fara dimensiuni transformator 2d 3d natasa
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-
Maxwell v15
Transformer Core Loss Calculation in Maxwell 2D and 3D
Thisexampleanalyzescoreslossesfora3phpowertransformerhavingalaminatedsteelcoreusingMaxwell2Dand3D.Thetransformerisrated115-
13.8kV,60Hzand30MVA.Thetestedpowerlossesare23,710W.Itisimportant
torealizethatafiniteelementmodelcannotconsiderallofthephysicaland
manufacturingcorelosseffectsinalaminatedcore.Theseeffectsinclude:
mechanicalstressonlaminations,edgeburrlosses,stepgapfringingflux,
circulatingcurrents,variationsinsheetlossvalues,…tonamejustafew.
Becauseofthisthesimulatedcorelossescanbesignificantlydifferentthanthe
testedcorelosses.
Thisexamplewillgothroughallstepstocreatethe2Dand3Dmodelsbasedon
acustomersuppliedbasemodel.Forcorelosses,onlyasinglemagnetizing
windingneedstobeconsidered.Corematerialwillbecharacterizedfornonlinear
BHandcorelosscharacteristics.Anexponentiallyincreasingvoltagesourcewill
beappliedinordertoeliminateinrushcurrentsandtheneedforanunreasonably
longsimulationtime(ofdaysorweeks).Finally,thecorelosswillbeaveraged
overtimeandthecorefluxdensitywillbeviewedinananimatedplot.
Thisexamplewillbesolvedintwopartsusingthe2DTransientand3DTransient
solvers.Themodelconsistsofamagneticcoreandlowvoltagewindingoneach
coreleg.
3D Model 2D Model
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-
Maxwell v15
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-
Maxwell v15
Launch Maxwell
To access Maxwell
ClicktheMicrosoftStart button,selectPrograms,andselectAnsoft and
thenMaxwell 15.
Opening a New Project
To Open a New Project
AfterlaunchingMaxwell,aprojectwillbeautomaticallycreated.Youcan
alsocreateanewprojectusingbelowoptions.
1. InanMaxwellwindow,clicktheOntheStandardtoolbar,orselectthemenuitemFile > New .
SelectthemenuitemProject > Insert Maxwell 3D Des ign, orclickonthe
icon
Set Solution Type
To Set Solution Type
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Solution Type
SolutionTypeWindow:
1. ChooseMagnetic > Transient2. ClicktheOK button
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-
Maxwell v15
Prepare Geometry
To Import Geometry
SelectthemenuitemModeler > Import
Locatetheparasolid file“Ex_7_4_Core_Loss.x_t”andOpen it.
Thegeometryisofatransformerwithcoresimplifiedinordertoreducethe
complexity.Userscanbringthegeometriesdirectlyanddosimplification
insideMaxwell.
Change Attributes
PressCtrl andselecttheobjectsLV_A, LV_B andLV_C andgoto their
propertieswindow,
1. ChangethecoloroftheobjectstoOrange
2. Changethetransparencyoftheobjectsto0
SelecttheobjectCore fromthehistorytreeandgoto Propertieswindow,
1. Changethetransparencyoftheobjectto0
Specify Excitations
To Create Coil Terminals
PressCtrl andselecttheobjectsLV_A, LV_B andLV_CSelectthemenuitemModeler > Surface Section
InSectionwindow,
1. SectionPlane:SelectXZ
2. PressOK
RenametheresultingsectionstoSectionA, SectionB andSectionC
respectively
SelectthesheetsSectionA, SectionB andSectionC fromthehistorytree
SelectthemenuitemModeler > Boolean > Separate BodiesDeletethesheetsSectionA_Separate1, SectionB_Separate1 and
SectionC_Separate1
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-
Maxwell v15
Assign Excitations
PressCtrl andselectthesheetsSectionA, SectionB andSectionC fromthe
historytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Excitations > A ssign > Coil Terminal
InCoilTerminalExcitationwindow,
1. BaseName:term_A
2. NumberofConductors:76
3. PressOK
Thiswillcreatethreeexcitationscorrespondingtoeachsection.Change
theirnamesasbelow:
1. RenametheexcitationcorrespondingtoSectionA asterm_A
2. RenametheexcitationcorrespondingtoSectionB asterm_B
3. RenametheexcitationcorrespondingtoSectionC asterm_C
Create Windings
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Excitations > A dd W inding
InWindingwindow,
1. Name:WindingA
2. Type:Voltage
3. Stranded: Checked
4. InitialCurrent:0 A
5. Resistance:1 mOhm
6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)
7. Voltage: Vpeak* 1-exp -50*time))*cos 2*pi*60*time)
8. PressOK
InAddVariablewindow,
1.
