procedeul solvay sau amoniacal este o metodă modernă de producere a carbonatului de sodiu (cenuşa...

7/30/2019 Procedeul Solvay sau amoniacal este o metod modern de producere a carbonatului de sodiu (cenua de sod)

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Procedeul Solvay

Procedeul Solvay sau amoniacal este o metod modern de producere a carbonatului de sodiu (cenua desod) inventat i introdus n circuitul comercial n Belgia de ctre Ernest Solvay (1838-1929). Sareacomun (clorura de sodiu) este tratat cu amoniac i, apoi, cu dioxid de carbon, prin procese atent controlatepentru a forma bicarbonatul de sodiu i clorura de amoniu.

nclzit, bicarbonatul produce carbonat de sodiu, ca produs dorit. Clorura de amoniu estetratat cu oxid de calciu pentru a produce amoniac (pentru refolosire) i clorura de calciu.Procedeul s-a dovedit de o mare valoare comercial. Importante cantiti de carbonat de sodisunt utilizate n fabricarea sticlei, a detergenilor i a substanelor de curare.

Bicarbonatul de sodiu in casa

Datorita proprietatilor sale chimice, bicarbonatul este unul dintre principalele produse decuratenie, de igiena si de lupta impotriva mirosurilor dezagreabile din gospodarie. Completsolubil in apa si bland pe piele, produsul nu lasa reziduuri nocive in mediul ambiant.

IstoricPrimele urme de bicarbonate de sodiu s-au gasit in papirusurile egiptene unde termenul de Natron indica unamestec de carbonat si bicarbonat de sodiu, utilizat in metodele complexe de imbalsamare. Era utilizat si invopsirea si curatarea tesaturilor, in fabricarea sticlei si in producerea de mirosuri atragatoare.Doar in secolul al XVIII-lea (meritul lui Nicolas Le Blanc), sarea a fost convertita in soda datorita aciduluisulfuric, carbonului si pietrii calcaroase. Astfel cantitatea de soda a crescut sensibil, ducand la nasterea noiiindustrii. Produsele acestui proces puteau fi utilizate imediat si fara o spalare preliminara.Din pacate metoda lui Le Blanc crea si unele probleme privind reziduurile toxice derivate (sulfatul desodium, acidul clorhidric si oxidul de carbon), dar si a procesului care necesita o serie de operatiuni latemperatura inalta. Astfel ca, in 1863, Ernest Solvay a pus la punct un nou procedeu, mai ecologic sieconomic, datorita caruia nu mai era nevoie de temperaturi ridicate pentru transformarea sarii si a calcarului

in bicarbonat de sodiu, deci nu mai rezultau subproduse toxice. Acesta a devenit unicul proces de producerecarbonatului de sodiu si a bicarbonatului in Europa, dand nastere grupului chimic si farmaceutic de astazi(ce-i poarta numele) adus la scara mondiala, cu patru sectoare strategice: chimic, materiale plastice,transformare si farmaceutic.

Unde se afla bicarbonatul de sodiu

Despre bicarbonate se spune ca favorizeaza dezvoltarea microorganiusmelor utile in apele reziduale si caprezenta sa in apa oceanelor contribuie la amortizarea efectelor bioxidului de carbon in atmosfera.Bicarbonatul de sodium (NaHCO3) se gaseste in natura fie combinat cu carbonatul de sodiu, fie insedimentele apelor stagnante (lacuri, ape subterane). Mai este produs si de organismul uman, unde efectueazfunctiuni de reglare a Ph-ului in sange, in saliva (protejand dintii de atacurile acizilor dezvoltati din

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descompunerea placii bacteriene) si pe mucoasa stomacului, unde amortizeaza actiunile sucurilor gastrice. infine, la nivel de aparat respirator, bicarbonatul absoarbe bioxidul de carbon present in tesuturi si il trensferain plamani, de unde vine expulzat.

Utilizari multiple in gospodarie

Bicarbonatul de sodiu este un element bine cunoscut in orice gospodarie. Iata cateva dintre intrebuintarilesale multiple.. Dezinfectant si demachiant. Este utilizat sub forma de lotiuni dezinfectnte in infectii, arsuri, etc. in

cosmetica este folosit ca ca un excelent demachiant pentru curatirea fetei: se pune putin bicarbonate pe untampon de vata pentru eliminarea impuritatilor ce astupa porii epidermei.. Suprafete lavabile si peretii. Adaugat la apa oxigenata si aplicat pe suprafete ce trebuie curatate, reuseste selimine orice fel de pete. Curata chiar si suprafata innegrita din spatele caloriferelor, folosind o bucata dematerial imbibat cu bicarbonat.. in baie. Bicarbonatul este o sursa fundamentala in mentinerea curateniei si igienei baii, fiind un bundezinfectant impotriva germenilor si bacteriilor. inainte de spalarea obisnuita a unei vane sau chivete, serecomanda stropirea si frecarea suprafetei cu pulbere de bicarbonat cu ajutorul unui burete, dupa care selimpezeste. Acelasi lucru se poate face si cu perdeaua din plastic a dusului, de pe care bicarbonatul eliminapetele umede si eventualele urme de mucegai.. Diverse materiale si haine. Draperiile si perdelele, stropite cu pulbere uscata de bicarbonat de sodiu, isiregasesc culoarea naturala. La fel si cu piesele de imbracaminte, adesea patate de parfum sau deodorant.Asigurandu-ne in prealabil de rezistente culorilor la amoniac, pentru a face sa dispara haloul ce inconjoarapetele galbui se acopera portiunea cu un amestec pastos de amoniac si bicarbonat, lasand apoi sa se usuce lasoare. Apoi se trece la spalarea obisnuita a piesei respective.. in masina. Putin bicarbonate de sodiu pe fundul scrumierei din masina impiedica neplacutul miros sa seimpregneze in interiorul acesteia. O trecere de bicarbonate pe parbriz cu ajutorul unui burete umed, eliminatoate resturile de insecte strivite, oferind o vizibilitate perfect transparenta.

Alte diverse virtuti ale bicarbonatului

. Vana din baie: 2-3 linguri presarate in apa din vana depureaza pielea, lasand-o moale si catifelata. in plus,are un efect relaxant.. Masina de spalate: o lingura cu varf de bicarbonat, in spatiul pentru detergent, inmoaie hainele respective sle dezinfecteaza.. Frigiderul: bicarbonatul este un perfect produs de curatire, evitandu-se astfel produsele chimice care arputea veni in contact cu alimentele (2 linguri la l apa).. Periuta de dinti: 1 lingura (25 g) la un pahar de apa pentru a garanta igiena protezei dentare si a periutei.. Parfum: neutralizeaza mirosul neplacut daca se adauga si cateva picaturi de esenta parfumata in dulapiorulde pantofi.. Pieptanul si peria: se curata cu 2 linguri(50 g) de bicarbonat dizolvate in apa calda.. Paharele: nu ramane nici o urma de vin sau de calcar pe pretioasele pahare, daca se adauga o lingura (25 g)de bicarbonate in paharul umplut cu apa calda. Dupa limpezire, paharul isi va recapata stralucirea.. Ceramice si portelanuri: patele lasate pe aceste piese, indiferent daca sunt pretioase sau cele de fiecare zi, spot elimina cu ajutorul unei paste din bicarbonate (3 parti) si apa (1 parte). Se freaca direct cu mana pesuprafata lor. Efectul pozitiv e dublu: asupra produsului din poretan, dar si asupra epidermei mainilor, cedevine moale si catifelata.. Covoare si machete: se presara un strat uniform de bicarbonate pe covoare, mocheta sau pe suprafata unuifotoliu din stofa. Se lasa sa actioneze timp de 15 minute, apoi se aspira. in cazul neutilizarii indelungate saumirosului de fum de tigara sau de mucegai, se lasa produsul sa actioneze timp de 24 de ore. Un sistem valabsi pentru reactivarea culorilor tapiteriei mobilierului care, cu trecerea timpului, tind sa se decoloreze.. Calcar si mucegai. Pentru eliminarea urmelor de calcar sau mucegai de pe covoarele din plastic, de pebateria dusului, de pe piesele sanitare si pentru redarea stralucirii vanei din baie, se procedeaza astfe: seformeaza o pasta cu 3 parti bicarbonate si o parte apa. Cu ajutorul unui burete, pasta se freaca direct pesuprafata de curatire.

