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Introduction

European Union is the organization of European countries dedicated to increasing

economic integration and increase cooperation among its members. The European Union head

office is in Brussels, Belgium.

The European Union was formally established on November 1, 1!. "t is the most

recent in a series of European cooperative organizations that originated with the European #oal and

$teel #ommunity, which became the European #ommunity.

The members of the E# were Belgium, %enmar&, 'rance, (ermany, (reece, "reland,

"taly, )u*embourg, The Netherlands, +ortugal, the United ingdom, and $pain. "n 11 the

governments of the 1- member states signed the Treaty on European Union, which was then ratified by the national legislatures of all the member countries. The aastricht Treaty transformed the E#

into the EU. "n 1/ 0ustria, 'inland, and $weden oined the EU, bringing the total membership to

12 nations.1

The EU has a number of obectives. +rimarily, it wor&s to promote and e*pand

cooperation among its members in several areas, including economics and trade, social issues,

foreign policy, security, and udicial matters. 0nother maor goal has been to implement Economic

and onetary Union 3EU4, which established a single currency for EU members. 5ith the

e*ception of EU, which went into effect in 1, progress toward these goals has been erratic.

The EU6s ability to achieve its goals has been limited by disagreements among member states,

e*ternal political and economic problems, and pressure for membership from the new democracies

of Eastern Europe.-

History

The history of European integration shows constant growth of the scope and

strength of the EU6s powers and the geographic e*pansion of the EU.

The movement towards 7deepening8 and 7widening8 of the EU emphasizes its

dynamic and evolving nature, which is not surprising bearing in mind that the EU was not created to

deal with e*isting situations but, as 0rticle 1 TEU states, to attain obectives which the ember

$tates have in common.!

1 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union2 Idem3 http://europa.eu/about-eu/eu-history/1945-1959/inde_en.htm


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0ccordingly, European integration is not an ac9uired situation, but a process, and not a result, but a

means which is used by the ember $tates to create 7ever closer union among the peoples of

Europe8 and to promote peace, EU values internally and e*ternally and the well:being of the

Union6s citizens.

"n order to achieve common obectives the ember $tates have conferred important

competences on the EU, with the result that the EU constitutes a uni9ue regionally integrated

political entity. "n order to appreciate and understand the nature of the EU it is necessary to e*amine

its history and origin.

"n 12;, Belgium, 'rance, "taly, )u*embourg, the Netherlands and 5est

(ermany signed the Treaty of


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The treaty also gave the name European #ommunity to the EE#. 0ustria, 'inland,

and $weden oined the EU in 12.

The -@@- year was very important because euro ban&notes and coins replaced

national currencies in 1- of the member states. $ince then, the euro zone has increased to include 1

countries.

The European Union sawit6s the biggest enlargement to date in -@@/,

when #yprus, #zech


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Aistorically, at least, the EU is an international organization, and by some criteria, it

could be classified as a confederation? but it also has many attributes of a federation, so some would

classify it as a 3de facto4 federation of states.1/

The organization itself has traditionally used the terms community, and later union.

The classification of the European Union in terms of international law has been

much debated.

(enerally spea&ing, they can be classified into two groups those which come into

force without the necessity for national implementation measures and those which specifically

re9uire national implementation measures.12

The European Union operates within those competencies conferred on it by

the treaties and according to the principle of subsidiary. )aws made by the EU institutions are passed in a variety of forms.

The difficulties of classification involve the difference between national law and

international law? they can also be seen in the light of differing European and 0merican

constitutional traditions.1>

Especially in terms of the European constitutional tradition, the term federation is

e9uated with a sovereign federal state in international law? so the EU cannot be called a federal

state or federation, at least, not without 9ualification. Though not, strictly, a federation, it is more

than a free:trade association.1;

The #onstitutional #ourt of (ermany refers to the European Union as

an association of sovereign states.1= Fthers claim that it will not develop into a federal state but has

reached maturity as an international organization.

Governance

The Council of the European Union

The #ouncil is the legislative institution of the European Union that defines and

implements the EU6s #'$+, based on the guidelines set by the European #ouncil.

14 urgess0 i!hae* 6&''97 8edera*ism. In iener0 nt#e ;ie0 homas. European Integration heory 6&nd ed.7. 3$ord Uni"ersity


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"t represents the national interests of each ember $tate and, being an inter:

governmental body, its meetings ris& degenerating into diplomatic conferences. Aowever, it is also

an EU institution, and thus it is re9uired to promote the interests of the EU. 1

The main powers conferred on the #ouncil are defined in 0rticle 1> TEU. This

provision states 7The #ouncil shall, ointly with the European +arliament, e*ercise legislative and

budgetary functions. "t shall carry out policy:ma&ing and co:ordinating functions as laid down in

the Treaties.8-@

The European Council

The European #ouncil plays a very important role in the institutional system of the EU.