UnitType:Voltage2. Unit:V
3. Value:13800√2/√3= 11268
4. PressOK
Note: Thisisanexponentiallyincreasing(inseveralcycles)sinusoidal60Hzwaveformwithpeakmagnitudeof11,268V..
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-
Maxwell v15
InSimilarwayaddtwomorewindings
WindingB
1. Name:WindingB
2. Type:Voltage
3. Stranded: Checked
4. InitialCurrent:0 A
5. Resistance:1 mOhm
6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)
7. Voltage: Vpeak* 1-exp -50*time))*cos 2*pi*60*time+ 2/3*pi))
WindingC
1. Name:WindingC
2. Type:Voltage
3. Stranded: Checked
4. InitialCurrent:0 A
5. Resistance:1 mOhm
6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)
7. Voltage: Vpeak* 1-exp -50*time))*cos 2*pi*60*time+ 4/3*pi))
Add Terminals to Windings
ExpandtheProjectManagertreetoviewExcitations
RightclickonWindingA andselectAdd Terminals
InAddTerminalswindow,
Selectterm_A
PressOK
InSimilarwayaddterm_B toWindingB
Addterm_C toWindingC
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-
Maxwell v15
Assign Materials
To Assign Materials to Coils
PressCtrl andselecttheobjectsLV_A, LV_B andLV_C , rightclickand
selectAssign Material
InSelectDefinitionwindow,
1. Typecopper inSearchbyNamefield
2. PressOK toassignmaterial
To Assign Material to Core
SelecttheobjectCore fromthehistorytree,rightclickandselectAssign
Material
InSelectDefinitionwindow,selectthebuttonAdd Material
InView/EditMaterialwindow,
MaterialName:M125_027
RelativePermeability:
SetthetypetoNonlinear
SelectthebuttonBH Curve fromvaluefield
InBHCurvewindow,
SelectthebuttonImport DatasetSettheFileTypeto*.Tab
LocatethefileEx_7_4_core_loss_B_H.tabandOpen it
PressOK tocloseBHCurvewindow
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-
Maxwell v15
ReturntoView/EditMaterialwindow,
CoreLossType:SettoElectrical Steel
SetthetabatthebottomofwindowCalculatePropertiesfortoCore
Loss at one Frequency
InBPCurvewindow,
SelectthebuttonImport Dataset
SettheFileTypeto*.Tab
LocatethefileEx_7_4_core_loss_B_loss.tabandOpen it
CoreLossUnit:w/kg
MassDensity:7650 kg/m^3Frequency:60 Hz
Thickness:0.27 mm
Conductivity:5000000 S/m
PressOK tocloseBPCurvewindow
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-
Maxwell v15
Notethatthecorelosscoefficientsarecalculatedautomatically.
PressOK tocreatethenewmaterial
PressOK tocloseSelectDefinitionwindow
Assign Mesh Operations
Inthetransientsolvers,thereisnoautomaticadaptivemeshing.Therefore,the
usermusteitherlinkthemeshfromanidenticalmodelsolvedusingthe
magnetostatic andeddycurrentsolvers,oralternativelyamanualmeshmustbe
created.Inthisexample,ameshiscreatedmanuallyusing“insideselection”to
createelementsthroughoutthevolumeoftheobjects.
To Assign Mesh Operations for Core
SelecttheobjectCore fromthehistorytreeSelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > M esh Operations > Assign > Inside
Selection > Length Based
InElementLengthBasedRefinementwindow,
Name:Length_Core
RestrictLengthofElements: Unchecked
RestricttheNumberofElements: Checked
MaximumNumberofElements:10000
PressOK
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v15
To Assign Mesh Operations for Coils
PressCtrl andselecttheobjectsLV_A, LV_B andLV_C fromthehistory
tree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > M esh Operations > Assign > Inside
Selection > Length Based
InElementLengthBasedRefinementwindow,
Name:Length_Coils
RestrictLengthofElements: Unchecked
RestricttheNumberofElements: Checked
MaximumNumberofElements:10000
PressOK
Set Core Loss Calculations
To Set Core Loss calculations for Core
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > E xcitations > Set Core Loss
InSetCoreLosswindow,
Core:
CoreLossSettings:
Checked
PressOK
Note: Oncethecorelosspropertiesaredefinedinmaterialdefinition,atick
markwillappearinthecolumnDefinedinMaterialindicatingcoreloss
coefficientsarealreadyspecified
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v15
Set Eddy Effects
Sincewindingissingleobjectrepresentingmanystrandsandcoreissingleobjectrepresentingmanylaminations,eddyeffectmustbeturnedoffthem.
