chimia mediului-curs -formatat(pt. id)
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Universitatea de tiine Agricole i MedicinVeterinar Cluj-Napoca
FACULTATA ! A"#$CULTU#AFACULTATA ! A"#$CULTU#A$N"$N#$ %$ 'TCT$A M!$ULU$$N"$N#$ %$ 'TCT$A M!$ULU$
%e( lucrari !r) !ULF Francisc Vasile
CHIMIA MEDIULUI
NOTE DE CURS IDNOTE DE CURS ID
CLU*-NA&'CACLU*-NA&'CA+,,+,,
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CU$N%CU$N%
CAPITOLUL 1. NOIUNI DE BAZ ALE CHIMIEICAPITOLUL 1. NOIUNI DE BAZ ALE CHIMIEI................................................................551.11.1 DEFINIIA, DOMENIILE I IMPORTANA CHIMIEIDEFINIIA, DOMENIILE I IMPORTANA CHIMIEI......................551.21.2 CLASIFICAREA SUBSTANELORCLASIFICAREA SUBSTANELOR....................................................................................881.31.3 CONCEPTE ALE TEORIEI ATOMO-MOLECUALRECONCEPTE ALE TEORIEI ATOMO-MOLECUALRE......................1212
1.3.11.3.1 ATOM. MAS ATOMIC. NUMR ATOMIC.ATOM. MAS ATOMIC. NUMR ATOMIC...............................12121.3.21.3.2 MOLECUL. MAS MOLECULAR RELATIV.MOLECUL. MAS MOLECULAR RELATIV.MAS MOLECULAR ABSOLUTMAS MOLECULAR ABSOLUT............................................................................................13131.3.31.3.3 SUBSTAN. MOL. MAS MOLAR. VOLUMSUBSTAN. MOL. MAS MOLAR. VOLUMMOLAR..MOLAR..........................................................................................................................................................................................15151.3.1.3. TEORIA ATOMO-MOLECULARTEORIA ATOMO-MOLECULAR....................................................................1!1!
CAPITOLUL 2. STRUCTURA ATOMULUICAPITOLUL 2. STRUCTURA ATOMULUI........................................................................................1"1"
2.12.1 NUCLEUL ATOMULUINUCLEUL ATOMULUI........................................................................................................................1"1"2.1.12.1.1 COMPOZIIA NUCLEULUICOMPOZIIA NUCLEULUI........................................................................................1"1"2.22.2 #NVELIUL ELECTRONIC AL ATOMILOR#NVELIUL ELECTRONIC AL ATOMILOR......................................................1$1$
2.2.12.2.1 MODELELE ATOMICEMODELELE ATOMICE..........................................................................................................1$1$2.2.22.2.2 ORBITALI ATOMICIORBITALI ATOMICI..................................................................................................................25252.2.32.2.3 CONFI%URAIA ELECTRONICCONFI%URAIA ELECTRONIC....................................................................31312.2.2.2. HIBRIDIZAREA ORBITALILOR ATOMICIHIBRIDIZAREA ORBITALILOR ATOMICI........................................3$3$
CAPITOLUL 3. SISTEMUL PERIODIC AL ELEMENTELORCAPITOLUL 3. SISTEMUL PERIODIC AL ELEMENTELOR..............................333.13.1 STRUCTURA SISTEMULUI PERIODICSTRUCTURA SISTEMULUI PERIODIC..................................................................333.23.2 ECHILIBRE ACIDO- BAZICEECHILIBRE ACIDO- BAZICE..................................................................................................""
3.2.13.2.1 PRODUSUL IONIC AL APEI. NOIUNEA DE PH.PRODUSUL IONIC AL APEI. NOIUNEA DE PH.................""
3.2.23.2.2 CALCULUL PH- ULUI SOLUIILOR DE ACIZI, BAZE,CALCULUL PH- ULUI SOLUIILOR DE ACIZI, BAZE,SRURI, SISTEME TAMPON ACIDO- BAZICE.SRURI, SISTEME TAMPON ACIDO- BAZICE.......................................................$$
CAPITOLUL . REACII CHIMICECAPITOLUL . REACII CHIMICE................................................................................................................5!5!.1.1 BAZELE REACIILOR CHIMICEBAZELE REACIILOR CHIMICE......................................................................................5!5!
.1.1.1.1 DEFINIIEDEFINIIE..................................................................................................................................................5!5!.1.2.1.2 CARACTERISTICILE REACIILOR CHIMICECARACTERISTICILE REACIILOR CHIMICE........................5!5!.1.3.1.3 REACII ENDOTERME I E&OTERMEREACII ENDOTERME I E&OTERME................................................5"5".1..1. SISTEM MATERIALSISTEM MATERIAL..................................................................................................................5858
.2.2 TIPURI DE REACII CHIMICETIPURI DE REACII CHIMICE..............................................................................................!'!'.2.1.2.1 REACII REDO&REACII REDO&............................................................................................................................!'!'.2.2.2.2 REACII ACIDO-BAZICE (DUP BR)NSTED*REACII ACIDO-BAZICE (DUP BR)NSTED*......................!2!2.2.3.2.3 COMPARAREA REACIILOR ACIDO-BAZICE CUCOMPARAREA REACIILOR ACIDO-BAZICE CUREACIILE REDO&REACIILE REDO&..................................................................................................................................................!!.2..2. REACIA DE PRECIPITAREREACIA DE PRECIPITARE......................................................................................!!.2.5.2.5 REACII ALE MOLECULELOR OR%ANICEREACII ALE MOLECULELOR OR%ANICE................................!!!!
.3.3 DIZOLVAREA CRISTALELOR IONICEDIZOLVAREA CRISTALELOR IONICE....................................................................!"!".. DISOCIAIA ELECTROLIILORDISOCIAIA ELECTROLIILOR......................................................................................!$!$
CAPITOLUL 5. SOLUIICAPITOLUL 5. SOLUII...................................................................................................................................................."1"15.15.1 DEFINIIE. %ENERALITIDEFINIIE. %ENERALITI...................................................................................................."1"15.25.2 MRIMI I UNITI PENTRU E&PRIMAREAMRIMI I UNITI PENTRU E&PRIMAREACONCENTRAIEI SOLUIILORCONCENTRAIEI SOLUIILOR................................................................................................................"2"2
5.2.15.2.1 CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUALCONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL.............................................................."3"35.2.1.15.2.1.1 CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL DE MAS+CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL DE MAS+.............."3"3
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5.2.1.25.2.1.2 CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL DE VOLUM+CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL DE VOLUM+........"3"35.2.1.35.2.1.3 CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL VOLUMETRIC+CONCENTRAIA PROCENTUAL VOLUMETRIC+
"3"35.2.25.2.2 CONCENTRAIA MOLAR (MOLARITATEA*CONCENTRAIA MOLAR (MOLARITATEA*........................""5.2.35.2.3 CONCENTRAIA NORMAL (NORMALITATEA*CONCENTRAIA NORMAL (NORMALITATEA*............""
5.2.5.2. CONCENTRAIA MOLAL (MOLALITATEA*CONCENTRAIA MOLAL (MOLALITATEA*........................""5.2.55.2.5 FRACIA MOLARFRACIA MOLAR.................................................................................................................."5"55.2.!5.2.! TITRUL SOLUIEITITRUL SOLUIEI........................................................................................................................"5"5
5.35.3 SOLUBILITATE. SATURAIESOLUBILITATE. SATURAIE.................................................................................................."8"85.5. INTERACIUNI SOLVENT SOLUTINTERACIUNI SOLVENT SOLUT.........................................................................."$"$
5..15..1 SOLUII IDEALESOLUII IDEALE............................................................................................................................"$"$5..25..2 CLDURI DE DIZOLVARE I DE HIDRATARECLDURI DE DIZOLVARE I DE HIDRATARE......................8'8'
CAPITOLUL !. CATIONII. CLASIFICARE, SEPARARE ICAPITOLUL !. CATIONII. CLASIFICARE, SEPARARE IIDENTIFICAREIDENTIFICARE..................................................................................................................................................................................8282
!.1!.1 %ENERALITI, ANALIZA PRELIMINAR%ENERALITI, ANALIZA PRELIMINAR..............................................8282!.1.1!.1.1 CLASIFICAREA CATIONILOR PE %RUPE ANALITICECLASIFICAREA CATIONILOR PE %RUPE ANALITICE
8282!.1.1.1!.1.1.1 ANALIZA ORIENTATIVANALIZA ORIENTATIV........................................................................................8383!.1.1.2!.1.1.2 ANALIZA PROPRIU-ZISANALIZA PROPRIU-ZIS......................................................................................8!8!
!.2!.2 SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI I-SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI I-A ANALITICE (%RUPA HCL *A ANALITICE (%RUPA HCL *..........................................................................................................................8!8!!.3!.3 SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI ASEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI AII-A ANALITICE (%RUPA HII-A ANALITICE (%RUPA H22S*S*........................................................................................................$'$'!.!. SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI ASEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI AIII-A ANALITICE (%RUPA (NHIII-A ANALITICE (%RUPA (NH**22S*S*..................................................................................................1'11'1!.5!.5 SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI ASEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI AIV-A ANALITICE (%RUPA (NHIV-A ANALITICE (%RUPA (NH**22COCO33**............................................................................................113113!.!!.! IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI A V-A ANALITICEIDENTIFICAREA CATIONILOR %RUPEI A V-A ANALITICE
11!11!CAPITOLUL ". IDENTIFICAREA ANIONILORCAPITOLUL ". IDENTIFICAREA ANIONILOR................................................................121121
".1".1 %ENERALITI%ENERALITI..........................................................................................................................................121121".2".2 REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AVII-A PRINCIPALVII-A PRINCIPAL..........................................................................................................................................................122122".3".3 REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPAREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPAVI-A PRINCIPALVI-A PRINCIPAL......................................................................................................................................................123123".". REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AV-A PRINCIPALV-A PRINCIPAL................................................................................................................................................................1212
".5".5 REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AIV-A PRINCIPALIV-A PRINCIPAL............................................................................................................................................125125".!".! REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DIN %RUPA AIII-A PRINCIPALIII-A PRINCIPAL..............................................................................................................................12!12!
CAPITOLUL 8. METODE CROMATO%RAFICE DE ANALIZACAPITOLUL 8. METODE CROMATO%RAFICE DE ANALIZA..................12$12$8.18.1 CROMATO%RAFIA DE LICHIDECROMATO%RAFIA DE LICHIDE..................................................................................12$12$
8.1.18.1.1 PRINCIPII %ENERALEPRINCIPII %ENERALE....................................................................................................12$12$8.1.28.1.2 CROMATO%RAFIA DE ADSORBIE (CA* ICROMATO%RAFIA DE ADSORBIE (CA* IREPARTIIE (CR*REPARTIIE (CR*......................................................................................................................................................1321328.1.38.1.3 CROMATO%RAFIA LICHID DE #NALTCROMATO%RAFIA LICHID DE #NALTPERFORMANPERFORMAN..........................................................................................................................................................133133
8.28.2 CROMATO%RAFIA DE %AZECROMATO%RAFIA DE %AZE............................................................................................13!13!8.2.18.2.1 PRINCIPII %ENERALEPRINCIPII %ENERALE....................................................................................................13!13!