"n the e*ercise of its supreme political power the European #ouncil can be compared to holding a&ind of presidential authority of the EU. 0nd what " believe is that the European #ouncil has a big

problem with democracy. -1

The European Parliament

The European +arliament, previously &nown as the 0ssembly of the European

#ommunities, renamed itself in 1>- in order to emphasize the role it should play in the

#ommunity6s policy:ma&ing process.

The European +arliament is not divided into a government and an opposition li&e a

party. (eneral and permanent democratic supervision is e*ercised by the European +arliament over

the #ommission, the #ouncil and other institutions and bodies by various means.--

The Court of Justice of the European Union

0rticle 1314 TEU specifies that the E#G shall consist of one udge from each

ember $tate. This allows the E#G to have a udge who is an e*pert in the national law of a

ember $tate, and who spea&s the language of that ember $tate.

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Political requirements

These political re9uirements are defined in 0rticle - TEU, which states that 7The

Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, e9uality, the rule

of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These

values are common to the ember $tates in a society in which pluralism, non:discrimination,

tolerance, ustice, solidarity and e9uality between women and men prevail.8-!

0 liberal:democratic model of government of a candidate $tate ensuring respect

for the civil, political, economic and social rights of its citizens is a vital element of membership of

the European Union. -/

Fnly democratic $tates which respect human rights can apply for membership.

-2

Economic requirements

The re9uirements derive from the economic nature of the European Union and they

are stated in 0rticle / TEU or in any other Treaties. 0 candidate $tate is re9uired to have a

functioning and competitive mar&et economy, and a good legal and administrative framewor& in the

public and private sectors.

70n applicant country without those characteristics could not be effectively

integrated? in fact, membership would be more li&ely to harm than to benefi t the economy of such a

country, and would disrupt the wor&ing of the #ommunity.8->

The relationship between values and objectives

The values on which the EU is based characterize the EU6s identity and provide the

&ey to achieving its obectives.

0rticle ; TEU provides a procedure under which the #ouncil may determine the

e*istence of a 7clear ris& of a serious breach8 by a ember $tate of values on which the EU is

based and, if there is no ade9uate response from the ember $tate concerned, the European

23 rti!*e & EU24 8rowein ?.0 Hhe European Aommunity and the 2euirement o$ a 2epub*i!an 8orm o$

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#ouncil may then determine the e*istence of a serious and persistent breach by a ember $tate of

the values set out in 0rticle -.

The conse9uence of such a determination is that the #ouncil may decide to suspend

certain rights of the ember $tate concerned, including the voting rights of the representative of

that ember $tate in the #ouncil.

Aowever, in doing this, the #ouncil shall ta&e account of the possible conse9uences of

such a suspension on the rights and obligations of natural and legal persons.

5ith regard to the e*ternal world, the suitability of a candidate $tate to become a

ember $tate is assessed by reference to the values of the EU.-;

0 candidate $tate must demonstrate that it respects the values.

'inally, the founding values are the basis for relations with non:ember $tates in

that international commitments entered into by the EU must not compromise the EU6s values.

-=

There are two legal re9uirements.

'irst, a candidate $tate must be a $tate within the meaning of public international

law. 0 candidate $tate must be recognized as a $tate.


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$econd, a candidate $tate must accept the EU ac9uis which, according to the

European +arliament, constitutes a 7criterion of global integration8.!@ The term means, in the

conte*t of accession, the acceptance by a new ember $tate, without reservation, and from the

commencement of its formal membership, of the body of common rights and obligations, actual and

potential, that bind all EU ember $tates together H in other words, a candidate $tate must accept

all of EU law and its basic political principles and values.

0cceptance means more than translation of the acquis into national law. "t re9uires

that a candidate $tate has properly implemented the ac9uis through ade9uate administrative and

udicial institutions.!1

Monetary Union

The European Union6s attempts to establish a single European currency, as set out in the

aastricht Treaty, were controversial from the start. 'or instance, some EU countries, including the

United ingdom, worried that a shared European currency would threaten their national identity and

governmental authority. %espite their concerns, many of the EU6s member countries struggled to meet

the economic re9uirements for participating in a shared currency.

The Treaty of aastricht paved the way for the establishment of European

onetary Union.

Fn 1 Ganuary 1, the euro became the common currency in 11 ember $tates.

#riticism was e*pressed by many economists relating to EU6s institutional design.

'irstly, it was about the concerns for the e*treme independence of the European

#entral Ban&, the body which is in charge of the monetary policies for the entire euro zone. The

European #entral Ban& is neither accountable to any EU institution or to the participating ember

$tates. !-

Fn the other hand, is that the institutional design of European onetary Union is

incomplete, because in respect of economic policies, there is no EU institution e9uivalent to the

European #entral Ban&. This means that budgetary and fiscal policies remain within the e*clusive

domain of each ember $tate participating in the euro.

The global financial crisis of -@@= emphasized the wea&nesses of European

onetary Union. "n particular, the re9uirements set out in the Treaties relating to budgetary deficits

were neither respected nor enforced against ember $tates running large deficits. !!

