9 filosofia religiei - tonysss.files.wordpress.com · filosofia religiei suhfdu vxe udsruw ydorulf...

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9 FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI ÌQHSRFLOHGHFUL] œLVDXSHGXUDWDXQRUWXOEXU ULLQWHULRDUH SHUVLVWHQWH RDPHQLL UHFXUJ OD ILORVRILH VDX OD UHOLJLH vQ F XWDUHD unor tehnici de salvare. Nu este vorba de un refugiu oarecare, ci GH XUJHQ D >UH@GREkQGLULL HFKLOLEUXOXL H[LVWHQ LDO SULQ VLWXDUHD œL judecarea omului ca întreg - œL SRVHVRU DO XQXL VHQV URVW DO YLH LL - vQ XQWUXO XQHL YL]LXQL JOREDOH GHVSUH VLQH œL OXPH 3ULQ XUPDUHFUHGLQ HOHUHOLJLRDVHQXSRWILH[SOLFDWH-DœDFXPSURSXQH un ateism plat - SULQ LJQRUDQ œL IULF 3RUQLP GH OD SUHPLVD F religiile nu satisfac numai - œL QX vQ SULPXO UkQG - R WUHEXLQ GH FXQRDœWHUHœLSULQXUPDUHvPSRWULYDUHOLJLHLQXSRWILLQYRFDWHOD PRGXO VHULRV GHVFRSHULULOH œWLLQ LILFH ’DF H[LVW XQ conflict, DWXQFLDFHVWDSRDWHILORFDOL]DWvQWUHLQWHUSUHWDUHDUHOLJLRDV DOXPLL œL RPXOXL œL SH GH DOW SDUWH R LQWHUSUHWDUH ILORVRILF DWHLVW D FXQRœWLQ HORU œWLLQ LILFH ’HFL RSR]L LD SRVLELO VH DIO vQO XQWUXO &RQüWLLQ D XQHL OXPL UHDOH üL VHPQLILFDWLYH HVWH VWUkQV OHJDW GH GHVFRSHULUHD VDFUXOXL 3ULQ H[SHULHQ D sacrului, spiritul omenesc a surprins GHRVHELUHD GLQWUH FHHD FH VH UHOHY FD UHDO SXWHUQLF ERJDW üL VHPQLILFDWLY üL FHHD FH QX SRVHG DFHVWH FDOLW L DGLF IOX[XO KDRWLF üL SULPHMGLRV DO OXFUXULORU DSDUL LLOH üL GLVSDUL LLOH ORU vQWkPSO WRDUH üL OLSVLWH GH sens". (Mircea Eliade)

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Page 1: 9 FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI - tonysss.files.wordpress.com · filosofia religiei suhfdu vxe udsruw ydorulf d rpxoxl 1lyhoxo vdfux fxsulqgh wrwghdxqdfhhdfhhvwhdxwhqwlf ydorurv fxdghy udwvhpqificativ,

9 FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI ÌQ�HSRFLOH�GH�FUL] �úL�VDX�SH�GXUDWD�XQRU�WXOEXU UL�LQWHULRDUH�SHUVLVWHQWH�� RDPHQLL� UHFXUJ� OD� ILORVRILH� VDX� OD� UHOLJLH� vQ� F XWDUHD�unor tehnici de salvare. Nu este vorba de un refugiu oarecare, ci GH� XUJHQ D� >UH@GREkQGLULL� HFKLOLEUXOXL� H[LVWHQ LDO� SULQ� VLWXDUHD� úL�judecarea omului ca întreg -� úL� SRVHVRU� DO� XQXL� �VHQV��� �URVW�� DO�YLH LL� -� vQ XQWUXO� XQHL� YL]LXQL� JOREDOH� GHVSUH� VLQH� úL� OXPH�� 3ULQ�XUPDUH��FUHGLQ HOH�UHOLJLRDVH�QX�SRW�IL�H[SOLFDWH�-�DúD�FXP�SURSXQH�un ateism plat -� SULQ� LJQRUDQ � úL� IULF ��3RUQLP�GH� OD�SUHPLVD� F �religiile nu satisfac numai -� úL�QX� vQ�SULPXO� UkQG� -�R� WUHEXLQ �GH�FXQRDúWHUH��úL��SULQ�XUPDUH��vPSRWULYD�UHOLJLHL�QX�SRW�IL�LQYRFDWH�OD�PRGXO� VHULRV� GHVFRSHULULOH� úWLLQ LILFH�� 'DF � H[LVW � XQ conflict, DWXQFL�DFHVWD�SRDWH�IL�ORFDOL]DW�vQWUH�LQWHUSUHWDUHD�UHOLJLRDV �D�OXPLL�úL� RPXOXL�� úL�� SH� GH� DOW � SDUWH�� R� LQWHUSUHWDUH� ILORVRILF � DWHLVW � D�FXQRúWLQ HORU� úWLLQ LILFH��'HFL�� RSR]L LD� SRVLELO � VH� DIO � vQO XQWUXO

�&RQüWLLQ D� XQHL� OXPL� UHDOH� üL�VHPQLILFDWLYH� HVWH� VWUkQV� OHJDW � GH�GHVFRSHULUHD� VDFUXOXL�� 3ULQ� H[SHULHQ D�s a cru lu i , s p ir i t u l om enes c a s urp r ins GHRVHELUHD� GLQWUH� FHHD� FH� VH� UHOHY � FD� UHDO��SXWHUQLF�� ERJDW� üL� VHPQLILFDWLY�� üL� FHHD� FH� QX�SRVHG � DFHVWH� FDOLW L�� DGLF � IOX[XO� KDRWLF� üL�SULPHMGLRV� DO� OXFUXULORU�� DSDUL LLOH� üL�GLVSDUL LLOH� ORU� vQWkPSO WRDUH� üL� OLSVLWH� GH�s ens ".

(Mircea El ia d e)

Page 2: 9 FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI - tonysss.files.wordpress.com · filosofia religiei suhfdu vxe udsruw ydorulf d rpxoxl 1lyhoxo vdfux fxsulqgh wrwghdxqdfhhdfhhvwhdxwhqwlf ydorurv fxdghy udwvhpqificativ,

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

�ILORVRI ULL��vQWUH�SULQFLSLL�LQWHUSUHWDWLYH��FUHGLQ H��RS LXQL�YDORULFH�úL� DWLWXGLQL� SRODUH�� 'H� DOWIHO�� UHOLJLD� vQV úL� RIHU � SUHPLVH� GH�LQWHUSUHWDUH�D�VHPQLILFD LLORU�úWLLQ HL�FRQWHPSRUDQH� Nu ne propunem discutarea -� vQ� FHHD� FH� XUPHD] � - a SRVLELOLW LL� XQHL� ILORVRILL� UHOLJLRDVH� vQ� VHQVul riguros al WHUPHQXOXL�� FL� GRDU� HYLGHQ LHUHD� FkWRUYD� WU V WXUL� GLVWLQFWLYH� DOH�UHOLJLHL� GLQ� XQJKLXO� XQHL� LQWHUSUHW UL� ILORVRILFH� OLSVLWH� GH�SUHMXGHF L�LQL LDOH� ���5HOLJLD�SULYLW �FD�ILORVRIDUH /D� IHO� FD� úL� ILORVRILD�� UHOLJLD� HVWH� R�PDQLIHVWDUH� VSLULWXDO �IRDUWH�FRPSOH[ �FDUH��SULQ�DULH�SUREOHPDWLF �úL�ILQDOLW L��DFRSHU �R�JDP � ODUJ � GH� LQWHURJD LL� úL� WUHEXLQ H� XPDQH�� 5HOLJLLOH� VXQW�� GH�IDSW��vQFHUF UL�GH�ILORVRIDUH�DVXSUD�OXPLL�úL�RPXOXL��vQFKHJDWH�vQV ��GXS � DOWH� ULJRUL� GHFkW� FHOH� DOH� ILORVRILHL� propriu-zise. Aceste FRQFHS LL�VXQW�vQWHPHLDWH�SH�GLVWLQF LD�VDFUX-profan. 6DFUDOL]DUHD� HVWH� DWLWXGLQHD� SULQ� FDUH� VH� DFRUG � FUHGLW�SVLKRORJLF� QHFRQGL LRQDW� XQRU� UHDOLW L� FRQVLGHUDWH� FD� DEVROXWH��ÌQWRWGHDXQD� H[LVWHQ D� XPDQ � FRQFUHW �� LQGLYLGXDO � úL� FROHFWLY ��IXQF LRQHD] �úL�HYROXHD] �QXPDL�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�XQ�RUL]RQW�VLPEROLF��YDORUL��VHPQLILFD LL��QRUPH��vQ HOHVXUL��FDUH�HVWH�DEVROXW��RULJLQDU��QHFRQGL LRQDW�� LQDOWHUDELO� úL� FRQVLGHUDW� FD� VFRS� VXSUHP� DO� DFWHORU�FRQFUHWH�� LPSHUDWLY��VIkQW��SHQWUX�DF LXQH��)D de reperele sacre QX� VH� DFFHSW � vQGRLDOD� úL� FRQWUDDUJXPHQWHOH�� HOH� VXQW� RELHFWH� GH�GHYR LXQH� QHFRQGL LRQDW �� 6DFUDOL]DUHD� DUH� VHQV� ODUJ�� ILLQG�SUDFWLFDW � úL� vQ� OHJ WXU � FX� FRQ LQXWXUL� ODLFH� �LGHDOL]DUHD� XQRU�HYHQLPHQWH�LVWRULFH��SHUVRQDOLW L��YDORUL��PLWL]DUHD�DFWXDO �D�XQRU�FUHDWRUL� ú�D�P�G���� 'H� DFHHD�� QX� RULFH� VDFUDOL]DUH� HVWH� GH� WLS�UHOLJLRV�� &HD� UHOLJLRDV � DUH� XQ� DQXPH� VSHFLILF� FH� FRQVW � vQ�FRQ LQXWXULOH�úL�YDORUL] ULOH�DSDUWH�SH�FDUH�OH�SURSXQH� 5HOLJLLOH� LQWURGXF� R� GHGXEODUH� D� OXPLL�� 3H� GH� DOW � SDrte, OXPHD� GLYLQ � -� SRSXODW � FX� SHUVRQDMH�� VHPQLILFD LL� FDUH� GHS úHVF�UHDOLWDWHD� QHPLMORFLW �� SH� GH� DOW � SDUWH�� OXPHD� LPHGLDW �� SURIDQ ��

Page 3: 9 FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI - tonysss.files.wordpress.com · filosofia religiei suhfdu vxe udsruw ydorulf d rpxoxl 1lyhoxo vdfux fxsulqgh wrwghdxqdfhhdfhhvwhdxwhqwlf ydorurv fxdghy udwvhpqificativ,

FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

SUHFDU � VXE� UDSRUW� YDORULF�� D� RPXOXL�� 1LYHOXO� VDFUX� FXSULQGH�WRWGHDXQD�FHHD�FH�HVWH�DXWHQWLF��YDORURV��FX�DGHY UDW�VHPQificativ, PRGHOXO� DEVROXW� D� F UXL� H[LVWHQ � QX� GHSLQGH� GH� QLPLF�� 6DFUXO�UHOLJLRV� GHVHPQHD] � OXPHD� GLYLQ � �GLYLQLW L�� FDUH� DUH� IXQF LL�FUHDWRDUH�� RULHQWDWLYH� úL� GH� VXSUDYHJKHUH� FRQWLQX � vQ� UDSRUW� FX�OXPHD�UHDO ��6DFUXO�HVWH��vQ�XQHOH�UHOLJLL��GLQFROR�GH�OXPHD�UHDO ��vQ�DIDUD�DFHVWHLD��HVWH�WUDQVFHQGHQW ���LDU�vQ�DOWH�UHOLJLL�VH�VLWXHD] �vQ�straturile de adâncime inaccesibile direct, imperceptibile, ale lumii SURIDQH�� ÌQ� DPEHOH� FD]XUL�� GLYLQLWDWHD� H� FDUDFWHUL]DW � SULQ�KLHURIDQLH��vQ�VHQVXO�F �VH�vQWUXFKLSHD] ��VH�DUDW ��VH�IDFH�YL]LELO �SULQ� DQXPLWH� IHQRPHQH� UHDOH� �SURFHVH� QDWXUDOH�� I SWXUL�� LQGLYL]L�XPDQL��VLWXD LL�ú�D�P�G���FDUH�VXQW�VHPQH�DOH�GLYLQLW LL��+LHURIDQLD�QX� H� QLFLRGDW � WRWDO �� (D� FXSULQGH� PDL� PXOWH� LQGLFLL�� ID HWH� úL��DU W UL�� SDU LDOH� DOH� GLYLQLW LL�� 1LYHOXO� VDFUXOXL� UHOLJLRV� GHYLQH�DFFHVLELO� GRDU� SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO� DQXPLWRU� ULWXDOXUL� úL� WHKQLFL�VSLULWXDOH��5HOLJLD�VH�GHRVHEHúWH�GH�PDJLH�úL�PLWRORJLH��0DJLD�HVWH�XQ�XWLODM� VSLULWXDO� VSHFLILF� VRFLHW LORU� DUKDLFH� �� úL� FX� vQGHOXQJDW �VXSUDYLH XLUH�LVWRULF ���FDUH�DUH�FRQ LQXWXUL�GLQ�VXUVH�IRDUWH�GLIHULWH�úL�FX�VHPQLILFD LL�HWHURJHQH��PDJLD�HVWH�VLQFUHWLF ��SHQWUX�F �HVWH�FDUDFWHUL]DW � SULQWU-o fuziune a valorilor. Prin anumite FRPSRQHQWH�DOH�VDOH��HD�YD�HYROXD�VSUH�DUW ��vQ�P VXUD�vQ�FDUH�YRU�fi speFLDOL]DWH� FRQ LQXWXULOH� úL� IRUPHOH� VSHFWDFXODUH�� FHUHPRQLDOH��De obicei, ritualurile imitative reproduc, sub forma unui spectacol JUDWXLW�� SURFHVH�� DFWH�� RFXSD LL� vQWU-R� VXFFHVLXQH� ORJLF � úL�VHPQLILFDWLY �I U �FD�DFHDVWD�V �DLE �R�ILQDOLWDWH�SUDFWLF ��XWLOLWDU ��Obiceiurile folclorice (cântece, dansuri, motive ornamentale etc.) VXQW�� DVW ]L�� UHFHSWDWH� QXPDL� SULQ� GLPHQVLXQHD� ORU� VSHFWDFXODU � - HVWHWLF �� vQV � LQL LDO� DX� IRVW� ULWXDOXUL� FX� VHPQLILFD LH� PDJLF ��DFHDVW � VHPQLILFD LH� V-a pierdut, rezultând în receSWDUH� R� DUW �SRSXODU ��3ULQ�FRQ LQXWXULOH�GH�FXQRDúWHUH�HIHFWLY �D�UHDOLW LL� �SH�FDOHD�H[SHULHQ HL�VHOHFWLYH���DQXPLWH�ULWXDOXUL�DQWUHQHD] �UDSRUWXUL�cauzale, logice, obiective, fiind de aceea, la baza originii istorice a H[SHULPHQWXOXL� úWLLQ LILF� �GH� SLOG �� XQHOH� ULWXDOXUL� GH� PHGLFLQ �SRSXODU ��� 2ULFH� ULWXDO� PDJLF� HVWH� HILFLHQW� vQ� P VXUD� vQ� FDUH�

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DQWUHQHD] � SURFHVH� úL� WHKQLFL� SVLKRORJLFH� FRPSOH[H�� FDUH� SRW� IL�considerate ca prime ipostaze istorice-culturale ale experimentului psihologic. E vorba de procese� FD�� RE LQHUHD� XQHL� FRQFHQWU UL�DFXWH�FX�UH]XOWDWH�EHQHILFH��GHFODQúDUHD�DXWRVXJHVWLHL�úL�LPSOLFDUHD�IHQRPHQHORU� GH� VXJHVWLH� úL� VXJHVWLELOLWDWH�� IXQF LD� DXWRUHJODWRDUH�SH�FDUH�SVLKLFXO�R�DUH�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�VLQH�úL�FX�VWUXFWXULOH�ELRORJLFH�ú�D�P�G�� 1XPDL� DQXPite elemente din ritualul magic vor evolua VSUH� UHOLJLH�� UHVSHFWLY� DFHOHD�SULQ� FDUH� VXQW� LQYRFDWH� úL� LPSORUDWH�DQXPLWH�IRU H��VSLULWH�HWF��GLVWLQFWH�GH�UHDOLWDWHD�XPDQ �úL�QDWXUDO ��6SHFLDOL]DUHD� DFHVWRU� FRQ LQXWXUL� GHPRQRORJLFH� �GHPRQLFH�� YRU�circumscrie UHOLJLR]LWDWHD�FD�WLS�GH�VSLULWXDOLWDWH�VHQVLELO�GHRVHELW �de magie. 0LWXULOH�QX�VXQW�vQF �UHOLJLL�GHFkW�vQWU-un sens foarte larg. (OH�SURSXQ�H[SOLFD LL�úL�LQWHUSUHW UL�FX�SULYLUH�OD�DQXPLWH�GRPHQLL�úL� LSRVWD]H� DOH� H[LVWHQ HL� vQ� GLUHFW � OHJ WXU � FX� UHDOLWatea psiho-FXOWXUDO � D� FROHFWLYLW LORU� XPDQH� DIODWH� vQ� ID]H� FRQFUHWH� GH�HYROX LH� LVWRULF �� /XPHD� PLWLF � SURSXQH� H[SOLFD LL� úL� PRGHOH�H[HPSODUH�DQXPLWRU�WUHEXLQ H�FRQFUHWH�GH�RUGLQ�FROHFWLY��0LWXULOH�DX� IXQF LRQDOLWDWH� YDORULF �� DX� HILFLHQ �� vQ� P VXUD� vQ� care VHPQLILFD LLOH�ORU�VXQW�SUDFWLFDWH�HIHFWLY��3ULQ�HOH�VH�FRQFUHWL]HD] �RS LXQL�� UHSHUH�� PRWLYD LL�� VHQVXUL� úL� MXVWLILF UL� YDORULFH� SHQWUX�YLD D�LQGLYLGXDO �úL�FROHFWLY ��DX�IXQF LH�LQWHJUDWLY �úL�RULHQWDWLY ��DVLJXU � FRH]LXQHD� GH� JUXS�� ÌQWUH� OXPHD�PLWXOXL� úL� FHD� UHDO �� GHúL�H[LVW � GLIHUHQ H� �FHD� PLWLF � ILLQG� VDFU ��� VXQW� UDSRUWXUL� GH�FRPXQLFDUH� úL� UHVHPQLILFDUH� vQ� DPEHOH� VHQVXUL�� /XPHD� PLWXOXL�H[SULP � QHYRLD� XPDQ � GH� RULHQWDUH� úL� IXQGDPHQWDUH� YDORULF � D�OXPLL��YLH LL�úL�DFWHORU�XPDQH��'H�DFHHD��VHPQLILFD LLOH�PLWLFH�VXQW�GLUHFW�OHJDWH�GH�H[SHULHQ D�JUXSXULORU�VRFLDOH�úL�H[SULP �vQ�IRUPH�LGHDOL]DWH��DWLWXGLQL�úL�YDORUL] UL�FRQFUHWH� 5HOLJLLOH� RSHUHD] � R� QHW � VHSDUDUH�� SkQ � OD� GHGXEODUH�� D�FHORU�GRX �QLYHOXUL�GH�H[LVWHQ ��FHO�DO�VDFUXOXL�úL�FHO�DO�SURIDQului. /XPHD� GLYLQ � HVWH� SRVWXODW � SULQ� LQWHUPHGLXO� FUHGLQ HL�� &UHGLQ D�HVWH�XQ�IHQRPHQ�SVLKRORJLF�LQGLVSHQVDELO�YLH LL�XPDQH��(D�FRQVW �vQ� IL[DUHD� DIHFWLY � D� DQXPLWRU� FXQRúWLQ H�� WH]H��

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

MXGHF L�SUHMXGHF L�� H[SOLFD LL�� YDORUL�� VLPEROXUL�� 3ULQ� DFHDVWD� VH�ob LQH�VHQWLPHQWXO�GH�VHFXULWDWH� LQWHULRDU �� UHVSHFWLY�GH�VLJXUDQ �vQ� UDSRUW� FX� YLD D� úL� OXPHD�� &UHGLQ D�� OD� QLYHOXO� YLH LL� FRWLGLHQH��IXQF LRQHD] � vQ� IRUPD� DFRUG ULL� GH� FUHGLW� úL� vQFUHGHUH� I U �YHULILFDUH��'H�DFHHD��FKLDU�úWLLQ D��úL�ILORVRILD��VXQW�SUDFWLcate sub IRUP �GH�FUHGLQ H��vQWUXFkW�VXQW�SUHOXDWH�DQXPLWH�FHUWLWXGLQL�I U �D�IL� WHVWDWH�� $FHVWH� FUHGLQ H� VXQW� vQV � GHVFKLVH� OD� H[SHULHQ ��&UHGLQ D�GH�WLS�UHOLJLRV�HVWH�FHD�SULQ�FDUH�VH�SRVWXOHD] �H[LVWHQ D�úL�H[SHULHQ D� GLYLQLW LL� úL� D� OXPLL� GLYLQH�� �&UHGH� úL� QX� FHUFHWD��WUHEXLH�LQWHUSUHWDW�vQ�VHQVXO�F �HVWH�QHFHVDU�V �DFFHS L�úL�V �FUH]L�vQ�H[LVWHQ D� GLYLQLW LL�� vQWUXFkW� DFWXO� UD LRQDO� �DO� FXQRDúWHULL� úL�H[SOLFD LHL��HVWH�LQVXILFLHQW�úL�QHFRQFOXGHQW�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�DEVROXWXO��este nevoie, deci, ca dincolo�GH�DUJXPHQWHOH�UD LRQDOH�V �H[LVWH�XQ�DWDúDPHQW� DIHFWLY� ID � GH� OXPHD� GLYLQ �� SULQ� DFHDVWD� UD LXQHD� QX�HVWH�DQLKLODW ��FL�GRDU�FRPSOHWDW �FX�SODQXO�VHQVLELOLW LL��GHFUHWXO�DIHFWLY�DUH��vQ�DFHVW�FD]��VHPQLILFD LL�YDORULFH��&UHGLQ D�UHOLJLRDV ��vQ� IXQF LH� GH� JUDGXO� GH� HODERUDUH�� GH� FRQ LQXWXULOH� VSLULWXDOH� SH�FDUH�OH�SRVWXOHD] �úL�PRGXULOH�HIHFWLYH�GH�PDQLIHVWDUH��SRDWH�DYHD�GLIHULWH�JUDGH�GH� LQWHQVLWDWH��/D�XQ�SRO�HVWH�FUHGLQ D�FH�XWLOL]HD] �VHPQLILFD LL� úL� H[SHULHQ H� ODLFH�� ILLQG�� GH� DFHHD�� QDLY � úL� UREXVW ��WROHUDQW � úL� HILFLHQW � VXE� UDSRUW� DGDSWDWLY� vQ� YLD D� FRWLGLDQ �� 'H�obicei, acest tip de credibilitate nu e dezinteresat, ci are mereu ILQDOLW L� SUDFWLFH� úL� LPSOLFD LL� LPHGLDWH� SHQWUX� YLD D� LQGLYLGXOXL��raportul cu divinitatea, direct sau indirect, apare ca un soi de FRQWUDFW�� 0DL� PXOW�� I U � D� DQXOD� SUREOHPHOH� FRQFUHWH� DOH� YLH LL��LQWHUHVH�� VFRSXUL��� GLYLQLWDWHD� H� LQYRFDW � PDL� DOHV� vQ� VLWXD LL�SUREOHPDWLFH�úL� vQ�UDSRUW�FX�DQXPLWH�LQWHURJD LL�FDUH�SHQWUX�ILLQ D�XPDQ � VXQW� úL� SDU� LQGLVROXELOH� �SUREOHPD� LQfinitului, scurtimea YLH LL�� MXVWL LD�PRUDO �HWF����/D�FHO ODOW� SRO�� VH� VLWXHD] �R�FUHGLQ �LQWHQV �� IL[DW � QXPDL� SH� FRQ LQXWXULOH� LGHDWLFH� úL� YDORULFH� DOH�FRQFHS LHL� UHOLJLRDVH��R�FUHGLQ � vQ� VWDUH�SXU �F UHLD��GH�FHOH�PDL�PXOWH� RUL�� L� VH� DWDúHD] � VW UL� GH� WLS� PLVWLF� úL� H[WHULRUL] UL� FH�VXVSHQG �GLDORJXO� 5HOLJLD�U VSXQGH�XQRU�WUHEXLQ H�XPDQH�IRDUWH�FRPSOH[H�����

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

nevoi de ordin gnoseologic -� FXQRDúWHUHD� UHDOLW LL� GLQFROR� GH�DSDUHQ HOH�VDOH��UHOLJLLOH�RIHU �LPDJLQL�JOREDOH�úL�XQLWDWH�DOH�OXPLL��SULQFLSLL�úL�WHPHLXUL�DOH�H[LVWHQ HL�XPDQH�úL�XQLYHUVDOH�����QHYRL�GH�RUGLQ� VSLULWXDO� úL� SVLKRORJLF� �QHYRLD� GH� LGHDO�� GH� FRPSHQVDUH�SVLKRORJLF �� GH� SXULILFDUH� LQWHULRDU � ú�D�P�G���� 0DULOH� UHOLJLL�SURSXQ�SURLHFWH�GH�XPDQLWDWH�DXWHQWLF ��/XPHD�GLYLQ �H�vQ]HVWUDW �cu atULEXWH� úL� FDOLW L� RPHQHúWL� LGHDOL]DWH�� /XPHD� GLYLQ � HVWH� R�IRUP � VSLULWXDO � SULQ� FDUH� RPXO� VH� FXQRDúWH� SH� VLQH� vQVXúL� úL� vúL�SURSXQH� UHSHUH� GH� DXWRSHUIHF LRQDUH�� HWDORDQH� DEVROXWH� FH� DX�PHQLUHD� GH� D� SURSXOVD� H[SHULHQ D� SURIDQ � D� RPXOXL�� $FWXO�FUHGLQ HL�H�FHO�SULQ�FDUH�VH�LQVWDXUHD] �XQ�SURFHV�GH�DXWRPRGHODUH�SVLKRVSLULWXDO �úL�PRUDO �D�RPXOXL��/XPHD�GLYLQ �SURSXQH��GHFL��úL�FRQ LQH� PRGHOH� GH� YLD � GHPQ �� R� LQWHUSUHWDUH� D� URVWXULORU�VSHFLILFH�FRQGL LHL�XPDQH�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�XQLYHUVXO��6XQW��DLFL��UHSHUH�axioloJLFH� úL� FULWHULL� YDORULFH��0DL�PXOW�� HVWH� RIHULW � R�PRWLYD LH�WHPHLQLF � DFWHORU� XPDQH�� 'H� DFHHD�� UHOLJLD� D� DYXW� úL� DUH� R� IRU �VLPEROLF � FH� V-D� GRYHGLW� HILFLHQW � LVWRULF� úL� IHUPHQW� GH� PDUH�FUHD LH�VSLULWXDO ��/XPHD�GLYLQ �HVWH�úL�R�LQVWDQ �PRUDO ��vQ�VHQVul F � SURSXQH� DQXPLWH� WLSXUL� GH� FRQGXLW �� H[FOXGH� DOWHOH�� vPSDUWH�UHFRPSHQVH� úL� SHGHSVH�� ILLQG� XQ� VRL� GH� IUkQ � PRUDO �� 5HOLJLLOH�SURSXQ��vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��VROX LL�OD�R�VHULH�GH�GRULQ H�XPDQH�LOX]RULL��QHPXULUHD�� GH� SLOG ��� 6FXUWLPHD� YLH LL� LQGLYLGXDOH�� FDUH este o VXUV �GH�UHIOHF LH�WUDJLF ��HVWH�DQXODW �SULQ�LGHHD�XQHL�YLH L�GH�DSRL��5HOLJLLOH� úL� PLWRORJLLOH� VXQW�� GH� RELFHL�� DQWLWUDJLFH�� SHQWUX� F �DQXOHD] �� FRQYHUWHVF�� GHWXUQHD] � VDX� UH-VHPQLILF � WRDWH� DFHOH�VLWXD LL� FDUH� JHQHUHD] � WU LULOH� WUDJLFH�� &HO� SX LQ� LQWXLWLY�� ILLQ D�XPDQ �H�WHQWDW �V �FDXWH�VHQV��URVW��WkOF��vQ HOHV��vQ�WRW�FHHD�FH�L�VH�vQWkPSO �� &UHGLQ D� UHOLJLRDV � DQXOHD] � KD]DUGXO� GLQ� OXPH� úL� GLQ�YLD D� LQGLYLGXDO �� IDSW� FH� DUH� HIHFWH� UHFRQIRUWDQWH� úL� FUHD] �VHQWLPHQWXO�GH� VHFXULWDWH� LQWHULRDU ��)LLQ HOH�GLYLQH� VXQW�SULQFLSLL�DOH�RUGLQLL�úL�ELQHOXL��/RU�OL�VH�RSXQ�SULQFLSLLOH�GHVWUXFWXUDQWH�DOH�GH]RUGLQLL� úL� KDRVXOXL�� /XPHD� DUH� R� ILQDOLWDWH�� XQ� VFRS� XOWLP� GH�QDWXU � GLYLQ ��&XUVXO� YLH LL� LQGLYLGXDOH� QX� H� VLPSO � vQVXPDUH� GH�H[SHULHQ H��FL�DUH�FRHUHQ �LQWHULRDU �VXJHUDW �SULQ�LGHHD�GH�GHVWLQ��

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

6XE� UDSRUW� SUDFWLF� úL� VSLULWXDO�� OXPHD� GLYLQ � DUH� IXQF LL�FRPSHQVDWRULL�� 3ULQ� DFWXO� FUHGLQ HL� VXQW� LQYRFDWH� SXWHUL� DEVROXWH�H[DFW� DWXQFL� FkQG� SXWHUHD� XPDQ � HVWH� QHSXWLQFLRDV ��&RPSHQVD LLOH� GH� RUGLQ� VXIOHWHVF� VXQW� YL]LELOH� vQ� H[SHULHQ D�UHOLJLRDV �D�XQRU�VHFWH��GHILFLWXO�DIHFWLY�DO�UDSRUWXULORU�LQWHUXPDQH�GLQ� OXPHD� FRQWHSRUDQ � JHQHUHD] � H[SHULHQ H� UHOLJLRDVH� FDUH�SUDFWLF � XQ� VRL� GH� SVLKRWHUDSLH� GH� PLFURJUXS� VRFLDO�� 6XE� UDSRUW�SVLKRORJLF�� FUHGLQ D� UHOLJLRDV � DUH� IXQF LL� SXULILFDWRULL� úL� FKLDU�FXUDWLYH��WHUDSHXWLFH���SHQWUX�F �DQWUHQHD] �úL�GHFODQúHD] �SURFHVH�complexe de ordin psihic: sugestie, autosugestie, reechilibrarea VW ULORU�VXIOHWHúWL��IXQF LLOH�DXWRUHJODWRULL�DOH�FRQFHQWU ULL��HIHFWHOH�XQHL� LQWHUSRO UL� FH� vQGHDPQ � OD� FXQRDúWHUH� GH� VLQH� OXFLG � úL� OD�HIRUWXUL�GH�DXWRPRGHODUH��5HOLJLLOH�VDWLVIDF�úL� WUHEXLQ H�XPDQH�GH�RUGLQ� HVWHWLF�QX�QXPDL�SULQ� ULWXDOXULOH�SH� FDUH� OH�SUDFWLF �� FL�PDL�DOHV�SULQ�PRGXO�vQ�FDUH�VROX LRQHD] �WUHEXLQ HOH�GH�RUGLQ�VXIOHWHVF�prin intermediul formulelor artistice. )LORVRILD� VSHFLDOL]DW � HVWH�� GH� RELFHL�� FDUDFWHUL]DW � SULQ�IRQGXO� V X� LQWHURJDWLY�� PDL� DOHV� SULQ� PRGXO� vQ� FDUH�SUREOHPDWL]HD] ��VROX LLOH�ILLQG�SURYL]RULL��UHODWLYH�úL�YDODELOH�GRDU�vQ� DQXPLWH� VLVWHPH� GH� UHIHULQ �� )LORVRIDUHD� UHOLJLRDV � HVWH�FDUDFWHUL]DW �SULQ�DWHQ LD�DFRUGDW �VROX LLORU��SH�FDUH�OH�SURSXQH�FD�fiind definitive, stabile, absolute. În filosofarea de acest tip, WUHEXLH�I FXW �R�GLVWLQF LH�vQWUH�SUREOHPHOH�SH�FDUH�OH�DERUGHD] �úL��SH�GH�DOW �SDUWH��VROX LLOH�DFHVWRU�SUREOHPH��3UREOHPDWLFD�JHQHUDO �úL� XPDQ � HVWH� DFHHDúL� vQ� ILORVRILH� úL� UHOLJLH�� 'LIHU �� vQV ��SURFHGXULOH� LQWHUSUHWDWLYH�� LQVWUXPHQWHOH� GH� LQYHVWLJDUH� WHRUHWLF ��PLMORDFHOH� FRQFHSWXDOH� úL� DUJXPHQWDWLYH�� SUHFXP� úL� VROX LLOH�propuse. Religiile, de obicei�� SRVWXOHD] � DFHVWH� VROX LL� úL� OH�FDQRQL]HD] ��vQ�VHQVXO�F �FLUFXPVFULX�ULJRUL��QRUPH��YDORUL��VWLOXUL�GH� YLD � ú�D�P�G�� SUHFLVH� úL� FD� ILLQG� VLQJXUHOH� YDODELOH�� &D�ILORVRIDUH�� UHOLJLD� YL]HD] �� SUREOHPH� GH� RUGLQ�cosmogonic/cosmologic cu privire la originea,� VWUXFWXUD��HYROX LD�úL� ILQDOLWDWHD�XQLYHUVXOXL��SUREOHPH�GH�RUGLQ�RQWRORJLF��SULQ� �FDUH�H[SOLF � QDWXUD� H[LVWHQ HL� úL� D� RPXOXL�� IDFWRUL� IXQGDPHQWDOL� SULQ�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