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. Barbecue: cu o lingurita (5 g) de bicarbonat, sub forma de pasta (3 parti la o parte apa), se freaca grilajul siplaca gratarului.. Plante: frunzele plantelor, indiferent daca sunt naturale sau false, trebuie pastrate curate. Se trece pesuprafata lor un burete moale, imbibat cu o solutie de apa si bicarbonat. Pentru eliminarea parazitilor de peplantele naturale, se amesteca l lingurita de bicarbonate si 3 linguri de ulei de masline. Se varsa 2 linguritedin acest amestec intr-o ceasca de apa, se umple un vaporizator cu care se stropeste planta, evitand jetuldirect pe flori. Se repeta operatiunea la fiecare 20 de zile.. Respiratie proaspata: se dizolva o lingurita de bicarbonat intr-un pahar de apa. Se efectueaza gargara cuacest lichid dupa care, in gura, ramane un gust proaspat si placut.

Carbonat de sodiuDe la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liber

Salt la: Navigare, cutare

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Carbonatul de sodiu (Na2CO3), cunoscut i sub denumirea de sod sausod de rufe, estesarea de sodiu a acidului carbonic. Forma anhidr are unputernic caracter higroscopic, motiv pentru care, n natur, carbonatul desodiu se gse te cel mai frecvent sub form de hidra i, ca, de exemplu, heptahidratul cristalin (Na2CO37 H2O) care, prin fenomenul deeflorescen , pierde din apa de cristalizare, transformndu-se ntr-o pulberealb, monohidratul (Na2CO3H2O). Are un gust puternic alcalin. n trecut seob inea prin extrac ie din cenu a unor plante cu con inut bogat n sod, cum ar fi sricica (Salsola soda). n prezent poate fi produs sintetic, n cantit i mari, din sarea de buctrie, prinprocedeul Solvay.

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Formula structural

ionic

2 Na+

Caractere generale

NumeCarbonat desodiu

(anhidru)

Alte numeSod, Sodcalcinat

Formulchimic

Na2CO3

NumrulCAS

497-19-8

Descrierescurt

pulbere albcristalin

Proprieti

Masamolar

105,99 gmo

Forma deagregare

solid

Densitate 2,5 g/cm

Punct detopire

851 C

Punct defierbere

---

Presiune devapori

0,000 hPa(25 C)

Solubilitate solubil n ap

Msuri de protecie

Gradul de pericol Xi(caustic, iritant)
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Cuprins

1 Caracteristici 2 Rspndire

3 Utilizare

4 Vezi i

Caracteristici

Carbonatul de sodiu are un habitus polimorf, cristaliznd diferit n func ie de presiunea i temperatura din timpul cristalizrii:

forma anhidr (lipsit de ap) numit i sod calcinat iar ca mineral numit Natrit,avnd punctul de topire de 853 C i densitatea de 2,51 g/cm, cristaliznd lacca.107 C.

Monohidratul, Na2CO3H2O ca mineral numit Thermonatrit

Dihidratul, Na2Ca(CO3)22H2O: ca mineral numit Pirsonit Pentahidratul, Na2Ca(CO3)25H2O: ca mineral numit Gaylusit (Natrocalcit)

Heptahidratul, Na2CO37 H2O

Decahidratul, Na2CO310 H2O: ca mineral numit sod cristalizeaz sub temperaturi de32,5 C din soluii saturate de carbonat de sodiu

Hidrogencarbonatul, Na(HCO3)Na2CO32H2O ca mineral numit Trona.

Caractere generale:

Ca sarea unui acid slab, are o reac ie intens efervescent (cu formare de bioxid de carbon) cu acizii tari. Essolubil n ap (21,6 g/100ml) cu degajare de cldur formnd o solu ie alcalin cu anioni bazici de carbonai o concentra ie mare de grupri hidroxilice (-OH) care-i dau caracterul bazic (alcalin sau le ios) al solu iei

Na2CO3 2 Na+ + CO32-

H2O + CO32- HCO3- + OH-

n aer absoarbe apa (este higroscop) i bioxidul de carbon.

Rspndire

n natur poate fi gsit n lacurile de sod (Lake Natron) din Egipt, Africa de Sud, sau Africa de st,California, Mexic i ca Trona ( Na(HCO3)Na2CO32H2O) n Wyoming (SUA) i n Sahara.

Utilizare

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Soda cristalin fiind higroscopic trebuie nchis ermetic, este cunoscut i utilizat din timpul Egiptuluiantic fiind folosit la prepararea mumiilor, ca i mai triziu la fabricarea sticlei. Azi este foarte mult utilizatn industrie, de exemplu n anul 1997 au fost produse 39 milioane tone de sod pe glob, din care numai nGermania s-au produs n anul 1999 2,4 milioane de tone. Soda este utilizat n:

Industria sticlei soda este una din materiile prime folosite la producerea sticlei Industria chimic, n albire, industria coloranilor, ca i n tbcirea pieilor

Industria producerii detergenilor i dezinfectanilor

Industria metalurgic, pentru ndeprtarea sulfului din fier

Industria hrtiei, importat la curire i neutralizarea aciditii i la albirea hrtiei

Banalul Bicarbonatul de Sodiu -Util la toate

Posted onJanuary 8, 2011 by Idei pentru Via

Aici am facut o colectie de informatii despre bicarbonatul de sodiu, selectate din mai multe surse, deaceea unele informatii se repeta, dar au anumite completari asa ca le-am lasat. Desi folosescbicarbonatul de sodiu la curatare, totusi sunt singura mirata de atatea aplicatii pe care le are.

Datorita proprietatilor sale chimice, bicarbonatul este unul dintre principalele produse de curatenie, digiena si de lupta impotriva mirosurilor dezagreabile din gospodarie. Complet solubil in apa sibland pe piele, produsul nu lasa reziduuri nocive in mediul ambiant.

Istoric

Primele urme de bicarbonate de sodiu s-au gasit in papirusurile egiptene unde termenul de Natronindica un amestec de carbonat si bicarbonat de sodiu, utilizat in metodele complexe de imbalsamareEra utilizat si in vopsirea si curatarea tesaturilor, in fabricarea sticlei si in producerea de mirosuriatragatoare.Doar in secolul al XVIII-lea (meritul lui Nicolas Le Blanc), sarea a fost convertita in soda datorita

acidului sulfuric, carbonului si pietrii calcaroase. Astfel cantitatea de soda a crescut sensibil, ducandla nasterea noii industrii. Produsele acestui proces puteau fi utilizate imediat si fara o spalarepreliminara.Din pacate metoda lui Le Blanc crea si unele probleme privind reziduurile toxice derivate (sulfatul dsodium, acidul clorhidric si oxidul de carbon), dar si a procesului care necesita o serie de operatiuni temperatura inalta. Astfel ca, in 1863, Ernest Solvay a pus la punct un nou procedeu, mai ecologic sieconomic, datorita caruia nu mai era nevoie de temperaturi ridicate pentru transformarea sarii si acalcarului in bicarbonat de sodiu, deci nu mai rezultau subproduse toxice. Acesta a devenit uniculproces de producere a carbonatului de sodiu si a bicarbonatului in Europa, dand nastere grupuluichimic si farmaceutic de astazi (ce-i poarta numele) adus la scara mondiala, cu patru sectoarestrategice: chimic, materiale plastice, transformare si farmaceutic.

