limbajul de ansamblare

Upload: radu

Post on 30-May-2018

219 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    1/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    &DSLWROXO

    ,QWURGXFHUH$UKLWHFWXUD0RGXULGH

    DGUHVDUH

    ,QWURGXFHUH1HFHVLWDWHDOLPEDMXOXLGHDVDPEODUH

    /LPEDMXO GH DVDPEODUH $60 SHUPLWH vQ HOHJHUHD ODQLYHOGHDP QXQW DFHHD FH VH vQWkPSO vQ UHDOLWDWH vQWUXQ FDOFXODWRU )DPLOLDUL]DUHD FX XQDVHPHQHD OLPEDM HVWH PDL PXOW GHFkW EHQHILF SHQWUX XQ SURJUDPDWRUFRQWULEXLQG OD HILFLHQWD SURJUDPHORU GH]YROWDWH LQGLIHUHQW GH OLPEDMXOXWLOL]DW

    ([LVW PDL PXOWHPRWLYHSHQWUXFDUHSURJUDPDUHDvQ $60HVWHQHFHVDU &RGXOJHQHUDWvQ$60VHH[HFXW vQJHQHUDOIRDUWHUDSLG8QHOHPRGXOHGHSURJUDP WUHEXLH LPSOHPHQWDWH vQ $60 GDWRULW DFHVWHL YLWH]H GH OXFUX

    8QHRULRSDUWHDXQXLSURJUDPHVWHVFULV vQWUXQOLPEDMGHQLYHOvQDOWLDUPRGXOHOH FULWLFH VXQW VFULVH FD SURFHGXUL $60 DSHODWH OD UkQGXO ORU GHPRGXOHOHGHQLYHOvQDOW

    3H GH DOW SDUWH H[LVW VLWXDWLL vQ FDUH H QHYRLH GH DFFHV GLUHFW ODGLVSR]LWLYH GH LQWUDUHLHLUH VDX ORFD LL IL]LFH GH PHPRULH LDU DFHVWHRSHUD LLQXSRWILH[HFXWDWHGLQXQHOHOLPEDMHGHQLYHOvQDOW'HH[HPSOXODFDOFXODWRDUHOH SHUVRQDOH SURJUDPHOH 765 L UXWLQHOH GH WUDWDUH D

    vQWUHUXSHULORUVXQWDSURDSHWRWGHDXQDVFULVHvQ$60

    3H VFXUW OLPEDMXO GH DVDPEODUH RIHU YLWH]H GH H[HFX LH L DFFHV ODKDUGZDUHFDUHQXSRWILGLVSRQLELOHFHOPDLDGHVHDvQOLPEDMHOHGHQLYHO

    vQDOW

    8Q DOW DVSHFW LPSRUWDW HVWH FHO DO GH]YROW ULL GH SURJUDPH SHQWUXHFKLSDPHQWH GHGLFDWH 1X WRDWH SURJUDPHOH H[HFXWDELOH VXQW GHVWLQDWHFDOFXODWRDUHORUGH X]JHQHUDO'H]YROWDUHDPDVLY DPLFURSURFHVRDUHORUDI FXW FDDFHVWHD V FRQWUROH]HvQ SUH]HQWIXQF LRQQDUHDFHORUPDLGLYHUVHRELHFWH WHKQLFH GH OD PDLQL GH J WLW VDX GH VS ODW UXIH SkQ ODHFKLSDPHQWH GH FRQWURO LQGXVWULDO VDX SHQWUX FRPDQGD DYLRDQHORU 7RDWHDFHVWHPLFURSURFHVRDUHIXQF LRQHD] SHED]DXQRUSURJUDPHLQXWUHEXLHV ILLFLQHWLHFH VSHFLDOLVW FD V L GDLVHDPD F H SX LQ SUREDELO FD XQ

    SURJUDPFDUHFRQWUROHD] XQFXSWRUFXPLFURXQGHVDXXQRVFLORVFRSV ILIRVW VFULV vQ 3$6&$/ VDX vQ %$6,& 'H IDSW LPHQVD PDMRULWDWH DSURJUDPHORUSHQWUXDVHPHQHDHFKLSDPHQWHGHGLFDWHHVWHVFULV vQOLPEDMGHDVDPEODUHSHQWUXF vQWUXQDVHPHQHDFRQWH[WFHHDFHFRQWHD] HVWHYLWH]DGHH[HFX LHLYROXPXOIRDUWHOLPLWDWGHPHPRULH

    3H GH DOW SDUWH QX WRDWH PLFURSURFHVRDUHOH VXQW GH X] JHQHUDO ([LVW PLFURSURFHVRDUH VSHFLDOL]DWH GHVWLQDWH XQRU VFRSXUL SUHFLVH FXP DU ILSURFHVRDUH GH VHPQDO PLFURFRQWUROOHUH LQGXVWULDOH DXWRPDWHSURJUDPDELOH HWF 3HQWUX DVHPHQHD SURFHVRDUH QX VH MXVWLILF vQJHQHUDO GH]YROWDUHD GH FRPSLODWRDUH SHQWUX OLPEDMH GH QLYHO vQDOW

    SURJUDPHOHILLQGGH]YROWDWHvQOLPEDMHOHVSHFLILFHDFHVWRUSURFHVRDUHFDUHVXQW DVHP Q WRDUH OLPEDMHORU GH DVDPEODUH SHQWUX SURFHVRDUH GH X]JHQHUDO

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    2/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    3/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    4/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    5/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    7DEHOXO5HSUH]HQWDUHDQXPHUHORUvQED]HOHL

    'HRDUHFHGLPHQVLXQHDPHPRULHLHVWHWRWGHDXQDRSXWHUHDOXLPXOWLSOLLIRORVLWLSHQWUXRFWH LQXVXQW HWFFLSXWHUL DGHFYDWHDOHOXL$VWIHOXQQXP UGH

    GHRFWH LVHPDLQXPHWHLNLORRFWHWVDXNLORE\WH SH VFXUW .2 VDX .% 6LPLODU XQ QXP U GH

    "

    RFWH L VH QXPHWH PHJDRFWHW VDX PHJDE\WH 02 VDX 0% 6H PDLIRORVHWHLJLJDRFWHWXOJLJDE\WHXOFDUHHVWHHJDOFXRFWH L$DGDUPXOWLSOLLIRORVL LvQWHKQLFDGHFDOFXOVXQW

    kilo = 210

    = 1024

    PHJD # $

    JLJD& $

    5HSUH]HQWDUHDQXPHUHORUvQWUHJL

    1XPHUHOHvQWUHJLSRWILUHSUH]HQWDWHSHXQXOVDXPDLPXO LRFWH LGHFLSHXQ QXP U Q GH ELWL 'HRDUHFH ILHFDUH ELW SRDWH OXD GRX YDORUL L QXP UXOWRWDOGHYDORULGLVWLQFWHHVWH

    '

    Q FD]XO QXPHUHORU I U VHPQ YDORDUHD LQWHUQ D EL LORU RFWH LORUUHSUH]LQW FKLDU YDORDUHD QXP UXOXL (VWH XRU GH Y ]XW F GDF UHSUH]HQWDUHDHVWHSHQEL LGRPHQLXOSRVLELOGHYDORULHVWHGHODOD

    '

    3HQWUXQUH]XOW GRPHQLXOGLQ7DEHOXO

    Q FHHD FH SULYHWH UHSUH]HQWDUHD QXPHUHORU FX VHPQ WUHEXLH VSXV F YDORULOH LQWHUQH FDUH VH SRW UHSUH]HQWD GHFL FRQILJXUD LLOH GH EL L VXQW

    =HFLPDO %LQDU 2FWDO +H[D]HFLPDO

    $

    %

    &

    '

    (

    )

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    6/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    7/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    8/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    9/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    10/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    11/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    12/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    13/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    14/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    0LFURSURFHVRDUHOH GLQ IDPLOLD [ VXQW GRWDWH FX FLUFXLWH VSHFLDOL]DWHFRSURFHVRDUHPDWHPDWLFHFDUHIRORVHVFFHOHWUHLWLSXULGHUHSUH]HQW ULvQYLUJXO PRELO GH PDL VXV 'HDVHPHQHD OLPEDMXO GH DVDPEODUH VSHFLILFDFHVWRU SURFHVRDUH GLVSXQH GH GLUHFWLYH SHQWUX GHILQLUHD GH FRQVWDQWHUHDOHvQWRDWHFHOHWUHLSUHFL]LL

    5HSUH]HQWDUHDGDWHORUQHQXPHULFH3H OLQJD GDWH QXPHULFH vQ PHPRULDFDOFXODWRUXOXL WUHEXLHVF UHSUH]HQWDWHL DOWH WLSXUL GH GDWH 8Q H[HPSOX LPSRUWDQW vO UHSUH]LQW FDUDFWHUHOHDOIDEHWLFH OLWHUH PDUL L PLFL FDUDFWHUHOH QXPHULFH FLIUH ]HFLPDOHVHPQHOH GH SXQFWXD LH L DDQXPLWHOH FDUDFWHUH GH FRQWURO IRORVLWHSHQWUXFRPDQGDGLYHUVHORUHFKLSDPHQWHSHULIHULFH

    'HL H[LVW PDL PXOWH VLVWHPH GH FRGLILFDUH D DFHVWRU WLSXUL GH GDWH SHPDUHD PDMRULWDWH D FDOFXODWRDUHORU DFWXDOH LQFOXVLY SH ,%03& VHIRORVHWH FRGXO VWDQGDUG $6&,, 'HQXPLUHD VD SULYLQH GH OD LQL LDOHOH$PHULFDQ 6WDQGDUG &RGH IRU ,QIRUPDWLRQ ,QWHUFKDQJH &RGXO6WDQGDUG$PHULFDQSHQWUX6FKLPEGH,QIRUPD LL

    &RGXO$6&,,VWDQGDUGHVWHXQFRGSHEL LGHFLFXSULQGHGHFDUDFWHUHGLVWLQFWH8QFDUDFWHU$6&,,VHUHSUH]LQW SHXQRFWHWvQFDUHELWXOFHOPDLVHPQLILFDWLY HVWH 'RPHQLXO GH YDORUL HVWH GHFL GH OD OD vQ]HFLPDOVDXGHODOD)vQKH[D]HFLPDO

    'LQWUH FHOH GH FDUDFWHUH VXQW FDUDFWHUH GH FRQWURO L QX DXUHSUH]HQW ULJUDILFHQXVXQWDILDELOH5HVWXOGHGHFDUDFWHUHSRDWHILDILDWSHHFUDQXOFDOFXODWRUXOXLODLPSULPDQW HWF&DUDFWHUHOHDILDELOHVHQRWHD] GHRELFHLSULQVFULHUHDVLPEROXOXLJUDILFUHVSHFWLYvQWUHDSRVWURDIH

    'H H[HPSOX $ vQVHDPQ FRGXO $6&,, FRUHVSXQ]DWRU OLWHUHL $ PDUH vQVHDPQ FRGXO$6&,,SHQWUXVHPQGHH[FODPDUHHWF

    &DOFXODWRUXO,%03&OXFUHD] FXXQDDQXPLWFRG$6&,,H[WLQVvQFDUHVHIRORVHVFWR LFHLEL LDLXQXLRFWHW6HWXO$6&,,VWDQGDUGHVWHXQVXEVHWDODFHVWXLFRG$6&,,H[WLQV

    7DEHOXO FXSULQGH WRDWH FRGXULOH $6&,, &RORDQHOH FRUHVSXQG SULPHLFLIUHKH[DLDUOLQLLOHFHOHLGHDGRXDFLIUH3ULPHOHGRX FRORDQHvQDIDU GHFRGXO+LXOWLPXOFRG'(/VDX)UHSUH]LQW FHOHGHFDUDFWHUHGHFRQWURO

    'HRDUHFHFDUDFWHUHOHGHFRQWUROQXDXUHSUH]HQW ULJUDILFH HOH DXQXPHVSHFLDOH H[SULPDWH GH RELFHL SULQ SUHVFXUW UL GH VDX OLWHUH 'LQWUHFDUDFWHUHOHGHFRQWUROX]XDOHSRWILDPLQWLWH

    &5&DUULDJH5HWXUQ(VWHLQWHUSUHWDWGHSHULIHULFHOHGHLHLUHSURYRFkQGPXWDUHDFXUVRUXOXL SH HFUDQ OD vQFHSXWXO OLQLHL FXUHQWH /D LPSULPDQW SURYRDFD PXWDUHDFDUXOXLGHWLS ULUHODvQFHSXWXOOLQLHL

    /)/LQH)HHG3URYRDF WUHFHUHDODOLQLHQRX DWkWODLPSULPDQW FkWLSHHFUDQ

    7$% +RUL]RQWDO 7DEXODWLRQ 3URYRDF GHSODVDUHD FXUVRUXOXL SH HFUDQ VDX DFDUXOXL GH WLS ULUH FX XQ QXP U SUHGHILQLW GH SR]L LL OD GUHDSWD VDX vQWUR SR]L LHSUHGHILQLW

    %6%DFNVSDFH3URYRDF GHSODVDUHDFXUVRUXOXLFXRSR]L LHvQDSRLODVWkQJDVDXWHUJHUHDFDUDFWHUXOXLGHODVWkQJDFXUVRUXOXL

    '(/'HOHWH3URYRDF WHUJHUHDFDUDFWHUXOXLLQGLFDWGHFXUVRU

    %(/%HO3URYRDF HPLWHUHDXQXLVXQHWGHDYHUWL]DUH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    15/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )) )RUP )HHG 3URYRDF DYDQVXO KkUWLHL IRUPXODUXOXL OD SDJLQ QRX ODLPSULPDQW

    2 VHULH GH FRGXUL GH FRQWURO VH IRORVHWH vQ WUDQVPLVLLOH GH GDWH DYkQGVHPQLILFD LL VSHFLILFH 'H H[HPSOX $&. $FNQRZOHGJH VH IRORVHWHSHQWUX FRQILUPDUHD WUDQVPLVLHL FRUHFWH D XQXL EORF GH GDWH LDU 1$.1HJDWLYH $FNQRZOHGJHPHQW SHQWUX VHPQDODUHD XQHL WUDQVPLVLLLQFRUHFWH

    7DEHOXO&RGXO$6&,,VWDQGDUG

    'LQWUHFDUDFWHUHOHWLS ULELOHX]XDOHVHSRWDPLQWL /LWHUHOHPDUL$=

    /LWHUHOHPLFLD]

    &LIUHOH]HFLPDOH

    6SDWLXO63FDUHDUHFRGXO+LFDUHHVWHWLS ULWFDXQVSD LXOLEHUGHIDSWQXVHWLS UHWHQLPLFFLVHODV RSDX] &DUDFWHUXO63VSDWLXVHQXPHVWHVLEODQN

    9DORULOHQXPHULFHDOHFRGXULORU$6&,,VHH[SULP SULQFLIUHKH[D]HFLPDOHvQFDUHSULPDFLIUDHVWHOLPLWDW OD

    18/ '/( 63 # 3 C S

    62+ '& $ 4 D T

    67; '& % 5 E U

    (7; '& & 6 F V

    (27 '& ' 7 G W

    (14 1$. ( 8 H X

    $&. 6

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    16/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    17/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    18/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    T GT + T GT W GW W GW W GW W GW

    W GW W GW W GW HQG

    QDFHVWH[HPSOXHVWHGHILQLWGRDUXQPRGXOGHGDWHIRORVLQGGLUHFWLYHOHLWLSXULOH GH GDWH H[LVWHQWH vQ OLPEDM /LQLLOH FDUH vQFHS FX XQ SXQFW VXQWGLUHFWLYH FDUH VWDELOHVF PRGHOXO GH PHPRULH PRGHO L UHVSHFWLYGHILQHVF XQ VHJPHQW GH GDWH GDWD 'LUHFWLYD HQG PDUFKHD] VIkULWXOSURJUDPXOXL

    6H GHILQHVF GDWH FX FHOH WLSXUL GH GLUHFWLYH GE GZ GG GT GW

    DVRFLLQGXVH DFHVWRUD L QXPH VLPEROLFH E Z HWF )LLHUXO OLVWLQJRE LQXW vQ XUPD DVDPEO ULL DFHVWXL SURJUDP DUH vQWUH DOWHOH XUP WRUXOFRQ LQXW

    7XUER$VVHPEOHU 9HUVLRQ 3DJH $$60 PRGHOVPDOO GDWD))$)) E GE +))+ E GE DE E GE DEFGHI

    ')))) Z GZ +$%'U Z GZ Z)))))))) G GG +')%) G GG )VU G GG G' T GT +))))))))))))))))')) T GT %))