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CAPITOLUL $.CAPITOLUL $.E&ERCITII SI TEMEE&ERCITII SI TEME........................................................................................................1111BIBLIO%RAFIE SELECTIVABIBLIO%RAFIE SELECTIVA................................................................................................................................1313
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;70 ;4/9=4: ;0:469=9 ;0: 6: ?6 9@9=
;/ 4:06;* ?/:96 ;9 :4:7=
:0;7= ;/; =0 ;0: 0:; 0;0.C/ 4:06; C4/9 ;0:469=9 (;9 ;70 464/6=
>
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:=9;:0:G
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6:9 ?/967:0 64=4=4: @ >0:;07.
A>=, ;/0 /4:06 ?6+
metalurgie 96@-09 0@9 ?/967: ?6 64=40 @ >0:;07 :6
0;0 ; 476:0 47=9:=4: @6 >46 ;4;, 0 >4 ?6 /9= =4;9:
?6=4;9 ;9 :4;@ @ :@9;: 0 /6:9:=4: @ >:, ;9 @:46. S-
09 ?/967 :4;@= @ 0:0: 0 /0==4: :0: 6;0:
47=9:=4: ;0=G
petrochimie+ =400: :=9;:0: /4@:6 0 :4@9=4: :4=:G
agricultur+ @04: ;/, 4:9= ?6::0 ?6 9=/= @;6
@04:0
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0/4>:, 9=; 0= /0/0;, >4=46@ ;0 /4@= ;0 ; 0 ;:0 /0:= J=04:04: 0=
609:K.
1.21.2 CLASIFICAREA SUBSTANELORCLASIFICAREA SUBSTANELOR
Elementul c!m!c ::
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Met&lele 96 9067 (/464=/60:*, ;0: 09 :4:7
;0:0;:;+ ;46@9;=0 :/;, ;46@9;=0 =;:; =9;9
/0=; ;0:, @ :9=, 4 :=9;:0 :6 =0/60:, :0:, >4:0:
?66@:.
Aliajele 96 9067 4==/60: /0=; (4=97 4=@* ?6
;4/46670 ;:4:0 6: @: /0=G /0== >4:/0;0:
C=0>;0:
D60 etale uoare
( 5 ;/3*
S4@9 (',$" ;/3*
etale grele
( Q 5 ;/3*
F: (",8! ;/3*T/:09:0 @ 4: etale cu puncte de
topire sczute
(.. 1'''C* Z6; (.. 232C*
etale cu puncte de
topire ridicate
(..Q 1'''C* C9:9 (..1'83C*
S0=00 ;/; etale nobile
(69 :0;7460
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F:9= 0=0= =9 C9:9= 0=0= =9,
069=
Nemet&lele 96 9067 (9067 /464=/60:*, ;0: 69
:4>4:, @:46.
Sem!met&lele ( 9067 /464=/60:*, ;0: @6 96; @
@: 0= :4:7=4: 904:/0
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$efiniia dup %r&nsted: 9067 (/4=;9=0 09 46*, ;0: ?6
6:0;7960 ;9 4 0;9= @ =;:46 0= 969 0;@(donor de perec5i de electroni7.
XNH3
S&e
C4/9 ;/; ;9 :9;9: ;:0=6, 0=;9 @6 46 /0=; 09
46 @ 0/469 ;9 0:;6 4
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S:9:=, ?6 0: @ 0:0: 4=@, :4:/0:;*
F(OH*2 @:4@ @ >: (II*(@:4@ >:4*
Sruri
C9SO 9=>0 @ ;9:9 (II* (9=>0 ;9:;* .
1.-1.- CONCEPTE ALE TEORIEI ATOMOMOLECUALRECONCEPTE ALE TEORIEI ATOMOMOLECUALRE.)9)..)9). AT'M) MA%2 AT'M$C2) NUM2# AT'M$C)AT'M) MA%2 AT'M$C2) NUM2# AT'M$C)
Atomul ::
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.)9)+.)9)+ M'LCUL2) MA%2 M'LCULA#2 #LAT$V2)M'LCUL2) MA%2 M'LCULA#2 #LAT$V2)MA%2 M'LCULA#2 A0%'LUT2MA%2 M'LCULA#2 A0%'LUT2olecula - ;0 /0 /; 0:;9= @6:-4 9067, ;0: 40
0 ?6 0: =: ;0: :0+
- /464=/60:+
- /46404/;+ N, A:, [:, &, H, R6
- 04/;+ H2, O2, N2, C=2
- 4=04/;+ O3, P, S8
-4==/60:+ H2SO, C0(OH*2
asa molecular relativ (M:* /:/0 ;0: 0:0 @ ; 4:/00 /4=;9= /0 /0: @; 9600 04/; @ /0 (9.0./.*1. N9
0: @/696. L0 >;90:0 ;0=;9==4: ;0: 69 6; 4 :;:0;7460 0 /0 04/; :=0 :496.
E/=9 /00 /4=;9=0: :=0 6:9 A=2(SO*3+
M: 22" 3(32 1!* 32
asa molecular absolut :/ ?6 Y/4=;9= 476
?6/9=76@ /00 /4=;9=0: :=0 ;9 1,!!1'-2"
Y.#6 :0;; 9= 5,312$1'-23
C0:46 1,$$231'-23 A=9/69 ,8281'-23
A
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Masele ato4ice relative rotunjite ale ele4entelor c5i4ice
Z D69/:0
=/69=9
M00
04/-;
:=0
:496
Z D69/:0
=/69=9
M00
04/-;
:=0
:49613 A=9/69 2" 1 H@:46 151 A6/469
(9*
122 53 I4@ 12"
" A:6 1'8 3! [:46 818 A:46 ' 3 L9 ""$ A9: 1$" 12 M06 322! F: 5! 22 T06 8$ F=94: 1$ $2 U:069 238
15 F4>4: 31 " \4=>:0/ 1832 %:/069 "3 5 &646 1312 H=9 3' Z6; !5
.)9)9.)9)9 %U0%TAN/2) M'L) MA%2 M'LA#2) V'LUM%U0%TAN/2) M'L) MA%2 M'LA#2) V'LUM
M'LA#M'LA#
Substan - 4:7960 @ /0: 4/46, @ ;4/49:;, 646 ;.
as molar "# - /00 969 /4= @ 9067 ?6 0: @ 04/
09 @ /4=;9=, 0= 69/:; ;9 /00 04/;, :; ;9 /00/4=;9=0: :/ ?6 /4=.
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E/=9+ M(NHSCN* "2,12 /4=.
ol - ;0600 @ 9067 ;0: ;4676 !,'231'23 0:;9=
(04/, /4=;9=, 46*.
E/=9+ 1 /4= @ A=2O3 1'2 G 1 /4= C9SO1!' .
olumul molar "m# -4=9/9= 4;90 @ 96 /4= @6 4:; 04:/04:9=K
;/9= 0=06 S06=04 C066
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M4=;9== 9067=4: /= ;4/96 @6 0;=0 >= @ 04/
(O2, O3, N2*, /4=;9== 9067=4: ;4/9 @6 04/ @>:7
(HC=, N0OH, C9SO*.
#6 @;9:9= :0;7=4: ;/; ;4/46670 /4=;9==4:
/4@>; ;9 ;/0:0 4:@6 04/=4:, ;0 ; @9; =0 >4:/0:0
9067 64.
P:4:7= /4=;9==4: @6@ 69 69/0 @ ;4/46670 =4:, @0:
@ /4@0=00 ?6 ;0: =0 04/.
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CA&$T'LUL +)CA&$T'LUL +) %T#UCTU#A AT'MULU$%T#UCTU#A AT'MULU$
S/9= ;/; ::= ?6 ;6:9= 04/9=9 0: ;46;6:0 ?6:00
0:;6 4 0= ;9 69/:9= @
=;:46 @6 ?6=9= =;:46;, 6:9 ;0 04/9= > 69:9 @6 96;
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@ @: =;:;. D40:; 69/:9= @ =;:46 @6 ?6=9= =;:46;
0= ;9 Z (69/:9= 04/;*, :40: /; (','''5 9.0./.*
;4/0:0 ;9 /00 :4469=9 0 69:469=9, 40 ;46@:0 ; /00
69;=9=9 0:4/0 0= ;9 /00 04/; 640 ;9 A.
U6 69;=9 (69/ /0 6:0= 69;=@* :/ /4=; 0A, ?6
;0: -0 640+
& - /4=9= 04/9=9 @6 ;0: >0; 0: 69;=9= :;G
Z - 69/: 04/;, 69/: @ 4:@6, 69/: @ =;:46, 69/: @
:446G
N 69/: @ 69:46G
A /00 04/;, 69/: @ 69;=46.
ANZ
N-Z 69/:
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N9;== 4 > 0= 60=G @0; Z ` 82 96 69/0 60=.
M9:0 0=7 69;==4: @0 @ 0:070 @ 6: :04:0 =0 96
69;=46, 6: ;0: :4@9; =0 >4:/0:0 69;=9=9 @6 0:;9=
=/60:. V0:070 @ 6: 476 096;7 @ /;0:.
C9 ; aE69;=46 =0 >4:/0:0 69;=9=9 /0 /0:, ;9 0 69;=9=
/0 0=. L0 ;= /0 0= 69;=, 0=40:0 aE69;=46 6@ : $ V.
2.22.2 /N0ELIUL ELECTRONIC AL ATOMILOR/N0ELIUL ELECTRONIC AL ATOMILOR
+)+).+)+). M'!LL AT'M$CM'!LL AT'M$C
C46;7= @: 0=;9:0 04/9=9 09 4=90 @ =0 >4:/
/= =0 0;0 @6
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@; 9 >4:/ @ /9== ?6: 0 96 ;067 /6/ @ 6:,
0= ;9 4 ;906. P:6 /0 09 04:70 96 :0@07 @ >:;67 c, 96
04/ :; @ =0 96 6= @ 6: E1=0 96 6= @ 6: E2+
21 33h = , 96@ ;46060 =9 P=06;Y.B4:, 9==, ?6 0670 96 ;07, =;:469= 0: ;= /0 ;96@0/60=. O 0: ;0 (:6 ?6;=0; ;0 =;:469= 4;9 4 0: @ 6: /0
:@;0, 69/ 0: ;0. E= @=00
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S ;46@: 0:0 46:67 04;0
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'imitele teoriei lui %ohr
U6 9@9 /0 0/6967 0= ;:9=9 @ / 0= 04/9=9 @
@:46 0= 04/9=9 @ @:46 0 @/46:0 ; =6= ;:9=9 69 96
/= @0: ;4:96@ =0 96 060/=9 @ =6 @ =96/ @ 96@ >40:
0:40. #6 0;=0 /, /4= =; ;9 094:9= 0;9
/4@= 0@:9= ;, =00 ?6:-96 ;/ /06; 09 =;:; 66, 96
04/ @ @:46 0: ;:9= 9 @ / /4@>;0. P @ 0= 0:,
0=;0:0 /4@=9=9 =9 B4: 69 6 :/ ?67=:0 :9;9:
=;:46; 0 04/=4: 4==;:46;.