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Unde se afla bicarbonatul de sodiu

Despre bicarbonate se spune ca favorizeaza dezvoltarea microorganiusmelor utile in apele reziduale ca prezenta sa in apa oceanelor contribuie la amortizarea efectelor bioxidului de carbon in atmosferaBicarbonatul de sodium (NaHCO3) se gaseste in natura fie combinat cu carbonatul de sodiu, fie insedimentele apelor stagnante (lacuri, ape subterane). Mai este produs si de organismul uman, undeefectueaza functiuni de reglare a Ph-ului in sange, in saliva (protejand dintii de atacurile acizilordezvoltati din descompunerea placii bacteriene) si pe mucoasa stomacului, unde amortizeaza actiunisucurilor gastrice. in fine, la nivel de aparat respirator, bicarbonatul absoarbe bioxidul de carbon

present in tesuturi si il trensfera in plamani, de unde vine expulzat. Utilizari multiple in gospodarie

Bicarbonatul de sodiu este un element bine cunoscut in orice gospodarie. Iata cateva dintreintrebuintarile sale multiple.. Dezinfectant si demachiant. Este utilizat sub forma de lotiuni dezinfectnte in infectii, arsuri, etc. incosmetica este folosit ca ca un excelent demachiant pentru curatirea fetei: se pune putin bicarbonatepe un tampon de vata pentru eliminarea impuritatilor ce astupa porii epidermei.. Suprafete lavabile si peretii. Adaugat la apa oxigenata si aplicat pe suprafete ce trebuie curatate,reuseste sa elimine orice fel de pete. Curata chiar si suprafata innegrita din spatele caloriferelor,folosind o bucata de material imbibat cu bicarbonat.. in baie. Bicarbonatul este o sursa fundamentala in mentinerea curateniei si igienei baii, fiind un bundezinfectant impotriva germenilor si bacteriilor. inainte de spalarea obisnuita a unei vane sau chivetese recomanda stropirea si frecarea suprafetei cu pulbere de bicarbonat cu ajutorul unui burete, dupacare se limpezeste. Acelasi lucru se poate face si cu perdeaua din plastic a dusului, de pe carebicarbonatul elimina petele umede si eventualele urme de mucegai.. Diverse materiale si haine. Draperiile si perdelele, stropite cu pulbere uscata de bicarbonat de sodiuisi regasesc culoarea naturala. La fel si cu piesele de imbracaminte, adesea patate de parfum saudeodorant. Asigurandu-ne in prealabil de rezistente culorilor la amoniac, pentru a face sa disparahaloul ce inconjoara petele galbui se acopera portiunea cu un amestec pastos de amoniac sibicarbonat, lasand apoi sa se usuce la soare. Apoi se trece la spalarea obisnuita a piesei respective.. in masina. Putin bicarbonate de sodiu pe fundul scrumierei din masina impiedica neplacutul miros se impregneze in interiorul acesteia. O trecere de bicarbonate pe parbriz cu ajutorul unui burete umeelimina toate resturile de insecte strivite, oferind o vizibilitate perfect transparenta.

Alte diverse virtuti ale bicarbonatului

. Vana din baie: 2-3 linguri presarate in apa din vana depureaza pielea, lasand-o moale si catifelata. iplus, are un efect relaxant.. Masina de spalate: o lingura cu varf de bicarbonat, in spatiul pentru detergent, inmoaie hainelerespective si le dezinfecteaza.. Frigiderul: bicarbonatul este un perfect produs de curatire, evitandu-se astfel produsele chimice carar putea veni in contact cu alimentele (2 linguri la l apa).. Periuta de dinti: 1 lingura (25 g) la un pahar de apa pentru a garanta igiena protezei dentare si aperiutei.. Parfum: neutralizeaza mirosul neplacut daca se adauga si cateva picaturi de esenta parfumata indulapiorul de pantofi.. Pieptanul si peria: se curata cu 2 linguri(50 g) de bicarbonat dizolvate in apa calda.. Paharele: nu ramane nici o urma de vin sau de calcar pe pretioasele pahare, daca se adauga o lingur(25 g) de bicarbonate in paharul umplut cu apa calda. Dupa limpezire, paharul isi va recapatastralucirea.. Ceramice si portelanuri: patele lasate pe aceste piese, indiferent daca sunt pretioase sau cele defiecare zi, se pot elimina cu ajutorul unei paste din bicarbonate (3 parti) si apa (1 parte). Se freacadirect cu mana pe suprafata lor. Efectul pozitiv e dublu: asupra produsului din poretan, dar si asupraepidermei mainilor, ce devine moale si catifelata.

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. Covoare si machete: se presara un strat uniform de bicarbonate pe covoare, mocheta sau pe suprafaunui fotoliu din stofa. Se lasa sa actioneze timp de 15 minute, apoi se aspira. in cazul neutilizariiindelungate sau a mirosului de fum de tigara sau de mucegai, se lasa produsul sa actioneze timp de 2de ore. Un sistem valabil si pentru reactivarea culorilor tapiteriei mobilierului care, cu trecereatimpului, tind sa se decoloreze.. Calcar si mucegai. Pentru eliminarea urmelor de calcar sau mucegai de pe covoarele din plastic, depe bateria dusului, de pe piesele sanitare si pentru redarea stralucirii vanei din baie, se procedeazaastfe: se formeaza o pasta cu 3 parti bicarbonate si o parte apa. Cu ajutorul unui burete, pasta se freadirect pe suprafata de curatire.. Barbecue: cu o lingurita (5 g) de bicarbonat, sub forma de pasta (3 parti la o parte apa), se freacagrilajul si placa gratarului.. Plante: frunzele plantelor, indiferent daca sunt naturale sau false, trebuie pastrate curate. Se trece pesuprafata lor un burete moale, imbibat cu o solutie de apa si bicarbonat. Pentru eliminarea parazitilorde pe plantele naturale, se amesteca l lingurita de bicarbonate si 3 linguri de ulei de masline. Se vars2 lingurite din acest amestec intr-o ceasca de apa, se umple un vaporizator cu care se stropeste plantaevitand jetul direct pe flori. Se repeta operatiunea la fiecare 20 de zile.. Respiratie proaspata: se dizolva o lingurita de bicarbonat intr-un pahar de apa. Se efectueaza gargarcu acest lichid dupa care, in gura, ramane un gust proaspat si placut.

Remedii naturiste

Cunosc gustul bicarbonatului de sodiu, dizolvat in lapte, din copilarie! Si azi Tratamentul acestaeste foarte eficace contra tusei. La un pahar de lapte se pune 1 lingurita de bicarbonat de sodiu.Laptele se bea fierbinte inainte de culcare. Persoanele care nu suporta laptele folosesc solutie de bicarbonat de sodiu in apa -1 lingura debicarbonat de sodiu la 1 litru de apa.