    ' W GW W GW W GW % W GW W GW )) W GW ))) W GW HQG

    3ULPD FRORDQ OLVWHD] QXP UXO OLQLHL GLQ ILLHUXO VXUV $SRL HVWH OLVWDW

    DGUHVDLFRQ LQXWXOFkPSXOXLGHGDWHFRUHVSXQ] WRUXQHLOLQLLVXUV 'DF DFHVWFRQ LQXWHVWHOLVWDWSHPDLPXOWHOLQLLVHIRORVHWHVHPQXOSHQWUXD LQGLFD DFHDVWD 6H UHPDUF UHSUH]HQW ULOH QXPHUHORU UHDOH L DOH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    19/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    20/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    QLPSOHPHQWDUHD%RUODQG&H[LVW WLSXOFKDURFWHWWLSXULvQWUHJLSHL RFWH L FX VDX I U VHPQ LQW ORQJ XQVLJQHG LQW XQVLJQHG ORQJ LWLSXULvQYLUJXO PRELO SHLRFWH LIORDWGRXEOHORQJGRXEOHFXDFHOHDLUHSUH]HQW ULLQWHUQHFDFHOHGLQ

    $UKLWHFWXUDSURFHVRUXOXL)RUPDUHDDGUHVHLIL]LFH

    $UKLWHFWXUD SURFHVRUXOXL GLQ SXQFWXO GH YHGHUH DO SURJUDPXOXLXWLOL]DWRU HVWH LOXVWUDW VFKHPDWLF vQ )LJXUD 6XQW ILJXUDWH UHJLVWUHOHDFFHVLELOHSULQSURJUDP

    )LJXUD5HJLVWUHOHSURFHVRUXOXL

    7RDWHUHJLVWUHOHVXQWGHEL L2VHULHGHUHJLVWUH$;%;&;';VXQWGLVSRQLELOHLODQLYHOGHRFWHWS U LOHPDLVHPQLILFDWLYHILLQG$+%+&+L'+ LDU FHOH PDL SX LQ VHPQLILFDWLYH $/ %/ &/ L '/ 'HQXPLULOHUHJLVWUHORUVXQW

    $;UHJLVWUXDFXPXODWRU

    %;UHJLVWUXGHED] JHQHUDO

    &;UHJLVWUXFRQWRU

    ';UHJLVWUXGHGDWH

    %3UHJLVWUXGHED] SHQWUXVWLY EDVHSRLQWHU 63UHJLVWUXLQGLFDWRUGHVWLY VWDFNSRLQWHU

    6,UHJLVWUXLQGH[VXUV

    ',UHJLVWUXLQGH[GHVWLQD LH

    5HJLVWUXO QRWDW )/$*6 FXSULQGH IODJXULOH SURFHVRUXOXL VDX ELVWDELOLORU GHFRQGL LHLDUUHJLVWUXO,3LQVWUXFWLRQSRLQWHUHVWHFRQWRUXOSURJUDP

    'HQXPLULOHUHJLVWUHORUGHVHJPHQWVXQW

    &6UHJLVWUXGHVHJPHQWGHFRGFRGHVHJPHQW '6UHJLVWUXGHVHJPHQWGHGDWHGDWDVHJPHQW

    66UHJLVWUXGHVHJPHQWGHVWLY VWDFNVHJPHQW (6UHJLVWUXGHVHJPHQWGHGDWHVXSOLPHQWDUH[WUDVHJPHQW

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    21/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    22/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD)RUPDUHDDGUHVHLIL]LFH

    7UHEXLHUHPDUFDWIDSWXOF DVRFLHUHDVHJPHQWRIIVHWDGUHV IL]LF QXHVWHELXQLYRF GHRDUHFHODRDFHHDLDGUHV IL]LF SRWV FRUHVSXQG PDLPXOWH SHUHFKL VHJPHQWRIIVHW 'H H[HPSOX SHUHFKLOH $% L$% UHSUH]LQW DFHHDL DGUHV IL]LF Q VLWXD LD vQ FDUH

    GHSODVDPHQWXO HVWH UHGXV OD PLQLP DGLF vQ GRPHQLXO )FRUHVSRQGHQ DGHYLQHELXQLYRF $GUHVHOHGHDFHVWWLSVH QXPHVFDGUHVHQRUPDOL]DWHVDXSRLQWHULQRUPDOL]D L

    2DGUHV FRPSOHW GHGHEL LHVWHPHPRUDW FXRIIVHWXOODDGUHVHPLFLLFXDGUHVDGHVHJPHQWODDGUHVHPDUL$GUHVHOHFRPSOHWHVHSRWRE LQHFXGLUHFWLYD'''HILQH'RXEOH:RUG

    5HJLVWUXO GH IODJXUL ELVWDELOL GH FRQGL LH DO SURFHVRUXOXL DUHFRQILJXUD LD GLQ )LJXUD 2 VHULH GH IODJXUL VXQW IODJXUL DULWPHWLFHDFHVWHD VXQW SR]L LRQDWH OD VDX OD FD XUPDUH D XQRU XQRU RSHUD LLDULWPHWLFH VDX ORJLFH &HOHODOWH IODJXUL FRQWUROHD] DQXPLWH RSHUD LL DOH

    SURFHVRUXOXL6HPQLILFD LDIODJXULORUHVWHXUP WRDUHD

    &)&DUU\)ODJELVWDELOGHWUDQVSRUW VHPQLILF XQWUDQVSRUWVDXXQ vPSUXPXWGLQvQELWXOFHOPDLVHPQLILFDWLYDOUH]XOWDWXOXLGHH[HPSOXODRSHUD LLGHDGXQDUHVDXGHVF GHUH

    )LJXUD5HJLVWUXOGHIODJXULDOSURFHVRUXOXL

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    23/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    24/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    vQFDUHDFHVWOXFUXQXHVWHSRVLELOVHIRORVHWHRSHUDWRUXOSWUDOOLPEDMXOXLGH DVDPEODUH vQ IRUPD E\WH SWU VDX ZRUG SWU SHQWUX D H[SOLFLWD WLSXORSHUDQGXOXL

    $GUHVDUHLPHGLDW

    Q DFHVW PRG GH DGUHVDUH RSHUDQGXO DSDUH FKLDU vQ LQVWUXF LXQH 'H

    H[HPSOX PRY D[ 3XQHvQ$;YDORDUHD DGGE[ $GXQ OD%;

    $GUHVDUHGLUHFW

    $GUHVD HIHFWLY D RSHUDQGXOXL HVWH IXUQL]DW SULQWUXQ GHSODVDPHQW vQLQWHULRUXOVHJPHQWXOXLFXUHQWYH]L)LJXUD

    )LJXUD$GUHVDUHGLUHFW

    GDWD 9$/ GZ

    FRGH PRY E[9$/ 3XQHvQ%;FRQ LQXWXOORFD LHL9$/ QIRUPDWXOLQVWUXF LXQLLH[SUHVLD9$/VHYD vQORFXLFXGHSDOVDPHQWXOvQFDGUXOVHJPHQWX OXLGHGDWH DGG F[>@ 'HSODVDPHQWH[SOLFLW

    3ULPDLQVWUXF LXQHvQVHDPQ SXQHFRQ LQXWXO ORFD LH9$/vQ%;FHHDFHYDFRQGXFHODRYDORDUHDUHJLVWUXOXL%;HJDO FX$GRXDLQVWUXF LXQH vQVHDPQ DGXQ OD &; FRQ LQXWXO ORFD LHL GH PHPRULH GH OD DGUHVDHIHFWLY 'H REVHUYDW SUH]HQ D SDUDQWH]HORU GUHSWH I U HOHLQVWUXF LXQHD DU IL vQVHPQDW DGXQ YDORDUHD OD UHJLVWUXO &; Q

    DPEHOH LQVWUXF LXQL RSHUDQGXO DIODW vQ PHPRULH HVWH FRQVLGHUDW GH WLSZRUG

    $FHVW PRG GH DGUHVDUH IRORVHWH UHJLVWUXO '6 FD UHJLVWUX LPSOLFLW GHVHJPHQW

    $GUHVDUHLQGLUHFW SULQUHJLVWUH

    $GUHVD HIHFWLY D RSHUDQGXOXL HVWH GDW GH FRQ LQXWXO UHJLVWUHORU %; 6,VDX',YH]L)LJXUD5HJLVWUXOLPSOLFLWGHVHJPHQWHVWH'6

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    25/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD$GUHVDUHLQGLUHFW

    QWH[WXOVXUV VHVFULHGHH[HPSOX

    PRY D[>E[@ 3XQHvQ$;FRQ LQXWXOORFD LHLGH PHPRULHGHODDGUHVDGDW GH%; PRY >GL@F[ 3XQHFRQ LQXWXOOXL&;vQORFD LD GHODDGUHVDGDW GH', DGG E\WHSWU>VL@ $GXQ ODRFWHWXODIODWODDGUHVDGDW GH6,

    Q SULPHOH GRX LQVWUXF LXQL RSHUDQGXO DIODW vQ PHPRULH HVWH FRQVLGHUDWGH EL L GDWRULW FHOXLODOW RSHUDQG FDUH HVWH XQ UHJLVWUX GH EL L'DF DWUHLLQVWUXF LXQHDUILVFULV

    DGG >VL@

    DVDPEORUXO QXDUWL WLSXORSHUDQGXOXLGLQ PHPRULH,QVWUXF LXQHSRDWHIL

    LQWHUSUHWDW FDDGXQ ODRFWHWXOGHODDGUHVDGDW GH6,VDXDGXQ ODFXYkQWXOGHODDGUHVDGDW GH6,LVDURE LQHXQPHVDMGHHURDUHODDVDPEODUH)RORVLUHDRSHUDWRUXOXLSWUHOLPLQ DFHDVW DPELJXLWDWH

    $GUHVDUHED]DW VDXLQGH[DW

    $GUHVDHIHFWLY VHRE LQHDGXQkQGODXQXOGLQUHJLVWUHOHGHED] %;VDX%3VDXODXQXOGLQUHJLVWUHOHLQGH[6,VDX',XQGHSODVDPHQWFRQVWDQWSH VDX EL LYH]L)LJXUD5HJLVWUXO GHVHJPHQWLPSOLFLW HVWH'6GDF VHIRORVHVF%;6,VDX',LUHVSHFWLY66GDF VHIRORVHWH%3

    )RUPD GH PHPRUDUH D GHSODVDPHQWXOXL SH VDX EL L HVWH

    GHWHUPLQDW GH DVDPEORU Q WH[WXO VXUV VH VFULH SXU L VLPSOX XQGHSODVDPHQWFRQVWDQW

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    26/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD$GUHVDUHED]DW VDXLQGH[DW

    6HSRWIRORVLGLYHUVHIRUPHGHVFULHUHFDvQH[HPSOXOGHPDLMRVvQFDUHE[ HVWH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DO PHFDQLVPXOXL GH DGUHVDUH DGUHV GHED] LDU 9$/ HVWH XQ GHSODVDPHQW FRQVWDQW 'LQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH DOSURJUDPXOXL FDUH vL SURSXQH V DFFHVH]HHOHPHQWHOH WDEORXOXL GHRFWH L9$/ VHPQLILFD LD HVWH H[DFW LQYHUV 9$/ HVWH DGUHVD GH vQFHSXW DWDEORXOXLGHFLRDGUHV GHED] LDUE[HVWHXQLQGLFHXQGHSODVDPHQW

    GDWD 9$/ GZ GXS 'HILQLUHGHWDEORXGHRFWH L FRGH PRY E[ PRY D[9$/>E[@

    PRY D[E[>9$/@ PRY D[>E[9$/@ PRY D[>E[@9$/

    (VWH SRVLELO L DOW PRG GH DFFHV vQ FDUH VH vQFDUF UHJLVWUXO %; FXGHSODVDPHQWXOWDEORXOXL9$/IRORVLQGRSHUDWRUXORIIVHWLVHIRORVHWHXQLQGLFHH[SOLFLW

    PRY E[RIIVHW9$/ PRY D[>E[@ PRY D[E[>@ PRY D[>E[@

    PRY D[>E[@Q DFHDVW VLWXD LH DGUHVD GH ED] FRQ LQXW vQ %; HVWH DGUHVD GHvQFHSXWDWDEORXOXL9$/

    7UHEXLHUHPDUFDWF vQWH[WXOVXUV WRDWHIRUPHOHGHDGUHVDUHVHVFULXFXRSHUDWRUXOGHLQGH[DUHSDUDQWH]HGUHSWH'HH[HPSOXVHSRDWHVFULH

    PRY D[>E[@ $GUHVDUHLQGLUHFW PRY D[>@ $GUHVDUHGLUHFW PRY D[>E[@ $GUHVDUHED]DW

    'HUHPDUFDWF IRORVLUHD UHJLVWUXOXL%3 FXXQ GHSODVDPHQWQXOSHUPLWHR

    IRUP GHVFULHDVHP Q WRDUHFXDGUHVDUHDLQGLUHFW GDUFRGLILFDW LQWHUQFDDGUHVDUHED]DW

    PRY D[>E[@ $GUHVDUHLQGLUHFW PRY D[>ES@ $GUHVDUHED]DW FXGHSODVDPHQWQXO

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    27/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    $GUHVDUHED]DW LLQGH[DW

    $GUHVDHIHFWLY HVWHIRUPDW SULQDGXQDUHDXQXLDGLQUHJLVWUHOHGHED] %;VDX%3FXXQXOGLQUHJLVWUHOHLQGH[6,VX',LFXXQGHSODVDPHQWGHVDXEL LYH]L)LJXUD

    )LJXUD$GUHVDUHED]DW LLQGH[DW

    5HJLVWUHOHGHVHJPHQWLPSOLFLWHVXQW'6GDF VHIRORVHWHE;FX6LVDXFX', L UHVSHFWLY 66 GDF VH IRORVHWH %3 FX 6, VDX FX ','HSODVDPHQWXOSRDWHILLQXOQWH[WXOVXUV VHIRORVHWHRSHUDWRUXOGHLQGH[DUH>@

    PRY D[>E[@>VL@ PRY D[>E[VL@

    PRY D[>E[VL@ PRY D[>ES@>GL@>@

    QGHVFULHUHDPRGXULORUGHDGUHVDUHVDSUHFL]DWGHILHFDUHGDW UHJLVWUXOLPSOLFLWGHVHJPHQWFDUHSDUWLFLS ODIRUPDUHDDGUHVHLIL]LFHDRSHUDQGXOXDIODW vQ PHPRULH $FHVW UHJLVWUX LPSOLFLW HVWH '6 vQ WRDWH PPRGXULOH GHDGUHVDUH FDUH QX LPSOLF UHJLVWUHXO %3 L UHVSHFWLY 66 vQ PRGXULOH GHDGUHVDUHvQFDUHSDUWLFLS UHJLVWUXO%3

    $FHVWH UHJXOL LPSOLFLWH SRW IL PRGLILFDWH SULQ IRORVLUHD SUHIL[HORU GHVHJPHQW8QSUHIL[GHVHJPHQWHVWHXQRFWHWFDUHDSDUHvQDLQWHDFRGXOXLLQVWUXF LXQLLPDLQ LFDUHLGHQWLILF

    H[SOLFLWUHJLVWUXOGHVHJPHQWIRORVLWQWH[WXOVXUV VHVFULHXQUHJLVWUXGHVHJPHQWXUPDWGHvQDLQWHDRSHUDQGXOXLDIODWvQPHPRULH

    PRY E[GV>ES@ PRY D[FV>VL@>E[@ PRY D[VV>E[@

    (YLGHQW JHVWLXQHD D FH VH J VHWH vQ VHJPHQWHOH DGUHVDWH vQ DFHVW IHOFDGHvQVDUFLQDSURJUDPDWRUXOXL

    &RGLILFDUHDLQWHUQ DLQVWUXF LXQLORU

    ,QVWUXF LXQLOH SURFHVRUXOXL SRW IL FRGLILFDWH SH XQ QXP U GH RFWH LFXSULQV vWUH L &RGLILFDUHD FXSULQGH FRGXO LQVWUXF LXQLL WLSXORSHUD LHL PRGXO GH DGUHVDUH GHSODVDPHQWXO RSHUDQGXOXL DIODW vQPHPRULHSHVDXEL LVDXDGUHVDHIHFWLY vQFD]XODGUHV ULLGLUHFWH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    28/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    29/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD)RUPDWXOLQVWUXF LXQLORU

    &kPSXO5(*LGHQWLILF RSHUDQGXOGHWLSUHJLVWUX

    &kPSXO 50 LGHQWLILF DOGRLOHD RSHUDQGGHWLS UHJLVWUXVDX XQUHJLVWUXFDUHSDUWLFLS ODIRUPDUHDDGUHVHLHIHFWLYHDRSHUDQGXOXLDIODWvQPHPRULH