D;, @0; /4@=9= =9 B4: :; ;9 094:9=
69/:9=9 ;906; ;96@0: (4:0=*, =, ;0: ;906>; /4/69= ;6;
4:0=. F;:9 69/: :6;0= 6, ? ;4:96@ /0 /9= 0=4: 0= =9 =.
N9/:9= ;906; 4:0= @ 4/:0 4:0==4: 9:09:=4:6:;.
l= 8n-.7
61 =' 4:0=
62 =' 4:0=
=1 4:0=
63 =' 4:0=
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=1 4:0=
=2 4:0= @
6 =' 4:0=
=1 4:0=
=2 4:0= @
=3 4:0= >
A;= =0 @ ;4/4:0:0 =;:469=9 ?6 04/ 09 99 >
=9;@0 4 @0 ;9 >96@0/60:0 4ecanicii ondulatorii@ ;: L49 @
B:4=, S:e@6:, H6:.
E=;:469= 0: ;0:0;: 46@9=04:9, =9;:9 @/46:0 :/60=
?6 1$2" :6 @>:0;70 969 >0;;9= @ =;:46 ;9
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6: 40= 0 =;:46=4:, 69/ 0=4: :4:. A; 0=4: :4:
96 @>6 @ 9= @ 69/: ;906;+
- 6 69/: ;906; :6;0=, ;906>; 6:0, ;0: 0 0=4:
4; /4/69= ;6; 4:0=G
@ 4/:0 4:0==4: 9:09:=4: 6:; ;0: 640G
- / 69/: ;906; /06;G ;906>; /4/69= /06;G @
6>4:/07 @: 69/:9= 4:0==4: @6:07G
- 69/: ;906; @ 6 ;0: :446, 69= 1
T0=9= 2 :
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#6=9= =;:46; 0: 4 :9;9: :0>;0. E= >4:/0 @6
:09: ;46;6:; 69;=9=9, 640 @ =0 69;=9 : :4: ;9 ;>:
0:0 09 =:. S96 ;964;9 apte niveluri energetice 8straturi7@
%tratul L M N ' & B. + 9 ; D E
Nu4rul 4ai4= N/0@ =;:46 ?6 >;0: :0 ;0=;9=04:/9=0+
2/0 2 sn+ = 96@ 6 69/:9= :09=9.
E/=9+
S:0 [ L M NN/0 2 8 18 32
E=;:46 @6 9:9= 69;=9=9 6@ 0:064:/.
S ;964; 4:0= @ + , , @, >.
'r6italii de tip s(J0:K* 09 >4:/ >:; (>.3*.
[, L, M, N, O, P, k[, L, M, N, O, P, k
-
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6 1,2,3,dd..
= '
/ '
F9:0 3. O:0=
'r6italii de tip p (@ =0principal "englez#+ 96 ?6 69/: @ :+
, g, .*.
N9/: ;906;
O:0= A @ /:6 = /
2 1 ' 2< A0 2 8 18 32 28 8 2E 2 8 18 32 2$ 8 2F/ 2 8 18 32 3' 8 2M@ 2 8 18 32 31 8 2N4 2 8 18 32 32 8 2
1 2 3 5 ! " 8L: 2 8 18 32 32 $ 2
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R> 2 8 18 32 32 1' 2D 2 8 18 32 32 11 2
Rem&c+5 P6:9 =/6= C:, C9, N, R9, P@, C, T, P, P0,
N, BY ;0:;:; >64/69= @ J:9:K 09 J:;:K 0=;:469=9 @ 96 96= 0= 96=.
D969= (Z1'*, 4=49= (Z789#5 :9:>4:@9= (Z1'!*, 4:9=
(Z1'"*, 069= (Z1'8* /6:9= (Z1'$* 09 >4 4769 ?6 /06
;0=+ ;;=4:406, 6;:4406 0;;=:04: =60:.
Ocu#&e& cu elect"n! & 6n7el!8ulu! elect"n!c >0; 06@ =00
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F9:0 !. =abla de ah a lui >oldansG
04/9= @ ;:4/ 0: ?6 0: >96@0/60= 5 =;:46 3@ 69/0
96 =;:46 G
96 04/ @ ;9:9 0: 1' =;:46 3@ @40: 96 =;:46 GP6:9 9=/= @49 00:, =;070 /= @40:;
9:09= @ 0: 4 :9;9: 0= 6:9 ; = 9/0 09
40= 4;90.
A=;07+
S @/ ;9/ >0; 4;90:0 :09:=4:, 9:09:=4:
;97=4: ;906; 9;;, /9: ; 69/:9= @ =;:46 @6:-9604/ ;:, 0=>= 9 ;6@ Z ;:.
%tratul
61 =1 @; /' 69 @; 4 ;97 ;906;
i2
1 /0/ @4 =;:46
- notaie:.s+(6:9 9:09= ;4/= 4;90*
l E=/6= 96+ H (11*, H (12*.
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%tratul L
6 2 = ' / ' 96 69: 4:0= (22 6:9
9:09=
;4/= 4;90*
/ -1
= 1 / ' 3 4:0= (2!6:9 9:09=
;4/=
/ 1 4;90*
S96 /0/ 8 =;:46 0; :0 (6:9 :09= L ;4/= 4;90
64070 222!*.
l E=/6= ;4:969:070 =;:46;3 L9 L 1221
B:=9 B 1222
5 B4: B 122221
! C0:46 C 122222
" A S [ ]+e1' 323
1" C=4: C= [ ]+e1' 3235
18 A:46 A: [ ]+e1' 323!
D =0 69/:9= ;906; 9:/4:, ;0: ;4:96@ 409=9, 69
?6; ;4/=
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%tratul N
6 = ', 1, 2 3, ;0: 0: > , , @, > @0: 69/0
4: 4;90, 3@ 6:09:070 =;:46;[, L M N
1$ P409 [ [ ]+e1' 323! 1
2' C0=;9 C0 [ ]+e1' 323! 2
S9:09= 0;9/ ;4/= 4;90. C4/=0:0 ;9 =;:46
;4669 ;9 9:09= @ 6: /@0 9:40:, ;0: 9:09=3@. E=/6= =0 ;0: ;4/=0
-
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H:@: 9: @ /:, @ /=9 , 2, 3, 2@, 3@, 3@2.
C46@:/ 4 /4=;9= @ H2S+
U69:= @6: =9: 96 @ $', ;0 ; ?60/6 ;
=9:= 96 @0 @ 4:0= , 6:9 ; 4:0= 96 :6@;9=0:
?6: . L0 $' =9:= >4:/0: @ $', ?60/6 ; 69 -09 >4:/0 =9: :6 4:0=
J9:K.
O :; @ =;:46 @:/6 4 =9: ;/;.
C= /0 /4:06 9: @ :@
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;46>9:070 =;:46; :09= ; :=9= 0: @49 0=67+
U6 =;:46 @ 2 :4/40 2. A>= ;= @49 =9:
69 96 0= (;0 /0 0:*. U69= 69 0: > 6 @>6. C= @49
=9: 96 =0 >= @ 0:, ;0 ; ?60/6 ; ; @4 4:0= :9 >
@6;. O:0= 69 /0 :/6 ; 0/; (
:@
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> @ 12'. L0 :@
-
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Reul++ 69/:9= @ 4:0= :
-
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CA&$T'LUL 9)CA&$T'LUL 9) %$%TMUL $'!$C AL%$%TMUL $'!$C ALLMNTL'#LMNTL'#
-.1-.1 STRUCTURA SISTEMULUI PERIODICSTRUCTURA SISTEMULUI PERIODIC
C=0>;0:0 ;0 /0 6640 0 =/6=4: 0 >4 :49 @
M6@= ?6 06 18!$-18"1. P :/0 0; /0: @;4::, 647960
@ 69/: 04/; 69 :0 ;964;9. L0 0;: =9 M6@= 0 0
/00 04/; 0 =/6=4:. C46@:6@ :9= =/6=4: ?6 4:@60
;:;40: 0 /0=4: 04/;, ;460 ; @6 =4; ?6 =4; 00: =/6
;9 :4:7 ;/; 0/640:. #6 ;46;67 40 ;: :9=
=/6=4: /0 /9= :6@9:, 00 ?6; =/6= ;9 :4:7
0/640: 4:0; 96= 9 0==. S 476 0>= 96 0=
69/sistemul periodic al elementelor.#6 0= 00: 6:9=0:7 69/0 ?6
: =4;9: 069/+ =06@ ?6 ;4=406= :;0= =/6= ;9
:4:7 0/640:, 00: ?6 0= : :; @ =/6, C4-N, A:-
[ T-I, ?6 4:@60 6: 0 /0=4: =4: 04/; ;:;40: (@0: ?6
4:@60 ;4:; 0 69/:=4: 04/;*. A; 6:9=0:7 96 >:
?6/60, >6@; 69 /00 04/; 69/:9= 04/; @:/6 =4;9=
969 =/6 ?6 /9= :4@;, /9= =/6 >6@ 0/;9: @
:.
P :/0 =9 M6@= :09 ;964;9 69/0 !3 =/6. O
:9 ?6:0 @ =/6, 0;0 0 09 ?6;
@;4:. D 0/60 69 ;96409 =/6= :0@40;. D0:
;0: :6: =/6= /0 ;4/96 /9= 69 >9: ;: :4@; 0 =9 M6@=. A;0 0
:4 @;4: /0 :
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;46>4:/ :4:7=4: =4:. A; / 009= ; 96= @6: 0;
=/6 >4:/0=94:9= ;9 469=*G
;= : >0/= @ =/6 :064:/0 =96*
0 >4 :49 @ \:6: :=;0 ;09;:9 =/6 69/:9= ;0:
/0:;0
-
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"rupa ;4=4060 :;0= ;0: ;9:6@ =/6= ;9 0;0
;46>9:07 =;:46; 9=/9= :0. F4:/0 =96 0 /9=9 :4@;
;9:6@ 18 :9 ( 8 :6;0= 1' ;96@0:*.