- Nimic nu ajuta mai bine la tratarea durerilor de gat decat clatirea cu solutie de bicarbonat de sodiu(gargara) 2 lingurite la 1 pahar de apa calda. Bicarbonatul de sodiu umezeste mucoasa gatului.Clatirile se efectueaza de 5-6 ori pe zi.- Contra guturaiului, solutia de bicarbonat de sodiu se foloseste sub forma de picaturi pentru nas.Daca va curge nasul abundent, efectuati spalaturi nazale picurati in nas cateva pipete de solutie sipeste un niinut curatati nasul. Procedura se repeta de 2-3 ori pe zi. Contra conjunctivitei se spala ochii cu solutie de bicarbonat de sodiu. Dar sa tineti minte ca nu sepoate sa folositi acelasi tampon de vata de 2 ori. Care bolnav de ulcer nu a apelat la bicarbonatul de sodiu ca sa scape de dureri? Bicarbonatulneutralizeaza surplusul de acid din stomac. Iata de ce bicarbonatul a servit drept leac contra ulcerulumulti ani. Dar folosirea lui prea des da un efect invers: se mareste cantitatea acidului secretat instomac. Mai mult decat atat, la interactiunea bicarbonatului cu acidul se degaja bioxid de carbon, carbombardeaza peretii subtiati ai stomacului, ducand la alte ulceratii. Este de dorit sa utilizatibicarbonat de sodiu cat mai rar, doar cand nu aveti alte medicamente la dispozitie. Bicarbonatul desodiu se foloseste in medicina ca substanta antiaritmica. Un atac de cord se poate opri administrand1/2 lingurita de bicarbonat. Bicarbonatul ajuta la hipertonie datorita faptului ca activeaza eliminarea intensiva a lichidului sisarurilor din organism si scade tensiunea arteriala. 1/2 lingurita de bicarbonat consumata impreuna cmedicamentele da posibilitatea micsorarii dozei acestora. Bicarbonatul de sodiu este un mijloc eficace contra raului de automobil. Este important sa nu uitatsa luati la drum praful de bicarbonat. Bicarbonatul de sodiu este mijlocul de prim ajutor in caz de traumatisme grave, cu pierdere mare dsange, la intoxicatii care sunt insotite de voma si diaree, la febra indelungata cu transpiratieabundenta. Pentru restabilirea pierderii lichidului din organism se prepara solutie de bicarbonat desodiu si sare. Reteta este simpla : 1/2 lingurita de bicarbonat si 1 lingurita de sare la 1 litru de apafoarte calda. Se bea cate 1 lingura la fiecare 5 minute.

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Au nevoie de bicarbonat de sodiu si bolnavii cu panaritiu -inflamarea cu puroi a degetului. incepetTratamentul imediat ce simtiti durere pulsanta. Pregatiti o solutie de 2 linguri de bicarbonat la 1/2litru de apa fierbinte, in care tineti degetul timp de 20 minute. Repetati procedura de 3 ori pe zi siinfectia va disparea repede. Clatirea cavitatii bucale cu bicarbonat de sodiu ajuta contra durerilor de dinti. Este deosebit deeficace contra inflamarii periostului. Clatiti gura de 5-6 ori pe zi, astfel puteti evita interventiachirurgicala. Bicarbonatul de sodiu este si substanta cosmetica. Dati sapunul prin razatoare si amestecati-1 cubicarbonat. Spalati fata cu un tampon de vata muiat in amestec, de 2 ori pe saptamana. Curata pieleade acnee si de celulele moarte, deschizand porii. Bicarbonatul poate inlocui pasta de dinti, pentru inalbire. Muiati un tampon de vata in bicarbonat dsodiu si stergeti dintii pana ce petele galbene vor disparea. Rezultatul se vede chiar si dupa o singuraspalare. Bicarbonatul de sodiu nu opreste eliminarea transpiratiei, dar neutralizeaza acizii ei. Dupa cum sestie, in unii acizi din sudoare se dezvolta bacterii care dau transpiratiei un miros neplacut Vara, sauinainte de antrenamentele sportive e bine sa stergeti regiunea axilara cu un tampon de vata, muiat insolutie de bicarbonat de sodiu, si mirosul neplacut nu va mai aparea toata ziua. Solutia de bicarbonat de sodiu preparata dintr-o 1/2 lingurita la 1 pahar de apa, ne va ajuta sa netratam de intepaturile insectelor. Daca ungem locul intepat de cateva ori pe zi, inflamatia dispare. Mmult, bicarbonatul nu da voie microbilor sa patrunda in rana. Dupa o zi de lucru putem trata picioarele obosite si umflate cu o solutie din 10 litri de apa si 5linguri de bicarbonat de sodiu. Dupa 15 minute de odihna placuta, cu picioarele in solutia calda, vetiputea dansa toata noaptea. 90% din bacterii si pesticide raman pe legumele si fructele spalate cu apa de la robinet. Daca in apse adauga bicarbonat de sodiu sau suc de lamaie, legumele si fructele se spala mult mai bine. Daca aveti negi, trebuie sa-i ungeti cu pasta din bicarbonat cu ulei de ricin de 2-3 ori pe zi si saaplicati un pansament. Pentru gusa adenomatoasa e bine sa mestecati paine de secara astfel ca ea sa fie bine inmuiata cusaliva. Se face din ea o turtita, se presara cu bicarbonat de sodiu, se pune pe gat si se panseaza. Se beinfuzie din boabe de boz tufar -1 lingurita de boabe la un pahar de apa fierbinte. Se bea cate 1/3 pahade 3 ori pe zi. Se urmeaza Tratamentul pana cand se obtine rezultatul dorit. Din boabe de boz se poafierbe dulceata si se poate folosi la Tratament. Pentru pinten osos: la 3 litri de apa calduta se pun 500 g de bicarbonat de sodiu. Se oparescpicioarele, turnand apa fierbinte de cateva ori, timp de 30 minute. Apoi se pun picioarele pe un rolatde lemn cu spini si se rotesc rolele acestuia cu piciorul, schimband picioarele din timp in timp. Serepeta la 2-3 zile. Contra radiculitei si bolilor articulatiilor: intr-o cana de apa fierbinte se dizolva o lingurita debicarbonat de sodiu. Se inmoaie in aceasta solutie un servetel de bumbac de marimea locului bolnavsi se scurge putin. O parte a servetelului se sapuneste cu sapun de rufe si se stropeste cu petrollampant (gaz). Locul bolnav se unge cu grasime si se acopera cu servetelul. Se panseaza cu o basmade lana, si se inveleste cald. Se sta asa cat se poate de mult. Se repeta de cateva ori, functie de stareabolnavului.Mai nou, cercettorii au gsit c aceast sare poate fi valorificat i n tratamentul cancerului.

Pentru ulcer i rceal

Pliculeul cu bicarbonat de sodiu ne-a salvat de multe ori cnd arsurile gastrice ne-au dat peste cap.Orice elev tie de la chimie c bicarbonatul de sodiu (NaHCO3) face parte din categoria srurilor, esun produs biodegradabil, nu este toxic, este solubil n ap i uor abraziv. Stins cu oet,neutralizeaz surplusul de acid gastric, dar funcioneaz i ca praf de copt, n prjituri. Bolnavii deulcer au ntotdeauna la ndemn bicarbonat de sodiu. Folosirea lui constant are ns efect invers,mrind cantitatea de acizi gastrici i degajnd dioxid de carbon care umfl pereii stomacului mrind

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ulceraiile. Dar, ca medicament de urgen, acest praf e foarte bun i cu efecte imediate.Tot intern, se mai folosete dizolvat n lapte, pentru calmarea tusei. Gargara cu soluie din doulingurie bicarbonat la un pahar cu ap cald linitete durerile de gt. Splturile nazale cu aceeaisoluie ajut n rceli. n cazul persoanelor obeze, acestea pot bea n fiecare diminea cte o jumtatde ceac de ap cldu n care se pun o jumtate de linguri de suc de lmie i un vrf de cuit debicarbonat de sodiu.