    &kPSXO02'FRGLILF PRGXOGHDGUHVDUH

    02' vQVHDPQ F DO GRLOHD RSHUDQG HVWH WRW GH WLS UHJLVWUX FRGLILFDW GHFkPSXO50

    02' vQVHDPQ DGUHVDUH GLUHFW 50 LQGLUHFW 50 VDXDGUHVDUHED]DW LLQGH[DW FXGHSODVDPHQWQXO50QDFHVWHPRGXULGH DGUHVDUH RFWH LL L GLQ )LJXUD OLSVHVF GLQ IRUPDWXO LQVWUXF LXQLL FXH[FHS LDFD]XOXL50DGLF DODGUHV ULLGLUHFWH

    02' vQVHDPQ DGUHVDUH ED]DW 50 LQGH[DW 50 VDX

    ED]DW L LQGH[DW 50WRDWHFXXQGHSODVDPHQWGHEL LQDFHVWHPRGXULGHDGUHVDUHRFWHWXOGLQ)LJXUDOLSVHWHGLQIRUPDWXOLQVWUXF LXQLL

    02'HVWHDVHP Q WRUFX02' GDU GHSODVDPHQWHOHVXQWSHEL LQDFHVWH PRGXUL GH DGUHVDUH RFWH LL L GLQ )LJXUD VXQW SUH]HQ L vQ IRUPDWXOLQVWUXF LXQLL

    6LWXD LLOHGHPDLVXVVXQWGHVFULVHVLQWHWLFvQ7DEHOXO

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    30/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    7DEHOXO&RGLILFDUHDPRGXULORUGHDGUHVDUH

    02'

    50

    : :

    $/ $; %;6, %;6,G %;6,G

    &/ &; %;', %;',G %;',G

    '/ '; %36, %36,G %36,G

    %/ %; %3', %3',G %3',G

    $+ 63 6, 6,G 6,G

    &+ %3 ', ',G ',G

    '+ 6, GLUHFW %3G %3G

    %+ ', %; %;G %;G

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    31/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    32/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    GH PHPRULH DGUHVDWH GH %; LPSOLFLW SULQ '6 6LPLODU (6%; YDvQVHPQDFRQ LQXWXOORFD LHGHPHPRULHDGUHVDWHGHUHJLVWUHOH(6L%;

    &X H[FHS LD LQVWUXF LXQLORU 6$+) L 323) QLFL R LQVWUXF LXQH GHWUDQVIHUQXPRGLILF YUHXQELVWDELOGHFRQGL LH

    ,QVWUXF LXQLGHWUDQVIHUJHQHUDOH029386+323;&+*

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD0290RYH'DWD7UDQVIHU 'DWH

    )RUPDWXOJHQHUDOHVWH

    029 GHVWLQD LHVXUV GHVWLQD LHVXUV

    vQ FDUH VXUV L GHVWLQD LH RSHUDQ]LL VXQW RFWH L VDX FXYLQWH UHVSHFWkQGUHJXOLOHGHVFULVHPDLVXV

    8UP WRDUHOHRSHUD LLVXQWLOHJDOH

    VXUVDLGHVWLQD LDQXSRWILDPEHOHRSHUDQ]LvQPHPRULH

    QXSRWILIRORVLWHUHJLVWUHOH)/$*6L,3

    RSHUDQ]LLQXSRWDYHDGLPHQVLXQLGLIHULWH

    UHJLVWUXO&6QXSRDWHDSDUHFDGHVWLQD LH

    3URFHVRUXORULJLQDODUHUHVWULF LLOHVXSOLPHQWDUH

    QXSRWILWUDQVIHUDWHGDWHLPHGLDWHvQWUXQUHJLVWUXGHVHJPHQW

    RSHUDQ]LLQXSRWILVLPXOWDQUHJLVWUHGHVHJPHQW

    $FHVWH XOWLPH GRX UHVWULF LL DX IRVW UHOD[DWH OD YDULDQWHOH XOWHULRDUHLSHVWH([HPSOHGHLQVWUXF LXQLFRUHFWH

    029 $;%; 029 $/&+ 029 9$/>%;@>6,@$/ 029 E\WHSWU>%;@

    8OWLPDLQVWUXF LXQHGHPDLVXVDUILIRVWDPELJX I U XWLOL]DUHDRSHUDWRUXOSWU029>%;@VHSRDWHLQWHUSUHWDFDSXQHYDORDUHDvQRFWHWXOGH OD DGUHVD '6%; VDX OD IHO GH ELQH SXQH YDORDUHD ODFXYkQWXOGHODDGUHVD '6%; )RUPDE\WHSWU SUHFL]HD] F HVWHYRUEDGHXQWUDQVIHUSHRFWHW

    ([HPSOHGHLQVWUXF LXQLLQFRUHFWH

    029 $/%; RSHUDQ]LGHOXQJLPHGLIHULW

    029 >%;@>6,@ DPELLRSHUDQ]LvQPHPRULH 029 &6$; UHJLVWUXOFVDSDUHFDGHVWLQD LH

    'HUH LQXWF RLQVWUXF LXQHGHIRUPD

    GDWD $/)$ '% FRGH 029 $/$/)$

    vQFDUF vQ $/ FRQ LQXWXO ORFD LHL GH PHPRULH $/)$ 'DF VH GRUHWHvQF UFDUHD DGUHVHL HIHFWLYH D YDULDELOHL $/)$ VH SRDWH IRORVL RSHUDWRUXO2))6(7

    029 %;2))6(7$/)$

    VDXLQVWUXF LXQHD/($

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    33/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    34/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    35/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    ,QVWUXF LXQLOH 386+ L323 VHPDL SRW IRORVL ODWUDQVIHUXOLQGLUHFW DOXQRUUHJLVWUH6HFYHQ D

    386+ '6 323 (6

    FRSLD] FRQ LQXWXOUHJLVWUXOXL'6vQ(6O VkQGLQGLFDWRUXO63QHVFKLPEDW

    ,QVWUXF LXQLOH 386+ L323 UHDOL]HD] GHIDSW XQWUDQVIHU GLQ PHPRULHvQPHPRULH 'DF RSHUDQGXO GLQ FHOH GRX LQVWUXF LXQL HVWH R ORFD LH GHPHPRULHFHHDFHWUDQVIHU OD386+HVWHFRQ LQXWXODFHOHL]RQH6HFYHQ D

    GDWD ; GZ FRGH 386+ ;

    YD SXQH vQYkUIXO VWLYHL YDORDUHD FRQ LQXWXO OXL ; 'DF VHGRUHWHSXQHUHDvQVWLY DDGUHVHLHIHFWLYHVDXFRPSOHWHDYDULDELOHL;VHYDIRORVLLQVWUXF LXQHD 029 L RSHUDWRUXO 2))6(7 VDX LQVWUXF LXQHD /($

    UHVSHFWLYUHJLVWUXOGHVHJPHQWFDUHDGUHVHD] FXUHQWVHJPHQWXOUHVSHFWLY'DF VHJPHQWXOvQFDUHHGHILQLW YDULDEXODQXHVWHDGUHVDWvQPRGFXUHQWGH QLFL XQ UHJLVWUX GH VHJPHQW VH SRDWH IRORVL RSHUDWRUXO 6(* FDUHIXUQL]HD] VHJPHQWXOvQFDUHHVWHGHILQLWRSHUDQGXO

    FRGH /($ $;; 386+ $; 2IIVHWXOODDGUHVHPLFL 386+ '6 $SRLVHJPHQWXO 6DX

    029 $;2))(67; 386+ $; 2IIVHWXOOXL; 029 $;6(*; 386+ $; $GUHVDGHVHJPHQWDOXL;

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD;&+*([FKDQJH'DWD,QWHUVFKLPE GDWH

    )RUPDJHQHUDO HVWH

    ;&+* GHVWLQD LHVXUV

    LDU VHPQLILFD LD HVWH FHD GH LQWHUVFKLPEDUH D VXUVHL FX GHVWLQD LD5HJLVWUHOH GHVHJPHQWQX SRW DSDUHFD RSHUDQ]LLELQHvQ HOHVFHOSX LQ

    XQRSHUDQGWUHEXLHV ILHUHJLVWUX([HPSOHGHLQVWUXF LXQLFRUHFWH

    ;&+* $/$+ ;&+* %;6, ;&+* (6>%;@$;

    ([HPSOHGHLQVWUXF LXQLLQFRUHFWH

    ;&+*$/%; 2SHUDQ]LGHOXQJLPHGLIHULW ;&+*(6$; 5HJLVWUXGHVHJPHQW

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD;&+*HVWHXWLO ODLQWHUVFKLPEDUHDDGRX FDQWLW LDIODWHvQ

    PHPRULH 'DF RS L RS VXQW GRL RSHUDQ]L DIOD L vQ PHPRULH FDUHWUHEXLH LQWHUVFKLPED L VHFYHQ D VWDQGDUG GH LQWHUVFKLPEDUH IRORVLQG XQUHJLVWUXJHQHUDOUHJHVWH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    36/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    37/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    FRQYHUWLPR YDORDUHQXPHULF vQWUHLODFLIUDKH[DFRUHVSXQ] WRDUHSXWHPIRORVLVHFYHQ D

    GDWD 7$%(/$ '% $%&'() FRGH 029 %;2))6(77$%(/$

    ;/$7

    SULQ FDUH VH vQFDUF vQ %; RIIVHWXO WDEHOHL GH RFWH L L VH IDFH DSRLWUDQVODWDUHD

    ,QVWUXF LXQLGHWUDQVIHUVSHFLILFHDGUHVHORU/($/'6/(6

    $FHVWHLQVWUXF LXQLWUDQVIHU RDGUHV HIHFWLY vQWUXQUHJLVWUXJHQHUDOVDXRDGUHV FRPSOHW SHGHEL LvQWURSHUHFKHGHUHJLVWUH

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD /($ /RDG (IIHFWLYH $GGUHVV QFDUF DGUHV HIHFWLY

    )RUPDJHQHUDO HVWH /($ UHJLVWUXVXUV

    vQ FDUH VXUV HVWH XQRSHUDQG DIODWvQ PHPRULHVSHFLILFDWSULQWUXQ PRGRDUHFDUHGHDGUHVDUH()HFWXOHVWHFRSLHUHDDGUHVHLHIHFWLYHDRSHUDQGXOXLRIIVHWXOvQFDGUXOVHJPHQWXOXLvQUHJLVWUXOJHQHUDOVSHFLILFDW([HPSOH

    /($ %;$/)$ /($ ',$/)$>%;@>6,@

    8QFDOFXO VLPLODU DODGUHVHL HIHFWLYHVHRE LQH LFXRSHUDWRUXO2))6(7LLQVWUXF LXQHD 029 FDOFXO FDUH VH IDFH vQV OD DVDPEODUH $VWIHO

    LQVWUXF LXQHD/($SHUPLWHLPRGXULGHDGUHVDUHED]DW LVDXLQGH[DW ,QVWUXF LXQHD /($ VH IRORVHWH SHQWUX vQF UFDUHD UHJLVWUHORU GH ED] VDXGH VHJPHQW FX DGUHVHOH HIHFWLYH DOH XQRU RSHUDQ]L GLQ PHPRULH vQYHGHUHDXQRUDGUHV ULXOWHULRDUH6HFYHQ D

    GDWD 9(&725 ': FRGH /($ %;9(&725 029 6, 029 $;>%;@>6,@

    YDvQF UFDvQ$;DOWUHLOHDHOHPHQWDOWDEORXOXL9(&725,QVWUXF LXQLOH/'6/RDG'DWD6HJPHQWQFDUF '6L/(6/RDG([WUD6HJPHQWQFDUF (6

    )RUPDJHQHUDO HVWH

    /'6 UHJVXUV /(6 UHJVXUV

    vQFDUHUHJHVWHXQUHJLVWUXJHQHUDOGHEL LLDUVXUV HVWHXQRSHUDQGGH WLS GRXEOHZRUG DIODW vQ PHPRULH FDUH FRQ LQH R DGUHV FRPSOHW GHGHEL L(IHFWXOLQVWUXF LXQLLHVWH

    UHJ VXUVD '6(6 VXUVD

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    38/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    39/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    40/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD3R]L LRQDUHDELVWDELOXOXL2YHUIORZ

    ,QWHUSUHWDUHD IODJXOXL 2) HVWH DFHHD GH GHS LUH OD RSHUD LLOH GHDGXQDUHVF GHUHFXRSHUDQ]LFXVHPQ

    6 FRQVLGHU P YDORDUHD SH RFWHW ))+ L V DGXQ P OD DFHDVW YDORDUH5H]XOWDWXOHVWHLWUDQVSRUWDWkWGLQELWXOFkWLGLQELWXOvQELWXO$VWIHO&)L2)&RQVLGHUkQGRSHUDQ]LLI U VHPQLDGXQDUHDORUSURYRDF GHS LUHFHHDFHFRUHVSXQGHFX&)'DF VH FRQVLGHU RSHUDQ]LL FX VHPQ L DGXQDUHD ORU QX SURYRDF

    GHS LUHL2)6 FRQVLGHU P vQ PRG VLPLODU YDORULOH + L + L VXPD DFHVWRUD5H]XOWDWXOHVWH+LQXDSDUHWUDQVSRUWGLQELWXOGDUHVWHWUDQVSRUWGLQELWXOvQELWXO&DDWDUH&)L2)QLQWHUSUHWDUHDI U VHPQ YDORULOH RSHUDQ]LORU VXQW L VXPD ORU ILLQG GHFL QXDSDUHGHS LUH&)QLQWHUSUHWDUHDFXVHPQYDORULOHVXQWWRWLGDUVXPDORUGHS HWHGRPHQLXODGPLVLELODORFWH LORUFXVHPQL2)

    QILQHV FRQVLGHU PRSHUDQ]LL)'+L+LVXPDORU/DDGXQDUHVH

    RE LQHYDORDUHD))+LQXDSDUHWUDQVSRUWQLFLGLQELWXOQLFLGLQELWXO&DDWDUH&)L2)9DORULOHI U VHPQVXQWLLDUVXPDORUHVWHvQGRPHQLXODGPLVLELOGHFL&)9DORULOHFXVHPQVXQWL LDU VXPD ORU HVWH vQ GRHPQLXO GH UHSUH]HQWDUH DO QXPHUHORU FXVHPQGHFL2)

    /D ILHFDUH LQVWUXF LXQH DULWPHWLF VDX ORJLF VH YRU SUHFL]D H[SOLFLWIODJXULOHDIHFWDWHDGLF IODJXULOHFDUHVHSR]L LRQHD] FRQIRUPUH]XOWDWXOXL8QIODJQHDIHFWDWU PkQHODYHFKHDYDORDUH([LVW LVLWXD LLvQFDUHXQHOHIODJXULDXYDORULQHGHILQLWH

    ,QVWUXF LXQLVSHFLILFHDGXQ ULL$''$'&,1&'$$$$$

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD$''$GG$GXQ

    $UHIRUPDJHQHUDO

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    41/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    $'' GHVWLQD LHVXUV

    vQFDUHGHVWLQD LHSRDWHILXQUHJLVWUXJHQHUDOVDXRORFD LHGHPHPRULHLDUVXUV SRDWHILXQUHJLVWUXJHQHUDORORFD LHGHPHPRULHVDXRYDORDUHLPHGLDW &HL GRL RSHUDQ]L QX SRW IL VLPXOWDQ ORFD LL GH PHPRULH6HPQLILFD LDHVWH

    GHVWLQD LH GHVWLQD LHVXUV )ODJXULDIHFWDWH$)&)3)6)=)2)WRDWH

    2SHUDQ]LLSRWILSHVDXEL LLWUHEXLHV DLEHDFHHDLGLPHQVLXQHQFD]GHDPELJXLWDWHvQFHHDFHSULYHWHOXQJLPHDRSHUDQ]LORUVHIRORVHWHRSHUDWRUXOSWU,DW FkWHYDH[HPSOH

    $'' $;%; $'' $; /XQJLPHEL L $'' $/ /XQJLPHEL L $'' ZRUGSWU>',@ 'HVWvQPHPRULHVXUV LPHGLDW $'' $/)$ $/)$HVWHGHILQLWFX':

    $'' E\WHSWU$/)$ )RU DUHLQVWUXF LXQHSHRFWHW,QVWUXF LXQHD$'&$GGZLWK&DUU\$GXQ FXWUDQVSRUW

    )RUPDJHQHUDO HVWH

    $'& GHVWLQD LHVXUV

    )RUPDWXOHVWHVLPLODUFXLQVWUXF LXQHD$''FHHDFH GLIHU ILLQGDGXQDUHDELVWDELOXOXL&)