E=/6= 96 :9 :6;0= ;4676 ?6 04/ =4: 0;=0 69/:
@ =;:46 9=/9= :0. N9/:9= :9 ;4:96@, ?6 ;0
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#6 :40@, 69/:9= =;:46=4: @ 9=/9= :0 0= 04/=4:
=/6=4: @6grupele principale@ ;/ ;46699, 4 @0 ;9 69/:9=
@ 0:;6 69;=0:. L0 :;:0 @6:-4 :40@ ?6 9:/40:0, 69/:9=
=;:46=4: /4@>; :9;.
L0 04/ =/6=4: @6grupele secundare ;4/=0
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@i@i
2
1
jj
R A, B :0;067
P C, D :4@9 @ :0;7sR, sR ;4>;67 4;4/:; 0 0;4:0
E;=:9= ;/; (@6 96; @ @: ;6; * ::
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#6 00 9: 00: 96 ;=:9 :6 ;0: 00 @4;06@ ;0:0;:9= 0/>4: 0/6+
)!))!) +
!))! + + 3
S09 !)2 + +)!)
C46>4:/ = 0;796 /0=4:+
!)
)!)
*
**
2
+=
V0=40:0 >40: /; 0 CH CHO- ;46@9; =0+ (0: CH CHO-*221
21' ++ ===== )!))!)!) *****i
11'=:i ?6 ;46@7 06@0:@ (2$8[ 10/.*. D;
litruionigram**)!)
1' "== + .
I6:4@9;6@ 0;
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9:6; 0=, ;0:0 @ H '- 1 ::
-
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)A
A))A
*
**
+=
+
+
))A
A)
**
**
' 0:
2
'2'
2
2' )A)A)A
)A)A)A))
))A
))AA) *****
*** ++=+==
++
+
++
'2
2 )A)A)A
)A
) *;;
;* ++=+
+=
+== + '
2'
2
=
2
12=
=
2
1
211 )A)A
)A)A)A)A
)A)A
)*
p*
gg*p)
?6:-4 :/ 0:4/07 ;0=;9=9= 40 > /=>;0 069/+ +)* 0:
0=4: >40: /; @;''
)A))A*** + 0:
''
2
)A)A))A
))A **
*
* == +
+
''' =D2
1
2
1=D
2
1=D
2
1=D=D )A)A)A)A)A)A) *p;*;*;*p) ==== +
(96@ )A)A p = = *
E/=9+
S4=97 1 N 0;@ 0;;, 51'3
*!!)*)
5,2'2
15
2
1 ==p)
S4=97 ',1 N 0;@ 0;;, 51'3
*!!)*)
',3*1(2
15
2
1 ==p)
67 0a:e
C46>4:/ 4: B:e6@ 0
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+ +)!)
!)2
#6 /4@ 060=4 40 ;0=;9=0 OH 4=97=4: 0 /=>;0
069/+
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CHO- 0: 0=4: >40: /;, @;+''
%!))!%!)*** 0:
''
2
%!)%!))!%!)
)!%!) **
*
* ==
'' =2
1
2
1=
2
1=
2
1%!)%!)%!)%!) *p*p!) ==
'=2
1
2
11 %!)%!) *pp) += (96@ %!)%!) p = = *
E/=9+
S4=97 1N @:4@ @ 0/469, 51'
!)+)
5,11'2
1
52
1
1 =+=p)
S4=97 1N @:4@ @ 0/469, 51'
!)+)
',11*1(2
15
2
11 =+=p)
c7 %ruri
S96 9067 >4:/0 @6:-96 ;046 B + 96 0646 A ,
;4:96
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!)*!!*)+a 23 ++ +
+ ++ +a)!*!!)*)3
09 !)*!!*) 23 +
+)!*!!)*)3
!)*!!*)
)!*!!)*)
**
**
23
3
=
C46;6:070 0 69 /4@>; 670= @40:; 96 69/: >40:
/; @ 46 0;0 :0;7460
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!)*l+) 2 +++
+ ++ *l)!)+)
>60= !)+)S p*p) 2
1=
2
1" =
E/=9+ +** +)sare 1,' == + 5G1' 5 !)+)!)+) p
',552
1*1(
2
1" ==p)
d)7 %oluii ta4pon acido-6a:ice
S96 / ;/; ;0: :09 96 J4;K @ H :44;0 =0
6:4@9;:0 ?6 ;067 /; @ 0;
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L0 6:4@9;:0 96 /; ;067 @ 0;@ 0: ( * 09 0
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* H + BOH H2O B
*HO BC= BOH C=
?6 >60= H 1- OH 1-[BOH i ',2 .
E/= @ / 0/46+@.1.* CH3COOH CH3COON0
@.2.* NHOH NHC=
CA&$T'LUL ;)CA&$T'LUL ;) #AC/$$ C3$M$C#AC/$$ C3$M$C
:.1:.1 BA9ELE REACIILOR CHIMICEBA9ELE REACIILOR CHIMICE
;).).;).). !F$N$/$!F$N$/$
F64/69= @ :06>4:/0: 0 9067, =0 @ :06>:9= @
6:, :6 ;0: :
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T:06>4:/0:0 9067=4: ?6 0= 9067 ;9 :4:7
64G
T:06>4:/0:0 0:;9==4: (04/, 46, /4=;9=* ?6
0:;9= @ 0= ;9 0= :9;9:G T:06>4:/0:0 =9:=4: ;/; (@>0;:0, >4:/0:0
/4@>;0:0 =9:=4: ;/;*G
S;/9: @ 6: (/4@>;0:0 : 6:; 0 969
/ @ :0;7 :6 @>0;:0 =9:=4: 670=
>4:/0:0 64=4: =9: ;/;*G 0;0 :>: =0
:06>:9= @ ;=@9: 09 >;90:0 09 :=90:0 @ =9;:9
/;06;.
R0;70 ;/; 2 M CO2 2MO C
S90670 /06
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R0;70 6@4:/ :0;70 ;0: @;9: ;9 0;;0: @
;=@9:. E6:0 ;/; 0 :0;067=4: /0 /; @; 0 :4@9=4: @
:0;7 (>.2'*.
R0;70 4:/ :0;70 ;0: @;9: ;9 ;@0: @ ;=@9:.
E6:0 ;/; 0 :0;067=4: /0 /0: @; 6:0 ;/; 0
:4@9=4: @ :0;7 (>.21*.
F9:0 2'.
R0;7 6@4:/+ 222 22 !)!) + ,
k5"' Y]/4=
F9:0 21. R0;7 4:/+ !)!) 222 22 + , k -5"'
Y]/4=
;).);;).); %$%TM MAT#$AL%$%TM MAT#$AL
E 96 060/=9 @ =/6 ;4696 0>=0 ?6 6:0;796.
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Sistemul omogen /9= /0:0= 0=;9 69/0 @6:-4
69: >07 @ 0:0:, ; >4:/0
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$esfurarea reaciei:
F64/6 ;0: 00: ?6: 0:;9= ?6 /9= 96 :0;7 ;/;. N9/:9=
@ /4= (;46;6:070, :960 0:70=* 0 :0;067=4: ;0@ 0: 0
:4@9=4: @ :0;7 ;:.
:.2:.2 TIPURI DE REACII CHIMICETIPURI DE REACII CHIMICE
rincipiile de clasificare a reaciilor chimice
C::9= @ ;=0>;0: E/=
F64/6
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O@0:O@0::0;7 ;/; ;0: @;9:
/9=06 ;9 ;@0:0 @ =;:46
(4@0:* ;9 0;;0: @
=;:46 (:@9;:*.
,nCD)E!CF,nDCC)DCD)D!
@eacii cu modificarea numrului
de oxidare::0;70 ;/; ?6 ;0:
;: 69/:9= @ 4@0: 0= 969
=/6 (4@0:* /9=06 ;9
;@:0 69/:9=9 @ 4@0: 0
0=9 =/6 (:@9;:*.
C: 69/:9= @ 4@0:
' 2 2- 1 2- '
)D C *u! F)D! C *u
R@9;:
@eaciile pariale ale reaciei redox sunt:
oxidare: :0;70 0:70= :6 ;0: 69/:9= @ 4@0: 0= =/6=4:
;: @04: ;@: @ =;:46G
reducere::0;70 0:70= :6 ;0: 69/:9= @ 4@0: 0= =/6=4:
;0@ @04: 0;;: @ =;:46.
articulele 6ntre care se desfoar reacia redox 69/;+
oxidant:0:;06 =0 :0;7, 0= ;:9 69/: @ 4@0: ;0@ @04:
0;;: @ =;:46. O@067 96 0;;4: @ =;:46. O@069=
:@9; ?6 :0;70 :@4.
reductor: 0:;06 =0 :0;7, 0= ;:9 69/: @ 4@0: ;:
@04: ;@: @ =;:46. R@9;4: 96 @464: @ =;:46.
R@9;4:9= 4@04:/0
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Stabilirea ecuaiilor reaciilor chimice pentru reaciile redox
E;907= :0;7=4: ;/; 0=; @9 9:/40:0 ;/+
O@0:+
P:/0 :; :@4 ;4:46@6+ R@1 O1
-
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HC= HC=- (:/0 :; 0;@-0
-
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;)+)9;)+)9 C'M&A#A#A #AC/$$L'# AC$!'-0A1$C CUC'M&A#A#A #AC/$$L'# AC$!'-0A1$C CU#AC/$$L #!'J#AC/$$L #!'J
#eacie acido-6a:ic #eacie redo
P:6 :06>: @ :446 09 =4;/9=06 ;@0:0 0;;0:0 @
:446.
P:6 :06>:9= @ =;:46 09 =4;/9=06 ;@0:0 0;;0:0 @
=;:46.A;@9= @464: @ :446
B0: @ =;:46
-
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L0 0@90:0 :0;9=9 =0 4=970 469=9 @ @44:/ ;:90,
/:09:0 >6@ ;4606, ?6 9600 @ / 4 07 46 @ 9:0>070
;:0=9=9 :; ?6 4=97 ;7 0: 9:0>070 0G 0; ;=:9 0
0 096; ;6@ :4@99= ;46;6:07=4: 46=4: (B A-* 0 00 4
0=40: @:/60. Ow0=@ 0 69/ 0;0 649 ;4606 produs de
solu6ilitate (P*. P:4@99= @ 4=9=0 ;4606 =0 4 /:09:
@0. E= @6@ @ :4@99= ;4>;67=4: @ 0;0 0: 0;0 @ :0
46; 0 4=97.
T:0 46; @>6 :6 9:/40:0 : +
2
1;
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S4=:0 :;0=4: ?6 0 @ 4; 96 :4; 6@4:/
@ 0;0, ;46>4:/ :6;9=9 =9 L C0=:-B:096, 4=9=00
:;0=4: ;: ;9 ;::0 /:09:. L0 ;= /0 /9= :;0
?6, @>:670 ?6: 4=9=00 =0 /:09:0 4:@60: 1''4C 0
@ /; ?6; 4 > >=:0 @6 4=97 >:6, >0 00604 ?6:9;
>:;0:0 6:40: 0 4=97=4: >:67 /9= /0 /; @; 0 ;=4: :;
>=:0:0 =0 ;0=@ @;9: /0 :0@.