Past de dini la plicule

Contra conjunctivitei, se spal ochii cu soluie de bicarbonat de sodiu. O jumtate de linguri dinacest praf este recomandat n caz de atac de cord. Tot bicarbonatul este cel care ajut la scdereatensiunii arteriale, iar dac e luat n cltorie, este un mijloc eficace contra rului de avion, de mainsau de vapor. Mai este folosit, dizolvat n ap, n primul ajutor n caz de intoxicaii grave, la febr cutranspiraie ndelungat, pentru restabilirea pierderii lichidului din organism. Dac degetul cupanariiu e inut n ap fierbinte cu bicarbonat, infecia va disprea.Cltirea cavitii bucale cu bicarbonat de sodiu ajut contra durerilor dentare, previne cariile omornbacteriile i cur petele galbene de pe dini. Mai are rolul de a trata rnile bucale i respiraia urtmirositoare. Poate fi folosit pe post de past de dini datorit proprietilor abrazive, dar nu foarte dedeoarece poate deteriora smalul. Zonele umflate dup muctura insectelor se trateaz tot cu soluiede bicarbonat n ap. Mncrimea va disprea. Pentru tratarea arsurilor minore facei o past dinbicarbonat de sodiu, salvie i ap. Sub form de soluie, se aplic pe pielea ars de soare.

Produs cosmetic fr egal

Contra durerilor articulare, se dizolv ntr-o can de ap fierbinte o linguri de bicarbonat de sodiu,n care se nmoaie un erveel de bumbac. Apoi, acesta se spunete cu spun de rufe i se stropetecu petrol lampant. Locul bolnav se unge cu grsime i se acoper cu erveelul. Se panseaz cu obasma de ln. . Picioarele obosite i umflate se scufund n soluie din 10 litri de ap i 5 linguri debicarbonat de sodiu. Bicarbonatul de sodiu este i ingredient folosit n cosmetic. Reduce roeaapielii i previne riscul apariiei courilor. Cteva lingurie de bicarbonat de sodiu n baie fac pielea

fin. Este i un bun exfoliant facial. Amestecai puin bicarbonat de sodiu cu ap, pn se formeaz opast. ntindei pe fa, masnd uor, apoi cltii cu ap cldu. Acest procedeu e bun contra acneei. lingur de bicarbonat adugat n sticla de ampon contribuie la alungarea mtreii. Stropirea rdciniprului cu soluie de bicarbonat va face ca prul s nu mai par gras i fr volum. Metoda previne decolorarea prului dac e aplicat nainte de a intra n piscin.

Cur orice pat

n gospodrie, bicarbonatul este de mare ajutor. Dac adugm n ap bicarbonat de sodiu, bacteriilei pesticidele de pe legume i fructe se spal mai bine.Mirosul neplcut din frigider dispare n doar cteva ore dac aezai n interior un bol cu soluie de

bicarbonat de sodiu.Acest praf e bun i n stingerea incendiilor. Pentru mici accidente la aragaz, e bine s avei landemn borcnelul cu bocarbonat.Cafetiera (filtrul, cana i recipientul) va arta ca nou dac tunai un plicule de bicarbonat peste apApa cu bicarbonat ajut i la desfundarea chiuvetei. Petele de grsime, arsur, cafea sau ceai de peorice vas de gtit, din orice material, vor fi mult mai uor de curat dac nti se presar pe elebicarbonat i se toarn apoi o can de ap fierbinte. Ateapt cteva minute i apoi cur normal.Obiectele sanitare (cada, vas de toalet, chiuvet) se cur foarte bine cu bicarbonat, caredezinfecteaz i scoate petele de grsime. Aceeai soluie cur i petele de pe mobil.Argintul devine ca nou daca este frecat cu bicarbonat de sodiu.

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Mirosul neplcut al minilor (benzin, ceap, usturoi, pete) i petele de nicotin pot fi nlturate cuap i bicarbonat.

Bicarbonatul ucide tumorile

Oncologul italian Tullio Simoncini, autorul crii Cancerul este o ciuperc susine c vindecareacancerului poate fi simpl, rapid, necostisitoare i fr riscuri folosind banalul bicarbonat de sodiu.Simoncini a ajuns la concluzia c maladia secolului este cauzat de ciuperca numit Candida. Aceas

exist n mod natural n organism, i nu cauzeaz probleme atta timp ct dezvoltarea ei nu scap desub control. Tumoarea canceroas este reacia fireasc a organismului de a se apar de aceastciuperc. Din pcate, nu este suficient s nghiim praf de copt pentru a scpa de cancer, bicarbonatude sodiu trebuie injectat direct n tumoare. pH-ul tumorii se va schimba de la acid la alcalin, ceea ceface ca ciuperca s fie distrus nainte de a avea timp s se adapteze. Experimentele doctoruluiSimoncini arat c 99% din cazurile de cancer la sn i vezic se pot vindeca n doar 6 zile, folosinddoar un cateter care spal tumoarea cu soluie de bicardonat de sodiu.

Bun pentru sportivi

Cercettorii britanici au demonstrat c bicarbonatul de sodiu contribuie semnificativ la

mbuntirea performanelor fizice (rezisten i vitez). Potrivit unui studiu, nottorii care auconsumat bicarbonat de sodiu nainte de un concurs au terminat ntr-un timp mai scurt proba sportivBicarbonatul de sodiu reduce aciditatea produs la nivelul muchilor n timpul eforturilor fizice, carecresc nivelul de acid lactic i dau senzaia de oboseal.

Bicarbonatul de sodiu in tratamentele cosmetice

Unul dintre ingredientele nelipsite din bucatarie, bicarbonatul de sodiu a invadat domeniul cosmeticDe fapt, bicarbonatul de sodiu este utilizat in multe activitati casnice, in special, in curatare. Este si ubun inamic al mirosului neplacut. In cosmetica are numeroase intrebuintari, lucruri pe care le vomdetalia in randurile de mai jos.

Ingrijire cu bicardonat de sodiu?Bicarbonatul de sodiu a devenit un ingredient comun pentru baie, la fel ca si uleiul de masline. Rolusau in tratamentele cosmetice au fost observate de cateva secole, chiar de egipteni. Insa, in 1791,studiile chimice francez au subliniat beneficiile bicarbonatului. Bicarbonatul de sodiu este un bunexfoliant facial. De asemenea, reduce roseata pielii si previne riscul aparitiei cosurilor. Catevalingurite de bicarbonat de sodiu in baie fac pielea fina.Este folosit si in ingrijirea orala, una dintre proprietatile sale fiind de innalbire.

In ce tratamente este folosit bicarbonatul de sodiu?

1. Bicarbonatul de sodiu in tratamente antiacneiceAmestecati putin bicarbonat de sodiu cu apa, pana cand se formeaza o pasta. Intindeti pe fata, masanusor cam 30 secunde. Clatiti cu apa calduta.Repetati procedeul de trei ori pe saptamana.

Sau puteti prepara o masca cu bicarbonat de sodiu.Cum veti face? Este foarte simplu; se combina bicarbonatul de sodiu cu putina apa. pasta obtinuta seaplica pe cosuri lasand-o 5-10 minute sau intreaga noapte. Clatiti bine.

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Ori ca si curatator facial. O lingurita cu bicarbonat de sodiu puneti in palme. Adaugati puna apa siamestecati. Pasta formata se aplica pe fata si pe gat. Clatiti cu apa claduta. Utilizati acest remediu dedoaua ori pe saptamana.

2. Bicarbonatul de sodiu pentru iritatiiTrei parti de bivcarbonat de sodiu se amesteca cu o parte de apa. Pasta obtinuta se aplica pe zoneleafectate. Lasati sa se usuce. daca este necesar, repetati.