FDUH� OXPHD� DSDUH� FD� XQLWDU �� SUREOHPH� GH� RUGLQ� DQWURSRORJLF�� ÌQ�DFHVW� VHQV�� FRQFHS LLOH� UHOLJLRDVH� VXQW� PRGHOH� DOH� FXQRDúWHULL� GH�sine a omului. Toate aceste tipuri de probleme filosofice sunt VROX LRQDWH�DVWIHO� vQFkW�DX�R�GLPHQVLXQH� WHOHRORJLF � �vQ� VHQVXO�F �VH� DFUHGLWHD] � LGHHD� XQHL� ILQDOLW L� vQ� GH]YROWDUHD� XQLYHUVDO �� D�unor scopuri ultime, la scara umDQ � úL� D� vQWUHJLL� H[LVWHQWH��� 3ULQ�LPSOLFD LL�úL�FRQVHFLQ H�YDORULFH��R�FRQFHS LH�UHOLJLRDV �DUH�IXQF LL�PRGHODWRDUH��SURLHFWLYH�úL�SURSXOVLYH��5HOLJLD�HVWH��FD�PDQLIHVWDUH�VSLULWXDO �� XQ� PLMORF� GH� DXWRFRQVWLWXLUH�� DXWRFRQVWUXLUH� úL�SHUIHF LRQDUH�D�RPXOXL��FD�LQGLYLG��FROHFWLYLWDWH�úL�VSHFLH��vQ�UDSRUW�FX�UHSHUH�JHQHUDOH�DOH�H[LVWHQ HL�H[WHULRDUH� 5HOLJLD� UHOHYHD] � �UHYHOHD] �� QLYHOXO� DXWHQWLF� DO� H[LVWHQ HL�SULQ�VLWXDUHD�FUHGLQ HL�FD�VXUV �GH�FHUWLWXGLQH�DEVROXW � WRFPDL�DFROR�XQGH� UD LXQHD�RPHQHDVF � VH� vPELE �FX� vQGRLHOL� úL� VXSRUW �PDULOH�HL�SURYRF UL� úL� XPLOLUL�� SRODUL]DUHD� WHQVLRQDW � H[LVWHQ LDO� ILQLWXGLQH�XPDQ � - infinit (sau "ne-ILQLUH��� FXP� VSXQH� (PLQHVFX��� $FHDVW �SUREOHPDWL]DUH� GH� OLPLW � D� LQWHOLJLELOLW LL� HVWH� vQVXúLW �� GHVHRUL�� vQ�maniere specificH� FKLDU� GH� F WUH� RDPHQLL� GH� úWLLQ �� 'H� IDSW��FXQRDúWHUHD� úWLLQ LILF � SURGXFH� QX� QXPDL� FHUWLWXGLQL�� FL� LQHYLWDELOH�vQGRLHOL��vQWUXFkW�WRWGHDXQD�U PkQH�FHYD�LUHGXFWLELO��PLVWHULRV�vQ�OXPH�úL�RP�FDUH�RSXQH�UH]LVWHQ �RULF UXL�HIRUW�GH�FRQFHSWXDOL]DUH��FUHGLQ D�HVWH��vQ�DFHVWH�FRQGL LL��OHJLWLP ��'H�SLOG ��(LQVWHLQ�- refuzând religia IULFLL�� UHOLJLLOH� PRUDOH� úL� vQ� JHQHUDO�� FDUDFWHUXO� DQWURSRPRUILF� DO�dogmelor religioase -�DSUHFLD] �F ��UHOLJLR]LWDWHD�FRVPLF �FRQVWLWXLH�LPSXOVXO� FHO� PDL� SXWHUQLF� úL� PDL� QRELO� DO� FHUFHW ULL� úWLLQ LILFH����FXQRDúWHUHD� H[LVWHQ HL� D� FHYD� GH� QHS WUXQV� SHQWUX� QRL�� D�PDQLIHVW ULORU� FHOHL� PDL� DGkQFL� UD LXQL� úL� D� FHOHL� PDL� OXPLQRDVH�IUXPXVH L�� FH� VXQW� DFFHVLELOH� UD LXQLL� QRDVWUH� QXPDL� vQ� IRUPHOH� ORU�FHOH�PDL�SULPLWLYH��DFHDVW �FXQRDúWHUH�úL�DFHVW�VLP PkQW�FRQVWLWXLH�DGHY UDWD�UHOLJLR]LWDWH���>�@ 2. Mari religii 2ULFH� FXOWXU � HVWH� XQ� VLVWHP� GH� MXGHF L� úL� SUHMXGHF L�� R�EROW � VLPEROLF � IRUPDW �GLQ�PRGHOH� H[HPSODUH��YDORUL�� FULWHULL� FH�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

H[SULP � DVSLUD LL� YDOLGDWH� VRFLDO�� $FHVWHD� VXQW� WUDQsformate în LGHDOXUL�� SULQ� FUHGLQ � úL� FRQYLQJHUL� GH� YLD � OL� VH� DFRUG � FUHGLW�nelimitat, sunt numite "sfinte". Sacrul cultural nu poate fi redus la VDFUXO�GH�UHOLJLRV��DúDGDU��UHOLJLLOH�VXQW�SDUWLFXODUL] UL�VSHFLILFH�DOH�sacrului cultural. Din punct de vedere psihologic, sacrul religios >�@�FUHD] �FUHGLQFLRVXOXL�VHQWLPHQWXO�úL�VDX�FHUWLWXGLQHD�F �HVWH�R�ILLQ � GHSHQGHQW �� GHULYDW �� FUHDW �� )LLQ HOH� VDFUH� DX� FDOLW L� úL�HQHUJLL� QHP UJLQLWH�� FRSOHúLWRDUH� SHQWUX� LQWHOHFWXO� RPHQHVF�� GH�DFHHD�� SURGXF� WU LUL� FRPplexe, chiar contradictorii: supunere, WHDP �� DGPLUD LH�� LXELUH�� VSDLP �� SURVWHUQDUH�� ÌQ� DFHODúL� WLPS��FRQWDFWXO� SH� FDOHD� FUHGLQ HL� VDX� SH� FDOH� ULWXDO � FX� GLYLQLWDWHD�HQHUJL]HD] � ILLQ D� UHDO � vQ� WRDWH� SULYLQ HOH�� vL� DPSOLILF � FDOLW LOH��puterile, aptitudinile. Sacrul religios este postulat prin intermediul XQHL�FUHGLQ H�FDUH�FRQVW �vQWU-R�IL[DUH�DIHFWLY �GHILQLWLY ��DEVROXW ��'DF � FUHGLQ D� ODLF � HVWH� GHVFKLV � OD� úL� vQWHPHLDW � SH� H[SHULHQ ��FHD�UHOLJLRDV �DUH�R�DOW �LQWHQVLWDWH�úL�R�PL] �GLIHULW ��HVWH�R�IRUP �GH� FXQRDúWHUH� D� FHORU� QHY ]XWH�� SRVWXOHD] � GLQFROR� GH� RULFH�vQGRLDO � úL� vQWHPHLD] �H[LVWHQ D�GLYLQLW LL��3ULQ� VDFUXO� UHOLJLRV� VH�GHVHPQHD] � QLYHOXO� H[LVWHQ HL� DXWHQWLFH�� RULJLQDUH�� DXWRQRPH��LQFRUXSWLELOH�� FDUH� vúL� DIO � WHPHLXO� vQ� HD� vQV úL�� SHUIHFW �� XQLWDU ��QHDIHFWDW � GH� WHPSRUDOLWDWH�� /D� SROXO� RSXV�� SURIDQXO� FXSULQGH�UHDOLWDWHD� QHPLMORFLW � D� RPHQHVFXOXL�� H[LVWHQ D� SURIDQ � HVWH�FRQGL LRQDW �� GHULYDW �� LPSHUIHFW �� GHFL� UHODWLY �� VXSXV � HUR]LXQLL�WHPSRUDOH��SOXUDO �úL�SURYL]RULH� 5HOLJLLOH� VDOY ULL� �PR]DLVPXO�� FUHúWLQLVPXO�� LVODPLVPXO��FRQVLGHU � RPXO� FD� ILLQG� R� I SWXU � S F WRDV �� F ]XW � GLQ� VWDUHD�SDUDGLVLDF �� LDU� PL]D� FUHGLQ HL� FRQVW � WRFPDL� vQ� UHGREkQGLUHD�DFHVWHL� VW UL� RULJLQDUH� SULQ� PkQWXLUHD� GH� S FDWH�� $OWH� UHOLJLL�(brahmanismul, budismul) accepW � PHWHPSVLKR]D�� UHVSHFWLY�VWU PXWDUHD�VXIOHWXOXL�GLQWU-un corp în altul, capacitatea sufletului nemuritor de a-úL�VFKLPED�SXUW WRUXO�PDWHULDO��ILHFDUH� UHYHQLUH� vQ�OXPHD� FRQFUHW � ILLQG� vQVR LW � GH� VXIHULQ �� FDOHD� FUHGLQ HL�XUP UHúWH�HOLEHUDUHD�GH�VXIHULQ �úL�GHV YkUúLUHD�VSLULWXDO � &UHúWLQLVPXO� GHYLQH� UHOLJLH� DXWRQRP � RGDW � FX�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

GHILQLWLYDUHD�GRJPHORU�GH�ED] �úL�SURGXFHUHD�UXSWXULL�GRJPDWLFH�GHILQLWLYH�ID �GH�SUDFWLFLOH�FUHGLQ HL�PR]DLFH��ÌQ�WRDWH�YDULDQWHOH��&UHúWLQLVPXO�HVWH�FUHGLQ D� vQ� ,VXV�+ULVWRV� - ILX�úL�PHVDJHU�DO� OXL�'XPQH]HX�� YHQLW� SH� 3 PkQW� SHQWUX� D� U VFXPS UD� RPHQLUHD� GLQ�FDSFDQHOH�S FDWXOXL�RULJLQDU��úL�D-L�DU WD�RPXOXL�FDOHD�PkQWXLULL��,VXV�DUH�R�GXEO �QDWXU ��ILUH���GLYLQ �úL�XPDQ ��V-a întrupat de la 6IkQWXO�'XK�úL�GLQ�)HFLRDUD�0DULD�úL�6-a�I FXW�RP��ÌQWUXSDUHD�QX�presupune numai aspectul fizic -� DSDUHQ D� WUXSXOXL�RPHQHVF� -,ci în-omenirea (enanthropesis -� V O úOXLUHD� OXL�'XPQH]HX� vQ� WUXS���&HOH� GRX � QDWXUL� QX� VXQW� HFKLYDOHQWH�� FHD� GLYLQ � SULPHD] �� HOH�FRQVWLWXLH�R�XQLWDWH��GDU�QX�VH�DPHVWHF ��U PkQ�GLVWLQFWH. 'RJPD�6ILQWHL�7UHLPL� HVWH�� GH�DVHPHQHD�� FRPXQ � WXWXURU�IRUPHORU� GH� FUHúWLQLVP�� 7DW O�� )LXO� -� DGLF � vQ HOHVXO� XOWLP� DO�H[LVWHQ HL� XPDQH� úL� XQLYHUVDOH� -� úL� 6IkQWXO� 'XK� - principiul HQHUJHWLF� DO� YLH LL�� ÌQ� SULYLQ D� DFHVWHL� GRJPH� DSDU� GLIHUHQ H� GH�LQWHUSUHWDUH�� GLVSXWHOH� SULYHVF� vQV � PDL� DOHV� GRJPD� )LOLRTXH��'RJPHOH� FUHúWLQH� VXQW� VWDELOLWH� vQ� FHOH� RSW� &RQFLOLL� �6LQRDGH��HFXPHQLFH�� GLQWUH� FDUH� QXPDL� SULPHOH� úDSWH� VXQW� UHFXQRVFXWH� GH�ELVHULFD�2UWRGR[ � În anul 325, la Niceea, s-a luat atitudine împotriva DULDQLVPXOXL�� $GHS LL� OXL� $ULH� QHJDX� QDWXUD� GLYLQ � D� OXL� ,VXV��DILUPkQG� F �(O� DU� IL� GRDU� SULPD� FUHDWXU � úL� LQVWUXPHQW� DO� 3XWHULL�GLYLQH�� ÌQ� UHSOLF �� VH� DILUP � GRJPD� GXEOHL� QDWXUL� D� OXL� ,VXV�� 7RW�acum este formulat Crezul. În 381 (Constantinopole) se GHILQLWLYHD] � GRJPD� 6ILQWHL� 7UHLPL� SULQ� LQWURGXFHUHD� 6IkQWXOXL�'XK�� ����� &DOFHGRQLD�� VH� LD� DWLWXGLQH� vPSRWULYD� PRQRIL]L LORU��DFHúWLD�QHJDX�QDWXUD�XPDQ �D�OXL�,VXV��DEVROXWL]kQG�GRDU�QDWXUD�6D�GLYLQ �� VH� UHDILUP � GRJPD� GXEOHL� QDWXUL�� $QXO� ���� �(IHV): împotriva nestorienilor -�FDUH�FRQVLGHUDX�F �)HFLRDUD�0DULD��ILLQG�FUHDWXU �� QX-úL� SXWHD� QDúWH� &UHDWRUXO� -, se decide divinizarea Sfintei Fecioare; 553, Constantinopole: se reia critica QHVWRULDQLVPXOXL��DULDQLVPXOXL��PRIL]L LORU��UHVSLQJkQGX-VH�SR]L LD OXL� 2ULJLQH� FDUH� SURSXQH� LHUDUKL]DUHD� 6ILQWHL� 7UHLPL�� $O� úDVHOHD�sinod ecumenic (680-���� &RQVWDQWLQRSROH��� FULWLF � RULHQWDUHD�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