    GHVWLQD LH GHVWLQD LHVXUV &)

    )ODJXULDIHFWDWH$)&)3)6)=)2)WRDWH

    $GXQDUHD FX &DUU\ VH IRORVHWH OD DGXQ UL GH RSHUDQ]L SH PDL PXOWHFXYLQWH vQ FDUH SRDWH DSDUH XQ WUDQVSRUW LQWHUPHGLDU 'H H[HPSOXVHFYHQ DGHDGXQDUHDGRX QXPHUHSHRFWH LHVWH

    GDWD $/)$ GG $)+ %(7$ GG $%&+ 5(= GG "FRGH 029 $;ZRUGSWU$/)$ &XYLQWHOHPSVODDGUPLFL $'' $;ZRUGSWU%(7$ $LFLSRDWHDSDUHWUDQVSRUW 029 ZRUGSWU5(=$;

    029 $;ZRUGSWU$/)$ &XYLQWHOHPVODDGUPDUL $'& $;ZRUGSWU%(7$ 6HLDvQFRQVLGHUDUH WUDQVSRUWXOSUHFHGHQW 029 ZRUGSWU5(=$;

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD,1&,QFUHPHQW,QFUHPHQWHD]

    $UHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    ,1& GHVWLQD LH

    vQFDUHGHVWLQD LHHVWHXQUHJLVWUXVDXXQRSHUDQGvQPHPRULHGHWLSRFWHWVDXFXYkQW6HPQLILFD LDHVWH

    GHVWLQD LHGHVWLQD LH

    )ODJXULDIHFWDWH$)3)6)=)2)I U &)

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    42/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    43/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    44/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    45/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    46/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    47/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    %(7$ GZ+ FRGH 029 $/+ 08/ $/)$ $;$/$/)$ 029 $;+ 08/ %(7$ ';$;$;%(7$ 029 $;+

    029 %;+ 08/ %; ';$;$;%;

    Q VLWXD LvQFDUHXQRSHUDQG HVWH GHWLS E\WHLDU FHO ODOW GHWLSZRUGVHFRQYHUWHWHRSHUDQGXOGHWLSE\WHODZRUGFDQXP UI U VHPQGHFLFXSDUWHDPDLVHPQLILFDWLY 'H H[HPSOXSHQWUXD vQPXO LYDORULOH$/)$L%(7$VHSRDWHVFULH

    029 $/$/)$ 029 $+ $;+ 08/ %(7$ ';$;+

    6HREVHUY F LQVWUXF LXQHD08/QXSRDWHFRQGXFHODGHS LULPXO LQGI U VHPQFHOHPDLPDULYDORULSRVLELOHSHEL LVHRE LQYDORULFRUHFWHSHGHEL L'HH[HPSOX

    FDUHHVWHRYDORDUHUHSUH]HQWDELO SHGHEL L

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD,08/,QWHJHU0XOWLSO\QPXO HWHFXVHPQ

    $UHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    ,08/ VXUV

    ILLQG VLPLODU FX LQVWUXF LXQHD 08/ 'HRVHELUHD HVWH F RSHUD LD GH vQPXO LUHVHIDFHFRQVLGHUkQGRSHDUDQ]LLQXPHUHFXVHPQ

    )ODJXUL DIHFWDWH GDF HVWHQVLD DFXPXODWRUXOXL UHSUH]LQW H[WHQVLD GHVHPQDDFXPXODWRUXOXLDWXQFL&)L2)VHSR]L LRQHD] OD$OWIHO&)L2)GHYLQ5HVWXOIODJXULORUVXQWQHGHILQLWH

    1XSRWDSDUHVLWXD LLGHGHS LUHQPXO LQGFHOHPDLPDULYDORULvQPRGXOVHRE LQYDORULFRUHFWUHSUH]HQWDELOH'HH[HPSOXFDUHVHUHSUH]LQW FRUHFWFDQXP UFXVHPQSHEL L6LPLODU

    'DF VXQWQHFHVDUHFRQYHUVLLGHODE\WHODZRUGVHYDIRORVLLQVWUXF LXQHD&%:FDvQVHFYHQ DXUP WRDUH

    GDWD $/)$ GE %(7$ GZ 5(= GG" FRGH 029 $/$/)$ &%: &RQYHUVLHODZRUG 08/ %(7$ QPXO LUHSHEL L 029 ZRUGSWU5(=$; 3DUWHDPSVODDGUHVHPLFL 029 ZRUGSWU5(=';3DUWHDPVODDGUHVHPDUL

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    48/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    49/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    50/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    51/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    DGUVLUVLU GR^ UHVWQ QQ VLUUHVW `ZKLOHQ VLU

    LQYHUVHD]DDGUVLU,QWHUSUHW PQXP UXOQI U VHPQQEXFODGHSURJUDPFXWHVW ODSDUWHDLQIHULRDU VH FDOFXOHD] UHVWXO L FkWXO vPS U LULL OXL Q OD &kWXOIXUQL]HD] FLIUD FXUHQW F UHLD L VH DGXQ FRGXO $6&,, DO FLIUHL 6HDYDQVHD] DGUHVDVLU OD XUP WRUXO FDUDFWHUEXFOD WHUPLQkQGXVH FkQG QGHYLQH

    6H REVHUY F DFHVW DOJRULWP IXUQL]HD] FLIUHOH QXP UXOXL vQ RUGLQHLQYHUV FD DWDUH UXWLQD LQYHUVHD]DVLU WUHEXL V LQYHUVH]H RUGLQHDFDUDFWHUHORUGLQVLUXO JHQHUDW'HH[HPSOXGDF QDWXQFLSULPD

    LWHUD LHSURGXFHUHVWLQDGRXDLWHUD LHSURGXFHUHVWLQHWF

    6 LPSOHPHQW PDFHVWDOJRULWPSULQWURVHFYHQ vQOLPEDMGHDVDPEODUH

    GDWD Q GZ" VLU GEGXS" FRGH OHD VLVLU PRY D[Q PRY G[ PRY EO

    PRY EK BGR GLY E[ $;FkW';'/UHVW DGG GO PRY >VL@GO LQF VL PRY G[ FPS D[ MQH BGR 6DOWGDF $;GLIHULWGH PRY E\WHSWU>VL@ ,QYHUVHD]D

    PRY GLVL GHF GL ',LQGLF XOWLPXOFDUDFWHUXWLO OHD VLVLU 6,LQGLF SULPXOFDUDFWHU BWHVW FPS VLGL MDH BJDWD 6DOWGDF 6,!', PRY DO>VL@ ,QWHUVFKLPE RFWH LLGHOD [FKJ DO>GL@ DGUHVHOHGLQ6,L', PRY >VL@DO LQF VL GHF GL

    MPS BWHVW BJDWD

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    52/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    53/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    54/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    55/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    56/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    57/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    58/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    2SHUD LD VH UHSHW GH DWkWHD RUL FkW HVWH YDORDUHD OXL &21725 VDXFRQ LQXWXOUHJLVWUXOXL&/

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD5255RWDWH5LJKW5RWHWHODGUHDSWD

    $UHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    525 23(5$1'&21725

    6HPQLILFD LDHVWH

    WHPS&21725 FkWWLPSWHPS^ &)EFPSVGLQ23(5$1' 235235RSHUD LHI U VHPQ EFPVGLQ23(5$1'&) WHPSWHPS ` SR]LWB2)BULJKW

    'HVFULHUH GH PDL VXV VSXQH F ELWXO FHO PDL VHPQLILFDWLY GLQ 23(5$1'

    WUHFHDWkWvQ&)FkWLvQELWXOFHOPDLSX LQVHPQLILFDWLYGXS FHWR LEL LLVDXGHSODVDWODGUHDSWDFXRSR]L LHYH]L)LJXUD2SHUD LDVHUHSHW GH DWkWHD RUL FkW HVWH YDORDUHD OXL &21725 VDX FRQ LQXWXO UHJLVWUXOXL&/

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD 5&5 5RWDWH 5LJKW WKURXJK &DUU\ 5RWHWH ODGUHDSWDSULQFDUU\

    $UHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    5&5 23(5$1'&21725

    6HPQLILFD LDHVWHXUP WRDUHD

    WHPS&21725 FkWWLPSWHPS^ WHPSBFI&) &)EFPSVGLQ23(5$1' 235235RSHUD LHI U VHPQ EFPVGLQ23(5$1'WHPSBFI WHPSWHPS ` SR]LWB2)BULJKW

    'HVFULHUHD GH PDL VXV VSXQH F ELWXO FHO PDL SX LQ VHPQLILFDWLY GLQ

    23(5$1'WUHFHvQ&)VHGHSODVHD] WR LEL LLGLQ23(5$1'FXRSR]L LHODGUHDSWDLDU&)RULJLQDOWUHFHvQELWXOFHOPDLVHQLILFDWLYGLQ23(5$1'&XDOWH FXYLQWH&)SDUWLFLS HIHFWLY ODURWD LHYH]L)LJXUD 2SHUD LD VHUHSHW GH DWkWHD RUL FkW HVWH YDORDUHD OXL &21725 VDX FRQ LQXWXOUHJLVWUXOXL&/

    6HPQLILFD LLOH FHORU LQVWUXF LXQL GHGHSODVDUH LURWD LH VXQW LOXVWUDWH vQ)LJXUD

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    59/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD6HPQLILFD LDRSHUD LLORUGHGHSODVDUHLURWD LH

    6 FRQVLGHU PFkWHYDH[HPSOHGHURWD LLLGHSODV UL

    QPXO LUHDvPS U LUHD FX SXWHUL DOH OXL 2SHUD LLOH GH DVHPHQHD WLS VHH[HFXW PXOWPDLHILFLHQWSULQGHSODV ULODVWkQJDGUHDSWD6HFYHQ D

    029 &/ 029 $+ 6+/ $;&/

    UHDOL]HD] vQPXO LUHDOXL$/FXYDORDUHD5H]XOWDWXOVHUHJ VHWHvQ$;6HFYHQ D

    029 &/ 6$/ %;&/

    UHDOL]HD] vPS U LUHDOXL%;FRQVLGHUDWQXP UFXVHPQODYDORDUHD

    6LPLODUVHUHDOL]HD] LvQPXO LULFXYDORULFDUHVHSRWH[SULPDSULQVXPHFX XQ QXP U UHGXV GH WHUPHQL GH SXWHUL DOH OXL 6HFYHQ D XUP WRDUHUHDOL]HD] vQPXO LUHDXQHLYDORUL1SUHVXSXVHLQL LDO vQ$/FXYDORDUHDSULQGHSODV ULLDGXQ ULUHSHWDWH5H]XOWDWXOVHUHJ VHWHvQ%;

    029 $+ 029 %;$; 6DOYDUH1 029 ';$; 6DOYDUH1

    029 &/ 6+/ $; $;1 $'' %;$; %;11 029 $;'; 5HIDFHUH1

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    60/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    61/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    62/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    63/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    64/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    2SHUD LLFRPSOH[HDVXSUDLUXULORU

    6 FRQVLGHU PXQHOHRSHUD LLFRPSOH[HDVXSUDLUXULORUGHFDUDFWHUH9RPFRQVLGHUD F LUXULOH DX FD XOWLPXO FDUDFWHU RFWHWXO SH SRVW GHWHUPLQDWRUGHLU

    &RPSDUDUHDOH[LFRJUDILF DGRX LUXUL

    $FHVW DOJRULWP SULPHWH FD GDWH GH LQWUDUH DGUHVHOH D GRX LUXUL GHFDUDFWHUHWHUPLQDWHFXLvQWRDUFHGLIHUHQ DSULPLORURFWH LFDUHGLIHU vQFHOHGRX LUXULVDXGDF FHOHGRX LUXULFRLQFLG8UP WRDUHDVHFYHQ GHSURJUDPvQWRDUFHvQ$/UH]XOWDWXOFHUXW3UHVXSXQHPF '6L(6VXQWLQL LDOL]DWHFRUHVSXQ] WRU

    GDWD 6,5B'%8QH[HPSOXGHVLUWHUPLQDWFX]HUR 6,5B'%8QH[HPSOXGHVLUWHUPLQDWFXRFWHWXOQXO FRGH &/'

    /($6,6,5B /($',6,5B ,$5 /2'6% $/6,5B 7(67 $/$/ 7HVWWHUPLQDWRU -= *$7$ 6&$6% &RPSDUD$/FX6,5B -( ,$5 'DF VXQWHJDOHVHUHLDEXFOD '(& ', 'DF QXVHUHYLQHSHFDUDFWHUXO*$7$ 68% $/(6>',@ 6HIDFHGLIHUHQ D

    &RSLHUHDXQXLLUvQDOWLU

    8UP WRDUHD VHFYHQ FRSLD] XQ VLU vQ DOW LU &RSLHUHD vQFHWHD] GXS FRSLHUHD WHUPLQDWRUXOXL GLQ LUXO VXUV 6H SUHVXSXQH F OD DGUHVDGHVWLQD LH VHJ VHWHVXILFLHQWVSD LX UH]HUYDW 6HSUHXSXQH F UHJLVWUHOH'6L(6LQGLF VHJPHQWXOFXUHQWGHGDWH

    GDWD 6856$'%8QVLUFDUHWUHEXLHFRSLDW '(67 '%'83" FRGH /($ 6,6856$ /($ ','(67 &/'

    %8&/$ /2'6% $/6856$ 6726% '(67$/ 7(67 $/$/ 7HVWWHUPLQDWRU -1= %8&/$ 5HOXDUH

    &DOFXOXOOXQJLPLLXQXLLU

    8UP WRDUHDVHFYHQ GHWHUPLQ vQ$;QXP UXOGHFDUDFWHUHXWLOHGLQLUXO6856$7HUPLQDWRUXOQXVHQXP U

    FRGH &/'

    /($ ',6856$ 029 &;))))+ 1XP UXOPD[LPSRVLELO 029 %;', 6DOYDUHDGUHV vQFHSXW ;25 $/$/ 2FWHWF XWDW

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    65/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    5(31=6&$6% 5HSHW FkWWLPSHGLIHULWGH '(& ', QDSRLSHWHUPLQDWRU 68% ',%; $GUHV WHUPLQDWRU$GUHV GH 029 $;', vQFHSXW/XQJLPH

    &RSLHUHDD1FDUDFWHUHGLQWUXQLUvQDOWLU

    6HFRSLD] XQQXP UGH1 FDUDFWHUHGLQLUXO6856$vQLUXO'(67'DF

    6856$DUHPDLSX LQGH1FDUDFWHUHVHFRPSOHWHD] '(67FXSkQ OD1FDUDFDWHUH

    FRGH &/' /($ 6,6856$ /($ ','(67 029 &;1 25 &;&; -= *$7$ %8&/$ /2'6% %XFO GHFRSLHUH

    6726% SkQ ODWHUPLQDWRU '(& &; LQFOXVLYGDUQXPDL -= *$7$ PXOWGH&; 7(67 $/$/ FDUDFWHUH -1= %8&/$ 5(3 6726% &RPSOHWDUHHYHQWXDOFX *$7$

    'DF 1HVWHQXVHFRSLD] QLPLF6HH[HFXW REXFO GHFRSLHUHvQFDUHVH GHFUHPHQWHD] &; 'DF &; WRWXO VH WHUPLQ 'DF VD FRSLDWWHUPLQDWRUXO VH LHVHGLQEXFODGH FRSLHUH Q DFHVW PRPHQW $/ LGDF &;!VHH[HFXW GHSXQHUHDOXL$/vQ'(67GHDWkWHDRULFkWHVWH

    YDORDUHDFXUHQW DOXL&;,QVWUXF LXQLGHDSHOGHSURFHGXU LGHVDOW&$//5(7

    -03

    3URFHGXULOHVHGHILQHVFvQWH[WXOVXUV GXS DEORQXO

    QXPHBSURF352&>)$5_1($5@ 5(7 QXPHBSURF(1'3

    XQGH QXPHBSURF HVWH QXPHOH SURFHGXULL LDU SDUDPHWULL )$5 VDX 1($5RS LRQDOLLQGLF WLSXOSURFHGXULL

    3URFHGXULOHVXQWGHGRX WLSXUL)$5L1($52SURFHGXU )$5SRDWHILDSHODW LGLQDOWHVHJPHQWHGHFRGGHFkWFHOvQFDUHHVWHGHILQLW SHFkQGR SURFHGXU 1($5 SRDWH IL DSHODW QXPDL GLQ VHJPHQWXO GH FRG vQ FDUHHVWHGHILQLW

