULSION 79

Litera.ture : 826. LUBRICATINGOILS ~ 84

6.1. BASIS OILS ... 846.2. THE LUBRICATINGOILS PROPERTIES 85

6.2.1. Physical purity 856.2.2. Reological properties ... 856.2.3. Tensioactiveproperties 886.2.4. Thermal properties 896.2.5. Other properties for the lubrificatingoils 90

6.3. ADDITIVESFOR THE LUBRICATINGOILS 916.4. OILSFOR INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINES 91

6.4.1. The viscosityand working type oils classification 916.4.2. The specificationsand the oil evaluationsfor different loads 936.4.3. Multigradeand long-lifeoils 94

6.5. OILSFOR TRANSMISSION 956.5.1. Mechanical transmissionsoils 956.5.2. Automatictransmissionsoils 95

6.6. CONSISTENTGREASES 96(5.6.1.The consistentgreases properties 966.6.2. Lubricant and anticorrodantconsistentgreases 976.6.3. Solid lubricantsand lubricatingpastes 98

6.7. TECHNICALAND ECONOMICALASPECTSOF THELUBRICANTSUSE ... 986.7.1. The oil consumption in the internalcombustionengines 986.7.2. The oil degradation in the internalcombustionengines 986.7.3. The oils regeneration 986.7.4. The degradation and of the oil changeestimation 99

Literature 1037. THE INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ECONOMICITY 105

7.1. GENERALNOTIONS 1057.2. THEPETROL ENGINEECONOMICITY 109

7.2.1. The mainpossibilitiesfor thepetrol engine economicityimprovement ll0

7.2.2. Other ways for the petrol engineeconomicityimprovement 1147.3. THEDIESEL ENGINEECONOMICITY 1327.4. FUELCONSUMPTIONOPTIMIZATIONAT THE

ANTI-POLLUTIONREGULATION'S LIMITS 139Literature 140

8. SPECIAL LIQUIDS FOR THEAUTOMOTIVE ENGINES EXPLOITATION 1428.1. ENGINECOOLINGFLUIDS 1428.2. BRAKEFLUIDS , 144

10

I803.BATTERYELECTROLYTES 145Literature 147

9. PLASTICMATERIALS AND SYNTHETIC ADHESIVES IN THEAUTOMOTIVESCONSTRUCTION 1489.1.THEPLASTICMATERIALS 148

9.1.1. The plastic materials classificationand composition 1499.1.2. The plastic materials maincharacteristics 1509.1.3. Automotivepieces made of plastic materials 153

9.2. SYNTHETICADHESIVES 156Literature 162

10.TIREMATERIALS AND OTHER RUBBER PIECES 16310.1.PHYSICALAND MECHANICALPROPERTIESOF THE RUBBER 16310.2.AUTOMOTIVETIRES 16610.3.OTHERPIECESMADE OF RUBBER 174. 10.3.1.Tubes,sleevesandrubberelbowsforthe

coolingsystem of automobiles 17410.3.2.Flexible hoses for the hydraulicbreak systemof automobiles 17610.3.3.Rubber packing for the hydraulicbreaks of automobiles 17710.3.4.Wipingblades for the screen of automobiles 179

Literature 18011.FRICTIONMATERIALS FOR THE AUTOMOBILES 181

11.1.THEFRICTIONMATERIALSCLASSIFICATIONAND COMPOSITION..18211.2.THEFRICTIONMATERIALS' MAIN CHARACTERISTICS 184llo3.ASSEMBLINGOF FRICTION PACKINGON THE SUPPORTPIECE 186Literature 189

12.CERAMICMATERIALS AND COMPOSITE 19012.1.CERAMICMATERIALS ... 190

12.1.1.The ceramic materials' properties 19012.1.2.The ceramics use in the conventional

internalcombustionengines 19512.1.3. The ceramics use in the internal

combustionengine'sequipment 19712.1.4.The ceramics use in the future 198

12.2.COMPOSITESMATERIALS 19812.2.1.The compositematerials' properties 20012.2.2.The compositematerials use in the

internalcombustion engines 204Literature ...... 207

13.THEINTERl'lAL COMBUSTION ENGINES CHEMICAL POLLUTION 20813.1.THEINTERNALPOlLUTION GENERALASPECTS 208131. THEPOlLUTANTS PRODUCTIONIN THE