3. Bicarbonatul de sodiu in tratamentul unghiilorDaca vreti sa iti curati unghiile (de la maini si de la picioare) puneti putin bicarbonat pe periuta deunghii. Frecati unghiile si cuticulele. Imediat cuticulele sunt inmuiate si unghiile sunt pregatite pentraplicarea lacului.

4. Bicarbonatul de sodiu pentru maini si picioareDaca simtiti (cateodata) un miros urat al mainilor utilizati bicarbonat de sodiu. Amestecati patru partde bicarbonat de sodiu cu una de apa. Adaugati sapun. Aplicati pe maini cu putina apa. Clatiti.Repetati pana cand mainile vor mirosi bine.Acelasi procedeu se poate folosi si in cazul picioarelor. Numai ca veti mai adauga o parte debicarbonat; cinci parti de bicarbonat si una de apa.

Astfel, transpiratia este eliminata, picioarele miros frumos si va veti simti relaxati. 5. Bicarbonatul de sodiu in tratamentele parului

Par gras? Mastreata? Nu, daca veti adauga in sampon putin bicarbonat.O lingura de bicarbonat puneti in sampon si agitati pana considerati ca bicarbonul s-a dizolvat. Il vetfolosi ca un sampon normal. Clatiti bine si aplicati un balsam. Duapa spalare, parul va arata mult mabine.

Sau puteti sa clatiti parul cu bicarbonat de sodiu. O lingura de bicarbonat de sodiu se amesteca cu ocana de apa. Puneti totul intr-o sticla veche de sampon. Spalati si apliati un balsam obisnuit. In final,pentru clatire aplicati solutia cu bicarbonat.

Daca parul este turtit si gras si nu stiti cum sa-i dati putin volum, utilizati bicarbonatul de sodiu.Stropiti cu putina solutie cu bicarbonat la radacina parului si pieptanati. utilizati uscatorul. Rezultatueste uimitor; un par cu volum si fara aspect gras.

Un tratament cu bicarbonat de sodiu este bine sa-l aplicati dupa ati inotat in piscina. Stropiti putinparul si lasati sa actioneze un sfert de ora. Apoi, spalati parul ca de obicei.In acest fel, veti preveni decolorarea si lasarea parului. In plus, produsele chimice din apa bazinuluide inot vor fi absorbite.

6. Bicarbonatul de sodiu in alte tratamente

a) . In cazul arsurilorPentru tratarea arsurilor minore faceti o pasta din bicarbonat de sodiu, salvie si apa. Se aplica pezonele afectate si se lasa cateva minute. Se clateste cu apa rece si se usuca.

b) . In cazul arsurilor solareDaca ati stat mai mult timp la soare, iar pielea este rosie si fierbinte incercati urmatorul remediu:bicarbonat de sodiu si apa. O lingurita debicarbonat de sdiu se dizolva intr-o cana cu apa. Cu ajutoruunui tampon de vata se aplica pe piele. Se lasa sa se usuce cateva minute. Clatiti cu apa sau faceti undus.O alta reteta este de a adauga bicarbonat de sodiu in cada. Pe langa faptul ca arsurile solare vor fieliminate, va veti simti relaxati.

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c) . In cazul intepaturilor de albineDaca v-a intepat o albina folositibicarbonat si apa. O pasta mai groasa de bicarbonat de sodiu seaplica peste intepatura. Se lasa sa actioneze.Senzatia de mancarime si de durere va fi eliminata.

d) . In cazul eruptiilor cutanatePentru a trata eruptiile cutanate in cazul copiilor mici, adaugati doua-trei lingurite de bicarbonat incadita. Spalati usor si uscati bine.

e) . In cazul infectiilor urinareAdaugati doua lingurite de bicarbonat de sodiu la un pahar cu apa. Acest lucru nu te scapa definitiv dproblema, dar impune o stare de confort.

PRIM AJUTOR Mai este folosit, dizolvat n ap, n primul ajutor n caz de intoxicaii grave, la febrcu transpiraie ndelungat, pentru restabilirea pierderii lichidului din organism. Bicarbonatul de sodeste mijlocul de prim ajutor in caz de traumatisme grave, cu pierdere mare de sange, la intoxicatii casunt insotite de voma si diaree, la febra indelungata cu transpiratie abundenta. Pentru restabilireapierderii lichidului din organism se prepara solutie de bicarbonat de sodiu si sare. Reteta este simpla1/2 lingurita de bicarbonat si 1 lingurita de sare la 1 litru de apa foarte calda. Se bea cate 1 lingura la

fiecare 5 minute. surse: Monitorul Expres Acasa.ro

http://www.romedic.ro/bicarbonatul-de-sodiu-in-tratamentele-cosmetice-0P14533

http://www.agenda.ro

Procedeu LeblancDe la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liber

Salt la: Navigare, cutare

Procedeul Leblanc este o metod chimic de sintetizare (ob inere) a carbonatului de sodiu (sod) din sare dmare (marin). Carbonatul de sodiu este un produs chimic, multiplu folosit industrial, n industria sticlei, aspunului, industria textil i a hrtiei.

Context istoric

Pn n anul 1789 se utiliza carbonat de sodiu ce provenea din cenu de plante . n sec.al XVIII-lea din cauzdespduririlor, Fran a a fost nevoit s recurg la import de carbonat de sodiu. Totodat a fost ncurajat

ob inerea mult cutatului produs din sare marin. Francezul Leblanc a reu it s produc sod prin procedeulce-i poart numele i care a fost aplicat pn n anii 1870, cnd chimistul belgian Ernest Solvay a descoperito alt metod, folosit i n prezent, procedeul Solvay.

Metoda Leblanc

Se ntrebuin eaz ca materii prime: sare de mare ( clorur de sodiu), calcar(carbonat de calciu) i carbon(crbune, lemn). Sintetizarea carbonatului de sodiu se faceprintr-un proces compus din 2 faze opera ionale:

n prima faz clorura de sodiu mpreunat cu acid sulfuric produc sulfat de sodiu.

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n faza a doua a procedeului se prjete (coace) un amestec de sulfat de sodiu, calcar carbon (crbune, lemn). Prin reacia chimic ce ia natere, se obine o oxidare acarbonului (ardere) n dioxid de carbon i o reducere a sulfatului de sodiu n sulfit, o altsare.

Dup degajarea gazului (dioxid de carbon), rmne o cenu de culoare nchis care include att sulfitul cti carbonatul de sodiu, produsul final (soda).

Ernest SolvayFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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Ernest Solvay

Ernest Solvay (c1900)

Born16 April 1838

Rebecq

Died26 May 1922 (84 years)Ixelles

Nationality Belgian

Fields chemistry

Known for ammonia-soda process

Ernest Gaston Joseph Solvay (16 April 1838 26 May 1922) was a Belgianchemist, industrialist andphilanthropist.

Born at Rebecq, he was prevented by acutepleurisy from going to university. He worked in his uncle'schemical factory from the age of 21.

In 1861, he developed the ammonia-soda process for the manufacture ofsoda ash (anhydrous sodiumcarbonate) from brine (as a source ofsodium chloride) and limestone (as a source ofcalcium carbonate). Thprocess was an improvement over the earlierLeblanc process.

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He founded the company Solvay & Cie and established his first factory at Couillet (now merged intoCharleroi, Belgium) in 1863 and further perfected the process until 1872, when he patented it. Soon, Solvayprocess plants were established in the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany and Austria. Today,about 70 Solvay process plants are still operational worldwide.

