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TRANSCRIPT
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UNIVERSITATEA DUNREA DE JOSGALAI
FACULTATEA DE LITERESpecializare: Englez - Francez
MODALIZATION IN TRANSLATION
THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY
ndrumtortiinific:
PROF. DR. ELENA CROITORUAbsolvent
Madalina Prodan
GALAI2009
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.
1.1. DEFINITIONS OF MODALITY
According to Huddleston ( 2002 : 172 ) modality stands
for the category of meaning.
According to Croitoru (2002 : 11) modality is an
extremely complex phenomenon, whose complexity has
caused little agreement as to what aspects should beincluded in a study of modality.
In accordance with Popescu`s ( 2001 : 75 ) opinion
concerning the definition of modality, it may be said that
modality stands for speaker`s relation to reality,
speaker`s evaluation of state-of affairs or speaker`s
cognitive, emotive, or volitional qualification of a state-
of-affairs.
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1.2. TYPES OF MODALITY
It is a difficult matter to decide how many types of
modality can be expressed. Concerning theclassification of modality, there are three types :
epistemic modality, deontic modality and dynamic
modality.
1.2.1. DEONTIC MODALITYDeontic is derived from the Greek term for binding, so
that here it is a matter of imposing obligation or
prohibition, granting permission. Deontic modalityconcerns the speaker`s attitude to the actualisation of
future situations.
1.2.2. EPISTEMIC MODALITY
This type of modality concerns the speaker`s attitude
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1.2.3. DYNAMIC MODALITY
In accordance with Hudlleston`s opinion, dynamic
ability is less central to modality than deonticpermission in that it does not involve the speaker`s
attitude to the factuality or actualisation of the situation.
1.2.3.1 The neutral dynamic modality.
The neutral dynamic modality occurs when the verbCAN is used to express possible for and the verb
MUST stands for necessary for.
1.2.3.2. The subject-oriented dynamic modalityThe subject-oriented dynamic modality includes the
verbs CAN (suggesting physical ability) and WILL
(willingness). It refers to the modality of events that are
not conditioned deontically.
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MODAL VERBS AND MODAL PHRASES AS
MODALIZERS
2.1. MODAL VERBS AS MODALIZERSThe class of modal verbs is subclassified into other two
main subcategories : modal auxiliaries and the so-called
quasi-modals.
2.1.1. MODAL AUXILIARIES verbs are : will, shall, can,may, would, should, could, might, must, ought to.
2.1.1.1. Marginal modals : In this group are included
those modal verbs that have the particle to , forexample ought to and used to, need and dare.
2.1.2. The quasi modals/auxiliaries are : be to, be going
to, be about to, have to, be able to, be supposed to,
used to.
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modal-adverb collocations : could possibly, may well.
WOULD RATHER expresses preference :
I`d rather stay at home. (As prefera sa stau acasa.)HAVE GOT TO at the present time it is used when
talking about necessity/present obligations :
I`ve got to stop smoking. Doctors` orders. (necessity)
(Trebuie sa ma las de fumat asa zic doctorii.)HAD BETTER it is used only to express a conditional
deontic modality, a suggestion under the form of an
advice.I`d better be going now. (the best solution) (As face bine
sa plec acum.) but :
I should be going now. (I mustn`t wait any longer) (Ar
trebui /trebuie sa plec. Nu trebuie sa mai astept.)
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MAY / MIGHT AS WELL has two uses :
to suggest the best alternative in a given situation;
to make recommendations.We may/might as well go with them. (Tot asa de bine am
putea sa ne ducem cu ei.-sugestie, indemn.)
You might as well tell me about it. (Ai putea foarte bine
sa-mi spui.)3.2. MODALIZED IDIOMS.
There is a wide variety of the English idioms with
modals, some of these idioms may be found inRomanian vocabulary, especially in proverbs, sayings
and phrases. CAN / COULD
children and fools cannot lie = copii si nebunii spun
adevarul;
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you cannot see the city for the houses = nu vezi
padurea din cauza copacilor;
there is a remedy for everything, could men find it =pentru toate exista leac, numai de l-ar gasi omul.
BE ABLE TO
not to be able to say boo(h) to a goose = a-i fi frica si de
umbra lui; a nu fi in stare sa omoare nici o musca; a nuspune nici sa-te dai mai incolo; timid ca o fata mare.
MAY / MIGHT
a child may have too much of his mother`s blessing =copilul prea rasfatat iese om neterminat;
what a day may bring, a day may take away = ce-ti
aduce ziua de azi, iti poate lua ziua de maine;
nothing so bad but it might have been worse = rau cu
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dar putea fi si mai rau;
MUST
he who would climb the ladder must begin at the bottom= cine vrea sa ajunga sus, trebuie sa porneasca de jos.WILL
it early pricks that will be a thorn = cel ce va fi spin,
inteapa de timpuriu;save a thief from the gallows, and he will help to hang
you = pe cine nu lasi sa moara nu te lasa sa traiesti;
NEEDthe effect speaks, the tongue needs not = lasa faptele sa
vorbeasca.
lucky men need no counsel = oamenii norocosi n-au
nevoie de sfaturi.
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SHALL / SHOULD
he that is born to be hanged shall never be drowned =
ce ti-e scris in frunte ti-e pus;every man should take his own = fiecaruia ce i se
cuvine.
MODALIZATION AND THE USE OF NOUNS, VERBS,
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS OF MODALITYNOUNS USED AS MODALIZERS.
