Sustainable Exploitation Of Marine Natural

Resources

Luni Parul M.M.Sc. Sem-3

Department of Marine Science M.K.B.U.

Sustainable Exploitation of Marine Natural Resources : Petroleum, Natural gas and Mn Nodule

• Content :• About the Marine Resources

• Marine Mineral Resources

• Brief Introduction

• About the Sustainable exploitation

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Mn Nodule

Sub Surface deposit

Marine Resources

Fresh water

Marine Food Resources

Marine Energy Resources

Marine Mineral resources

• Ocean – Vast Reservoir of Resources

• Transportation, Defence & Fishing.

• Resources on land are exhausted or are nearing exhaustion.

• Two Factors:

1. An increasing population

2. The consequence rise in demand for fuels, metals, and construction material

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Dissolved in Sea water

• Metals & Minerals

Surface Deposits

• Continental shelf deposit

• Continental slope deposit

• Deep sea deposit

Sub surface Deposits

• Petroleum

• Natural gas

• Salt domes (rich in S)

Marine Mineral resources

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Marine Mineral Resources

Frontier area of resource development

Natural gas

Mn nodulePetroleum

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• Discovered in 1803, after the 2nd world war.

• Focus of intense research and development of mining and extraction techniques .

• 3 factors- About the problems of origin of Mn nodules

1. The source of ore matter and manganese balance

2. The genetic classification of manganese nodules

3. The biogenic aspects in Mn nodule genesis.

Deep sea deposit

Mn nodul

e

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How nodules grow…..???

• The formation of the manganese nodules is conceivably simple.

• This growth process can take place in two ways :

1.The Hydrogenous

process

2.The Diagenetic

process

Up to 10 millimeters per million years.

Metal compounds sinking through the water are precipitated.

Between 10 and 100 millimeters.

Does not occur in the water column but within the sediments.

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Equipment for Nodule SamplingFreefall grab Box corer

Dredge

Source :NIO /PMN data bank

Deep Sea Mining System using Flexible Riser Concept

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Underwater mining System 500m

Underwater mining System 6000m

Nodules lie on the seabed at 5000- 5700 m water depth.

Failure in one system will not affect total operations.

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Polymetallic Nodule : Relevance to India• Potential resource of metal in Central Indian Ocean Basin.

• Carrying out the exploration and technology development for exploitation of polymetallic nodules under the Polymetallic Nodule Program (PMN) of the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES).

• Only country with mining site allocated in the Indian Ocean.

• Other sites are claimed in the Pacific Ocean.

• Carried out extensive explorative surveys, conducted EIA studies, demonstrated extraction of metals in Pilot Plant Scale & demonstrated a flexible riser mining system concept at 5000 m depth.

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Sub Surface Deposit

Petroleum

Natural Gas

Sub surface deposit

Oil

Natural gas

• 90% of the mineral value taken from the sea.

• Major offshore oilfields - Newfoundland, Alaska, California, the Gulf of Mexico, the Caribbean Sea, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, West Africa, the North Sea, the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caspian Sea, Western Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, New Zealand, and the South China Sea.

• Mostly on the continental shelves where the conditions for the availability of petroleum are conductive.

• Oil accounted for around 33 per cent of world primary energy consumption in 2011, followed by coal and natural gas with around 30 and 24 per cent respectively.

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Natural gas is mainly used for electricity generation and heating.

The transportation sector consumes more oil than any other sector.

Natural gas and oil trapped…

Some salt stocks are mushroom- shaped with a wide dome at the top, which forms a kind of umbrella, known as the overhang.

Gas and oil can accumulate beneath this. Salt stock overhangs are mainly the result of immense underground pressure.

Salt rises because it is less dense than the overlying strata.

It bulges upward into domes or the mushroom- shaped overhangs. These movements are referred to as salt tectonics.

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Gas and oil accumulate in various kinds of underground reservoirs.

The Norwegian Sea Troll is the largest natural gas platform in the world. It was moved to its deployment area by several towboats.

The FPSO Kizomba A is part of a large oil production complex that consists of a production platform and several subsea units.

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About The Sustainable Exploitation of Mineral Resources..• Reflecting the importance of the world’s oceans and seas as the cradle of life

and an essential resource, many delegates discussed areas of particular concern, such as …..

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• Emphasized the need for capacity-building.

• The effective application of marine scientific knowledge and technology in :

• Dealing effectively with problems related to illegal, unregulated and unreported fishing.

• The degradation of the marine environment both from land-based sources and pollution from ships, and crimes at sea.

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Continue….

• To ensure sustainable development and integrated management of the oceans, need to pay particular attention to enhancing maritime security and the protection of the marine environment.

• World level Organization :• Oceana (non-profit group)

• The Marine Conservation Institute (United States)

• Blue Frontier Campaign( United States)

• Sea Shepherd Conservation Society (international)

• Frontier (The Society for Environmental Exploration)

• Marine Conservation Society (United Kingdom)

• Reef Watch (India) 21

Continue…

References www.google.com

www.oceanreview.com

K. Siddhartha (1999). Oceanography - A brief Introduction; Kisalaya Publication, New Delhi.

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Thank you