PETROLENGINEAND THEIR GENESISCONTROL 20913.2.1.The CO and No genesis 20913.2.2.The hydrocarbons (CmHn)genesis 21413.2.3.The pollutant's concentrationdosagesinfluence

in the exhaust gases 217

11

-13.2.4. The possibilitiesoffunctioning with lean dosages

modifying the carburetor 21913.2.5. The non-uniformityreductiondosage 22113.2.6. The exhaust gas recirculation 223

13.3. THE POLLUTANTS GENESISAND CONTROLIN TIfE DIESELENGINE 22413.3.1. The smokegeneration 22413.3.2.The NOx,CO, CmHn,adhesives, S02 and odorantproducts genesis 22713.3.3.The influence of some factors on the

pollutant genesis in Diesel engine 22813.4. THE POLLUTANTSREDUCTIONWITHTIfE FUEL 235

13.4.1. Refonnulated gasolinesand gas oils 23513.5. THE REDUCTION OF TIfE POLLUTANTSWITH

THEIR NEUTRALIZATION 23513.5.1. The pollutants neutralizationwiththermal converters 23513.5.2. The pollutants neutralizationwithcatalyticconverters 23913.5.3. Aspects concerning the catalyticconverters

constructionand exploitation 24013.5.4. Recent solutions 24213.5.5. The control parametersof the emissions 247

13.6. TIfE POLLUTANTS EMISSIONSDETERMINATION 24813.6.1. The used devices 250

Literat\lre :... 26214. INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES ACOUSTIC POLLUTION 263

14.1. NOISE AND VIBRATIONPERCEPTION.THEIR AcrION AND EFFECTS 26314.1.1. The noise and vibrations perception 26314.1.2. The noise and vibrations actionand effects 267

14.2. IN TIfE INTERNALCOMBUSTIONENGINESNOISE SOURCES 27614.3. REGULATIONSCONCERNINGTHE NOISELIMITIN THE

TRANSPORTATIONVEHICLES 28014.4. NOISE REDUCTION METHODSATTHE AUTOMOBILES 282

14.4.1. Global reduction 28314.4.2. Local reduction 286

14.5. THE SILENCERSCALCULUS 29514.6. THE TRANSPORTVEHICLESNOISE MEASUREMENT 298

14.6.1. Noise transducers and analyzers 29814.6.2.The noise measurementconditions : 30814.6.3.The noise measurementresults 312

Literature... 314

12

ABSTRACT

The fuels and the lubricants. as well as the problems concerning theeconomicityand the pollution of internal combustion engines regard a great num-berof users, which prefer performant vehicles from this point of view.

The classic fuels (gasoline and diesel oil) and those non-conventionals (or-ganic-oxidecomplexes, natural gases, hydrogen, vegetable oils, etc.) are treatedregardingthe aspects of mixture formation and burning, at the spark ignition en-gineas well as at the Diesel engine. There are presented the physical state of thefuel-airmixture and its evolution during the engine's processes.

The solutions for the improvement of the energetical efficiency of the fuel-airmixturesare pointed on the mixture ionization and to the use of some devices toultrasonatethis mixture too.

The lubricants are treated under the aspects of their physical, reological. ten-sioactivand thermal properties. The additives used for the improvement of the oil'sefficiencyalso are treated.

The oils are grouped accordingly to their viscosity and the type of service andtherearepresentedthe multigradeoils, with a long term of life. .

The oils used in the hydraulic and mechanical transmissions and the consis-tentgreases are correlated with the functioning parameters of the engines.

The oil consumption, its degradation, the degree of this degradation and theoil's regeneration are presented under the aspects concerning the directions oflaterresearches.