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5hether the 'iscal +act will be sufficient to move the euro zone from crisis into

stability, or whether more changes are re9uired to prevent the collapse of the euro, remains to be

seen.

The 'iscal +act is e*pected to enter into force on 1 Ganuary -@1! after obtaining

twelve ratifications from ember $tates whose currency is the euro, or on the first day of the month

following the deposit of the twelfth instrument of ratification by a ember $tate whose currency is

the euro, whichever is the earlier. "f it enters into force, it will constitute a big step towards the

creation of a real economic union for the ember $tates which have ratified it. !/

Europes Migration !risis

igrants and refugees are that people who coming from 0frica into Europe. Fur continent was called the most dangerous destination for migration. ost of the nationalist parties

from the member states are very worried about the "slamic terrorism. 0 part of the members was

capable to implement hard reforms for the immigrants.

+olitical confusion from the iddle East, 0frica, and $outh 0sia is reshaping

migration trends in Europe. The number of illegal border:crossing detections in the EU started to

surge in -@11, as thousands of Tunisians started to arrive at the "talian island. The most recent surge

in detections along the EUCs maritime borders has been attributed to the growing numbers of $yrian

and 0fghan migrants and refugees.!2

There are a few European member who was hardest hit by the economic crisis, for

e*emple "taly and (reece. This countries has served as the main points of entry for refugees.

21D of the migrants entering in EU illegally via (reece.

The #entral editerranean passage connecting )ibya to "taly was the most

traffic&ed route for Europe:bound migrants in -@1/.

"n 0pril -@12, EU leaders tripled the budget for 'ronte*Cs Triton border patrol

program to million euro a month, but refused to broaden its scope to include search and rescue.

0 growing number of $yrians and 0fghans traveling from Tur&ey and (reece

through acedonia and $erbia have made this EU member state the latest frontline in EuropeCs

migration crisis. 'rom the start of -@12, the illegal migration was e*tended into Aungary. "n

Aungary was chaos because =@D of Aungarians believed that no asylum see&er should be allowed

to enter in their country.

34 Da!orowaska *inaGp. +&35 http://uk.businessinsider.!om/ange*a-merke*s-popu*arity-is-$a**ing-o"er-the-re$ugee-!risis-&'15-1'

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"f we6re thin&ing about the crises, the national interests have consistently trumped

a common European response to this migrant influ*.

#ountries li&e 'rance and (ermany have also cited security concerns as

ustification for their reluctance in accepting migrants from the iddle East and North 0frica.

The biggest problem is that it6s very difficult, or maybe impossible to integrate

minorities into the social European countries. 0lmost all of these immigrants are coming from

uslim countries, and they have totally another rules that guide their lifes. "Europe has historically

embraced more ethnic than civic approaches to nationhood, unlie the United !tates, and that is

part of the reason immigration is proving so difficult" says Charles upchan.

#lmost all the European countries are asing for non $uslim migrants. They

have a strong preference for that. %or e&ample, !lovaia 'as so clear 'hen announced that it

'ould only accent Christian refugees. #lso (ungary has e&plained an anti migrant politics.5hile selecting migrants based on religion is in clear violation of the EUCs non:

discrimination laws, these leaders have defended their policies by pointing to their own

constituenciesC discomfort with growing uslim communities. !>

y opinion is that (ermany has the entire fault for all this migrant crises. "t6s

normal to help other states, member or even non EU member, that have problems with war or

terrorism, but not to receive them in our countries. There is very obvious that Europe has a totally

different &ing of culture and social life than 0sia or 0frica. Everybody should stay in his country

and fi* their own problems. The (erman #ancelar #ngela $erel and her open arms for refugee

maes her popularity falling do'n. The editor 'eli* $teiner is calling it the twilight of er&elCs

chancellorship.!;

The biggest problem is that in -@1> the (erman government estimated that

almost one million refugees would arrive in their country. "n the minds of people around the world,

(ermany is li&e the most welcoming destination for refugees. (erman people are in danger because

of the terrorism.

Now is too late to fi* this problem.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

36 Idem37 http://uk.businessinsider.com/n!e"-merke"s-popu"rit#-is-$""in!-o%er-the-re$u!ee-crisis-2015-10

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http://www.dw.com/en/opinion-twilight-of-merkels-chancellorship/a-18746855http://www.dw.com/en/opinion-twilight-of-merkels-chancellorship/a-18746855http://www.dw.com/en/opinion-twilight-of-merkels-chancellorship/a-18746855http://www.dw.com/en/opinion-twilight-of-merkels-chancellorship/a-18746855


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1. Burgess, ichael 3-@@4 'ederalism. "n 5iener, 0nte? %iez, Thomas. European "ntegration

Theory 3-nd ed.4. F*ford University +ress.

-. 'rowein $., 7The European #ommunity and the


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