    'DF VH RPLW SDUDPHWULL )$5 VDX 1($5 WLSXO SURFHGXULL HVWH GHGXV GLQGLUHFWLYHOH VLPSOLILFDWH GH GHILQLUH D VHJPDQWHORU PRGHOXO GH PHPRULHIRORVLW'HH[HPSOXPRGHOXO/$5*(SUHVXSXQHF WRDWHSURFHGXULOHVXQW

    LPSOLFLWGHWLS)$5QPRGFRUHVSXQ] WRUH[LVW DSHOXULGHWLS)$5UHVSHFWLY1($5SUHFXPLLQVWUXF LXQLGHUHYHQLUHGHWLS)$5UHVSHFWLY1($5

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    66/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    67/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    68/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    69/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    70/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    -03&$// H[SU

    vQFDUHH[SUSRDWHIL

    DXQUHJLVWUXFDUHFRQ LQHRIIVHWXO LQWHL

    ERYDULDELO GHWLS:25'FDUHFRQ LQHRIIVHWXO LQWHL

    F R H[SUHVLH FX LQGLFL UHSUH]HQWkQG XQ FXYkQW GLQ PHPRULH FDUH FRQ LQHRIIVHWXO

    LQWHL GRUHIHULUHDQRQLP ODXQFXYkQWGLQPHPRULHFDUHFRQ LQHRIIVHWXO LQWHL

    6 FRQVLGHU PFkWHYDH[HPSOH

    GDWD :B$/)$ GZ 1B(7,& :B7$%B352&GZ 1B352&B GZ 1B352&B GZ 1B352&B FRGH 1B(7,& (WLFKHW 1($5

    1B352&L352&1($5 L 1B352&L(1'3 /($ %;1B352& -03&$// %; 7LSXOD -03&$// :B$/)$ 7LSXOE -03&$// :B7$%B352&>6,@ 7LSXOF6, /($ %;:B7$%B352& -03&$// :25'375>%;@>6,@7LSXOG6, /($ %;:B$/)$ -03&$// :25'375>%;@ 7LSXOG

    )RUPHOH FX UHIHULUL DQRQLPH OD PHPRULH WUHEXLH vQVR LWH GH RSHUDWRUXO:25'3758OWLPHOH GRX H[HPSOHGHVDOWDSHOWLSXO G SXQvQHYLGHQ GRX QLYHOXUL GH LQGLUHFWDUH YH]L )LJXUD GH OD %; OD YDULDELOD:B$/)$LGHOD:B$/)$ODHWLFKHWD1B(7,&

    )LJXUD&HOHGRX QLYHOXULGHLQGLUHFWDUHOD&$//:25'375>%;@

    6DOWDSHOLQGLUHFWLQWHUVHJPHQW)$5

    )RUPDJHQHUDO HVWH

    -03&$// H[SU

    vQFDUHH[SUSRDWHIL

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    71/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    72/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    73/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    74/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    7DEHOXO,QVWUXF LXQLOHGHVDOWFRQGL LRQDW

    8QHRUL HVWH QHFHVDU V VFULHP LQVWUXF LXQLGHVDOW FRQGL LRQDW ODHWLFKHWHFDUHLHVvQDIDUDGRPHQLXOXL>@ID GHLQVWUXF LXQHDFXUHQW QDFHDVW VLWXD LHIRORVLPXUP WRDUHDVFKHP SULQFDUHvQORFXLPVDOWXOSHRFRQGL LHGLUHFW GHSDUWHFXXQVDOWSHFRQGL LDQHJDW DSURDSHLFXXQVDOWQHFRQGL LRQDWGHSDUWH

    6DOWFRQGL LRQDWSHFRQGL LHGLUHFW OD(7B (WLFKHWD(7BHSUHDGHSDUWH (7B

    )RUPDHFKLYDOHQW HVWH

    6DOWFRQGL LRQDWSHFRQGL LHQHJDW OD(7B 6DOWQHFRQGL LRQDWOD(7B (7B

    'HH[HPSOXLQVWUXF LXQHD

    -( (7B

    VHVXEVWLWXLHFX -1( (7B -03 (7B(7B

    ,QVWUXF LXQHPQHPRQLF

    &RQGL LHGHVDOW ,QWHUSUHWDUH

    -(-= =) =HUR(TXDO

    -/-1*( 6)2) /HVV1RW*UHDWHURU(TXDO

    -/(-1* 6)

    2)VDX=) /HVVRU(TXDO1RW*UHDWHU-%-1$(-& &) %HOORZ1RW$ERYHRU(TXDO

    &DUU\

    -%(-1$ &)VDX=) %HOORZRU(TXDO1RW$ERYH

    -3-3( 3) 3DULW\3DULW\(YHQ

    -2 2) 2YHUIORZ

    -6 6) 6LJQ

    -1(-1= =) 1RW=HUR1RW(TXDO-1/-*( 6)2) 1RW/HVV*UHDWHURU(TXDO

    -1/(-* 6)2)L=) 1RW/HVVRU(TXDO*UHDWHU

    -1%-$(-1& &) 1RW%HOORZ$ERYHRU(TXDO1RW&DUU\

    -1%(-$ &)L=) 1RW%HOORZRU(TXDO$ERYH

    -13-32 3) 1RW3DULW\3DULW\2GG

    -12 2) 1RW2YHUIORZ

    -16 6) 1RW6LJQ

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    75/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    76/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    VWDUWBEXFOD &RUSEXFO /223 VWDUWBEXFOD

    &RUSXO EXFOHL VH YD H[HFXWD GH DWkWHD RUL FkW HVWH FRQ LQXWXO LQL LDO DO

    UHJLVWUXOXL &; SUHVXSXQkQG F DFHVWD QX HVWH PRGLILFDW H[SOLFLW vQLQWHULRUXOEXFOHL

    7UHEXLHREVHUYDWF UHJLVWUXO&;HVWHPDLvQWkLGHFUHPHQWDWLDSRLWHVWDW&D DWDUH GDF &; HVWH LQL LDO EXFOD GH SURJUDP VH YD H[HFXWD GH GH RUL 3URWHF LD ID GH R DVHPHQHD VLWXD LH VH UHDOL]HD] SULQLQVWUXF LXQHD-&;=)RUPDFRUHFW DEXFOHLGHSURJUDPYDIL

    -&;=HQGBEXFOD VWDUWBEXFOD &RUSEXFO

    /223VWDUWBEXFOD HQGBEXFOD

    QIRUPDGHPDLVXVGDF &;HVWHLQL LDOFRUSXOEXFOHLQXVHH[HFXW QLFLRGDW

    QVLWXD LDvQFDUHFRUSXOEXFOHLRFXS PDLPXOWGHGHRFWH LWUHEXLHV UHQXQ P OD -&;= L /223 L V OH vQORFXLP FX FRPSDUD LL L VDOWXULH[SOLFLWH%XFODGHSURJUDPYDDYHDIRUPDJHQHUDO

    7(67 &;&; -1= VWDUWBEXFOD

    -03 HQGBEXFOD VWDUWBEXFOD &RUSEXFO '(& &; 7(67 &;&; -= HQGBEXFOD -03 VWDUWBEXFOD HQGBEXFOD

    8UP WRUXO H[HPSOXFDOFXOHD] SULPHOHGHQXPHUH)LERQDFFLILEQ Q

    GHILQLWHUHFXUVLYSULQ II

    INININGDF Q!

    LOHGHSXQHvQWDEORXO),%2&HOHWUHLYDORULININLINFDUHLQWHUYLQvQFDOFXOVXQW LQXWHvQUHJLVWUHOH$;%;L';

    GDWD),%2':'83"

    FRGH029%; I029'; I

    029&; &RQWRU029', ,QGLFHvQWDEORXO

    EXFOD029$;%;

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    77/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    78/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    79/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUDQWUHUXSHULKDUGZDUHYHFWRUL]DWH

    QWUXQ VLVWHP FX SURFHVRU SRW H[LVWD PD[LP GH vQWUHUXSHULQLYHOXUL GLVWLQFWH )LHFDUH GLQ DFHVWH QLYHOXUL SRDWH DYHD DVRFLDW RSURFHGXU GHWLSIDUQXPLW UXWLQ GHWUDWDUH$GUHVHOHDFHVWRUUXWLQHVXQWWUHFXWH vQWUR DD QXPLW WDEHO GH vQWUHUXSHUL DIODW OD DGUHVHOH IL]LFH ))+ RFXSkQG GHFL GH RFWH L )LHFDUH QLYHO RFXS RFWH L SULPLL UHSUH]HQWkQG RIIVHWXO LDU XUP WRULL DGUHVD GH VHJPHQW DSURFHGXULLYH]L)LJXUD

    )LJXUD7DEHODGHvQWUHUXSHUL

    /DDSDUL LDXQHLvQWUHUXSHULDXORFXUP WRDUHOHDF LXQL

    VHVDOYHD] vQVWLY UHJLVWUHOH)/$*6&6L,3vQDFHDVW RUGLQH VHWHUJELVWDELOLL,)L7)

    VHIXUQL]HD] SURFHVRUXOXLXQvQWUHJSHEL LGHFLvQJDPDQXPLWLYHFWRUGHvQWUHUXSHUHFDUHLGHQWLILF QLYHOXODVRFLDWvQWUHUXSHULL

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    80/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    VH H[HFXW XQVDOW LQGLUHFW LQWHUVHJPHQW ODDGUHVD GHvQFHSXWD UXWLQHL GHWUDWDUHSULQLQWHUPHGLXOWDEHOHOGHvQWUHUXSHUL

    9HFWRUXO GH vQWUHUXSHUH SRDWH IL IXUQL]DW SURFHVRUXOXL vQ XUP WRDUHOHPRGXUL

    vQ FD]XO vQWUHUXSHULORU KDUGZDUH LQWHUQH QLYHOXO HVWH LPSOLFLW GH H[HPSOX SHQWUXvQWUHUXSHUHDGHH[HFX LHSDVFXSDVJHQHUDW GDF ELVWDELOXO7)VHXWLOL]HD] WRWGHDXQDQLYHOXO

    vQFD]XOvQWUHUXSHULORUKDUGZDUHH[WHUQHQLYHOXOHVWHSODVDWSHPDJLVWUDODGHGDWHvQFDGUXO FLFOXOXL PDLQ ,QWHUUXSW $FNQRZOHGJH FDUH XUPHD] GXS OXDUHD vQFRQVLGHUDUHDvQWUHUXSHULLGHF WUHGLVSR]LWLYXOFDUHDJHQHUDWvQWUHUXSHUHD

    vQFD]XOvQWUHUXSHULORUVRIWZDUHQLYHOXOHVWHFRQ LQXWvQLQVWUXF LXQH

    6HREVHUY F H[FHSWkQGVDOYDUHD IODJXULORUL WHUJHUHDELVWDELOLORU,)L7)VHFYHQ DGHWUDWDUHDXQHLvQWUHUXSHULVHUHGXFHODXQDSHOLQGLUHFWGHSURFHGXU IDUSULQLQWHUPHGLXOWDEHOHLGHvQWUHUXSHUL

    ,QVWUXF LXQLVSHFLILFHvQWUHUXSHULORU,17,5(7,172

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD,17,QWHUUXSWQWUHUXSHUHVRIWZDUH$UHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    ,17Q

    XQGHQHVWHRFRQVWDQW vQWUHDJ vQJDPD

    6HPQLILFD LDHVWHXUP WRDUHD

    6363666363)/$*6,)7)6363

    666363&6&6Q6363666363,3,3Q

    6HvQF UF GHFLvQ&6L,3FRQ LQXWXOGHODDGUHVHOHIL]LFHQLQDGLF FHLSDWUXRFWH LFRUHVSXQ] WRULQLYHOXOXLQGLQWDEHODGHvQWUHUXSHUL

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD,5(7,QWHUUXSW5HWXUQ5HYHQLUHGLQvQWUHUXSHUH

    'DWRULW DF LXQLORUFDUHDX ORF OD DSDUL LDXQHLvQWUHUXSHULRSURFHGXU GHWUDWDUH QX VH SRDWH vQFKHLD FX R LQVWUXF LXQH 5(7) GHRDUHFH WUHEXLHUHI FXW L UHJLVWUXO GH IODJXUL &D DWDUH SURFHGXULOH GH WUDWDUH DvQWUHUXSHULORUVHvQFKHLHWRWGHDXQDFXLQVWUXF LXQHD,5(7

    ,QVWUXF LXQHDFDUHHVWHI U RSHUDQ]LDUHVHPQLILFD LDXUP WRDUH

    ,36663636363&66663636363)/$*66663636363

    6HREVHUY F ELVWDELOLL,)L7)FDUHDXIRVWWHULODDSDUL LDvQWUHUXSHULLVXQW UHI FXWH DD FXP HUDX vQDLQWH GH vQWUHUXSHUH RGDW FX FHLODO LELVWDELOLGLQUHJLVWUXO)/$*6

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    81/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    82/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    83/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    DILDUHDXQRUPHVDMHLPHGLDWHODFRQVRO

    LQWURGXFHUHDGHvQWUHJLSHEL LFXVDXI U VHPQGHODFRQVRO

    DILDUHDGHvQWUHJLSHEL LFXVDXI U VHPQODFRQVRO

    LQL LDOL]DUHDUHJLVWUHORU'6L(6ODLQWUDUHDvQSURJUDP

    WHUPLQDUHDSURJUDPXOXLFXLHLUHvQVLVWHPXO'26

    6H YRU XWLOL]D GLUHFWLYHOH GH GHILQLUH VLPSOLILFDW D VHJPHQWHORU dDEORQXOGHGH]YROWDUHDOXQXLSURJUDP$60FDUHFRQ LQHXQPRGXOH[HFXWDELOYDILXUP WRUXO

    PRGHO00000 LQFOXGHLRK VWDFN1111 GDWD 'HILQL LLGHGDWH FRGH 'HILQL LLGHSURFHGXUL VWDUW

    LQLWBGVBHV 3URJUDPSULQFLSDO H[LWBGRV HQG VWDUW

    XQGH

    00000HVWHPRGHOXOGHPHPRULHFDUHSRDWHIL WLQ\VPDOOPHGLXPFRPSDFWODUJH VDX KXJH PRGHOHOH X]XDOH VXQW VPDOO L ODUJH vQ FDUH WRDWH DGUHVHOHSURFHGXULOHDSHOXULOHVDOWXULOHL UHYHQLULOHGLQSURFHGXU VXQWLPSOLFLWGH WLS1($5UHVSHFWLYGHWLS)$5

    1111 HVWH GLPHQVLXQHD UH]HUYDW VHJPHQWXOXL GH VWLY 2 YDORDUH X]XDO HVWH

    LQFOXGHLRKHVWHRGLUHFWLY FDUHLQFOXGHvQWH[WXOVXUV ILLHUXOLRKFDUHWUHEXLHV VHJ VHDVF vQDFHODLFDWDORJGLUHFWRUFXILLHUXOVXUV

    LQLWBGVBHVHVWHRPDFURLQVWUXF LXQHGHILQLW vQLRKFDUHLQL LDOL]HD] UHJVLWUHOH'6L(6FXDGUHVDVHJPHQWXOXLGHGDWHUHJLVWUHOH66L&6VXQWLQL LDOL]DWHDXWRPDWODvQF UFDUHDSURJUDPXOXLH[HFXWDELOGHSHGLVF

    H[LWBGRV HVWH R PDFURLQVWUXF LXQH GHILQLW vQ LRK FDUH SURYRDF WHUPLQDUHDSURJUDPXOXLLUHYHQLUHDvQVLVWHPXO'26

    VWDUWHVWHRHWLFKHW FDUHPDUFKHD] SXQFWXOGHvQFHSXWDOSURJUDPXOXLSULQFLSDO

    HQG VWDUW HVWH R GLUHFWLY FDUH PDUFKHD] VIkULWXO ORJLF DO PRGXOXL L SUHFL]HD] WRWRGDW F PRGXOXO FXUHQW HVWH PRGXO GH SURJUDP SULQFLSDO DYkQG SXQFWXO GH

    LQWUDUHODHWLFKHWDVWDUW2 DOW YDULDQW HVWH VFULHUHD SURJUDPXOXL SULQFLSDO VXE IRUPD XQHLSURFHGXULDYkQGQXPHOHGHH[HPSOXBPDLQLSUHFL]DUHDSXQFWXOXLGHVWDUWSULQQXPHOHSURFHGXULL

    PRGHO00000 LQFOXGH LRK VWDFN 1111 GDWD 'HILQL LLGHGDWH FRGH 'HILQL LLGHSURFHGXUL

    BPDLQSURF LQLWBGVBHV 3URJUDPSULQFLSDO H[LWBGRV

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    84/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    BPDLQHQGS HQG BPDLQ