The exploitation of hispatents brought Solvay considerable wealth, which he used forphilanthropicpurposes, including theestablishment in 1894 of the "Institut des Sciences Sociales" (ISS) or Institute forSociology at the Free University of Brussels (now split into the Universit Libre de Bruxelles and the Vrije

Universiteit Brussel), as well as International Institutes for Physics and Chemistry. In 1903, he founded theSolvay Business School which is also part of the Free University of Brussels. In 1911, he began a series ofimportant conferences in physics, known as the Solvay Conferences, whose participants included luminariesuch as Max Planck, Ernest Rutherford, Maria Skodowska-Curie, Henri Poincar, and (then only 32 yearsold) Albert Einstein. A later conference would includeNiels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and ErwSchrdinger.

He was two times elected to the Belgian Senate for the Liberal Party and appointed Minister of State at theend of his life. Solvay, New Yorkand Rosignano Solvay, the locations of the first Solvay process plants inthe United States and in Italy, are also named after him.

Solvay died at Ixelles at the age of 84 and is interred there in the Ixelles Cemetery.

The portrait of participants to the first Solvay Conference in 1911. Ernest Solvay is the thirdseated from the left. Solvay wasn't present at the time the photo was taken, so his photo wascut and pasted onto this one for the official release

References

Bertrand, Louis, ErnestSolvay. Een hervormer op maatschappelijk gebied, Brussels,

Agence Dechenne, 1918, 113 p. Boianovsky, Mauro, Erreygers, Guido, Social comptabilism and pure credit systems.

Solvay and Wicksell on monetary reform, in : Fontaine, Philippe, Leonard, Robert, (ed.),The experiment in the history of economics, London, Routledge, 2005, pp. 98134.

Despy-Meyer, Andre, Devriese Didier (ed.), Ernest Solvay et son temps, Brussels,Archives de l'ULB, 1997, 349 p.

Erreygers, Guido, The economic theories and social reform proposals of Ernest Solvay(18381922), in : Samuels, Warren J. (red.), European economists of the early 20thcentury, volume 1. Studies of neglected thinkers of Belgium, France, The Netherlandsand Scandinavia, Cheltenham-Northampton, Edward Elgar, 1998, pp. 221262.

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Rapaille, Maxime, Solvay, un gant. Des rives de la Sambre aux confins de la terre,Bruxelles, Didier Hatier, 1989, 187 p.

Solvay processFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

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The Solvay process orammonia-soda process is the major industrial process for the production of soda ash(valued primarily for its content ofsodium carbonate). The ammonia-soda process was developed into itsmodern form by Ernest Solvay during the 1860s. The ingredients for this process are readily available andinexpensive: saltbrine (from inland sources or from the sea) and limestone (from mines). The worldwideproduction of soda ash in 2005 has been estimated at 42billion kilograms (92 billion pounds),[1] which ismore than six kilograms per year (13 lb) for each person on Earth. Solvay-based chemical plants nowproduce roughly three-fourths of this supply, with the remainder being mined from natural deposits.

Contents

1 Chemistry 2 Uses of soda ash

3 History

4 Byproducts and wastes

5 Carbon sequestration and the Solvayprocess

6 References

7 External links

Chemistry

Chemistry of the Solvay Process. Each circle represents a reaction.

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The Solvay Process as an example of a cyclic process in chemical industry (green = reactantsblack = intermediates, red = products)

The Solvay process results in soda ash (predominantly sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)) frombrine (as a source

ofsodium chloride (NaCl)) and from limestone (as a source ofcalcium carbonate (CaCO3)).[2]

The overallprocess is:

2 NaCl + CaCO3 Na2CO3 + CaCl2

The actual implementation of this global, overall reaction is intricate. [3][4][5] A simplified description can begiven using the four different, interacting chemical reactions illustrated in the figure. In the first step in theprocess, carbon dioxide (CO2) passes through a concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride (NaCl) anammonia (NH3).

NaCl + CO2 + NH3 + H2O NaHCO3 + NH4Cl (I)

In industrial practice, the reaction is carried out by passing concentrated brine through two towers. In thefirst, ammonia bubbles up through the brine and is absorbed by it. In the second, carbon dioxide bubbles upthrough the ammoniated brine, and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) precipitates out of the solution. Note thatin abasicsolution, NaHCO3 is less water-soluble than sodium chloride. The ammonia (NH3)buffers thesolution at a basicpH; without the ammonia, a hydrochloric acid byproduct would render the solution acidicand arrest the precipitation.

The necessary ammonia "catalyst" for reaction (I) is reclaimed in a later step, and relatively little ammonia iconsumed. The carbon dioxide required for reaction (I) is produced by heating ("calcination") of thelimestone at 950 - 1100 C. The calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the limestone is partially converted to

quicklime (calcium oxide (CaO)) and carbon dioxide:CaCO3 CO2 + CaO (II)

The sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) that precipitates out in reaction (I) is filtered out from the hot ammoniumchloride (NH4Cl) solution, and the solution is then reacted with the quicklime (calcium oxide (CaO)) leftover from heating the limestone in step (II).

2 NH4Cl + CaO 2 NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O (III)

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CaO makes a strong basic solution. The ammonia from reaction (III) is recycled back to the initial brinesolution of reaction (I).

The sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) precipitate from reaction (I) is then converted to the final product,sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), by calcination (160 - 230 C), producing water and carbon dioxide asbyproducts:

2 NaHCO3 Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 (IV)

The carbon dioxide from step (IV) is recovered for re-use in step (I). When properly designed and operated,Solvay plant can reclaim almost all its ammonia, and consumes only small amounts of additional ammonia tmake up for losses. The only major inputs to the Solvay process are salt, limestone and thermal energy, andits only major byproduct is calcium chloride, which is sold as road salt.

In the modified Solvay process developed by Chinese chemist Hou Debang in 1930s, the first few steps arethe same as the Solvay process. However, the CaCl2 is supplanted by ammonium chloride (NH4Cl). Insteadof treating the remaining solution with lime, carbon dioxide and ammonia are pumped into the solution, thensodium chloride is added until the solution saturates at 40C. Next, the solution is cooled to 10C.Ammonium chloride precipitates and is removed by filtration, and the solution is recycled to produce more

sodium carbonate. Hou's process eliminates the production of calcium chloride. The byproduct ammoniumchloride can be refined, used as a fertilizer and may have greater commercial value than CaCl2, thus reducinthe extent of waste beds.

Additional details of the industrial implementation of this process are available in the report prepared for theEuropean Soda Ash Producer's Association.[4]

Uses of soda ash

Main article: Soda ash

Soda ash is used in many industrial processes, and itsproduction is sometimes used as an indicator ofeconomic health. The principal current uses include:[1]

Glass making: More than half the worldwide production of soda ash is used to makeglass. Bottle and window glass (Soda-lime glass) is made by melting a mixture ofsodium carbonate, calcium carbonate and silica sand (silicon dioxide (SiO2)).

Water treatment: Sodium carbonate is used to soften water (precipitates out Mg2+ andCa2+ carbonates). This is used both industrially and domestically (in some washingpowders).

Making soaps and detergents: Often sodium carbonate is used as a cheaper alternativeto lye (sodium hydroxide (NaOH)).

Paper making: Sodium carbonate is used to make sodium bisulfite (NaHSO3) for the"sulfite" method of separating lignin from cellulose.

As a common alkali in many chemical factories because it is cheaper than NaOH and fasafer to handle.

Making sodium bicarbonate: NaHCO3 is used in baking soda and fire extinguishers.Although NaHCO3 is produced in the Solvay process, heating it to remove the ammoniait is contaminated with decomposes some NaHCO3, so it is actually cheaper to react thefinished Na2CO3 product with CO2.