;)+);)+) #AC/$$ AL M'LCULL'# '#"AN$C#AC/$$ AL M'LCULL'# '#"AN$C
T9= @ :0;7 C0:0;:;0S997+
AB CD AC
BD
S;/9= @ 04/ 09 :9 @ 04/ ?6:
/4=;9== :0;067=4:.
)*l*l*)*l*) ++ 32A@7+
A B C
U6:0 0 (;= 976* @49 /4=;9= @ :0;067, ;9
>4:/0:0 96 /4=;9= @ :4@9 @ :0;7.
B:22222 *)%r*)%r*)*) +=E=/60:+
A B C
E=/60:0 0 @4 04/ 09 :9 @ 04/ @6
>;0: /4=;9= @ :0;06.
22233 )*)*)*)*) +=T:064;0:0 :9;9: /4=;9= :0;069=9+
333223 *)*)*)*)*)*)*)
*)E
:.-:.- DI9OL0AREA CRISTALELOR IONICEDI9OL0AREA CRISTALELOR IONICE
E 96 >64/6 ;0: 0: =4; ?6 4=97 040 :6 ;0: ;:0==
46; @>0;.
2enomenul de solubilizare ::0;:0 ;:0==4: 46;
9 6>=9670 4=69=9 4=0: (0*, :6 ;0: :
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@=00=, ;0: 96 ?6;469:07 @ 96 ?6= @ /4=;9= @ 0
(?6=9= @ @:00:*.
M;06/9= @ >4:/0: 0 96 4=97 46; 0:0 670 96
6:0;796 9:6; ?6: /4=;9== @4:7= @ 6:0;796 @6: /4=;9== @ 4=6 46 @6
:7090 ;:0=6 96 /0 /0: @; >4:7= @ 6:0;796 @6: 46
@6 :7090 ;:0=6, 0: =4; :4;9= @:6@: 46=4: @6 :7090
;:0=6. I46 4: ?6;469:0 @ /4=;9== 4=69=9. P:4;9=
69/ 4=00:. D0; 4=69= 00, :4;9= 69/ @:00:.
M4=;9== @ 4=6 (00* 96 4=0: 469= ?6;:;0 0 0:0 ?6
9:9= =9 /4=;9== 4:60 ;9 0:0 @ /6 ;46:0:. L0 :6@9= =9,
:/9= :0 @ /4=;9= @ 0 4:60 0 0;7460 09:0 0=4:0 @6
0:4: :6 >4:7 @ 4:60:+
P:/9= :0 @ /4=;9= @ 0 >0 9:6; @ 46 =
@=00
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D6 96; @ @: 6:;, :4;9= @ 4=00:
;0:0;:0;:0 :7=
;:0=6.
D0;, ' dhr ))) , :4;9= 6@4:/ 0: 4=970
0 :; =0 @
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D0;, ' dhr ))) , :4;9= 4:/ 4=970 0
?6;=
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#6: ;46060 @ ;=:9 09 @ 46 0:70= @4;07. L0 ;46;6:07 /0:, @067= /; @6: 46, >0; ;0
0;0 6:0;746=
/06>0:0 6@6@6 0 >;:9 46.
A; 9067 ?6 0: 4=@ ;:0=
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CA&$T'LUL )CA&$T'LUL ) %'LU/$$%'LU/$$
;.1;.1 DEFINIIE. ENERALIT
-
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C) !up concentraie@
0. 4=97 @=90
. 4=97 ;46;6:0.
!) !up proprietile ter4odina4ice (?6 0:;9=0: @9 >4:/0
4670=9=9 ;/;*+
a. soluii ideale (:4:7= =4: 96 :/0 :6 :9=0:7
/=, ;46:4=0 @ ;46;6:07, 6@6@6 @ 609:0 ;/;
0 ;4/4667=4:*
b. soluii reale (/06> 00: @ =0 ;4/4:0:0 @0=,
:4:7= =4: >6@ @6@6 @ 609:0 ;4/4667=4:, @
6:0;7= ?6 4=97 ?6: 0:;9== 9067 @4:7 06 @: \00=*
b. soluii eterodinamice ;6@ /06> 6:0;7 @6;
(/=9+ 6:;7
46-@4= ?6: 4=6 4=9 6;7 46-46 ?6: 0:;9==
4=99=9*.
;.2;.2 M
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)+).)+). C'NCNT#A/$A 'CNTUAL2C'NCNT#A/$A 'CNTUAL2
)+).).)+).). C'NCNT#A/$A 'CNTUAL2 ! MA%2@C'NCNT#A/$A 'CNTUAL2 ! MA%2@
::
-
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)+)+)+)+ C'NCNT#A/$A M'LA#2 8M'LA#$TATA7C'NCNT#A/$A M'LA#2 8M'LA#$TATA7
R:
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/4=1''' 4=6W
(!*
96@+ 0 - ;46;6:070 /4=0=, /4= 1''' 4=6WG
M@- /00 /4=0: 0 4=99=9, WG
/@- /00 4=99=9, W.
)+))+) F#AC/$A M'LA#2F#AC/$A M'LA#2
#6 ;06 >:0;70 /4=0: 0
9067 0+
("*
S9/0 >:0;7=4: /4=0: 0= 99:4: ;4/466=4: 4=97=4:
0= ;9 9600+
&0&&;d1
)+)D)+)D T$T#UL %'LU/$$T$T#UL %'LU/$$
R:
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P:0;; 9=
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- 0@90: @ 4=97 @ 0;0 609: @0: @ ;46;6:07 @>:
( 40 476 0 ;@:0 ; ;::0 ;46;6:07
4=97*.
C0=;9== :>:40: =0 4=97= /=;0 ?6 0/;9= :; 09
=0 0;> ($*
/1 /2d /6 /> (1'*
96@+ /- ;067= @ 4=97 ;0: 0/;, WG
; - ;46;6:07= :4;690= @ /0 0= 4=97=4: ;0:
0/;, WG
1,2,3,d,6
;> - ;46;6:070 :4;690= @ /0 0 4=97 >60=, WG
/>- /00 4=97 >60= 4769, W.
E;9070 ($* ::
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;46;6:07. A; 0= :; 6:9 0 0= ;46;6:070 96 4=97
@6:-4 @:/60: 0 @67.
y3xemplu+ 4=97 @ 0;@ 9=>9:;+
;
W1' 2' 3' ' 5' !' "' 8' $' 1''
;/3W1,'" 1,1 1,22 1,3' 1,' 1,5' 1,!2 1,"3 1,81 1,83!
;.-;.- SOLUBILITATE. SATURAIESOLUBILITATE. SATURAIE
U6= 9067 96 /;= (>4:/0040: ;9:0 5.1. 96 :@0 ;9:= 0:07=4: 4=9=7=4: /0
/9=4: :9: ?6 0, ?6: ' 1''C.
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F9:0 5.1. V0:070 4=9=7=4: /0 /9=4: :9: ?6 0, ?6: '
1''C.
#6 40 /== :4:/040: 0/640:, ;9/ 0: > 9067= ; @>: @40: :6
;4/44:/0 4
4=97 @0= @ B ?6 A ;0 >4:7= ; 0;7460
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> @ 0;0 609: 660 ;0 >4:7= @6: /4=;9== A B ?6
0/;9= ;=4: @49 =;@.
S4=97= >40: @=90 (J4=97 @ @=97 6>6K* ;4/4: ?6
/9= :67 ;0 4=97 @0=.
);)+);)+ C2L!U#$ ! !$1'LVA# $ ! 3$!#ATA#C2L!U#$ ! !$1'LVA# $ ! 3$!#ATA#D0;4: 60=; @ 96 >0;4:
6:4;, ;46>4:/ ;907+
S=)> += (11*
96@+ a% -60=0 =:
aH - 0:070 @ 60=aS - 0:070 @ 6:4.
P:6 @>67, =0 >4:/0:0 96 4=97 @0=, 69 @0 69
;469/ 6:, ;=@9:0 @ @0;4:, ;= 6:4; ;= 60=;. A>0: @ 0;0, /0 :9 =90 ?6
0/ 6:0;796= ?6: A A, B B ?6: A B.
C:0== ;9 :70 /4=;9=0: ;0 @:4;0:9:= 4=@ (0:0>6 09
60>0=6*, 96 4=9= ?6 @:4;0:9: ;0 069= 64:7= @ 0:0;7 @6: /4=;9== 4=99=9 >6@ @ 0;0 609: ;0
>4:7= @6: /4=;9== 4=69=9, >4:7 06 @: \00=, @4:/0:0 @ =9: ?6: /4=;9== 4=99=9 ;9 0= 4=69=9.
S/9=06 @>0; 96 69/: 0= @ =9: ?6 4=6 ?6 4=9. D
0;0 @: 4 0:07 0:;0= 0 60= aH.
H@:4;0:9:= 69 96 4=9= ?6 0 6:9 ; /4=;9== 0
96 96 ?6: = :6 =9: @ @:46 ?6 / ; /4=;9== @
@:4;0:9: 96 96 :6 =9: 06 @: \00=. D6 ;09: 0 0;4: >4:7 69 4 >4:/0 =9: ?6: /4=;9== 4=99=9
0 4=69=9.
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Z00:4 ;00= :9 ;40=67 (>: 0 @0 60: =0
9067 64, 0@; >: 0 :0;7460 ;9 4=97 :;*.
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CA&$T'LUL D)CA&$T'LUL D) CAT$'N$$) CLA%$F$CA#=CAT$'N$$) CLA%$F$CA#=%&A#A# $ $!NT$F$CA#%&A#A# $ $!NT$F$CA#
@.1@.1 ENERALIT
-
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060=;90;0:
@6: = :96@ 6:; ?6 060/=9, :0==
4=00 964: ;46;=9=, 060=09:: ?6 ;46690: 0 060=;0:0 /:9=9
060=
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$on F(CN*!3- F(CN*!- C:O2-
Culoare portocaliu glbui galben$on F(H2O*!2 C4(H2O*!2 M62
Culoare verzui roz intens rou slab$on C:2O"2- M6O- N(H2O*!2
Culoare portocaliu violet verde- ?6 >96;7 @ 69/:9= @ /4=;9= @ 0 =0 @:; @
04/9= @ ;:4/, ;9=40:0 /4@>; @ =0 :@ ?6; =0 4= 0/.
S 0 76 0/0 @ 6:>:67= ;9=4:=4: 46=4: :4:/: ;0: 4 00 =4; ;0: ?6 0/;, /0 0= =0 ;460;
?6@=960 0= 0;90 ;9 /@9= @ =04:04:.
S:9: :4;4; >4:/0;.