    8Q PRGXO GH SURJUDP FDUH QX HVWH PRGXO GH SURJUDP SULQFLSDO GHFLFRQ LQHGHILQL LLGHGDWHLVDXSURFHGXULQXDUHHWLFKHW vQGLUHFWLYDHQGQWURDSOLFD LHGH]YROWDW PRGXODUvQPDLPXOWHILLHUHVXUV XQVLQJXUPRGXOSRDWHILPRGXOGHSURJUDPSULQFLSDO

    $VDPEORUXO QX IDFH GLVWLQF LH vQWUH VLPEROLLVFULL FXOLWHUH PLFLVDX PDUL'HDFXPvQFROHYRPVFULHGHUHJXO SURJUDPHOHFXOLWHUHPLFLLDUFXOLWHUHPDUL XQHOH GLUHFWLYH L WLSXUL GH GDWH GHILQLWH GH XWLOL]DWRU SHQWUX D OHVFRDWHvQHYLGHQ

    $VDPEODUHDXQXLILVLHUVXUV 180($60VHIDFHFXXQDGLQFRPHQ]LOH

    &?!WDVPQXPHDVP &?!WDVPQXPH

    vQXUPDF UHLDUH]XOW XQILLHURELHFW180(2%-

    'DF VHGRUHWHLILLHUOLVWLQJVHG FRPDQGD &?!WDVPQXPHQXPH

    vQXUP F UHLDUH]XOW LXQILLHU180(/67

    'DF VH GRUHWH R GHSDQDUH VLPEROLF XOWHULRDU WUHEXLH LQWURGXV RS LXQHD]L

    &?!WDVPQXPH]L

    2SHUD LDGHDVDPEODUHVHIDFHSHQWUXILHFDUHILLHUVXUV vQSDUWH

    /HJDUHDPRGXOHORUVHIDFHFXFRPDQGD

    &?!WOLQNQXPHBQXPHB>QXPHBELQ@>Y@

    vQ FDUH SDUDQWH]HOH GUHSWH LQGLF SDUDPHWUL RS LRQDOL QXPHB QXPHBVXQWQXPHOHPRGXOHORURELHFWQXPHBELQHVWHQXPHOHILLHUXOXLH[HFXWDELOUH]XOWDWGDF OLSVHWHVHFRQVLGHU QXPHOHSULPXOXLPRGXORELHFWLDUYHVWH R RS LXQH GH GHSDQDUH VLPEROLF VH LQWURGXFH GDF YUHP V H[HFXW P SURJUDPXO VXE FRQWUROXO GHSDQDWRUXOXL 7' Q XUPD FRPHQ]LLUH]XOW XQILLHUH[HFXWDELO

    2VLWXD LHWLSLF HVWHFHDDXQXLVLQJXUPRGXOVXUV FD]vQFDUHFRPDQGDGHOHJDUHYDIL

    &?!WOLQNQXPHLR

    SULQFDUH VH OHDJ L PRGXOXO LRREMFDUHFRQ LQH SURFHGXULOHGHLQWUDUHLHLUHGHVFULVHPDLVXV

    3HVWH WRW vQ FXSULQVXO F U LL YRP FRQVLGHUD F LUXULOH GH FDUDFWHUH VXQWWHUPLQDWHFXRFWHWXOELQDU'HILQL LDXQXLLUFRQVWDQWVDXUH]HUYDUHDGHVSD LX SHQWUX XQ LU YDULDELO VH SRW IDFH SULQ GLUHFWLYD 'HILQH %\WHFRQVWDQWHOH VLPEROLFHFUL OIVXQWGHILQLWH vQ ILLHUXOLRK'HILQL LDXQXL vQWUHJVDXUH]HUYDUHDGHVSD LXSHQWUXXQvQWUHJVHSRDWHIDFHFXGLUHFWLYD'HILQH:RUG'HILQLUHDGHVSD LX ODQLYHOGHFDUDFWHUVHIDFHFXGLUHFWLYD

    'HILQH%\WH GDWD VLUB GE 8QVLUGHFDUDFWHUHFUOI

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    85/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    VLUB GE GXS LB GZ LB GZ " XB GZ ))))+ XB GZ FB GE $ FB GE "

    $ILDUHD XQXL LU GH FDUDFWHUH OD FRQVRO VH SRDWH IDFH SULQPDFURLQQVWUXF LXQHDSXWV3XW6WULQJvQXQDGLQIRUPHOH

    SXWV VLUB 2SULP IRUP GHLQYRFDUH OHD VLVLUB 2DGRXD SXWV >VL@ IRUP GHLQYRFDUH

    &LWLUHD XQXL LU GH FDUDFWHUH GH OD FRQVRO VH SRDWH IDFH FXPDFURLQVWUXF LXQHDJHWV*HW6WULQJvQXQDGLQIRUPHOH

    JHWV VLUB 2SULP IRUP GHLQYRFDUH OHD E[VLUB 2DGRXD

    JHWV >E[@ IRUP GHLQYRFDUH$ILDUHDXQXLLUFRQVWDQWGHFDUDFWHUHPHVDMODFRQVRO VHSRDWHIDFHFXPDFURLQVWUXF LXQHD SXWVL 3XW 6WULQJ ,PPHGLDWH FDUH QX QHFHVLW GHILQLUHDLUXOXLLQLFLSUH]HQ DH[SOLFLW DWHUPLQDWRUXOXL

    SXWVL ,QWURGXFHWLXQVLUGHFDUDFWHUHFUOI! JHWV VLUB SXWVL 6LUXOLQWURGXVHVWHFUOI! SXWV VLUB SXWVL FUOI!

    ,QWURGXFHUHD XQXL vQWUHJ FX VDX I U VHPQ VH SRDWH IDFH FX

    PDFURLQVWUXF LXQLOH JHWL *HW ,QWHJHU I U SDUDPHWUL FDUH vQWRDUFHvQWUHJXOFLWLWvQUHJLVWUXO$;

    $ILDUHDXQXLvQWUHJFXVDXI U VHPQVHSRDWHIDFHFXPDFURLQVWUXF LXQLOHSXWL3XW,QWHJHUVDXSXWX3XW8QVLJQHGvQXQDGLQIRUPHOH

    JHWL &LWHWHvQWUHJvQ$; SXWL D[ $ILHD] vQWUHJXOGLQ$; PRY LBD[ 'HSXQH SXWL LB $ILHD] vQWUHJFXVHPQGLQPHPRULH SXWX XB $ILHD] FDQXP UI U VHPQ OHD GLLB SXWL >GL@ $ILHD] FDQXP UFXVHPQ SXWX >GL@ $ILHD] FDQXP UI U VHPQ

    ,QWURGXFHUHD XQXL VLQJXU FDUDFWHU GH OD FRQVRO VH SRDWH IDFH FXPDFURLQVWUXF LXQHD JHWF *HW &KDUDFWHU FDUH vQWRDUFH FDUDFWHUXO vQUHJLVWUXODOLDUDILDUHDXQXLFDUDFWHUVHSRDWHIDFHFXPDFURLQVWUXF LXQHDSXWF3XW&KDUDFWHUvQXQDGLQIRUPHOH

    SXWF $ SXWF FDUB OHD E[FDUB SXWF >E[@

    7RDWHPDFURLQVWUXF LXQLOHGHPDLVXVFRQVHUY UHJLVWUHOHSURFHVRUXOXLGHFLQXHQHYRLHGHVDOY ULLUHVWDXU ULH[SOLFLWH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    86/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    87/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    PRY D[>E[@>GL@ D>M@ FPS D[>E[@>GL@ &RPSDUDFXD>M@ MOH QH[WM 0DLPLFVDXHJDO [FKJ D[>E[@>GL@ 6FKLPEDD>M@ PRY >E[@>GL@D[ FXD>M@ QH[WM VKU GL 5HIDFHUHLQGLFH

    GHF GL &LFOXGRZQWR FPS GLVL MDH IRUM &kWWLPSM!L QH[WL LQF VL &LFOXWR FPS VLF[ ME IRUL &kWWLPSLQ DOJHQG UHW EXEEOHHQGS 3URJUDPXOSULQFLSDO

    VWDUW LQLWBGVBHV SXWVL ,QWURGXFHWLGDWHOHFUOI! PRY F[ 1XP UPD[LPGHHOHPHQWH OHD E[YHF $GUHV WDEORX LDU JHWL &LWLUHvQWUHJFXVHPQ WHVW D[D[ (VWH" M] JDWD 'DF GDJDWD PRY >E[@D[ 'HSXQHUHvQWDEORX DGG E[ $FWXDOL]DUHDGUHV

    ORRS LDU %XFO GXS &; JDWD PRY D[ &DOFXOQXP UGH VXE D[F[ HOHPHQWHLQWURGXVH PRY QD[ SXWVL 9HFWRUQHVRUWDWFUOI! OHD VLYHF $GUHV WDEORX PRY F[Q 1XP UGHHOHPHQWH FDOO WLSYHF $ILDUHWDEORXQHVRUWDW OHD E[YHF $GUHV WDEORX

    PRY F[Q 1XP UGHHOHPHQWH FDOOEXEEOH 6RUWDUHWDEORX SXWVL FUOI9HFWRUVRUWDWFUOI! OHD VLYHF PRY F[Q FDOO WLSYHF $ILDUHWDEORXVRUWDW H[LWBGRV ,HLUHvQ'26 HQG VWDUW

    QVHJPHQWXOGHGDWHVHUH]HUYDVSD LXSHQWUXWDEORXOYHFGHFHOPXOWGHvQWUHJLLSHQWUXGLPHQVLXQHDQDDFHVWXLD

    3URFHGXUD7,39(&SULPHWH vQ6,DGUHVDXQXLWDEORXLvQ&;QXP UXOGHHOHPHQWHUHDOL]kQGDILDUHDODFRQVRO DHOHPHQWHORUFRQVLGHUDWHvQWUHJL

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    88/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    FX VHPQ 6H REVHUY IRUPD VWDQGDUG D XQHL EXFOH GH SURJUDPLPSOHPHQWDW FXLQVWUXF LXQHD/2223

    3URFHGXUD %8%%/( LPSOHPHQWHD] DOJRULWPXOGHVRUWDUH,QGLFLL LLMGLQGHVFULHUHD DOJRULWPXOXL VXQW DVLJQD L OD UHJLWULL 6, L 6, ,QGLFLL VXQWLQFUHPHQWD L VDX GHFUHPHQWD L FX GDU vQWUHJLL VXQW SH GRL RFWH L 'H

    DFHHDvQVHFYHQ DGHDGUHVDUHDDPHPRULHLVHvQPXO HWHWHPSRUDU',FXSHQWUXDDFFHVDFRUHFWHOHPHQWHOHWDEORXOXL$VWIHOHOHPHQWXOGHLQGLFHVHYDDIODODGHSODVDPHQWHOHPHQWXOGHLQGLFHODGHSODVDPHQWHWFQPXO LUHD L UHIDFHUHD VH UHDOL]HD] SULQ GHSODV UL ORJLFH 6H REVHUY VHFYHQ DVWDQGDUGGHLQWHUVFKLPEDUHDGRX HOHPHQWHGLQPHPRULHGRX 029XULLXQ;&+*7UHEXLHUHPDUFDWPRGXOvQFDUHVHIDFFRPSDUD LLOHGLYHUVHORUHOHPHQWHLQGLFLLVXQWFRQVLGHUD LI U VHPQGHFLWHVWHOHVHIDFFXLQVWUXFWLXQLGHVDOWFRQGL LRQDWGHWLS$ERYHVDX%HORZQVFKLPEWDEORXO HVWH FX VHPQ GHFL FRPSDUD LLOH vQWUH HOHPHQWH VH IDF FXLQVWUXF LXQLGHVDOWFRQGL LRQDWGHWLS*UHDWHUVDX/HVV

    3URJUDPXOSULQFLSDOvQFHSHSULQWUREXFO GHFLWLUHDGDWHORU,QWURGXFHUHDVHSRDWHRSULPDLGHYUHPHGHGHHOHPHQWHGDF VHLQWURGXFHYDORDUHD/DLHLUHDGLQEXFO VHFDOFXOHD] XP UXOGHHOHPQWHHIHFWLYLQWURGXVHFD GLIHUHQ GLQWUH QXP UXO PD[LPDGPLV L YDORDUHD FXUHQW D OXL&;$FHVWQXP UVHGHSXQHvQYDULDELODQSHQWUXXWLOL] ULYLLWRDUH

    Q FRQWLQXDUH YRP DYHD VHFYHQ H GH DSHO DOH SURFHGXULORU 7,39(& L%8%%/( 6H REVHUY vQF UFDUHD FRUHVSXQ] WRDUH D SDUDPHWULORU DGUHVDWDEORXOXL LQXP UXO GH HOHPHQWH vQ UHJLVWUHOH GHVHPQDWH vQDFHVWVFRSSHQWUXILHFDUHSURFHGXU

    ([HPSOXO SUH]HQWDW LOXVWUHD] PRGXO GH XWLOL]DUH D PDFURLQVWUXF LXQLORUSUH]HQWDWHFDLVFKHPDJHQHUDO GHGH]YROWDUHDXQXLSURJUDP

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    89/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    90/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    91/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    92/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD0RGXULGHDGUHVDUHSHGHEL L

    0RGXULOH5HDOL3URWHFWHG

    3HQWUXDS VWUDFRPSDWLELOLWDWHDFXSURJUDPHOHGH]YROWDWHSHQWUXPDLQLGHEL LSURFHVRDUHOHGHGHEL LGLVSXQGHGRX PRGXULGHRSHUDUHPRGXO5HDO$GGUHVV SH VFXUW PRGXO 5HDO L PRGXO 3URWHFWHG 9LUWXDO $GUUHVV SHVFXUWPRGXO3URWHFWHG

    QPRGXO5HDOSURFHVRUXOVHFRPSRUW FDXQSURFHVRUGHEL LIRDUWHUDSLGSHUPL kQGvQV DFFHVXOODGDWHLDGUHVHGHGHEL L

    0RGXO 3URWHFWHG RIHU PHFDQLVPH VRILVWLFDWH GH JHVWLXQH D PHPRULHLSDJLQDUH GUHSWXUL GH DFFHV OD VHJPHQWH HWF Q DFHVW PRGH GH RSHUDUHXQLW LOHGHSURJUDPVHQXPHVFWDVNXUL6HSRDWHH[HFXWDRFRPXWDUHGHWDVN

    SHQWUXDLQWUDvQWUXQUHJLPVSHFLDOGHIXQF LRQDUHGHQXPLWPRG9LUWXDO)LHFDUH DVHPHQHD WDVN VH FRPSRUW GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH VRIWZDUH FD RPDLQ GH WLS SHUPL kQGSURJUDPHORU GH EL LDSOLFD LL VDXFKLDUXQ vQWUHJVLVWHPGHRSHUDUHV SRDW ILH[HFXWDWHFDWDVNXUL

    $WkW vQ PRGXO 5HDO FkW L vQ PRGXO 3URWHFWHG SURFHVRUXO SRDWH H[HFXWDLQVWUXF LXQL GH EL L SULQ H[DPLQDUHD XQXL ELW GLQ GHVFULSWRUXO GH VHJPHQWDVRFLDWUHJLVWUXOXL&6D&HVWELWSUHFL]HD] OXQJLPHDLPSOLFLW DRSHUDQ]LORUvDGUHVHORUVDXGHEL L

    Q DIDUD GLPHQVLXQLL LPSOLFLWH VH SRDWH IRU D R DQXPLW GLPHQVLXQH SULQ

    SUHIL[HOH QXPLWH 2SHUDQG 6L]H GLPHQVLXQH RSHUDQG L $GGUHVV /HQJWKOXQJLPH DGUHV $FHVWH SUHIL[H GH YDORDUH + L + VXQW JHQHUDWH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    93/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    DXWRPDW GH F WUH PDFURDVDPEORDUH 6 SUHVXSXQHP PRGXO 5HDO L V FRQVLGHU PXUP WRDUHDVHFYHQ GHFRGVXUV