PRQRWKHOLVW �FDUH�FRQVLGHUD�LPSRVLELO �DF LXQHD�XQHL�GXEOH�YRLQ H��XPDQ �úL�GLYLQ ��vQ�SHUVRDQD�OXL�,VXV��SULYLOHJLLQG�SDUWHD�GLYLQ �D�DFHVWHL� YRLQ H�� $QXO� ����� 1LFHHD�� HVWH� FULWLFDW � PLúFDUHD�LFRQRFODVW � úL� VH� SURSXQH� LQWHUSUHWDUHD� VLPEROLF � D� LFRDQHORU� �vQ�RSR]L LH� FX� IHWLúXULOH� úL� LPDJLQLOH� S JkQH��� /D� &RQVWDQWLQRSROH�(879-������ VH� GLVFXW � GRJPD�)LOLRTXH� SH� FDUH� R� DFFHSW � ELVHULFa DSXVHDQ ��GDU�R�UHVSLQJH�ELVHULFD�U V ULWHDQ ��&RQFLOLXO�VH�vQFKHLH�I U �D�VH�DMXQJH�OD�R�FRQFOX]LH��ÌQ�������I U �R�vQWkOQLUH�SUHDODELO ��FHOH�GRX �ELVHULFL�VH�H[FRPXQLF �UHFLSURF��6FKL]PD�GXUHD] �SkQ �vQ� DQXO� ����� FkQG� H[FRPXQLFDUHD� HVWH� DQXODW � GH� DO� doilea conciliu ecumenic catolic (Vatican II); gestul este repetat de ELVHULFD�U V ULWHDQ ��5XSWXUD�-�FDUH�PDL�SHUVLVW �vQF �vQWUH�FDWROLFL�úL�RUWRGRFúL� -�DUH�IXQGDPHQWH�HFOH]LDVWLFH�úL�GRJPDWLFH��6XJHU P�câteva dintre acestea. În ortodoxie, cele trei ipostasuri ale Sfintei Treimi GH]Y OXLH� vQ� HJDO �P VXU � XQ�'XPQH]HX� XQLF�� QX� HVWH� DFFHSWDW �LHUDUKL]DUHD�YDORULF � vQ XQWUXO�6ILQWHL�7UHLPL��6H�DILUP �DVWIHO�XQ�monoteism foarte riguros (un Dumnezeu în trei ipostasuri). Lumea HVWH�FRQVLGHUDW �FD�ILLQG�SOLQ �GH�'XK��FDUH�VH�DIO �GHRSRWULY � vQ�RP� úL� vQ� MXUXO� V X�� 0RQRWHLVPXO� HVWH� VXV LQXW� GH� R� WHRORJLH�PLVWLF �� SRWULYLW� F UHLD� 'XPQH]HX� QX� SRDWH� IL� FXQRVFXW��Dumnezeu nu este nici...,nici...,nici..., nu este obiect al intelectului, ci un Dumnezeu viu pe care îl reYHOHD] � FUHGLQ D��U G FLQLOH� WHRORJLHL� QHJDWLYH� VH� DIO � OD� )LORQ� GLQ� $OH[DQGULD� úL�Dionisie Areopagitul). ÌQ� FDWROLFLVP� HVWH� DFFHSWDW � R� LHUDUKLH� YDORULF �GHVFUHVF WRDUH�vQ XQWUXO�6ILQWHL�7UHLPL��FHHD�FH�LPSOLF �R�PD[LP �GLVWDQ � vQWUH� RP� úL� 'XPQH]HX�� LDU imediata apropiere este UDUHILDW � GH� 'XK�� 3HQWUX� D� VXV LQH� PRQRWHLVPXO�� VH� DSHOHD] � OD�LQVWUXPHQWHOH� GLDOHFWLFLL� úL� ORJLFLL�� WHRORJLD� VSHFXODWLY � SUDWLFDW �de catolicism este una din sursele filosofiei europene moderne. În FDWROLFLVP��VH�SRVWXOHD] �SRVLELOLWDWHD�FXQRDúWHULL�OXL�'XPQH]HX� ÌQ�RUWRGR[LH��'XPQH]HX�HVWH�QHQ VFXW��)LXO�HVWH�Q VFXW�GLQ�7DW O��LDU�6IkQWXO�'XK�SXUFHGH�QXPDL�GH�OD�7DW O��HYHQWXDO�úL�SULQ�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

)LXO�� ÌQ�FDWROLFLVP��6IkQWXO�'XK�SXUFHGH�GH� OD�7DW O��GDU�úL�GH� OD�)LXO��GLQ�DFHDVW �GXEO �FDX]DOLWDWH�UH]XOW �LQWHQVD�VDFUDOL]DUH�D�OXL�,VXV��FDUH�HVWH�PDL�DOHV�MXGHF WRUXO�� ÌQ� RUWRGR[LH�� I U � D� IL� QHJDW � QDWXUD� GLYLQ � D� OXL� ,VXV��DFHVWD�HVWH�SULYLW�FD�ILLQG�0LHOXO��DGLF �HVWH�UHFHSWDW�PDL�DOHV�SULQ�YDORULOH� DIHFWLYLW LL� úL� DOH� LXELULL� QHPLMORFLWH�� /XPHD� úL� RPXO�RUWRGR[LHL�DX�R�VDFUDOLWDWH�LQWULQVHF �FH�GHFXUJH�GLQ�FDOLWDWHD�ORU�GH� FUHD LL� DOH� OXL� 'XPQH]HX�� GH� DLFL� GHFXUJH� FXOWXO� SHQWUX�PLVWHUXO� YLH LL� úL� WDLQD� H[LVWHQ HL�� LQFOXVLY� 7DLQHOH� ULWXDOH�� ,VXV�H[SULP �VLPEROLF��SDUDEROLF��VWDUHD�SDUDGLVLDF ��DGHY UDWD�ILUH�D�RPXOXL�� )LXO� 2PXOXL� ÌúL� DVXP � WRDWH� FDOLW LOH� úL� OLPLWHOH�RPHQHúWL� �SULQ� NHQR] ��� vQ� DIDU � GH� S FDW�� UHOHYkQGX-úL� QDWXUD�GLYLQ � QXPDL� FX� RFD]LD�PLQXQLORU�� XUFDUHD� OD� FHU� ú�D��� GH� DFHHD�,VXV�VH�WHPH�GH�PRDUWH��ÌQ�DFHODúL�WLPS��SULQ�PLUDFROXO�vQWUXS ULL��ILUHD� �QDWXUD�� GXPQH]HLDVF � V-a comprimat, acomodându-se la QLYHOXO�RPXOXL�� LQGLFkQG�FDOHD�FH� IDFH�SRVLELO �YLD D� I U �S FDW��'XPQH]HX�QX�PkQWXLHúWH�RPXO�GH�OD�GLVWDQ ��FL�LGHQWLILFkQGX-se cu acesta în ceea ce are autentic, devenind astfel un Dumnezeu YLX� FH� VH� ODV � WU LW� vQ� úL� SULQ� FKLDU� YLD D� RDPHQLORU�� URDGHOH�vQWUXS ULL� /RJRVXOXL� GLYLQ� WUHF� DVXSUD� RDPHQLORU� QXPDL� GDF �WUXSXO�D�IRVW�XQLW�FX�GXPQH]HLUHD�GLYLQ ��&XP�QDWXUD�HVWH�VIkQW �-�FD�RSHU �GLYLQ ��RPXO�HVWH�GXS �FKLSXO�OXL�'XPQH]HX��úL��GHFL��DUH� FHYD� VDFUX� vQ� HO� vQVXúL�� 3H� FDOHD� FUHGLQ HL�� YRLQ D� SURIDQ � D�RPXOXL� GHFLGH� FD� HO� V � ILH� S UWDú� OD� SURSULD� VD� vQGXPQH]HLUH��activându-úL�DFHOH�DSWLWXGLQL��FDOLW L��vQVXúLUL�SULQ�FDUH�HVWH�GXS �FKLSXO� OXL� 'XPQH]HX�� &UHGLQ D� HVWH� FDOHD împlinirii dumnezeiescului din om, fapt pentru care Isus este simbol; ILHFDUH� LQGLYLG� WUHEXLH� V -úL� DVXPH� úL� V -úL� XUFH� *ROJRWD�LQWHULRDU �SULQ�FDUH�FKLDU� VXIHULQ HOH�FDS W � VHQV��$VWIHO��PRUDOD�RUWRGR[ � HVWH� LPSOLFLW �� SUH]HQW � vQ� VLPEROXUL� úL� SDUDEROH�� nu H[LVW � XQ� FRG�PRUDO� ULJXURV��)LHFDUH� FUHGLQFLRV�YD� IDFH�FHHD� FH�SHUVRQDO�FUHGH�F �VH�FXYLQH��ÌQ�FUHGLQ ��FRQWHD] �DOWDUXO�LQWHULRU��deoarece Dumnezeu este pretutindeni prezent; omul trebuie doar V �VH�SXULILFH�SHQWUX�D�IL�XQ�UHFHSWDFRO�DO�OXFU ULL�'XKXlui Sfânt.