D6: :0;7= @ 4:60: 6:9 ;046, /0 @ ?6=6 96 +
- ?6;=
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4769, :: ;9=4: 40 @0 @ 0/6
6@;07 :740 09:0 :4:/0:0 :==4: + 0;0 4:07 ;46 ?6 4:0 964: =/6
;9 4:0 09 ;9 >4>0, 4766@9- ;= @>: ;4=4:0 ?6 >96;7 @
=/69= :96;7 @ ;0:0;:9= 4@06 09 :@9;4: 0= >=;: ?6 ;0: 4769
:=0 (@ /=9 ;42>4:/0=0;:
4@06 ; :@9;40:, 0 =0 ;0=@ ; =0 :; G ;9 2>4:/0=0;: :@9;40:, 0 =0 ;0=@ ; =0 :;, 0: ?6 >=0;:
4@06 476 4 := @ ;9=40: 0=0: =0 :; :@ =0 ;0=@*.
- ;4=4:070 >=;: + ?6 0;0 :0;7 4: ;9=40:0 ;0: 4
/:/ 96 >=;: 6;4=4: @ 0=;: >40: :740 /0 0= ?6 060=
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;0: ;9 00 >4:/007, ;:4/07 0 ;046=4: :9=4: 060=; I-IV M2. S4=9=00 ?6
0 :>; =0 ;0=@. L0 ?6;=" 6@; :@4/60670 964: 0646 ;9 ;0:0;: 0;0 0= H-9=9.
/ comportarea fa de acizi : @0; 90670 69 4=9= ?6 0,
0;@9=0
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C46@7 @ :;0: +
- H-9= H-9= :0;9=9 @ :9 ( HC= *, ?6 ; /0 /; @
1'2M.
- /:09:0 + =0 :; 09 /:09:0 ;0/:.- ;46;6:070 :0;9=9 @ :9 + 2N.
I469= /:;9:4 :4:/ @/:
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7. @eacia cu )*l
A;@9= ;=4:@:; @=90 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: /:;9:40,
;=4:9:0 /:;9:40 (;0=4/=9=* H2C=2, 96 :;0 0= ;0: ?66:
?6 / @04: @;4/96: 0=+
(H22 2NO3-* 2 (H C=-* H2C=2 2(H NO3-*
(H2C=2 HC=2 H*
C9=40:0 0= 0 :;09=9 @0: :6 0@90:0
NHOH, ?6 9:/0 :0;7 @ @/907+
H2C=2 2(NH OH-* C=-H-NH2 H 2H2O (NH C=-*
S >4:/0
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H@:4@9= @ 4@9 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: /:;9:40, 4@9=
/:;9:4, @ ;9=40: 60:, 4=9= ?6 HNO3;46;6:0 CH3COOH
;46;6:0+
H22 2HO- H2O H2O
9. @eacia cu )DS
H@:469= 9=>9:0 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: /:;9:40, 9=>9:0
/:;9:; /:;9: /0=;, 4766@9- 96 :;0 @ ;9=40: 60:+
H22 H2S HS H 2H
J. @eacia cu clorura stanoas
S >4:/04:/0 @6 ;:0= 0;;9=0:G 0;0
@::, :;:0=4:/ @ 0;
:=9;40: 09 ?6 >47+
(P2 2NO3-* 2 (H C=-* PC=2 2(HNO3-*
D. @eacia cu +)HI
I4@9:0 @ 0/469 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: @ =9/ 4@9:0 @
=9/, :;0 @ ;9=40: 0=6, 4=9= ?6 0 >:6 ?6 ; @
:0;+
P2 2(NH I-* PI2 NH
PI2 2(NH I-* PIW (NH*2
E. @eacia cu D*r!H
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C:4/09= @ 409 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: @ =9/ ;:4/09=
@ =9/, @ ;9=40: 0=6+
P2 (2[ C:O2-* PC:O 2[
H. @eacia cu +a!).
H@:4@9= @ 4@9 :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: @ =9/,
@:4@9= @ =9/ @ ;9=40: 0=, 4=9= ?6 ; @ :0;+
P2 2(N0OH-* P (OH*2 2N0
P (OH*2 2(N0OH-* N02P(OH*W
9. @eacia cu )DS.
H@:469= 9=>9:0 :; @6 4=97= 0;@9=0, 69: 09 0=;0=60= :9:=4: @ =9/, 9=>9: @ =9/ 96 :;0 @ ;9=40: 60:+
P2 H2S PS 2H.
@.-@.- SEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILORSEPARAREA I IDENTIFICAREA CATIONILORRUPEI A IIA ANALITICERUPEI A IIA ANALITICE RUPA H RUPA H22S3S3
"eneralitiD6 0;0 :9 060=; >0; 0: 0; ;046 0= ;:4: :9:
4=9=, :; @6 4=97= 0;@, 9 0;7960 H2S, =0 H ',5 9 >4:/
@ 9=>9:. A; ;046 96 +
H2, C92, C@2, B3, A3, A5, S3, S5, S62, S6.
D9 4=9=00 9=>9:=4:, :90 0 II-0 ?/0: ?6 @49 9:9+
a# Subgrupa sulfobazelor - ;0: ;9:6@ ;046 0 ;:4: 9=>9: 09
;0:0;: 06@ 64=9= ?6 0=;0=, :; 9=>9: 4=9=>9: @0/469. D6 0;0 9:9 >0; 0: 9:/4: ;046 +
H2, C@2, C92, B3.
b# Subgrupa sulfoacizilor- ;0: ;9:6@ ;046 0 ;:4: 9=>9: 09 96
;0:0;: 0;@, @9: 0=;0=6, 0=;0=, 9=>9: 4=9=>9:
@ 0/469, >4:/6@ 9=>4:9: 4=9=. D6 0;0 9:9 >0; 0:
9:/4: ;046 +
A3, A5, S3, S5, S62, S6.
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R0;9= @ :9 0= ;046=4: :9 0 II-0 060=; @:469=
9=>9:0, :;0:0 =4: :0=;0= ;9 /=-4=, 6
=0 :09= 0;90 =0 ;9=40:0 0=6-:@ G
- /:09:0 + 8' - 1''CG
- ;46;6:070 :0;9=9 + ',1M H2S.
MERCURUL"H23
7. @eacia cu )DS
C9 ;0469= :9 :9:= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 /:;9:; >4:/04;=4:9: @ ;9=40: 0= + 2HS.HC=2;0: :6 0@90: ?6 ;46690:
@ H2S :; ?6 0=6, 04 :96 6 =0 6:9, 4766@9- 9=>9:0
/:;9:; +
3(H22C=-* 2(2HS-* 2HS.HC=2 (HC=-*
HS.HC=2 H2S 2HS 2(HC=-*
- 9=>9:0 /:;9:; 4=9= ?6 0 :0= (HC= + HNO3 3+1*,
HNO3;46;6:0 =0 >::, 64=9= ?6 (NH*2S2+
3HS !HC= 2HNO3 3HC=2 3S 2NO H2O
D. @eacie cu +)HI
C9 4@9:0 @ 0/469, :9:= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 /:;9:;, :;
4@9:0 /:;9:;, @ ;9=40: :4, 4=9= ?6 ; @ :0;, ;9 >4:/0:0
969 ;4/= @ :04@4/:;9:0 @ 0/469, 6;4=4:.
H2 2I- HI2
HI2 2I- HIW2-
E. @eacia cu +)H!)
S:9:= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 /:;9:; >4:/04:/0 @6 ;=4:9: 0/64-/:;9:; C= - H -
NH2+
(H22C=-* 2(NHOH-* C=-H-NH2 (NHC=-* 2H2O
H. @eacia cu !)
-
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C0469= /:;9:4 >4:/04:/0
-
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2C9(NH3*WSO 8H2O
H. @eacia cu HL2e"*+#JM
F:4;069:0 @ 409, :; @6 4=97= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 @
;9:9, >:4;069:0 @ ;9:9, @ ;9=40: :49-:96, 4=9= ?6 0/460;
64=9= ?6 0;4:/04:/0: @ 4@9: ;9:40 (I* 4@ /4=;9=0:,
?6:9= :;0 >6@ @ ;9=40: /0:469-=9 +
2C92 (NHI-* 2C9I I2 NH
J. *oloraia flcrii
S:9:= 4=0= @ ;9:9 ;4=4:0=0;:0 6;4=4: 0 969 ; @ 0 @
:0> (;:46*, ;0: 6:4@9; 9;; ?6 HC= 04 ?6 >=0;:, 6
;6@ >=0;:0 :/6 6;4=4:, @9 ;0: :>9= @ ;:46 6:4@9; ?6
HC= 04 ?6 0:0 @ ;9:9 9==;: @ 0:0 @ ;9:9.
K. @eacia cu acidul rubeanic / "+)?*/S)D#D
S4=970 0=;44=; @ 0;@ :906;, :; @6 4=97= 0/460;0=
09 =0 0;@ 0= :9:=4: @ ;9:9, 0:0 ;4/= @ ;9:9, :9
4=9= (:90609= @ ;9:9* @ ;9=40: 60:, 64=9= ?6 0/460; ?6 0;
-
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L0 4=970 @ @
-
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F:4;069:0 @ 409 >4:/0:4;069:0 @
;0@/9, 96 :;0 0= 0/4:>, 4=9= ?6 0;6=-;0:04:/0
-
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E. @eacia cu !)
C0469= @ /9 (III*, :; ;9 @:4@9= @ 409, @:4@9=
@ /9, 0=, ;0: ?6=6 94: :6 ?6;=4:/:
@:4@9=9 @ /9= BO(OH*.
B3 3OH- B(OH*3
4
B(OH*3 BO(OH* HOH
H. @eacia cu +)H!)
C9 @:4@9= @ 0/469, :9:= 4=9= 0= ;0469=9 @ /9,:; 9 >4:/ @ @:4@ @ ;9=40: 0=, ;0: ?6=6 =0
?6;=
-
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O :0;7 >40: 6=, :0;70 @ :@9;: ;9 S62;0:
:0=
-
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S 09 9:0 :9 ;9 96 @4 @ =9 :6 ;0: :; 96 9 @
;= >=0. S 00 ;0 /69, =6@ :90 9 6. S 0:6@
0=0;: 4 ;09=
;9 0 :;. S ;460 >4:/0:0 := ;09= 0 96 4=69= @ ;9=40: 0=6 66, 4=9= ?6 9=>9: @ 0/469,
@:4
-
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S9=, @04: ;0:0;:9=9 /0=; 6/0=;, 40 >4:/0+ -
;046 SbEC5 Sb!C"stibil#5 Sb9C5 Sb!DCsau anionii Sb!EE/5 Sb!HE/5 etc.
7. @eacia de hidroliz
C4/9 @ SbEC>4:/04:/09:*.