    FRGH 029 $;ZRUGSWU>',@>+@ 029 ($;GZRUGSWU>',@>+@ 029 $;ZRUGSWU>(',@>+@

    029 ($;GZRUGSWU>(',@>+@)LLHUXOOLVWLQJJHQHUDWYDFRQ LQHXUP WRDUHDGHVFULHUH

    % 029$;ZRUGSWU>',@>+@ _% 029($;GZRUGSWU>',@>+@ _% 029$;ZRUGSWU>(',@>+@ __% 029($;GZRUGSWU>(',@>+@

    6HREVHUY DFHODL FRG DOLQVWUXF LXQLL029 %+ DFHODLGHSODVDPHQW+JHQHUDWSHVDXGHEL LLSUHIL[HOHLQVHUDWHDXWRPDW3ULPDLQVWUXF LXQHHVWHFXRSHUDQGLDGUHVDUHGHEL L$GRXDLQVWUXF LXQHHVWHFXRSHUDQGSH GH EL L L DGUHVDUH SH EL L VH REVHUY SUHIL[XO + L RIIVHWXO +JHQHUDWSHEL L$WUHLLQVWUXF LXQHHVWHFXRSHUDQGSHEL LLDGUHVDUHSHGHEL LVHREVHUY SUHIL[XO+LRIIVHWXO+JHQHUDWSHGHEL LQILQHXOWLPDLQVWUXF LXQHHVWHFXRSHUDQGLDGUHVDUHSHGHEL LVHREVHUY DPEHOHSUHIL[HLRIIVHWXO+JHQHUDWSHGHEL L

    Q PRGXO GH RSHUDUH 5HDO IRUPDUHD DGUHVHL IL]LFH HVWH H[FDW FD ODSURFHVRDUHOHGHEL LYH]L)LJXUD6HOHFWRUXOGHVHJPHQWHVWHXQXOGLQFHOHUHJLVWUHGHVHJPHQWLDURIIVHWXULOHVXQWSHEL LFRQGXFkQGDVWIHOODROXQJLPH PD[LP D XQXL VHJPHQW GH .% 3RLQWHULL F WUH GDWH VDX F WUHLQVWUXF LXQLSRWILPHPRUD LSHRFWH LGRLRFWH LSHQWUXDGUHVDGHVHJQPHQW

    LGRLRFWH LSHQWUXRIIVHW$VDPEORDUHOH GLVSXQ GH GLUHFWLYD '' 'HILQH 'RXEOH:RUG FDUH JHQHUHD] SRLQWHULSHRFWH LFDvQH[HPSOXOXUP WRU

    GDWD 7$%/28 '' GXS" $'5B '' 7$%/28FRGH /(6 %;$'5B 029 ($;(6>%;@

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD /(6 %; $''5B vQFDUF SHUHFKHD GH UHJLWUL (6%; FX XQ

    SRLQWHUSHRFWH L

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    94/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD$GUHVDUHDvQPRGXO5HDO

    QPRGXOGHRSHUDUH3URWHFWHGUHJLVWUHOHVHOHFWRDUHGHVHJPHQWGHEL LVXQWvQF UFDWHFXDGUHVDXQXLGHVFULSWRUGHVHJPHQWLDURIIVHWXULOHSRWILGHVDX GH EL L YH]L )LJXUD FRQGXFkQG OD R OXQJLPH PD[LP D XQXLVHJPHQWGH*%3RLQWHULLSRWILSHRFWH LGRLRFWH LSHQWUXGHVFULSWRUXOGHVHJPHQW L GRL RFWH L SHQWUX RIIIVHW VDX SH RFWH L SDWUX RFWH L SHQWUXRIIVHW

    $VDPEORDUHOHGLVSXQGH GLUHFWLYD'3'HILQH3RLQWHUFDUHJHQHUHD] SRLQWHULSHRFWH LFDvQH[HPSOXOXUP WRU

    GDWD 7$%/28 '' GXS" $'5B '3 7$%/28 FRGH /)6 (%;$'5B 029 ($;)6>(%;@

    ,QVWUXF LXQHD/)6(%;$''5BvQFDUF vQSHUHFKHDGHUHJLVWUH)6(%;FXXQSRLQWHUSHRFWH L

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    95/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD$GUHVDUHDvQPRGXO3URWHFWHG

    6 FRQVLGHU PXUP WRDUHDVHFYHQ VXUV

    GDWD 7$%/28 '' GXS" $'5B '' 7$%/28 $'5B '3 7$%/28FRGH /($ %;7$%/28 $FFHVSULQSRLQWHUQHDUGHEL LvQ 029 ($;>%;@ FDGUXOVHJPHQWXOXLVHOHFWDWSULQ'6

    /($ (%;7$%/28 $FFHVSULQSRLQWHUQHDUGHGHEL LvQ 029 ($;>(%;@ FDGUXOVHJPHQWXOXLVHOHFWDWSULQ'6 /(6 $;$'5B $FFHVSULQSRLQWHUIDUGHGHEL LvQ 029 ($;(6>%;@ FDGUXOVHJPHQWXOXLVHOHFWDWSULQ(6 /)6 (%;$'5B $FFHVSULQSRLQWHUIDUGHGHEL LvQ 029 ($;)6>(%;@ FDGUXOVHJPHQWXOXLVHOHFWDWSULQ)6

    /LVWLQJXOJHQHUDWODDVDPEODUHSHQWUXVHFYHQ DGHPDLVXVHVWH

    GDWD """""""" 7$%/28 ''GXS"

    VU $'5B ''7$%/28 VU $'5B '37$%/28 $ FRGH %%U /($ %;7$%/28 _% 029 ($;>%;@ _'(U /($ (%;7$%/28 %__% 029 ($;>(%;@ )&(U /(6 %;$'5B _% 029 ($;(6>%;@ _)%(U /)6 (%;$'5B '__% 029 ($;)6>(%;@

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    96/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    97/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    386+$ 3XVK$OO

    FDUH VDOYHD] vQ VWLY UHJLVWUHOH $; &; '; %; 63 %3 6, ', vQ DFHDVW RUGLQHLDUUHJLVWUXO63HVWHVF ]XWFX

    323$ 3RS$OO

    FDUHUHIDFHUHJLVWUHOH',6,%363%;';&;$;VDOYDWHFXRLQVWUXF LXQH

    386+$ DQWHULRDU UHJLVWUXO 63 VH UHIDFH SULQ DGXQDUHD YDORULL QX SULQH[WUDJHUHDHIHFWLY GLQVWLY

    386+LP

    FDUHSXQHvQVWLY RYDORDUHLPHGLDW

    ,QVWUXF LXQLOHSHQWUXLUXULVHH[WLQGFX

    ,16%,16: ,QSXW6WULQJ

    FXVHPQLILFD LD

    (6',E\WHZRUGFLWLWGHODSRUWXOVSHFLILFDWGH';

    DFWXDOL]HD] ',

    2876%2876:2XWSXW6WULQJ

    FXVHPQLILFD LD

    SRUWVSHFLILFDWSULQ';'66, DFWXDOL]HD] 6,

    ,QVWUXF LXQLOHGHFRQWUROVHH[WLQGFX

    %281'UHJOLP 7HVWHD] OLPLWH

    vQ FDUH OLPHVWH DGUHVD XQHL]RQH GHPHPRULH GHGRLvQWUHJLFDUHSUHFL]HD] OLPLWD PLQLP L PD[LP SHQWUX UHJLVWUXO UHJ 'DF UHJ '6OLP VDXUHJ!'6OLPDWXQFLVHJHQHUHD] RvQWUHUXSHUHVRIWZDUHSHQLYHOXO

    (17(5GLPBORFQLYHO &UHHD] DEORQVWLY ODLQWUDUHDvQSURFHGXU

    vQFDUHGLPBORFLQLYHOVXQWvQWUHJLSHEL LI U VHPQ

    6HPQLILFD LDHVWHXUP RDUHD

    386+%3 WHPS63

    GDF QLYHO!^ IRULWRQLYHO^ %3%3 386+66>%3@ ` 386+WHPS ` %3WHPS 6363GLPBORF

    3ULPXO SDUDPHWUX GLPBORF HVWH GLPHQVLXQHD QHFHVDU vQ VWLY SHQWUXSDUDPHWULL ORFDOL DL SURFHGXULL 'DF QLYHO HVWH DWXQFL VHPQLILFD LD HVWH

    HFKLYDOHQW FX 386+ %3 029 %363

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    98/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    99/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    100/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    101/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    102/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    QDLQWHDvQFHSHULLRSHU ULLSURSULX]LVHHVWHQHFHVDU RLQVUWXF LXQH),1,7FDUHWHUJHUHJLVWUHOHLQWHUQHFRQGL LLOHGHHURDUHHWF

    6HWXOGHLQVWUXF LXQL

    0QHPRQLFHOH LQVWUXF LXQLORU vQFHS WRDWH FX OLWHUD ) 0DMRULWDWHDLQVWUXF LXQLORU DUH FD RSHUDQ]L YkUIXO 67 DO VWLYHL FRSURFHVRUXOXL L XQ DOW

    UHJLVWUX 67L VDX XQ RSHUDQG vQ PHPRULH &HOH PDL PXOWH LQVWUXF LXQLPDWHPDWLFH DFWXDOL]HD] VWLYD SULQ RSHUD LLOH GHVFULVH PDL MRV 67 L 67UHSUH]LQW DFHODLUHJLVWUX

    386+B67 IRULWR 67L67L 323B67 IRULWR 67L67L

    ,QVWUXF LXQLSHQWUXvQF UFDUHDGDWHORU

    )/' 67L QFDUF 67LvQ67FXGHSODVDUHDVWLYHL

    WHPS67L 386+B67 67WHPS )/' PHPUHDO QFDUF QXP UUHDOGLQPHPRULHvQ67 386+B67 67PHP ),/' PHPLQW QFDUF QXP UvQWUHJGLQPHPRULHvQ67 386+B67 67PHP )%/' PHPEFG QFDUF QXP U%&'GLQPHPRULHvQ67 386+B67 67PHP

    )/'= QFDUF FRQVWDQWDvQ67 386+B67 67 )/' QFDUF FRQVWDQWDvQ67 386+B67 67 )/'3, QFDUF FRQVWDQWDvQ67 386+B67 67 )/'/( QFDUF FRQVWDQWDORJ HvQ67 386+B67 67ORJ H

    )/'/7 QFDUF FRQVWDQWDORJ

    vQ67 386+B67 67ORJ )/'/* QFDUF FRQVWDQWDORJ

    vQ67 386+B67 67ORJ

    ,QVWUXF LXQLSHQWUXGHSXQHUHDGDWHORU

    )67 67L 'HSXQH67vQ67LI U GHVF UFDUHDVWLYHL 67L67 )673 67L 'HSXQH67vQ67LFXGHVF UFDUHDVWLYHL 67L67 323B67 )67 PHPUHDO 'HSXQH67FDUHDOvQPHPRULHI U GHVF UFDUH PHP67 )673 PHPUHDO 'HSXQH67FDUHDOvQPHPRULHFXGHVF UFDUH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    103/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    104/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )08/ QPXO HWH67FX67FXGHVF UFDUH 676767 323B67 )08/ 67L67 QPXO HWH67FX67LUH]XOWDWvQ67L 67L67L67 )08/ 6767L QPXO HWH67LFX67UH]XOWDWvQ67L 676767L

    )08/ PHPUHDO QPXO HWHUHDOGLQPHPRULHFX67 6767PHP ),08/ PHPLQW QPXO HWHvQWUHJGLQPHPRULHFX67 6767PHP )08/367L QPXO HWH67FX67LFXGHVF UFDUH 67L67L67 323B67

    ,QVWUXF LXQLGHvPS U LUH

    )',9 &DOFXOHD] 6767FXGHVF UFDUH 676767 323B67 )',9 67L67 PSDUWH67LOD67UH]XOWDWvQ67

    67L67L67 )',9 6767L PSDUWH67OD67LUH]XOWDWvQ67L 676767L )',9 PHPUHDO PSDUWH67ODUHDOGLQPHPRULH 6767PHP ),',9 PHPLQW PSDUWH67ODvQWUHJGLQPHPRULH 6767PHP )',93 67L PSDUWH67LOD67FXGHVF UFDUH 67L67L67 323B67 )',95 &DOFXOHD] 6767FXGHVF UFDUH WHPS6767

    323B67 67WHPS )',9567L67 PSDUWH67OD67LUH]XOWDWvQ67L 67L6767L )',956767L PSDUWH67LOD67UH]XOWDWvQ67 6767L67 )',95PHPUHDO PSDUWHUHDOvQPHPRULHOD67UH]XOWDWvQ67 67PHP67 ),',95PHPLQW PSDUWHvQWUHJvQPHPRULHOD67UH]vQ67 67PHP67 )',93567L PSDUWH67OD67LFXGHVF UFDUH 67L6767L

    323B67,QVWUXF LXQLGHFRPSDUD LH

    ,QVWUXF LXQLOHGH FRPSDUD LHSR]L LRQHD] LQGLFDWRULLGLQFXYkQWXOGHVWDUHSULQHIHFWXDUHDXQHLRSHUD LLWHPSRUDUHGHVF GHUHvQWUHRSHUDQ]LLFDUHVHFRPSDU

    )&20 &RPSDU 67FX67 )&20 67L &RPSDU 67FX67L )&20 PHPUHDO &RPSDU 67FXUHDOvQPHPRULH ),&20PHPLQW &RPSDU 67FXvQWUHJGLQPHPRULH )767 &RPSDU 67FX )&203 &RPSDU 67FX67FXGHVF UFDUH WHPS6767

    323B67 )&20367L &RPSDU 67FX67LFXGHVF UFDUH )&203PHPUHDO &RPSDU 67FXUHDOFXGHVF UFDUH ),&203PHPLQW &RPSDU 67FXvQWUHJFXGHVF UFDUH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    105/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )&2033 &RPSDU 67FX67FXGHVF UFDUHGXEO WHPS6767 323B67 323B67

    ,QVWUXF LXQLGLYHUVH

    )$%6 ,DYDORDUHDDEVROXW 67_67_ )&+6 6FKLPE VHPQXO 6767 )6457 5DGLFDO 67VTUW67

    ,QVWUXF LXQLGHFRQWURO

    ),1,7 ,QL LDOL]HD] FRSURFHVRU ):$,7 6LQFURQL]HD] FXSURFHVRUXOGHED] )676:PHPLQW 'HSXQHFXYkQWGHVWDUHvQPHPRULH )67&:PHPLQW 'HSXQHFXYkQWGHFRQWUROvQPHPRULH )/'&:PHPLQW QFDUF FXYkQWGHFRQWUROGLQPHPRULH )123 1LFLRRSHUD LH

    3H OkQJ LQVWUXFWLXQLOH GH PDL VXV FRSURFHVRDUHOH GLVSXQ GH LQVWUXF LXQLWUDQVFHQGHQWH SHQWUX FDOFXOXO IXQF LLORU WULJRQRPHWULFH GLUHFWH L LQYHUVHH[SRQHQ LDO ORJDULWPHWF $FHVWH LQVWUXF LXQLQX YRUIL SUH]HQWDWHGHRDUHFHHVWH SX LQ SUREDELO F VH YRU GH]YROWD SURJUDPH FX IXQF LL WUDQVFHQGHQWH vQOLPEDMGHDVDPEODUH

    Q&DSLWROXOYRUILSUH]HQWDWHWHKQLFLGHSURJUDPDUHVSHFLILFHFRSURFHVRDUHORUPDWHPDWLFH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    106/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    &DSLWROXO

    6WUXFWXUDUHDSURJUDPHORU'HILQLUHDLLQL LDOL]DUHDGDWHORU2SHUDWRUL

    &DSLWROXOFXUHQWLFHOXUP WRUVXQWGHGLFDWHOLPEDMXOXLGHDVDPEODUH3HOkQJ LQVWUXF LXQLOH SURSULX]LVH XQ SURJUDP $60 SRDWH FXSULQGH GLUHFWLYH SULQLQWHUPHGLXO F URUD VH GHILQHVF GDWH HWLFKHWH L SURFHGXUL VH VWUXFWXUHD] VHJPHQWH VH GHILQHVF L VH XWLOL]HD] PDFURLQVWUXF LXQL VH FRQWUROHD] vQJHQHUDO SURFHVXO GH DVDPEODUH HWF 'LUHFWLYHOH QX UHSUH]LQW LQVWUXF LXQL FLFRPHQ]L F WUH DVDPEORU HIHFWXO ORU PDQLIHVWkQGXVH H[FOXVLY vQ ID]D GHDVDPEODUH

    6HJPHQWDUH'LUHFWLYHSHQWUXGHILQLUHDVHJPHQWHORU

    8QPRGXOGHSURJUDPvQOLPEDMXOGHDVDPEODUHSRDWHFRQGXFHOD

    RSRU LXQHGLQWUXQVHJPHQW XQVHJPHQW

    SRU LXQLGHVHJPHQWHGLIHULWH

    PDLPXOWHVHJPHQWH

    0DLPXOWHPRGXOHRELHFWVHOHDJ SULQRSHUD LDGHOLQNHGLWDUH

    'LUHFWLYHOH6(*0(17L(1'6

    ,QGLIHUHQWGHPRGXOGHGH]YROWDUHDOXQXLSUJUDP$60DWkWLQVWUXF LXQLOHFkWLGDWHOH WUHEXLH V VH J VHDVF vQ LQWHULRUXO XQXL VHJPHQW'LUHFWLYD 6(*0(17FRQWUROHD]