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Removing sulfur dioxide (SO2) from flue gases in power stations. This is becoming morecommon, especially where stations have to meet stringent emission controls.

History

See also: alkali, potash, soda ash, Leblanc process, and trona

The name "soda ash" is based on the principal historical method of obtaining alkali, which was by using

water to extract it from ashes. Wood fires yielded potash and the active ingredientpotassium carbonate. Theword "soda" (from the Middle Latin) originally referred to certain plants that grow in salt marshes; it wasdiscovered that the ashes of these plants yielded the useful alkali "soda ash." The cultivation of such plantsfor production of soda ash reached a particularly high state of development in the 18th Century in Spain,where the plants are named barrilla; the English word is "barilla."[6][7][8] The ashes ofkelp also yield soda ashand were the basis of an enormous 18th Century industry in Scotland. Alkali was also mined from drylakebeds in Egypt.

By the late 18th century, however, these sources were insufficient to meet Europe's burgeoning demand foralkali for soap, textile, and glass industries.[9] In 1791, the French physicianNicolas Leblanc developed amethod to manufacture soda ash using salt, limestone, sulfuric acid, and coal. Although the Leblanc process

came to dominate alkali production in the early 19th century, the expense of its inputs and its pollutingbyproducts (including hydrochloric acid gas) made it apparent that it was far from an ideal solution.[2][9]

It has been reported that in 1811 French physicist Augustin Jean Fresnel discovered that sodium bicarbonateprecipitates when carbon dioxide is bubbled through ammonia-containing brine which is the chemicalreaction central to the Solvay process. The discovery wasn't published. As has been noted by DesmondReilly, "The story of the evolution of the ammonium-soda process is an interesting example of the way inwhich a discovery can be made and then laid aside and not applied for a considerable time afterwards."[10]Serious consideration of this reaction as the basis of an industrial process dates from the British patent issuein 1834 to H. G. Dyan and J. Henning. There were several attempts to reduce this reaction to industrialpractice, with varying success.

In 1861, the Belgian industrial chemist Ernest Solvay turned his attention to the problem; he was apparentlylargely unaware of the extensive earlier work.[2] His solution, an 80-foot (24 m)-tall gas absorption tower inwhich carbon dioxide bubbled up through a descending flow of brine, together with efficient recovery andrecycling of the ammonia, proved effective, and by 1864, Solvay and his brotherAlfred had acquired goodfinancial backing and constructed a plant in the Belgian town ofCharleroi. The new process proved moreeconomical and less polluting than the Leblanc method, and its use spread. In 1874, the Solvays expandedtheir facilities with a new, larger plant atNancy, France.

In the same year, Ludwig Mond visited Solvay in Belgium and acquired rights to use the new technology. Hand John Brunnerformed the firm ofBrunner, Mond & Co., and built a Solvay plant at Winnington, near

Northwich, Cheshire, England. The facility started up in 1874. Mond was instrumental in making the Solvayprocess a commercial success; he made several refinements between 1873 and 1880 that removed byproducthat could slow or halt the mass production of sodium carbonate through use of the process.

In 1884, the Solvay brothers licensed Americans William B. Cogswell and Rowland Hazard to produce sodash in the US, and formed a joint venture (Solvay Process Company) to build and operate a plant in Solvay,New York.

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Solvay Process Plant in Solvay, New York; the Erie Canal passed through this plant until about1917. From theSolvay Process collection of the Solvay, New York, Public Library.

By the 1890s, Solvay process plants produced the majority of the world's soda ash.

In 1938, large natural deposits of the mineral Trona were discovered near the Green Riverin Wyoming.Sodium carbonate can be mined from this source less expensively than it can be produced by the Solvayprocess, and with the closing of the original Solvay, New York plant in 1986, there have been no Solvay-based plants operating inNorth America. Throughout the rest of the world, however, the Solvay processremains the major source of soda ash.

Byproducts and wastes

The principal byproduct of the Solvay process is calcium chloride (CaCl2) in aqueous solution. The processhas other waste and byproducts as well.[4] Not all of the limestone that is calcined is converted to quicklimeand carbon dioxide (in reaction II); the residual calcium carbonate and other components of the limestonebecome wastes. In addition, the salt brine used by the process is usually purified to remove magnesium andcalcium ions, typically to form carbonates; otherwise, these impurities would lead to scale in the variousreaction vessels and towers. These carbonates are additional waste products.

In inland plants, such as that in Solvay, New York, the byproducts have been deposited in "waste beds"; theweight of material deposited in these waste beds exceeded that of the soda ash produced by about 50%.These waste beds have led to water pollution, principally by calcium and chloride. The waste beds in SolvayNew Yorksubstantially increased the salinity in nearby Onondaga Lake, which is among the most pollutedlakes in the U.S. [11] and is a superfund pollution site.[12] As such waste beds age, they do begin to supportplant communities which have been the subject of several scientific studies. [13][14]

At seaside locations, such as those at Saurashtra, Gujarat, India,[15] the CaCl2 solution may be dischargeddirectly into the sea, apparently without substantial environmental harm. At Osborne, South Australia,[16] asettling pond is now used to remove 99% of the CaCl2 as the former discharge was silting up the shippingchannel.

Carbon sequestration and the Solvay process

Main article: carbon sequestration

Variations in the Solvay process have been proposed for carbon sequestration. One idea is to react carbondioxide, produced perhaps by the combustion of coal, to form solid carbonates (such as sodium bicarbonatethat could be permanently stored, thus avoiding carbon dioxide emission into the atmosphere. [17][18]Variations in the Solvay process have been proposed to convert carbon dioxide emissions into sodiumcarbonates, but carbon sequestration by calcium or magnesium carbonates appears more promising.

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References

1. ^ ab Kostick, Dennis (2006). "Soda Ash", chapter in 2005 Minerals Yearbook,United States Geological Survey. See Table I.

2. ^ abc Kiefer, David M. (February 2002). "Soda Ash, Solvay Style". Today'sChemist at Work11 (2): 8788, 90. Online version archived at WebCite from this originURL on 2008-03-12.

3. ^ Speight, James (2001). Chemical Process and Design Handbook. McGraw Hill.doi:10.1036/0071374337. ISBN0-07-137433-7.

4. ^ abc"Process Best Practices Reference Document (BREF) for Soda Ash," reportproduced by the European Soda Ash Producer's Association, March 2004. Archived atWebCite from this original URL on 2008-03-01.

5. ^ Moore, John T. Edd (2005). Chemistry Made Simple. Broadway Books. p. 190.ISBN0-7679-1702-2.

6. ^The barilla used for soda ash production refers to any of several bushy plantsthat are well adapted to grow in salt marshes, and that are common in Spain and Italy.

The ashes of these plants can contain as much as 30% sodium carbonate. The principa

species for soda ash production were the "saltworts" Salsola soda or Salsola kali, butseveral other species could also be used.

7. ^ Prez, Joaqun Fernndez (1998). "From the barrilla to the Solvay factory inTorrelavega: The Manufacture of Saltwort in Spain,"Antilia: The Spanish Journal ofHistory of Natural Sciences and Technology, Vol. IV, Art. 1. ISSN 1136-2049. Archived bWebCite from this original URL on 2008-03-01.

8. ^ Grieve, M. (1931).A Modern Herbal,ISBN 0-486-22798-7 & 0486227995. Seesection on glasswort. Retrieved October 21, 2005.

9. ^ ab Kiefer, David M. "It was all about alkali". Today's Chemist

procedeul solvay sau amoniacal este o metodă modernă de producere a carbonatului de sodiu (cenuşa...

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