2SC=3 2H2SS2S3 !HC=
2SC=5 5H2SS2S5 1'HC=
E. @eacia cu baze "+a!)5 !)5 +)H!)#
S9 0;7960 @:4* ;0: @
-
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M0== Z6, F 09 A= :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: @ 9 96
:;0 >6, @ 9 /0=; :@9, 6:9.
2S3 2Z6 2S 3Z62
STANIUL Sn28! Sn:3
7. @eacia de hidroliz
*ompuii staniului hidrolizeaz 6n soluii apoase:
S62 H2O S6(OH*W2-H
S6 !H2O S6(OH*!W2-!H
D. @eacia cu )DS
S9 0;7960 H2S ?6 /@9 94: 0;@, :9:= @ S62 S6, >4:/0
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9. @eacia cu )g*lD
L0 4 4=97 09:0 @ ;=4:9: /:;9:;, 0@09 ;9 : ;=4:9:
0640, 6 476 96 :;0 0= /4 @ ;=4:9: /:;9:40.
L0 0@90:0 969 ; @ ;=4:9: 0640, 476 96 :;0 6:9
@ /:;9: /0=;, :@9.
2(H2 2C=-* (S622C-* H2C=2 (S6C=-*
H2C=2 (S622C=-* (S6C=-* 2H
J. @eacia cu ,n
Z6 /0=; 96 ?6 =:0 069= /0=; @6 :9:= =9 :
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A; ;046 >4:/09:, ;46>4:/ ;907
6:0=
M2 (NH*2S MS 2NH
?6 ;0: M2::9:0 @ 0/469, ?6 /@9 @ ;=4:9: @ 0/469 @:4@ @
0/469, ;0469= @ 0=9/69, :; 9 >4:/ @ @:4@, @ ;9=40:
0=, =0640. E= 0: 96 ;0:0;: 0/>4:, >6@ 4=9= 0 ?6 0;4:/ +
A=(OH*3H3A=O3A=O2- HOH
A=(OH*3 3H A=3 3HOH
A=O2- (N0 OH-* N0A=O2 OH-
D. @eacia cu !)
C9 @:4@9= @ 409, ;0469= @ 0=9/69, >4:/04:/0:0 @:440=9/609=9, ;0: ;9 ;=4:9:0 @ 0/469 ::;
@:4@9= @ 0=9/69.
A=3 OH- A=(OH*3
A=(OH*3 [OH [A=(OH*W
[A=(OH*W NHC= NHA=(OH*W [C=
NHA=(OH*W A=(OH*3 NHOH
E. @eacia cu +)H!)
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H@:4@9= @ 0/469 >4:/04:/04:/0
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H@:4@9= @ 0/469, >4:/04:/04:/04:/ :0;7 +
C:C=3 [M6O 2HOH H2C:O M6O2 [C= 2HC=
K. @eacia de reducere a *rJCla *rEC
R@9;:0 >0; ;9 H2S, [I, FSO09 H2O2, ?6 /@9 0;@, ;9=40:0
4:4;0= 0 ;:4/09=9 :;6@ ?6 :@.
C:2O"2- 3H2S 8H 2C:3 3S "HOH
C:2O"2- !I- 1 H 2C:3 3I2 "HOHC:2O"2- !F2 1 H 2C:3 !F3 "HOH
N. @eacia specific *rJC
L0 4 4=97 @ ;:4/0 @ 409, 0@09 H2SO2M, 6 =0 :0;7
0;@ (4=970 @6 4:4;0=*, 0@09 0 460 (H2O2* 3' G ?6
:4:/0
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- ;:4/09= 0: :4:00 @ 0 :; ;9 99:67, ?6 /@9 0;@, ?6
:4:/:
0;4:/0: (III*, 96 :;0
0=0:9 0/4:>, ;964;9 9 @69/:0 @ {0=0:9 @ B:=6{.
F3 3F(CN*!W- FF(CN*!W3
9. @eacia cu S*+
S9=>4;069:0 @ 409 (:4@069:0 @ 409*, >4:/0: (III*, 4 4=97 :49 6, @ 9=>4;069: >:;, 0 ;: ;4=4:07
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66>; :6 0@90:0 @ [SCN ?6 ;, @04: >4:/: 969
0/; @ ;4/607 ;4/=, 0>= +
F(SCN*2WG F(SCN*3W G F(SCN*W-G F(SCN*5W2-G F(SCN*!W3-.
F3 SCN- F(SCN*W2
J. @eacia cu +)HI
I4@9:0 @ 0/469 >4:/0: (III*,4 4=97 @ ;9=40:
:96, @04: 96: ?6 =:0 0 4@9=9 /4=;9=0:.
2F3 2I- 2F2 I2
K. @eacia cu *)E*!!)
C0469= @ >: (III*, >4:/009= @ 4@9 >4:/0:;, 4
0: ;4/=, 4=9=, ;0: ;4=4:0: (II*, >4:/09:0 >:40, @ ;9=40: 60:.F2 (NH*2S FS 2NH
- 9=>9:0 >:40 4=9= ?6 0;: @ @:46, @:4@9=
>:4, @ ;9=40: 0=, ;0: =0 0: ? ;/ :@ ;9=40:0 @ =0 :@
6 =0 :49-:96.
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E. @eacia cu +)H!)
O 4=97 040 @ 0/460;, :; @:4@9= >:4, @ ;9=40:
0=.
F2 2(NHOH-* F(OH*2 2NH
H. @eacia cu +aD*!E
C0:4609= @ 4@9, >4:/0:4, ;0:4609= >:4, @
;9=40: 0=, ;0: :96>; :6 @: ?6 / @04: 4@:
>4:/: @:4@9=9 >:;.
F2 CO32- FCO3
FCO3 !HOH O2 F(OH*3 CO2
9. @eacia cu EL2e"*+#JM
C0469= @ >: (II*, >4:/0:;069:0 @ 409, >:;069:
>:40, @ ;9=40: 0=0:, 64=9=, ;964;9 9 @69/:0 @
{0=0:9 @ T9:69=={.
3F2 2F(CN*!W3- F3F(CN*!W2
J. @eacia cu Ag+!E
A4:/0: (II*, 0:6 /0=; @
;9=40: :, ;0: =0 ?6;=4:/0 96
4=6:9=9 0=6 =0 >: :0=6, >0; ?6 /@9 @ 0;@9=>9:;, ;9 [M6O.
5F2 M6O- 8H 5F3 M62 HOH
COBALTUL "C"23
7. @eacia cu reactivul grupei
S9=>9:0 @ 0/469, :; @6 4=97= :9:=4: ;40=40, 9=>9:0@ ;40= (II*, @ ;9=40: 60:.
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C42 (NH*2S C4S 2NH
D. @eacia cu hidroxizii alcalini
H@:44:/0
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HN C
S S
N
Co
HC
NICHELUL "N!23
7. @eacia cu "+)H#DS
S9=>9:0 @ 0/469, :; @6 4=97= 69: 0= :9:=4: @ 6;=
(II*, 9=>9:0 @ 6;=, @ ;9=40: 60:.
N2
(NH*2S NS 2NH
D. @eacia du )DS
H@:469= 9=>9:0 69 :; 9=>9:0 @ 6;=, @6 4=97= 0;@ 0=
:9:=4: 0;90. S9=>9:0 @ 6;= 0: ?6, @6 4=97= 94:
0;@9=0 ;9 0;@ 0;;, ?6 :3,", 9
>4:/0 969 :;0 >=4;464.
N2 H2S NS 2H
E. @eacia cu hidroxizii alcalini
C9 @:4@9= @ 409, ;0469= @ 6;= >4:/0
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C0:4609= @ 4@9 09 @ 409, >4:/04:/0 @6:-96 0/; @ ;0:460 :9:
0
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E. @eacia cu +)H!)
H@:4@9= @ 0/469 >4:/09:0 @ 0/469, :; ?6 /@9 0/460;0=, 9=>9:0 @ /0606
(II*, 96 :;0 @ ;9=40: :4
;4/=, =9;:0:67 @ :9: 4=9= @ /0606, ?6
:;,
@04: 4@:.
M62 (NH*2S M6S 2NH
2M6S 32O2 3HOH 2M6(OH*3 2S
- :6 >::0 9=>9: @ /0606 ;9 ; @ 9=>9: @ 0/469, 476 4 0:07 :@ 0 9=>9:, ;9 9:/40:0 :9;9: + 3M6S-H2O
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D. @eacia cu +)H!)
C9 @:4@9= @ 0/469, ;0469= @ /0606 (II*, >4:/04:/0:;069: /060640 + M63F(CN*!W2
K. @eacia de reducere a nJC
P:6 :;:0 969 ;9:6 @ @:46 9=>9:0 :6:-4 4=97 0;@9=0
@ :/06060 @ 409, 4: @;4=4:0:0 4=97 96:0 ?6
=:0 0 9=>9=9.2M6O- 5H2S !H 2M62 5S 8HOH
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I4@9:0 @ 409 :@9; :/060609= @ 409 =0 0: /060640.
#6 0; ;0< 4=970 ;4=4:0
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A;@9= 9=>9:; @=90 9=>07 4=9=, :;, @6 4=97= :9:=4:
@ 0:9, 9=>0 @ 0:9, 96 :;0 0= ;:0=6. P:;09= @ 9=>0 @
0:9, 40 > 4769 :6 0;7960 96 4=97 09:0 @ 9=>0 @ ;0=;9,
?6 0; ;0< >4:/06, 0= (@4: @ S:2*.
B02 C0SO B0SO C02.
H. @eacia cu HL2e"*+#JM
F:4;069:0 @ 409 :; @6 4=97 >40: ;46;6:0 0=
:9:=4: @ 0:9, ?6 ::4;069: @9= @ 0:9 0/469.
B02 F(CN*!W- B0(NH*2F(CN*!W
9. @eacia cu rodizonatul de sodiu / +aD*J!J.
R4@
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E. @eacia cu D*r!H
P:6 0;7960 ;:4/09=9 @ 409 09:0 4=97=4: ;46;6:0 @
:9: @ :4679, 476 ;:4/09= @ :4679, 96 :;0 @ ;9=40:
0=6, 4=9= ?6 0;@ 0;; (: @4: @ ;0469= @ 0:9* 0;4:/0
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L0 4=970 060=:4;069: @ 409 2N, ?6;=40: ;46;6:0.
C02 F(CN*!- 2NH C0(NH*2F(CN*!
H. @eacia cu )DS!H
A;@9= 9=>9:;, :;9/ 9=>07 /0==4: 0=;0=6, :; @6
4=97 >40: ;46;6:0 0= :9:=4: @ ;0=;9, 9=>09= @ ;0=;9, 96
:;0 0= ;:0=6.