The economicity of internal combustion engines is pointed on the basic methods

for improving the spark ignition engine and the compression ignition engineeconomicity.

There are presented the conditions of the optimization of the fuel consumptionatthe limits of anti-pollution norms.

The special liquids used in the vehicles engines cover the area of the coolingandbraking fluids. and ,the electrolyte for the batteries.

13

--

The plastic materials and synthetic adhesives are treated under the aspect oftheir structure and their main characteristics. There are given some examples for

pieces made of plastic materials.

At the materials for the tires there are presented the physical and mechanicalproperties of the rubber and some of its characteristics and shapes.

There are treated the ceramic materials and their use in some parts of the en-

gines and automotive vehicles.

The pollution of the internal combustion engines includes the chemical andacoustic pollution.

The chemical pollution refers to the pollutants production and elimination.

There are treated the carbon oxide, the nitrogen oxide and the hydrocarbons

genesys as well as their dependence with the airjuel ratio.

The pollutants are reduced using fuels with special characteristics and usingthennal and catalytic converters.

The origin, the measurement and the diminution of the smoke is illustrated forthe low, mediumand high power engines. .

The pollutants control parameters are correlated with the recent nonns,which limit the pollution of the internal combustion engines.

There are treated the pollution test cycles: the Federal cycle, the Europeancycle and the cycle with 13 test points. There are presented the drawing-off of thespecimens and the measurement of the pollutants.

. The acoustic pollution includes: the noise sources, the regulations and somenoise reduction methods for the automotive vehicle's engines. There are made cal-culations for some silencers. Also, the transducers, the sound analyzers and someresults in noise measurement there are presented.

This book is dedicated to the students from the Automotive Engineering De-partment. It could be used also by other students and specialists, whom work isrelated to the internal combustion engines or the automobiles.

14

Listaprincipalelor simboluri ~i abrevieri

A - aria suprafetei,,~g, - gradde rotape arbore cotittr~e de gaze;atenuare t

c - viteza sunetului;p I - presiuneJ ciUduraspecific1i "',w

~ I - eonsumspecific efectiv ~ - punct mon superiorde eombustibil

C - concentratie .~ - punetmon inferior(]a - eonsumde aer~" - e1ildura~, - consumorarde ,gr - c1ildurapierdutAprin

, eombustibil~, "'!#,, sistemulderncire'~, - hidrocarburi rk' 1- gradient de vitez1i

j saureopantat() - oxid de carbon "F& - raza~ - bioxid de carbon ft. - rezistentaintem1iD' - diametrulcilindrului IS:' - cursapistonuluit - tTeeventadeoscilatie 'I" - temperatura,in K'F - fortA .' , - temperatura, in °CIn I capacitate a electric1i '.'f _ tensiuneaelectric1i

nominal1i

L. ,- ciildur1ilatentade ,,- unitatiBoschvapori~e ,~ ,

IiI I - masa~, ~I - u~itap HartridgeM, , I - num1iru1Mach ,I! ' . - YltezaM~C - motor cu aprindere prin 't' - volum

comprimare

MASI - motoreuaprindereprin.ki~ vitezadeinaintareaascanteie ; ",1; ~I autovehieulului

\{g - mi~carea gazelor owr - viteza de reactie:-. - turape W . - energiaacustic1iN - tAriasunetului It' - indicele de viscozitateNOs - oxizi deazot

- -""-AIf3tieful,gr~; .., 1$.. ",.. if;r.f. - . ~ ~

t - rapondecomprimaretj - Yiscozitatedinamic1i. - unghi de rotatie

arbore cotit

coeficient de exces de aer,lungime de und1i

;;1f,J%~, ~ ~tl~~-.r:J ~# ~~ ~. ~_ ';,au; _ I5V-..:'_ .....viscozitatecinematicA

-. densitate

tensiune, timpsarcina

viteza unghiulara de rotatiea arborelui cotit

"...