Noun is the part of speech that is used to name a
person, place, thing, quality, or action and can functionas the subject or object of a verb, the object of a
preposition.
Nouns of modality include : possibility , probability ,
chance , likelihood, necessity, permission.
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citeasca cand avea patru ani.)
Present or future - asking for permission
Could I open the window ? (Pot/ Am voie sa deschidfereastra?)
MAY expresses permission when it means to be allowed
to (it is more formal than can)
You may take your clothes and go. (Poti sa-ti iei hainele
si sa pleci.)
asking for permission : May I go to the seaside ? (Am
voie sa merg la mare?) permission granted : You may play soccer, you have
cleaned the house. (Poti/Ai voie sa joci fotbal, ai facut
curatenie in casa.)
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MIGHT expresses different notions such as :
asking for permission :
Might I smoke in here ? (Pot sa fumez aici?) giving permission :
I said to him that he might go to visit the museum. (I-am
spus lui ca putea merge sa viziteze muzeul.)
MUST is used to denote :
obligation : You must bring me that book until next
Monday. (obligation imposed by the speaker) (Trebuie
sa imi aduci cartea aceea pana Lunea urmatoare.)You mustn`t smoke in here ! (interdiction) (Nu
trebuie/Nu ai voie sa fumezi aici!)
SHALL is used in interrogative sentences to express an
offer :
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e.g. Shall I help you to find the information you need?
(Sa te ajut sa gasesti informatia de care ai nevoie?)
SHOULD is also considered a modal verb when itoccurs in combination with a second or third person
subject to suggest:
advice : You should listen to your parents because
they always are right. (Trebuie sa-ti asculti parintiipentru ca ei au intotdeauna dreptate.)
WILL is used as a modal verb to express :
a request (in interrogative sentences) :Will you help me to wash the dishes ? (Ma vei ajuta sa
spal vasele?)
refusal (in negative assertions) :
I won`t help you to solve the exercise. (Nu te voi ajuta sa
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rezolvi exercitiul.)
WOULD as a modal verbs expresses :
polite request : If you ask him he will help you. (Dacatu il intrebi el te va ajuta.)
refusal : He invited her to the party but she wouldn`t
accept it. (El a invitat-o pe ea la petrecere dar ea nu a
acceptat.)PSEUDO / SEMI / QUASI MODALS
NEED and DARE as modal verbs are used in
interrogative and negative sentences:Need / Dare he oppose resistance to the police officers?
(A trebuit/A indraznit sa opuna rezistenta ofiterilor de
politie ?)
ADJECTIVES USED AS MODALIZERS : Modality may be
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that have developed specialised meanings expressing
medium deontic modality
You`re supposed / meant to act as quickly as possible.(Trebuia sa actionezi pe cat de repede posibil.)
ADVERBS USED AS MODALIZERS : probably , possibly
, surely , hopefully, thankfully , obviously , really ,
certainly , merely, necessarily, perhaps, very likely, yet,easily, necessary, probable, likely, possible, maybe.
He is certainly ambitious. (he is very ambitious) (El este
cu siguranta ambitios.)You surely need a break after the effort. (epistemic) (Cu
siguranta ai nevoie de o pauza dupa efort.)
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MODALIZATION AND ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS AS
MODALIZERS
ADVERBIAL EXPRESSIONS AS MODALIZERS.These adverbs occur in such expressions as: may
perhaps, may possibly, might perhaps, might possibly,
may well, might well, must certainly, must surely, will
certainly, will probably, can`t possibly, couldn`t possibly.I may perhaps not travel to London because of the
foggy weather. (Poate ca nu am sa calatoresc in Londra
din cauza vremii cetoase.)She can`t possibly be so kind with her mother-in-law.
(Ea nu poate sa fie atat de draguta cu soacra ei.)
TRANSLATION STUDIES - THE PICTURE OF DORIAN
GRAY
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TRANSLATION STUDIES
According to Ulrych (1999 : 3) translating is an ongoing
process of continuing education since translators neverstop learning.
Popa (2009 : 64) points out that translation is
communication and it is even an unavoidable act of
every cognitive process.The translator should investigate the beauty and the
grace of all expressions and check every sentence in
the translation.There are three kinds of translation : A translation can
be either grammatical, transforming, or mythical.
Mythical translations are translations in the highest
style.
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Grammatical translations are translations in the
ordinary sense. They require enormous erudition, but
discursive abilities only.Transforming translations require the highest poetic
spirit, if they are to be authentic.
ANALYSIS OF THE NOVEL THE PICTURE OF
DORIAN GRAY
Modalization is expressed by different parts of speech
in the novel The Picture of Dorian Gray. As seen
from the previous theory, modalization can beexpressed by verbs, adverbs, adjectives, nouns, if-
clauses, adverbial expressions.
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Bibliography
Alexander, L., (1988) Longman English Grammar,
London, Longman.Baker., M., (2006) Translation and Conflict A Narrative
Account - London, Ed. Routledge.
Chalker, S. , Weiner, E., (1994) The Oxford Dictionary of
English Grammar The New Authoritative Guide, NewYork, Oxford University Press.
Cowie, A.P., Mackin, R. & I R Mc Caig (1993) The Oxford
Dictionary of English Idioms, Oxford, Oxford UniversityPress.
Croitoru, E., (2002) Mood and Modality, Iasi, Institutul
European.