C02 H2SO C0SO 2H
9. *oloraia flcrii
S:9:= 4=0= 0= ;0469=9 @ ;0=;9, ;4=4:0=0;:0 6;4=4: 0
969 ; @ 0
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R0;9= ;= /0 6= 6:9 ;0469= @ 409
06:4;40=09= @ 4@9. P:6 0;7960 0;9 :0; 09:0 4=97
96 : @ 409, 0;@9=0 ;9 0;@ 0;;, >4:/0
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N0 M(UO2*3(CH3COO*8 CH3COO- N0M(UO2*3(CH3COO*$
- ;:0== @ ;9=40: 0=6, >4:/0
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9. @eacia cu +aDS.
O 4=97 040 @ 9=>9: @ 4@9, :; ;4/= 469= @
/064:/ @ @:4@.
M2 N02S HOH M(OH*2 2N0 H2S
J. @eacia cu +aD)!H
P6:9 476:0 969 :;0 ;0:0;:;, 4=970 060=0 @4@;,
?6;=
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D0; ?6 04: :4 /0 9 :0:0, 76 4 : @ >=:9
/90 ?6:-4 4=97 @ 04:/ :0;7+
H
NH3 2H2(NO3*2 HOH O NH2NO3
H
04:/0
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@:469=9 9=>9:0, 9=>9: @ 0/469 ;0:4609=9 @ 0/469,
0: 0646 ?6 :9 060=;.
A0 69/7 :0; @ :9, ?6:9670
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Caracteri:are general
A646 + >=94:9:, ;=4:9:, :4/9: 4@9: 96 6:07 @
=/6= :9 0 VII-0 0 /9=9 :4@; 0= =/6=4:.
H0=46 @
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Ap de clor - - B: 2- 4=. :96?6 0, ?6 CC=
I2- 0=6-;460; ?6 4=040, 4=?6 CC=
+Cr+'E - C:OC=2-04: :96
B:2C:3-.:96, 4=.:@
I2C:3- .6:9, 4=:@
3gCl+ - - - HI2- . :49;0:/6, 4= ?6; @ I
.-.- REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINRUPA 0IARUPA 0IA PRINCIPAL0; 0: @6 :90 0 VI-0 :6;0=, 9=>9=
=/69= ;0: >4:/09= >4:/09:0, ?6 ;0: 9=>9=
0=6 =;:460, 4 : @ 40;9:;,
H2S2O3, 0;@9= 49=>9:;,
H2SO3, 0;@9= 9=>9:4
H2S2O8,0;@9= :9=>9:;
P:4:7= ;/; 0= 0646=4: :9 0 VI-0 060=; 09 >4
/0
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HNO3@=.
Acetat deplu46
PSO-. 0=4=9= ?60=;0=
P(HSO*2PSO- .0=
PS2O3-. 0= , @;4/96=0 ;0=@
PSO3- .0=, 4=9=?6 HNO3;46;.
PS - .6:9, 4=.?6 HNO3;46;.
+Cr+'E
83
7
- - C: 3SO2-SO!2--4=97 :@
C:3SO2--4=97 :@
C:3S -4=. :@. 0=-=9
Mn';837
- - M62[HSO-6;4=4:
M62[HSO-6=4=4:
M62 S4=6;4=4:. 0=-0=9
#odi:onatde 6ariu
P. :49-@;4=4:0: =0 0=
D;4=4:0:. @6 :49?6 0=
- P. :49:; ?6 :96-:4;0
-
3g+8N'97+ - - HS H SO2-.6:9
H SO2-. 6:9
HS2.6:9
Ap declor- - HSO-C=-
6;4=4:HSO-C=-
6;4=4:SC=-.>6 0=-=9
.:.: REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINRUPA A 0A PRINCIPAL4
/0 @;: /4@ @ @6>;0: 6:9 40646 04>4:9=9.
Anion#eactiv
N'9- N'+-
3+%';concentrat
NONO2-0< @ ;9=40: :96 NO NO2 0< @ ;9=40: :96
AgN'9 - -Fe%'; F2 F34=. 0=6-:96 F2 F34=. 0=6-:96
1n84etalic7n pre:) deNa'3
#66: :0 /:60 ;9H2(NO3*2
#66: :0 /:60 ;9H2(NO3*2
di(enil-a4in
- ;4=4:07 0=0: - ;4=4:07 0=0:
antipirin-soluie O
-;4=4:07 :49 ;0:/6, 6:4-06:6
- ;4=4:07 :@, 6:4
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Anion#eactiv
&';9-
AgN'9 - . 0=6 @ A3PO 4=9= ?6 NH3
0aCl+-. 0= @ B0HPO
FeCl9 -. 0=6 @ FPO
.;.; REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINRUPA A I0ARUPA A I0A PRINCIPAL:;
67
CH3COOH
/:4 @ 47
CO2 CO,
=0 ;0=@
;0:46
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AgN'9 ACO3 -
. 0=,
@;. ?6
/, ?6
A2O .6:9
. 69/0 @6
4=97 ;46;.
@ 0;0 -
0= ;:0=6
A2C2O
.0=
4=9= ?6
NH3
HNO3
A2CO!H
.0=
4=9= ?6
NH3
HNO3
ASCN
0=
4=9= ?6
NH3 ?6
; @SCN-
0aCl+ B0CO3 -
. 0=
;:0=6
- B0C2O
.0=
B0CO!H
0=
-
Acetat
de
plu46
- - - - P(SCN*2
- 0=
.@.@ REACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINREACII DE IDENTIFICARE A ANIONILOR DINRUPA A IIIARUPA A IIIA PRINCIPAL= =6 /04:07, 0;@ 4:; @:4@ @
4@9, 0>=+
N02BO" 3HOH 2N02BO2 2H3BO3
N0BO2 2HOH N0OH H3BO3
H@:4== ?6; ?6 4=97 >40: @=90 @ 4:0
69/0 0;@9= 4:;. B4:07 96 :=0 :9 4=9=, @
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7. @eacia cu %a*lD
C=4:9:0 @ 0:9, >4:/0
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6;4=4: 6;4=4: A=, S6, H, 0=;0=6,
T, SO2
6;4=4: 6;4=4:
6;4=4: 0= /0= C0, S:, B0,M6, 6;4=4: 6;4=4:
6;4=4: 6;4=4: \ 0=0: -
6;4=4: 6;4=4: P, B, C@, S, Z6. 6;4=4: ;69
40= 6:060:6 A - ;69
0=0: 0=0: C4 0=0: 0=0:
:@ 0=0: C9 :4 :4
:@ :@ C: :@ :@
4= 4= M6 4= 4=
0=6 0=6-:0 4 /4@ @ 0:0: ;0: 0: =0 064/69=
@ 0@4:7 09 @ :0:7 @>:670 0 964: 9067 ?6: 4 >0
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07460: 4 >060 @>: >07 @ >04=4 ?6 ;4 060=;, :0:0 =0 ;0:
6@9:0=.
M4@= ;:4/04:0>; 4 > ;=0>;0 ?6 >96;7 @+ >04:/0670 6; /;06/9= @ 0:0:.
Fa:a staionar 4 9067 09 0/; @ 9067 4=@,
96 >=/ 97: 09 =;@ 0=;0 9:0>070 969 94: 4=@ :6
=9: ;/;. F06, 0: 4 4:407 ;>; /0:. D/696= 0:;9==4: @6@ @ 0:060
6; 0=0 (;:4/04:0> :0 97:, ;4=406 @; 09
?6;.
E/= @ >06 ;:4/04:0>0 ;9
>000
-
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S=06 O;0=06 O;0@;==06
:4;@9:0 69/ 0:0: ;9 >096;7 @ 4=9=00 =4: ?6 =96 @
0>600 ;4/466=4: 6:9 >00 ;=0>; ?6
;:4/04:0> =;@ ;:4/04:0> 0; @9 9= 94:9=9, ;9 >04:/0670 6; 9= @ 94:, ;:4/04:0>0 40 >+
;:4/04:0> ;4=406 @; ;:4/04:0> ;4=406 ?6; 0:
?6 >96;7 @ >04=4 =0 0:0:,
;:4/04:0>0 ;4=406 9;=0>; ?6+
Cro4atogra(ie pe coloan desc5is
C:4/04:0>0 :
C:4/04:0>0 :0 97:
C:4/04:0>0 ;4=406 @; @ ;=
Cro4atogra(ie pe coloan nc5is ;:4/04:0>0 @ 00 @ =;@ + ;4=406 @ ;= 09 @ 47=, =0
:96 40 (FPLC* 09 ?60= (HPLC*
#6 0=9= @ /0 4 96 ;=0>;0 6;= ;:4/04:0>; ?6 >96;7 @
/;06/, >0;0:0 6;=4: ;:4/04:0>; ?6 >96;7 @ /;06/, >0
-
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3. S;/46;lll
S;/4: @ 462 S4=97 0;;90 : (CH*, :0 97: (CSS*, ;4=406 @; (CC*
;4=406 ?6; (HPLC*
ll E>;90 :0 97: (CSS* 09 ;4=406 @; (CC*
?6; @ 47= (HPLC*
lll E>;90 6; ;4=406 @; 09 ?6; @ ;= =0 :96
40 (LPLC - L4w P:9: Lv9@ C:4/04:0g*1
-
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C:4/04:0>0 @ 0@4:7 ( ;4=406 09 :0 97:* >4=4
96 0@4:06 4=@ (SO2, MO, Y=9:, 064/69=
@ 0;696 ;0=0: @-0 =969= 0@4:69=9, ;9 094:9= 969 =96
(>00 @ =;@* 09 @ 96 00 @ 0 0@4: /0 =0
(;= 64=0:* 0: 0== /0 9:6; (;= 4=0:*, ;9 0 /0 /9= ;9 ;
96 /0 4=0:. #6 ;46;67, @9 =90: 4: @6 ;4=406 ?6
;4/466= 64=0: :6@ ;= /0 4=0:. C:4/04:0>0 @
=;@ ;0: >4=4 0; >64/6 69/ {;:4/04:0> ;9 >00 @ 04=4 0; >64/6
69/ %SC 0@; {;:4/04:0> 0000 >4=4; >00 @ 00
@ :0:7 (CR* @ =;@ (HPLC*.
C:4/04:0>0 @ :0:7 0070 >004=4 =;0=9=, ;=0,
;=9=40
4=0: (SO2, MO, Y=9:* =0 ;/; @ 96 4=6 64=0:
(4;0@;==06 640 C18, 4;==06 C8*, 69/6@9- 0>= {>006@ 99 96 :0:7 ?6:4=69= 64=0: >0 >00
-
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@ ;4>;69= @ :0:7, 0;0 4: =/60 :0 @6 ;4=406, ?6
4:@60 @:; 0 4=0:7. A>=, ?6 4: > =/60 ;4/466=
4=0: 04 :6@ ;4/466= :0@0 /0 64=0:. C6@ >0 000 @
{;:4/04:0> =;@ ;9 >0070 94:9=9 4=@ /:60 ;9 96 >=/ @
@:4;0:9: 64=0:, ; >4:/000 ;9 >00 @
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