To Turn off Eddy Effects in Objects
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Excitations > S et Eddy E ffects
InSetEddyEffectswindow,
EnsureEddyEffectsareUnchecked forallobjects
PressOK
Create Simulation Region
To Create Region
SelectthemenuitemDraw > Reg ion
InRegionwindow,
PaddingData:Pad individual directions
+/- X=30
+/- Y=200
+/- Z=30
Note: Thissmallpadding%isacceptableasfieldsarecompletelyconcentratedinsidethemagneticcoreandthereislittleornofringing
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v15
Analysis Setup
To Create Analysis Setup
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
InSolveSetupWindow,
General tab
Stoptime:0.1s
Timestep:0.0005 s
Save Fields tab
Type:Linear Step
Start:0.08 sStop:0.1 s
StepSize:0.0005 s
SelectthebuttonAdd to List >>
Solver tab
NonlinearResiduals:1e-6 (ToProvideaccurateconvergence
forBHCurve
PressOK
Save
To Save File
SelectthemenuitemFile > Save
Savethefilewiththename“Ex_7_4_Core_Loss.mxwl”
Analyze
To Run Solution
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > A nalyze All
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v15
Create Reports
Plot Winding Currents Vs Time
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Results > Create Transient Report >
Rectangular Plot
InReportwindow,
Category:Winding
Quantity:PressCtrl andselectCurrent WindingA),
Current WindingB) andCurrent WindingC)
SelectNew Report
Note: DonotcloseReportwindowaswewillcreatemoreplotsusingsame
window
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v15
Plot Input Voltages Vs Time
InReportwindow,
Quantity
DeselecttheCurrentquantitiesalreadyselected
PressCtrl andselectInputVoltage WindingA),
InputVoltage WindingB) andInputVoltage WindingC)
SelectNew Report
Plot Cores Loss vs Time
InReportwindow,
Category:ChangetoLoss
Quantity:SelectCoreLoss
SelectNew Report
PressClose toclosereportwindow
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v15
Calculate Avg Losses over a Time Range
InXYPlotCorrespondingtoCoreLoss,rightclickontheLegendandselect
Trace Characteristics > Add
InAddTraceCharacteristicswindow,
Category:Math
Function:Avg
ChangetheRangefromFulltoSpecified
StartofRange:80 ms
EndofRange:100 ms
SelectAdd andDone
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v15
Create Flux Density Plot
To Plot Flux Density on Core
DoubleclickonMaxwell3DDesign1 inProjectManagerwindowtoexitPlot
view
SelecttheobjectCore fromthehistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Fields > Fields > B > Mag_B
InCreateFieldPlotwindow,
PlotonsurfaceOnly: Checked
PressDone
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v15
To Animate the Plot
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > F ields > An imate
InSetupAnimationwindow,
SweepVariable:Time
Selectvalues:Selectthetimerangefrom0.0805s to0.087s
PressOK
AnAnimationwindowwillpopupwhichwillenabletostart,stop,pausethe
animation.Animationspeedcanalsobevariedusingsamewindow.The
animationcanbealsoexportedinGIForAVIformatusingExportbutton
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-1
Maxwell v15
Part 2: 2D Eddy Project
Create a 2D Design Automatically
To Create a 2D Design from 3D
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > Create D Design
InCreate2DDesignwindow,
CoordinateSystem:Global
SectionPlane:ZX
2DGeometryMode:XY
PressOK
Set Solution Type
To Set Solution Type
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Solution Type
InSolutionTypewindow,
VerifythatGeometryModeissettoCartesian, XYSelecttheradiobuttontoMagnetic > Transient
PressOK
Set Model Depth
Setthedepthofthe2DXYmodeltogivethesameareaasinMaxwell3D=264704mm2.Sincethewidthofthecoreleg=580mm,setthedepth=456mm.