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

ÌQ�FDWROLFLVP��OXPHD��úL�RPXO�VXQW�H[FOXVLY�SURIDQH��OXPHD�HVWH�R�FROHF LH�GH�RELHFWH�GHPLWL]DWH�GH�úWLLQ ��&DOHD�FUHGLQ HL�HVWH�XQ� PLMORF� SULQ� FDUH� LQVXO� GHS úHúWH� RPHQHVFXO� - care este iremediabil profan. Din aceasta decurge mitul occidental al VXSUDRPXOXL�úL�UHJXOD�FH�LPSXQH�FHOLEDWXO�SUHR LORU��ÌQ�RUWRGR[LH��VILQ HQLD�HVWH� vPSOLQLUHD�RPHQHVFXOXL��GHV YkUúLUHD� OXL� vQ� OLPLWHOH�sale. Prin urmare, codul moral este foarte riguros în catolicism, IRUPDW� GLQ� LPSHUDWLYH� FDWHJRULFH�� ÌQ� DFHHDúL� P VXU �� FUHGLQ D�LQGLYLGXDO �HVWH�JHVWLRQDW �LQVWLWX LRQDO�� ÌQ� RUWRGR[LH�� VH� UHFXQRDúWH� WUDGL LD� 6ILQ LORU� 3 ULQ L�� D�PDULORU�FUHDWRUL�GH�WH[WH�UHOLJLRDVH��WUDGL LH�UHIX]DW �vQ�FDWROLFLVP��DO WXUL� GH� FRPSRQHQWHOH�PLWLFR-magice ale ritualului prezente în biseriFLOH�RUWRGR[H�JUD LH�LGHLL�GH�PLVWHU��WDLQ ��%LVHULFLOH�RUWRGR[H�VXQW� DXWRFHIDOH� �GLQ� FDX]D� IUDJPHQW ULL� SROLWLFH� D� VSD LXOXL�JHRSROLWLF� DO� RUWRGR[LHL��� RUJDQL]DW � QD LRQDO�� I U � D� LQWUD� vQ�FRQFXUHQ � FX� SXWHUHD� ODLF � FX� FDUH� FRODERUHD] �� ÌQ� FDWROLFLVP��orJDQL]DUHD� ELVHULFLL� HVWH� VXSUDQD LRQDO �� 3DSD� HVWH� FRQVLGHUDW�VXSOLQLWRUXO� GLUHFW� DO� OXL� ,VXV� SH� 3 PkQW�� ILLQG�� SULQ� XUPDUH��LQIDLOLELO� vQ�SUREOHPH�GH�FUHGLQ ��3UHRWXO�RUWRGR[�HVWH�QXPDL�XQ�LQWHUPHGLDU�vQWUH�'XPQH]HX�úL�HQRULDúL��FHO�FDWROLF�HVWH��FHO�SX in în momentul confesiunii, suplinitor al Fiului Omului. Ideea de SUHGHVWLQDUH� QX� MRDF � QLFL� XQ� URO� vQ� RUWRGR[LH�� PkQWXLUHD� HVWH�RULFkQG� OD� vQGHPkQD� LQGLYLGXOXL�� FHHD� FH� HYLW � DFXPXODUHD� GH�WHQVLXQL�LQWHUQH�úL�UHIXO UL�LQGLYLGXDOH��/HJ WXUD�GLQWUH�'XPQH]HX úL�FUHGLQFLRV�HVWH�HVHQ LDO�DIHFWLY ��ÌQ�FDWROLFLVP��GRPLQ �GLVWDQ D�FDUH�SRODUL]HD] �SH�'XPQH]HX�ID �GH�RP�� 3HQWUX� FUHGLQFLRVXO� RUWRGR[�� FUHGLQ D� HVWH� LQGLYLGXDO ��ELVHULFD� HVWH� R� LQVWLWX LH� VRFLDO �� PDL� GHJUDE � VODE �� FH� SHUPLWH�libertatea individuluL�vQ�DOHJHUHD�GUXPXOXL�V X�F WUH�PkQWXLUH��SULQ�ELVHULF ��&DWROLFXO�FRQVLGHU �F �vQVXúL�OLEHUXO�DUELWUX�SHUVRQDO�HVWH�SUHGHVWLQDW�� FHHD� FH� IDYRUL]HD] � GLULMLVPXO� LQVWLWX LRQDO� VWULFW� úL��într-XQ�DOW�SODQ��SUDFWLFD�LQGXOJHQ HORU� Protestantismul, a treia vDULDQW � D� FUHúWLQLVPXOXL� HVWH�vPS U LW� vQ� WUHL� ELVHULFL�� OXWKHUDQ �� FDOYLQ � úL� DQJOLFDQ ��

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

3URWHVWDQWLVPXO�DSDUH�LQL LDO�FD�UHDF LH�DQWLFDWROLF ��UHIX] �WUDGL LD��componentele mitico-PDJLFH� úL� IDVWXO� ULWXDO�� vQ� VFKLPE�� SURSXQH�revenirea la Biblie pentru a-i� GHVFRSHUL� VHQVXULOH� LQL LDOH� úL�vQY WXUL� SHQWUX� YLD �� 'LQ� SXQFW� GH� YHGHUH� GRJPDWLF��SURWHVWDQWLVPXO�DFRUG �XQ�URO�DEVROXW�SUHGHVWLQ ULL��'XPQH]HX�DUH�DXWRQRPLH� WRWDO � GH� YRLQ �� PkQWXLHúWH� SH� FHO� FDUH� vO� DOHJH�� LDU�omul nu are dreptul de a judeca alegeUHD�DFHDVWD�úL�QLFL�QX�SRDWH�impune nimic prin ceea ce face. Din aceasta decurge maxima LQFHUWLWXGLQH� D� FUHGLQFLRVXOXL� vQ� SULYLQ D� SURSULHL� PkQWXLUL��&UHGLQ D�HVWH� vQVR LW �GH� � DQJRDV ��GDU� vQ�SODQ�SUDFWLF�FRQVHFLQ D�DFHVWHL� vQ HOHJHUL� D� PkQWXLULL� GXFH� OD� REOLJD LD� RPXOXL� GH� D�FXQRDúWH� FUHD LD�� UH]XOWkQG� LPSXOVXO� SXWHUQLF� F WUH� FXQRDúWHUHD�UD LRQDO � úL� H[SHULPHQWDO � D� OXPLL�� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� FXQRDúWHUHD�úWLLQ LILF � Q-DU� VDWLVIDFH� GRDU� FXULR]LWDWHD� LQWHOHFWXDO �� FL� HVWH�GHVWLQDW � RUJDQL] ULL� ULJXURDVH� ORJLF� úL� HILFLHQWH� D� DF LXQLORU� vQ�YHGHUHD�RE LQHULL�XQXL�PD[LPXP�GH�SURILW��,JQRUDQ D�úL�OHQHD�VXQW�S FDWH� GH� QHLHUWDW��$SWLWXGLQLOH� úL� FDOLW LOH� SHUVRQDOH� VXQW� GDUXUL�GXPQH]HLHúWL�FH�WUHEXLHVF�IRORVLWH��UH]XOW ��GH�DLFL��PRGHODUHD�XQHL�LQGLYLGXDOLW L� HJRFHQWULFH�� YROXQWDUH�� FDUH� UHIX] � H[LVWHQ D�YHJHWDWLY �� 5H]XOWDWHOH� PXQFLL� QX� VXQW� GHVWLQDWH� V � VDWLVIDF �SO FHUL�� WUHEXLQ H� VDX� FDSULFLL� LQGLYLGXDOH�� FL� LPSOLF � GDWRULD�PRUDO � GH� D� OH� UH-investi (capitaliza) spre a fi multiplicate, DGXFkQG� DVWIHO� XQ� LPQ� GH� VODY � Oui Dumnezeu. Max Weber FRQVLGHU � F � SULQ� DFHVWH� FRQVHFLQ H� SURWHVWDQWLVPXO� IRUPHD] �spiritul capitalist modern. ,VODPLVPXO� HVWH� FHQWUDW� SH� FUHGLQ D� vQ� $OODK�� FRQVLGHUDW�VLQJXUD� SXWHUH� YROXQWDU � úL� FUHDWRDUH� GLQ� 8QLYHUV� FRQIRUP� XQXL�monoteism exclusivist. 5HOD LD� FUHGLQFLRVXOXL� FX�'XPQH]HX� HVWH�IXQGDPHQWDW � PDL� DOHV� SH� WHDP � úL� VXSXQHUH� QHFRQGL LRQDW �� ÌQ�FHQWUX��VH�DIO �ILJXUD�SURRURFXOXL�0RKDPHG�����-632), cel care a SULPLW�UHYHOD LD�&RUDQXOXL��2EOLJD LLOH�FUHGLQFLRVXOXL��SDUWLFLSDUHD�vQ� U ]ERLXO� VIkQW� SHQWUX� U VSkQGLUHD� FUHGLQ HL� �FDUH� D� SHUPLV�XQLWDWHD� FXOWXUDO � D� OXPLL� WXUFR-DUDEH� úL� vQO WXUDUHD� FUHGLQ HORU�PLWLFH�ORFDOH���HIHFWXDUHD�FHORU�FLQFL�UXJ FLXQL�]LOQLFH�FX�ID D�F WUH�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

0HFFD�� DMXWDUHD� V UDFLORU� úL� EROQDYLORU�� FHO� SX LQ� XQ� SHOHULQDM� OD�0HFFD�� V UE WRULUHD� 5DPDGDQXOXL�� FHOH� WUHL� ]LOH� GH� %DLUDP��,VODPLVPXO�VWUXFWXUHD] �YLD D�IDPLOLDO �úL�DF LXQHD�SROLWLF ��6WDWXO�úL� LQVWLWX LLOH�� GH� SURYLGHQ � HXURSHDQ �� WUDQVSODQWDWH� vQ� PHGLXO�LVODPLF��vúL�VFKLPE �VHQVLELO�IXQF LLOH�VRFLR-culturale. În islamism, omul este considerat ca nimicnicie în raport cu singura putere YROXQWDU �� FHD� D� OXL� $OODK�� 3ULQ� XUPDUH�� RPXO� HVWH� OLEHU� V �vQWUHSULQG � RULFH� FX� FRQGL LD� S VWU ULL� DSDUHQ HORU� VRFLDOH��0LFLOH�lipsuri personale nu-O�SRW�FRERUv�PDL�PXOW�SH�RP�vQ�ID D�OXL�$OODK� FL� QXPDL� vQ� ID D� FRPXQLW LL� RPHQHúWL� vQ� FDUH� LQGLYLGXO� VH�LQWHJUHD] �� 6DFULILFLXO� SHUVRQDO� SHQWUX� ,VODP� FRQGXFH� DXWRPDW� OD�PkQWXLUH�� 'H� PD[LP � LPSRUWDQ � SHQWUX� PXVXOPDQ� HVWH�DSDUWHQHQ D�VD�OD�FRPXQLWDWHD�F UHLD�L�VH�GHYRWHD] � ÌQ�UHOLJLLOH�VDOY ULL��FUHúWLQLVP��LVODPLVP��PR]DLVP���RPXO�HVWH� FRQVLGHUDW� FD� ILLQ �S F WRDV �� F ]XW �GLQ� VWDUHD�SDUDGLVLDF ��PL]D�FUHGLQ HL�ILLQG�UHGREkQGLUHD�DGHY UDWHL�ILUL��5HOLJLLOH�GH�WLSXO�EUDKPDQLVPXOXL�úL�EXGLVPXOXL�VXQW�FHQWUDWH�QX�SH�LGHHD�HOLEHU ULL�GH� S FDW�� FL� SH� DFHHD� D� HOLEHU ULL� GH� VXIHULQ � SULQ� úL� SHQWUX�RE LQHUHD� GHV YkUúLULL� SHUVRQDOH�� %UDKPDQLVPXO� VWUXFWXUHD] �vQ HOHJHUHD� XQLYHUVXOXL� úL� D� RPXOXL� SH� ED]D� SDUDOHOHL� GLQWUH� GRX �cupluri categoriale: Brahman - Maya, Nirvana - Samsara . Brahman este o divinitate iPSHUVRQDO ��DEVWUDFW ��VXIOHW�úL�YRLQ �D�universului, spiritul universal. Brahman este atotexistentul, o VXEVWDQ �VSLULWXDO �DFRUSRUDO ��DFDOLWDWLY ��WHPHLXO�H[LVWHQ HL�UHDOH�úL� SRVLELOH�� DEVROXWXO� FRVPLF� GLQ� FDUH� ILHFDUH� ILLQ � SRVHG � R�S UWLFLF � QXPLW Atman (sufletul individual). Brahman este H[LVWHQ D� QHPDQLIHVWDW �� RULJLQDU �� VXILFLHQW �� VLHúL�� HVWH� OXPLQD�OXPLQLORU�� FDX] � úL� VFRS� D� WRW� FHHD� FH� H[LVW �� $FHDVW � GLYLQLWDWH�LPSHUVRQDO �D�FUHDW� OXPHD�vQ�PRG�JUDWXLW��SULQWU-un joc magic cu iluzia pentru pURSULD�VD�VDWLVIDF LH�� 0D\D� GHVHPQHD] � QLYHOXO� UHDOLW LORU� FRQFUHWH�� SOXUDOH��fenomenice, imperfecte, instabile care nu-úL� DX� WHPHLXO� vQ� HOH�vQVHOH��/XPHD�úL�YLD D� VXQW�0D\D� -� DGLF � LOX]LH��7UHEXLH�SUHFL]DW�F � �LOX]LH�� vQVHDPQ � DLFL� QLPLFQLFLH�� YUHPHOQLFLH�� S UHOQLFLH��

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

OXPHD�� ILLQG� 0D\D�� HVWH� IRUPDW � H[FOXVLY� GLQ� UHDOLW L� DSDUHQWH��inconsistente. Brahma, provenind din Brahman, este divinitatea vQFHSXWXOXL� FUHD LHL�� %UDKPD� HVWH� vQVXúL� SULQFLSLXO� FUHDWRU��FRQVWLWXLQG� vPSUHXQ � FX� 9LúQX� - principiul ordinii, o energie FHQWULSHW ��S VWU WRUXO�-�úL�FX�ùLYD�-�HQHUJLD�FHQWULIXJ ��SULQFLSLXO�GLVWUXJ WRU�� DO� GH]RUGLQLL�� KDRVXOXL� -� WULDGD� EUDKPDQLF ��%UDKPD��9LúQX�� ùLYD� VXQW� SULQFLSLL� H[SOLFDWLYH� SHQWUX� WRWDOLWDWHD� OXPLL�DSDUHQWH�� 7RW� GLQ� %UDKPDQ� GHFXUJ� úL� NDUPD�� GKDUPD� úL� PRNúD��NDUPD� HVWH� SULQFLSLXO� FDX]DOLW LL� HQHUJHWLFH� D� YLH LL�� 6SUH�deosebire de conceptul european de "destin", karma exclude IDWDOLWDWHD�� VH� UHIHU � vQWRWGHDXQD� OD� VIHUD� SRVLELOXOXL� vQO XQWUXO�F UHLD� VH� GHVI úRDU � YLD D� RPXOXL�� FD� XQ� VLVWHP� GH� DOternative HOLJLELOH��vQ�GLQDPLFD�SHUSHWX ��'KDUPD�- legea - este datoria, ceea FH�WUHEXLH�vQGHSOLQLW��0RNúD�HVWH�vQV úL�HOLEHUDUHD�GH�VXIHULQ �VSUH�FDUH�VH�vQDLQWHD] �SULQ�FXQRDúWHUH��SH�F L�PLVWLFH�VDX�SULQ�PDJLH��prin ascetism, tehnici psiho-VRPDWLFH�ú�a.m.d. 6DPVDUD� GHVFULH� FLFOXO� UHvQYLHULORU� FH� DOF WXLHVF�SHUHJULQDUHD�VXIOHWXOXL�SULQ�OXPHD�FRQFUHW �VXE�IRUPD�vQFDUQ ULORU�VXFFHVLYH�� vQ� QXP U� OLPLWDW� VDX� QHOLPLWDW�� $FHVW� FLFOX� HVWH�PHFDQLVPXO� SLHUGHULL� VXIOHWXOXL� vQ� úL� DFDSDUDUHD� VD� GH� F WUH�DSDUHQ HOH�OXPLL�úL�YLH LL��3ULQ�6DPVDUD��VXIOHWXO�GHYLQH�SUL]RQLHUXO�0D\HL��3ULQ�GHILQL LH�� UHvQYLHUHD�HVWH� UHJXOD�JHQHUDO �D�H[LVWHQ HL�VXIOHWHORU�GHVSULQVH�GLQ�6XIOHWXO�8QLYHUVDO��DGLF �GLQ�%UDKPDQ��LDU�eliberarea din acest ciclu alienant pentru materia spiritual � HVWH�FKLDU� XOWLPD� UHvQFDUQDUH� FDUH� FRQGXFH� REOLJDWRULX� OD� GHV YkUúLUH��ÌQWRWGHDXQD�6DPVDUD� vQVHDPQ �VXIHULQ ��PRU LOH�VXQW�DSDUHQWH�úL�H[LVW �PDUHD� VSDLP � ID � GH� UHvQFDUQ ULOH� YLLWRDUH�� GHRDUHFH� HVWH�YRUED� GH� R� UHvQYLHUH� vQWUX� VXIHULQ �� LQGLIHUHQW� SH� FH� WUHDSW � D�VRFLHW LL� VDX� D� VILQ HQLHL� VH� YD� UHJ VL� LQGLYLGXO�� 1LUYDQD� HVWH�VIkUúLWXO�6DPVDUHL��DGLF �VWLQJHUHD�DEVROXW ��ÌQ�VHQV�PLWLF��1LUYDQD�SRDWH�IL�LQWHUSUHWDW �FD�R�VWDUH�RULJLQDU ��SDUDGLVLDF ��DQDORJ �VW ULL�RPXOXL� vQDLQWH� GH� S FDW� vQ� FUHúWLQLVP�� ÌQV �� vQ� VHQV� PHWDIL]LF��1LUYDQD� VH� UHIHU � OD� R� VWDUH� VSLULWXDO �� vQ� DIDUD� H[LVWHQ HL�QHPLMORFLWH��QHYHUEDOL]DW ��QX�SRDWH� IL� DFFHSWDW �GHFL�GHILQLUHD�HL�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

în termeni pozitivi - prin ceea ce este -, ci în termeni negativi - prin ceea ce nu este; poate fi dHVFULV � GRDU� FD� RSXVXO� DEVROXW� DO�VW ULL�GH�6DPVDUHL��GHFL��UHSDRV�DEVROXW��EHDWLWXGLQH�YHúQLF �ú�D��� Brahmanismul -� FD� UHOLJLH� GH� FDVW � -� DSUHFLD] � F � RPXO�HVWH� VXILFLHQW� GH� VODE� úL� GH� DFHHD� WUHEXLH� DMXWDW� GH� VDFHURGR L�SHQWUX�D�VH�HOLEHUD�GH�VXIHULQ ��%XGLVPXO��vQ�VFKLPE��SRUQHúWH�GH�OD�SUHPLVD�F �RDPHQLL�VXQW�HJDOL�vQ�VXIHULQ ��GH�FDUH�VH�SRW�HOLEHUD�SULQ�SURSULXO�HIRUW��DYkQG�úDQVH�HJDOH�GH�UHXúLW ��5HDOLW LOH�OXPLL��LVWRULHL� úL� H[LVWHQ HL� VXQW�� GH� DVHPHQHD�� FRGLILFDWH� vQ� WHUPHQLL�VXIHULQ HL�� &DOHD� FUHGLQ HL� HVWH� FHD� SULQ� FDUH� VH� UHDOL]HD] �GHVROLGDUL]DUHD�VLVWHPDWLF ��SURJUHVLY �GH�0D\D�SULQ�VXVWUDJHUH�GH�OD� DSDUHQ HOH� DP JLWRDUH� DOH� OXPLL�� %XGGD� QX� HVWH� R� ]HLWDWH�� FL��WUH]LWXO��� �vQ HOHSWXO��� �LOXPLQDWXO��� SRVHVRUXO� UHYHOD LHL�DGHY UXULORU� IXQGDPHQWDOH�� ÌQY WXUD� OXL� VXV LQH� XUP WRDUHD�vQO Q XLUH� ORJLF � FH� IDFH� SRVLELO � PkQWXLUHD� LQGLYLGXDO �� H[LVW �VXIHULQ ��VXUVD�VXIHULQ HL�VH�DIO �vQ�DWDúDPHQWXO�ID �GH�YLD D�úL�GH�UHDOLWDWHD� FRQFUHW �� GHFL� vQ� LJQRUDQ �� GRULQ � úL� VHQ]XDOLWDWH��posibilitatea HOLEHU ULL�GH�VXIHULQ ��FXUPDUHD�HIHFWLY �D�VXIHULQ HL�XUPkQG�FDOHD�FX�RSW�U VSkQWLL��FUHGLQ D�GUHDSW ��DVSLUD LD��FXYkQWXO�GUHSW�� YLD D� GUHDSW �� DF LXQHD�� HIRUWXULOH�� JkQGLUHD�� FRQFHQWUDUHD��&HOH� FLQFL� YLUWX L� FDUH� VWDX� OD� ED]D� DFHVWHL� F L� VSUH� PkQWXLUH��FUHGLQ D��E UE LD�FD� WHQDFLWDWH�D�YRLQ HL��DWHQ LD��FRQFHQWUDUHD�úL�vQ HOHSFLXQHD��DSDU LQ�YLH LL�VILQWH��VIkQWXO�D�WUHFXW�FHOH�WUHL�SUDJXUL��SRU L�� DOH� HOLEHU ULL� �YDFXLWDWHD� -� DGLF � H[SHULPHQWDUHD� JROXOXL��DEVHQ D�VHPQHORU�SULQ�YLGDUHD�FRQúWLLQ HL�GH�FRQ LQXWXUL�FRQFUHWH��DQXODUHD�VWLPXOLORU�LQWHUQL�úL�H[WHUQL��GLVWUXJHUHD�GRULQ HL�� 6XIHULQ D� SURYLQH� GLQ� GRULQ H� úL� SO FHUL�� GLQ� DWDúDPHQWXO�RPXOXL�ID �GH� OXPHD�FRQFUHW ��&DOHD�FUHGLQ HL�DQXOHD] �VHWHD�GH�YLD ��FHHD�FH�SHUPLWH�GHV YkUúLUHD�VSLULWXDO ��Atunci când sufletul LQGLYLGXDO� DWLQJH� GHV YkUúLUHD�� VH� GH]LQGLYLGXDOL]HD] ��dizolvându-se în Brahman (absolutul cosmic). Astfel se atinge VWDUHD�GH�DEVHQ �D�VXIHULQ HL�vQ�1LUYDQD��DGLF �VWLQJHUHD�DEVROXW ��$FHDVW � VXSULPDUH� YROXQWDU � D� VXIHULQ HL� QX� VH� FRQIXQG � QLFL� FX�IHULFLUHD�� QLFL� FX� EHDWLWXGLQHD� UDLXOXL� FUHúWLQ�� HVWH� GRDU� R� VWDUH�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