~.,,;p

15

-

List of symbols and abreviations

surface area, gas block,attenuation

sound velocity,specific heatfuel specific consumptionconcentrationair consumptionfuel consumptionhydrocarbonscarbon oxidecarbon dioxidecylinder diametervibration frecvencyforce

nominal electrical capacityboiling heatmassMach number

compression ignitionenginespark ignition enginegas movementnumber of revolutions

sound strengthnitrogen oxides

crankshaft rotation degree

pressure

upper dead centerlower dead centerheatheat lost in the

cooling systemvelocity gradientradiusinternal resistancestroke

temperature, Ktemperature, °CvoltageBosch units

Hartridge unitsspeed

volume

vehicle's speedreaction speedacoustic energyviscosity number

16

compression ratiodynamic viscositycrankshaft

rotation angle

air-fuel ratio, wavelength

kineticviscositydensitystrain, timeload

crankshaftangular speed

I

CAPITOLUL1

SIS'fEJ\AUt'rEHi'UCCOMPLEXAU'fOVEa-UtUl- COJ\AaUS'flBll- MAJERIAtE

Problemele ehimotologiee" prineipale se analizeaza prin intermediul unuisistem<,:Utrei elemente: motor (autovehieul) - eombustibil - materiale (Iubrifiantetc.) sau a unui sistem eu patru elemente: motor (autovehieul) - eombustibil -lubrifiant- exploatare [1, 2, 3].

Problemele chimotologice secundare se refera la necesitatea modificarii eali-!Apimaterialelor de exploatare auto, datorita urmatoarelor cauze:. tehnice- legatede imbunatatireafiabilitiitii~idurabilitiipiautovehiculelor;. economice - in scopulscaderiicosturilorproduselorpetroliere;. energetice- pentru reducerea consumului de produse ~ia maririi resurselor;. ecologice- in scopul reducerii toxicitapi produsului ~ipoluarii mediului ambiant;. internationale - pentru punerea de acord a calitAtii materialelor de exploatare

autoell normele intemationale.

Bibliografie

1. BATAGA,N., BURNETE, N.: Motoare cu ardere intern". Vol. I ~i II. Cluj-Napoca,UTCN,1995.

2. MARlNCA~,D. ~.a.:Combustibili, lubrifianfi # materiale speciale pentru automo-bile.Bucure~ti,Editura Didacticii~iPedagogica, 1983.

3. AADULESCU, G.A., PETRE, I.: Combustibili. uleiuri ~i exploatarea autove-hiculelor.Bucure~ti,Editura Tehnica, 1986.

, Chimotologiaeste §tiinta care studiaza teoria ~i practica utilizarii rationale a combusti-bililor~imaterialelor lubrifiante la motoare, in stransii dependentii cu producpa materialelordeexplpatare auto.

17

.....

CAPITOLUL 2

REZERVEDECOJ'i\BUS'f8aattPE'fROU

Confonn ultimelor evalum-i, rezervele certe de petrol sunt de 1053 miliarde debarili., dintre care 40-45 % in platforme marine [1, 2].

La nivelul actual de exploatare, rezervele de petrol pot acoperi necesarul ome-nirii pentru circa 44 de ani. Potrlvit statisticilor, rezerveie mondiale de petrol suntrepartizate dupa cum unneaza:

Orientul Mijlociu - 66,4 %;America -15,5 %;

Europa de Vest - 1,4 %;Europa de Est - 5,7 %;celelalte state - 11 %.

La nivelul anilor '90 producpa ~i consumul mondial de petrol erau de 3,1 mi-liarde de tone pe an.

Petrolul provine din unnatoarele zone geografice:tfu'ile din OPEC - 37% (Irak 7%, Kuweit, Algeria, Arabia Saudita,Emiratele Arabe Unite, Venezuela);

tacile fostei URSS, China ~iEuropa de Est - 25%;

tarile occidentale industrializate - 23%;

alte tan in curs de dezvoltare - 15%.

Evolutia necesarului de petrol pe plan mondial rezulta din tabelul 2.1.

.1 baril de petrol =158,98 litri.