To Set Model Depth
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Model > Set Model Depth
InDesignSettingswindow,
SetModelDepthto456 mm
PressOK
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-2
Maxwell v15
Modify 2D Geometry
Modify Region
ExpandthehistorytreecorrespondingtothesheetRegion
DoubleclickonthecommandCreateRegion fromthehistorytree
InPropertieswindow,
Change+XPaddingDatato100
Change–XPaddingDatato100
PressOK
Delete Unnecessary Sheets
PressCtrl andselectthesheetsSectionA, SectionB andSectionC
SelectthemenuitemEdit > Delete
Separate Coil Sections
PressCtrl andselectthesheetsLV_A,LV_B andLV_C
SelectthemenuitemModeler > Boolean > Separate Bodies
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-2
Maxwell v15
Specify Excitations
Assign Coil: Out
PressCtrl andselectthesheetsLV_A, LV_B andLV_C fromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Exc itations > Ass ign > Co il
InCoilExcitationwindow,
BaseName:out
NumberofConductors:76
Polarity:Positive
RenametheexcitationscreatedtoA_out, B_out andC_out
Assign Coil: In
PressCtrl andselectthesheetsLV_A_Separate1, LV_B_Separate1 and
LV_C_Separate1 fromhistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Exc itations > Ass ign > Co il
InCoilExcitationwindow,
BaseName:in
NumberofConductors:76
Polarity:Negative
RenametheexcitationscreatedtoA_in, B_in andC_inAdd Windings
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Excitations > Add Winding
InWindingwindow,
1. Name:WindingA
2. Type:Voltage
3. Stranded: Checked
4. InitialCurrent:0 A
5. Resistance:1 mOhm
6. Inductance:0 mH (Sincethisiscalculatedbysolver)
7. Voltage: Vpeak* 1-exp -50*time))*cos 2*pi*60*time)
8. PressOK
InAddVariablewindow,
1. UnitType:Voltage
2. Unit:V
3. Value:13800√2/√3= 11268
4. PressOK
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-2
Maxwell v15
Set Core Loss Calculations
To Set Core Loss calculations for Core
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Excitations > Set Core Loss
InSetCoreLosswindow,
Core:
CoreLossSettings: Checked
PressOK
Analysis Setup
To Create Analysis Setup
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Analysis Setup > Add Solution Setup
InSolveSetupWindow,
General tab
Stoptime:0.1s
Timestep:0.0005 s
Save Fields tab
Type:Linear Step
Start:0.08 s
Stop:0.1 s
StepSize:0.0005 s
SelectthebuttonAdd to List >>
Solver tab
NonlinearResiduals:1e-6
PressOK
Save
To Save File
SelectthemenuitemFile > Save
Analyze
To Run Solution
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell 3D > A nalyze All
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-2
Maxwell v15
Mesh Information
To Plot Mesh on Core and Coils
SelectthemenuitemEdit > Select All Visible
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Fields > Plot Mesh
InCreateMeshPlotwindow,
PressDone
To View Mesh Information
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Results > Solution Data
InSolutionswindow,
SelectthetabMesh Statistics toviewmeshinformation
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-2
Maxwell v15
Create Reports
Plot Winding Currents Vs Time
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Results > Create Transient Report >
Rectangular Plot
InReportwindow,
Category:Winding
Quantity:PressCtrl andselectCurrent WindingA),
Current WindingB) andCurrent WindingC)
SelectNew Report
Note: DonotcloseReportwindowaswewillcreatemoreplotsusingsame
window
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-2
Maxwell v15
Plot Input Voltages Vs Time
InReportwindow,
Quantity
DeselecttheCurrentquantitiesalreadyselected
PressCtrl andselectInputVoltage WindingA),
InputVoltage WindingB) andInputVoltage WindingC)
SelectNew Report
Plot Cores Loss vs Time
InReportwindow,
Category:ChangetoLoss
Quantity:SelectCoreLoss
SelectNew Report
PressClose toclosereportwindow
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-2
Maxwell v15
Calculate Avg Losses over a Time Range
InXYPlotCorrespondingtoCoreLoss,rightclickontheLegendandselect
Trace Characteristics > Add
InAddTraceCharacteristicswindow,
Category:Math
Function:Avg
ChangetheRangefromFulltoSpecified
StartofRange:80 ms
EndofRange:100 ms
SelectAdd andDone
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
7.4-2
Maxwell v15
Create Flux Density Plot
To Plot Flux Density on Core
DoubleclickonMaxwell2DDesign1 inProjectManagerwindowtoexitPlot
view
SelectthesheetCore fromthehistorytree
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Fields > Fields > B > Mag_B
InCreateFieldPlotwindow,
PressDone
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7.4
Example(2D/3DTransient)– CoreLoss
Maxwell v15
To Animate the Plot
SelectthemenuitemMaxwell D > Fields > Animate
InSetupAnimationwindow,
SweepVariable:Time
Selectvalues:Selectthetimerangefrom0.0805s to0.087s
PressOK
AnAnimationwindowwillpopupwhichwillenabletostart,stop,pausethe
animation.Animationspeedcanalsobevariedusingsamewindow.The
animationcanbealsoexportedinGIForAVIformatusingExportbutton
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