VSLULWXDO � DEVROXW �� 7UHFHUHD� vQ� � 1LUYDQD� HVWH� WUHFHUHD� GH� OD�H[LVWHQ D�PDQLIHVWDW �OD�FHD�QHPDQLIHVWDW �� ÌQ�%XGLVP��FD�úL� vQ�%UDKPDQLVP��'XPQH]HX�HVWH� LPDQHQW�lumii, caleD� VSUH� GHV YkUúLUHD� LQGLYLGXDO �� FRQFHSHUHD� GLYLQLW LL�ILLQG�GLIHULW �GH�FHD�D�JkQGLULL�HXURSHQH�GLQ�SXQFWXO�GH�YHGHUH�DO�F UHL� FHOH� GRX � UHOLJLL� DVLDWLFH� DX� IRVW� FDWDORJDWH� GHVHRUL� GUHSW��DWHH��� I U � 'XPQH]HX�� ÌQ� IDSW�� HVWH� YRUED� GH� DOWH� PRGHOH��simulacre culturale ale absolutului. Budismul s-D� GHVS U LW� SH� SDUFXUVXO� U VSkQGLULL� úL�GH]YROW ULL� VDOH� vQ� GRX � FXUHQWH�PDMRUH��+LQD\DQD� úL�0DKD\DQD��'HQXPLULOH�YL]HD] �SXU�úL�VLPSOX�JUDGXO�GH�SHUPLVLYLWDWH�SULQ�FDUH�VH� RE LQH� HOLEHUDUHD� GH� VXIHULQ ��%XGLVPXO�+LQD\DQD�� FHO� DO� F LL�înguste (vehicol mic), s-D�GH]YROWDW� vQ�VXGXO�,QGLHL�� vQ�FRPXQLW L�PLFL�� vQFKLVH�� ED]DWH� SH� LQL LHUH�� $FHDVW � WHQGLQ � HVWH� SXWHUQLF�FRQVHUYDWLY ��vúL�SURSXQH�V �XUPH]H�FkW�PDL�ILGHO�FDOHD�GHVFULV �GH�%XGGD� vQVXúL�� (VWH� UHIX]DW �PLWL]area sau zeificarea lui Buddha, DFHVWD� ILLQG� vQY WRUXO�� PRGHOXO� H[HPSODU� FH� H[SULP � XQ�PD[LPXP�GH�SHUIRUPDQ �OD�FDUH�SRDWH�DYHD�DFFHV�XQ�RP��)LHFDUH�RP�HVWH�XQ�%XGGD�SRVLELO��LDU�DWLQJHUHD�VW ULL�GH�LOXPLQDUH�GHSLQGH�GRDU�GH�HIRUWXO�ILHF UXLD��%XGLVPXO�Mahayana, al Marelui vehicol VDX��&DOHD�ODUJ ���SXQH�DFFHQW�SH�SUR]HOLWLVP��VH�YUHD�R�UHOLJLH�GH�PDV ��FX�VWUXFWXUL� LQVWLWX LRQDOH��&D�úL� vQ�%UDKPDQLVP��RPXO�HVWH�FRQVLGHUDW� VODE�� GHFL� DUH� QHYRLH� GH� SUHR L� SHQWUX� D� VH� HOLEHUD� GH�VXIHULQ ��$FHDVW �UDPXU �D�EXGLVPXOXL�YDORULILF �WHQGLQ H�PLWLFR-PDJLFH� H[LVWHQWH� vQ� VSD LXO� FXOWXUDO� vQ� FDUH� V-a dezvoltat o divinizare a figurii lui Budda. Printr-XQ�SURFHV�DVHP Q WRU�DSDUH�úL�/DPDLVPXO��FD�úL�FXUHQWXO�=HQ��vQ�VSD LL�JHRJUDILFH�úL�FXOWXUDOH�diferite. Dao, termenXO�FHQWUDO�DO�vQY WXULL�OXL�/DR-Tzî, ar putea IL� SDU LDO� H[SOLFLWDW � SULQ�� FDOHD�� GUXPXO�� SULQFLSLXO� XOWLP� DO�H[LVWHQ HL�� QHPXULWRUXO�� LQFRPHQVXUDELOXO�� QHGHILQLWXO��nenumitul, inexprimabilul. Dao este principiul spiritual al OXPLL�� UHDOLWDWHD� SULP �� REkUúLD�� VWUDWXO� PXPHORU�� SULQFLSLXO�XQLW LL� XQLYHUVDOH�� PDWULFHD� WXWXURU� YLUWXDOLW LORU�� UHDOLWDWHD�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

RULJLQDU �� LQFRPSUHKHQVLELOXO�� 'DR� HVWH� vQV úL� WDLQD�� H[LVWHQ D�FD�PLVWHU�� vQ HOHSFLXQHD� FRVPLF �� 'DR� HVWH� UHFHSWDW� vQ� GDRLVP�preponderent ca principiu feminin. În confucianism, SUHSRQGHUHQ D�HVWH�DFRUGDW �SULQFLSLXOXL�PDVFXOLQ� �WLDQ FHUXO���&D�HVHQ �D�XQLYHUVXOXL��'DR�HVWH�JROXO��QLPLFXO��QHDQWXO�FH�QX�SRDWH� IL� FDUDFWHUL]DW� VSD LR-WHPSRUDO�� GDU� FXSULQGH� vQ� YHúQLFLH�WRDWH� SRVLELOLW LOH�� YLUWXDOLW LOH�� ILLQd astfel identificat cu XQLWDWHD� SULPRUGLDO �� 3ULQ� GHGXEODUH�� UH]XOW � FHOH� GRX �SULQFLSLL��<LQ��IHPLQLQ��úL�<DQJ��PDVFXOLQ���vQ�úL�SULQ�FDUH�'DR�devine activ în ordinea lumii concrete. Cu ajutorul cuplului Yin-<DQJ�� SXWHP� IDFH� LQWHOLJLELO� SOLQXO�� H[LVWHQ D�PDQLIHVWDW ��&HOH�GRX �SULQFLSLL�VXQW�FRQWUDULL��DIODWH� vQ�FRQIOLFW�SHUPDQHQW��FX�WHQGLQ D�GH�H[FOXGHUH�UHFLSURF ��GDU�vQ�DFHODúL�WLPS�H[LVW �vQ�XQLWDWH�� <LQ� úL� <DQJ� VXQW� FRPSOHPHQWDUH� -� SULQFLSLXO� DFWLY� úL�FHO� SDVLY� FH� VH� DIO � OD� WRDWH� QLYHOXULOH� H[LVWHQ HL�� <LQ� úL�<DQJ�sunt principii inerte prin ele însele; devin active numai atunci FkQG� LQWHUYLQH� 'DR� vQ� LSRVWD]D� IHQRPHQLF �� <LQ� úL� <DQJ� VH�PDQLIHVW � FD� VXIOXUL� YLWDOH� �FHUHúWL� úL� WHUHVWUH��� LDU� 'DR� FD�HQHUJLH� PHGLDQ �� 'DR� VH� UHIHU � OD� VWDUHD� GH� LQVXILFLHQ �LQWHULRDU �SH�FDUH� ILHFDUH�SULQFLSLX�R� UHVLPWH� vQ� UDSRUW�FX�VLQH��<LQ�QX�vúL�HVWH�VXILFLHQW�VLHúL��úL� vúL�LQWHULRUL]HD] �\DQJXO�FD�SH�XQ� JRO�� FD� SH� R� DEVHQ �� /D� IHO��<DQJXO� ID � GH�<LQ��*ROXO� QX�HVWH� VLPSO � DEVHQ �� OLSV �� FL� HVWH� XQ� JRO� DFWLY�� SURGXFWiv, vQWUXFkW� JHQHUHD] � HYROX LD�� (VWH� FKLDU� JROXO� FDUH� SURGXFH�WHQVLXQL�LQWHULRDUH��HVWH�R�DEVHQ �DFWLY ��'H�SLOG ��HVWH�HYLGHQW�F � QXPDL� RDPHQLL� FDUH� DX� R� VWDUH� GH� QHPXO XPLUH� ID � GH� HL�vQúLúL�FUHD] ��WLQG�F WUH�FHYD��vQ�SRH]LH��QX�FHHD�FH�VH�VSXQH�DUH�VHPQLILFD LH�� FL� FHHD� FH� VH� VXJHUHD] �� $EVHQ D� DFWLY � HVWH�SURGXF WRDUH�GH�UHDOLWDWH� 'DR� HVWH� SULQFLSLXO� GH� XQLWDWH�� H[LVWHQ D� PDQLIHVWDW ��QHGLIHUHQ LDW �� FDUH� vQFKLGH� WRDWH� YLUWXDOLW LOH�� 'DR� FD� HQHUJLH�PHGLDQ ��GH�OHJ WXU �vQWUH�<LQ�úL�<DQJ��IDFH�FD�fiecare dintre cele GRX � SULQFLSLL� V � WLQG � F WUH� FRQWUDULXO� V X�� <LQ� úL� <DQJ� vQ�WUDQVIRUPDUH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �FRVPRVXO��LVWRULD�úL�IL]LRORJLD�RPXOXL��

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

GHRSRWULY ��&RGXO�<LQ-<DQJ�FLWHúWH�XQLYHUVXO�FD� úL� ILLQ D�XPDQ ��Deci rostul omului este de a se integra în� RUGLQHD� &HUXOXL� úL� D�3 PkQWXOXL�� 'H]HFKLOLEUHOH�� DWLWXGLQLOH� H[DJHUDWH�� EROLOH� HWF�� VH�GDWRUHD] � XQHL� LQVXILFLHQ H�� ILH� GH� <LQ�� ILH� GH� <DQJ�� /D� VFDU �FRVPLF ��<LQ�VH�FRPELQ �FX�<DQJ�vQ�RSW�WULDGH��SH�ED]D�F URUD�VH�pot face previziuni. Modelul este compleW�DWXQFL�FkQG�VH�FRPELQ �FkWH�GRX �WULDGH��UH]XOWkQG�úDL]HFL�úL�SDWUX�GH�FRPELQD LL�H[SOLFDWH�vQ��&DUWHD� WUDQVIRUP ULORU���$FWLYLVPXO� OXL�'DR�HVWH�SUH]HQW�SULQ�FHOH� FLQFL� HQHUJLL� FRVPLFH�� VDX� SXWHUL�� OHPQXO�� IRFXO�� S PkQWXO��PHWDOXO� úL� DSD�� $FHVWH� HQHUJLL� QX� VXQW� VXEVWDQ H� PDWHULDOH�� FL�SULQFLSLL� YLWDOH�� /RU� OH� FRUHVSXQG� FHOH� SDWUX� DQRWLPSXUL� úL� FHOH�FLQFL�SXQFWH�FDUGLQDOH��RPXO�VH�DIO �vQ�FHQWUX��&HORU�FLQFL�HQHUJLL��patru anotimpuri, puncte cardinale le corespund cele cinci culori, FLQFL�RUJDQH�YLWDOH�úL�cinci gusturi principale. 'DR� HVWH� vQVXúL� QHGHVOXúLWXO�� QHGLIHUHQ LDWXO�� SULQFLSLXO�OLSVLW� GH� FDOLW L� VHQVLELOH�� YLGXO�� JROXO� FDUH� G � SUHJQDQ �VLPEROXULORU�� vQ� FRUHVSRQGHQ HOH� HQHUJLL-anotimpuri-puncte cardinale-culori-organe-JXVWXUL�� <LQ� úL� <DQJ� DOF WXiesc o unitate WHQVLRQDO �� VWDUHD� GH� LQVXILFLHQ � QDúWH� FRPSOHPHQWDULWDWHD��IHPLQLQXO�VH�PDVFXOLQL]HD] �úL�PDVFXOLQXO�VH�IHPLQL]HD] ��'DR�vQ�VWDUH�IHQRPHQLF �VH�UHIHU �OD�HQHUJLLOH�PHGLDQH��&HOH�FLQFL�HQHUJLL�prin care Dao devine activ în ordinea lumii concrete pot fi structurate astfel: Yin -� DHU�� HVW�� YHUGH�� SULP YDU �� VSOLQ �� DFLG��Yang -� IRF�� VXG�� JDOEHQ�� YDU �� SO PkQL�� DPDU�� <LQ� -� S PkQW��FHQWUX��RP���URúX�� LQLP ��GXOFH��<DQJ�-�PHWDO��YHVW��DOE�� WRDPQ ��ficat; acru; Yin -� DS �� QRUG�� QHJUX�� LDUQ �� ULQLFKL�� V UDW�� $FHDVW �PDWULFH�UHSUH]LQW �GH�IDSW�XQ�LQVWUXPHQW�DMXW WRU�GH�LQWHUSUHWDUH�D�HYROX LHL� OD� VFDU � FRVPLF � úL� LQGLYLGXDO �� 6H� DSOLF � vQ� PHGLFLQD�FKLQH] �� REVHGDW � GH� QHPXULUH� SULQ� F XWDUHD� HFKLOLEUXOXL� GLQWUH�FHOH�FLQFL�SULQFLSLL��PHGLWD LH�úL�KUDQ . 7LDQ��FHUXO��HQHUJLD�FRVPLF ��RUGLQHD�FRVPLF �SUHILJXUHD] �R� FRUHVSRQGHQ � DVLDWLF � D� QR LXQLL� GH� /RJRV� JUHFHVF�� (VWH�conceput în Daoism ca principiu feminin, iar în confucianism ca SULQFLSLX� PDVFXOLQ�� ÌQ� DPEHOH� FD]XUL�� VH� DILUP � LQWHJUDUHD� úL�

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FILOSOFIA RELIGIEI

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