    QXPHOHVHJPHQWXOXL

    DOLQLHUHD

    FRPELQDUHDFXDOWHVHJPHQWH

    FRQWLQXLWDWHDDGLDFHQ DVHJPHQWHORU

    )RUPDJHQHUDO DGLUHFWLYHL6(*0(17HVWH

    QXPH6(*0(17>WLSBDOLQLHUH@>WLSBFRPELQDUH@>QXPHBFODV @

    QXPH(1'63DUDPHWULL LQFOXL vQ SDUDQWH]H GUHSWH VXQW RS LRQDOL 'DF VXQW SUH]HQ LDFHWLDWUHEXLHV ILHvQRUGLQHDVSHFLILFDW 6HPQLILFD LDSDUDPDWULORUHVWH

    WLSBDOLQLHUHVSHFLILF ODFHOLPLW YDILUHORFDWVHJPHQWXOvQPHPRULHSRDWHIL

    3$5$LPSOLFLWDOLQLHUHODSDUDJUDIVHJPHQWXOIL]LFDGLF DGUHVDSHGHEL LYDILUHORFDWODSULPDDGUHV DEVROXW GLYL]LELO SULQ

    %

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    107/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    6 FRQVLGHU PXUP WRDUHOHGHILQL LLGHVHJPHQWH

    '$76(*0(17%

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    108/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    FRG (1'6 $7(;35(6,(VSHFLILF IDSWXOF VHJPHQWXOYDILSODVDWODRDGUHV IL]LF DEVROXW GH

    PHPRULH XUP WRUXO H[HPSOX LOXVWUHD] GHILQLUHD H[SOLFLW D WDEHOHL GH YHFWRUL GHvQWUHUXSHUL

    ,17B7$%/(6(*0(17$7 GG352&B1,9B GG352&B1,9B

    ,17B7$%/((1'6

    $FHVWH IRUPH VH IRORVHVF FkQG SURJUDPXO HVWH GH]YROWDW SHQWUXHFKLSDPHQWH GHGLFDWH Q FD]XO XQXL FDOFXODWRU GH WLS ,%03& H[LVW IXQF LL'26SHQWUXDFFHVXOODWDEHODGHvQWUHUXSHUL

    QXPHBFODV VSHFLILF XQ QXPH GH FODV SHQWUX VHJPHQW H[WLQ]vQG DVWIHO QXPHOHVHJPHQWXOXLGHH[HPSOXGDF VHJPHQWXODUHLDWULEXWXOQXPHBFODV DWXQFLDWULEXWHOH&20021 VDX 38%/,& YRU DF LRQD QXPDL DVXSUD VHJPHQWHORUFXDFHODL QXPH L DFHODLQXPHGHFODV FDQXPHGHFODVHVHIRORVHVFGHRELFHLFRGHGDWDLVWDFN

    6 FRQVLGHU P GRX PRGXOH $60 DVDPEODWH GLVWLQFW Q SULPXOPRGXODYHPXUP WRDUHOHGHILQL LLGHVHJPHQWH

    GVHJ6(*0(173$5$38%/,&GDWD GE GXS" GVHJ(1'6 GVHJ6(*0(173$5$&20021 GEGXS" GVHJ(1'6 FVHJ 6(*0(173$5$38%/,&FRGH GE GXS" FVHJ (1'6

    QDOGRLOHDPRGXOH[LVW XUP WRDUHOHGHILQL LL GVHJ6(*0(173$5$38%/,&GDWD GEGXS" GVHJ(1'6 GVHJ6(*0(173$5$&20021 GE GXS" GVHJ(1'6 FVHJ6(*0(173$5$38%/,&FRGH GE GXS" FVHJ(1'6

    ,PDJLQHD VHJPHQWHORU UH]XOWDWH vQ XUPD OLQNHGLW ULL L UHORF ULL HVWH FHD GLQ)LJXUD

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    109/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    )LJXUD&RPELQDUHDVHJPHQWHORUHVWHFRQWURODW GHGLUHFWLYD6(*0(17

    'LUHFWLYD$6680(

    'LUHFWLYD $6680( UHDOL]HD] R FRQH[LXQH VLPEROLF ORJLF vQWUH GHILQLUHDLQVWUXF LXQLORULGDWHORUvQVHJPHQWHORJLFHFXSULQVHvQWUH6(*0(17L(1'6OD PRPHQWXO DVDPEO ULL L DFFHVXO OD H[HFX LH OD LQVWUXF LXL L GDWH SULQUHJLVWUHOHGHVHJPHQW$UHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    $6680(UHJBVHJH[SUHVLH

    vQFDUHUHJBVHJHVWHXQUHJLVWUXGHVHJPHQWLDUH[SUHVLHSRDWHIL

    XQQXPHGHVHJPHQW XQQXPHGHJUXSGHVHJPHQWH 6(*QXPHVHJPHQW 127+,1*

    QDFHHDLGLUHFWLY $6680(VHSRWDVRFLDPDLPXOWHUHJLVWUHGHVHJPHQWGHH[HPSOX

    $6680(&6&6(*'6'6(*(6'6(*6666(*

    'LUHFWLYD $6680( QX QH VFXWHWH GH vQF UFDUHD UHJLVWUHORU GH VHJPHQW FXDGUHVHOH GH VHJPHQW 'DF XQ QXPH GH VHJPHQW QX DSDUH vQWUR GLUHFWLY $6680(GDWHOHGHILQLWHvQDFHOVHJPHQWSRWILDFFHVDWHQXPDLSULQSUHIL[HGH

    VHJPHQW6 FRQVLGHU PXUP WRUXOH[HPSOX GVHJ 6(*0(17 %(7$ GZ GVHJ (1'6 FVHJ 6(*0(17 $6680(FVFVHJHVGVHJ PRY D[GVHJ PRY HVD[ PRY E[%(7$ VHYDJHQHUDRLQVWUXF LXQH029 FXDGUHVDUHSULQUHJLVWUXO(6FRQIRUP DVRFLHULL(6GVHJ FVHJ (1'6

    'DF QXVDUILDVRFLDWUHJLVWUXO(6FXVHJPHQWXOGVHJSULQGLUHFWLYD$6680(DFFHVXOODYDULDELOD%(7$WUHEXLDVFULVvQIRUPD

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    110/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    PRYE[HV%(7$

    Q IRUPDWXO LQWHUQ DO LQVWUXF LXQLL vQ FRGLILFDUH WUHEXLH V DSDU SULQ FHUHJLVWUXGHVHJPHQWVHFDOFXOHD] DGUHVDIL]LF 'DF VLPEROXOFDUHDSDUHvQWUR LQVWUXF LXQH GH H[HPSOX %(7$ IDFH SDUWH GLQWUXQ VHJPHQW FDUH HVWHDVRFLDW SULQWUR GLUHFWLY $6680( FX XQ UHJLVWUX GH VHJPHQW DWXQFL VH YD

    FRGLILFDLQWHUQDFFHVXOSULQDFHOUHJLVWUXGHVHJPHQWvQFD]XOGHID SULQ(6&RGLILFDUHDUHJLVWUXOXLVHJPHQWVHIDFH

    LPSOLFLW GDWHOH VXQW DFFHVDWH vQ WRDWH PRGXULOH GH DGUHVDUH SULQ UHJLVWUXO '6 FXH[FHS LDFHORUFDUHLPSOLF UHJLVWUXO%3FD]vQFDUHVHIRORVHWH66LDU LQVWUXF LXQLOHVXQWDGUHVDWHWRWGHDXQDSULQ&6

    H[SOLFLWSULQXWLOL]DUHDSUHIL[HORUGHVHJPHQW

    'LUHFWLYD*5283

    'LUHFWLYD*5283VHUYHWHODJUXSDUHDPDLPXOWRUVHJPHQWHLQFOXVLYFXQXPHL DWULEXWH GLIHULWH D F URU OXQJLPH WRWDO QX GHS HWH .2 VXE DFHODLQXPH$UHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    QXPHBJUXS*5283QXPHBVHJQXPHBVHJ

    $FHDVW GLUHFWLY UHSUH]LQW R DOW PRGDOLWDWH GH FRPELQDUH D PDL PXOWRUVHJPHQWHSHOkQJ FHDRIHULW GHDWULEXWXO38%/,&

    1XPHOH GH JUXS VH SRDWH IRORVL vQ GLUHFWLYH $6680( OD LQL LDOL]DUHD XQRUUHJLVWUH GH VHJPHQW VDX OD FDOFXOXO XQXL RIIVHW 6 FRQVLGHU P XUP WRUXOH[HPSOX

    G 6(*0(17 \ GZ G (1'6 G 6(*0(17 [ GE G (1'6 GDWD *5283 GG

    3XWHPVFULHLQVWUXF LXQLGHIRUPD

    PRY D[GDWD PRY GVD[ PRY D[2))6(7[ PRY D[2))6(7GDWD[

    VDXGLUHFWLYHGHIRUPD

    $6680( GVGDWD([SUHVLD2))6(7[IXUQL]HD] RIIVHWXOYDULDELOHL[vQFDGUXVHJPHQWXOXLGLDUH[SUHVLD 2))6(7 GDWD[ SURGXFH RIIVHWXO YDULDELOHL [ vQ FDGUXO JUXSXOXL GHVHJPHQWHGDWD

    'HILQLUHDVLPSOLILFDW DVHJPHQWHORU

    $FHDVW PRGDOLDWH GH GHILQLUH HVWH LQWURGXV vQ YDULDQWHOH UHFHQWH DOHDVDPEORDUHORU $YDQWDMXO PDMRU HVWH IDSWXO F VH UHVSHFW DFHODL IRUPDWVWUXFWXU D SURJUDPXOXL RELHFW FD L OD SURJUDPHOH GH]YROWDWH vQ OLPEDM GHQLYHO vQDOW &RQFUHW GDF XWLOL] P GHILQLUHD VLPSOLILFDW VH YRU JHQHUD

    VHJPHQWHFXQXPHLDWULEXWHLGHQWLFHFXFHOHJHQHUDWHGHFRPSLODWRDUHOHGHOLPEDMHGHQLYHOvQDOW7RDWHGLUHFWLYHOHVLPSOLILFDWHvQFHSFXXQSXQFW

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    111/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    0RGHOHGHPHPRULH

    'LUHFWLYDSHQWUXVSHFLILFDUHDPRGHOXOXLGHPHPRULHDUHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    PRGHOWLS

    vQ FDUH WLS SRDWHILWLQ\VPDOO PHGLXP ODUJHVDXKXJH6HPQLILFD LDDFHVWRU

    WLSXULHVWH WLQ\ WRDWH VHJPHQWHOH GDWH FRG VWLY VH SRW JHQHUD vQWUXQ VSD LX GH .2 L

    IRUPHD] XQ VLQJXU JUXS GH VHJPHQWH 6H IRORVHWH OD SURJUDPHOH GH WLS &20 7RDWHVDOWXULOHDSHOXULOHLGHILQL LLOHGHSURFHGXULVXQWLPSOLFLWGHWLS1($5

    VPDOO GDWHOH L VWLYD VXQW JUXSDWH vQWUXQ VLQJXU VHJPHQW LDU FRGXO vQ DOW VHJPHQW)LHFDUHGLQDFHVWHDQX WUHEXLHV GHS HDVF .27RDWHVDOWXULOHDSHOXULOHL GHILQL LLOHGHSURFHGXULVXQWLPSOLFLWGHWLS1($5

    PHGLXP GDWHOH LVWLYD VXQW JUXSDWHvQWUXQVLQJXUVHJPHQW FHO PXOW HJDOFX .2GDU FRGXOSRDWH ILvQ PDLPXOWH VHJPHQWH VHSDUDWH QX VH JUXSHD] GHFL SRDWH GHS L.26DOWXULOHLDSHOXULOHVXQWLPSOLFLWWLS)$5LDUGHILQL LLOHGHSURFHGXULVXQWLPSOLFLWGHWLSIDU

    FRPSDFW FRGXOJHQHUDWRFXS FHOPXOW.2VHJUXSHD] GDUGDWHOHLVWLYDVXQWvQVHJPHQWHVHSDUDWH SRWGHS L.2$SHOXULOHL VDOWXULOHVXQWLPSOLFLWGH WLS1($56HXWLOL]HD] DGUHVHFRPSOHWH VHJPHQWL RIIVHW DWXQFLFkQG VHDFFHVHD] GDWH GHILQLWHvQDOWHVHJPHQWH

    ODUJHDWkWGDWHOHFkWLFRGXOJHQHUDWSRWGHS L.2

    KXJH HVWH DVHP Q WRU PRGHOXOXL ODUJH GDU VWUXFWXULOH GH GDWH SRW GHS L .2 VHXWLOL]HD] DGUHVHFRPSOHWHQRUPDOL]DWHvQFDUHRIIVHWXOHVWHUHGXVODPLQLPvQGRPHQLXOFHHDFHIDFHFDRDGUHV IL]LF V ILHGHVFULV GHRXQLF SHUHFKHVHJPHQWRIIVHW

    /DPRGHOHOHFRPSDFWLODUJHR VWXFWXU FRPSDFW GHGDWHGHWLSWDEORXQXSRDWH GHS L OLPLWHOH XQXL VHJPHQW IL]LF .2 OD PRGHOXO KXJH DFHDVW UHVWULF LHGLVSDUH

    )RORVLUHDGLUHFWLYHORUVLPSOLILFDWHSUH]LQW LDYDQWDMXOF QXPDLVXQWQHFHVDUHGLUHFWLYH $6680( DVRFLHULOH vQWUH VHJPHQWHOH JHQHUDWH L UHJLVWUHOH GHVHJPHQWVXQWLPSOLFLWH

    6HXWLOL]HD] XUP WRDUHDWHUPLQRORJLH

    PRGHOHGHGDWHPLFLVPDOOFRPSDFW

    PRGHOHGHFRGPLFVPDOOPHGLXP

    PRGHOHGHGDWHPDULPHGLXPODUJHKXJH

    PRGHOHGHFRGPDUHFRPSDFWODUJHKXJH

    'LUHFWLYHVLPSOLILFDWHGHGHILQLUHDVHJPHQWHORU

    )RUPHOHJHQHUDOHDOHDFHVWRUGLUHFWLYHVXQW

    VWDFNGLPHQVLXQH

    FRGH>QXPH@

    GDWD

    GDWD" GDWHQHLQL LDOL]DWHvQOQv

    IDUGDWD>QXPH@ VHJPHQWHGHGDWHXWLOL]DWHSULQ

    IDUGDWD">QXPH@ DGUHVHFRPSOHWHvQOQv

    FRQVW GHILQLUHGHFRQVWDQWHvQOQv

    'DF SDUDPHWUXO QXPH OLSVHWH VH DWULEXLH QXPH LPSOLFLWH VHJPHQWHORUJHQHUDWHGXS FXPXUPHD]

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    112/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    113/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    IDUGDWD IDUGDWD" FRGH HQG

    )LLHUXOOLVWLQJJHQHUDWFXSULQGHvQWUHDOWHOHXUP WRDUHOHLQIRUPD LL

    6\PERO 1DPH 7\SH 9DOXH

    ""'$7( 7H[W ""),/(1$0( 7H[W H[HPSOX ""7,0( 7H[W ""9(56,21 1XPEHU #&2'( 7H[W (;(03/8B7(;7 #&2'(6,=( 7H[W #&38 7H[W + #&856(* 7H[W (;(03/8B7(;7 #'$7$ 7H[W '*5283 #'$7$6,=( 7H[W #)$5'$7$ 7H[W )$5B'$7$ #)$5'$7$" 7H[W )$5B%66

    #),/(1$0( 7H[W (;(03/8 #02'(/ 7H[W #:25'6,=(7H[W *URXSV6HJPHQWV %LW 6L]H $OLJQ &RPELQH&ODVV '*5283*URXS &2167 :RUG 3XEOLF'$7$ 67$&. 3DUD 6WDFN67$&. B%66 :RUG 3XEOLF%66 B'$7$ :RUG 3XEOLF'$7$ (;(03/8B7(;7 :RUG 3XEOLF&2'( )$5B%66 3DUD QRQH )$5B%66

    )$5B'$7$ 3DUD QRQH )$5B'$7$

    /LVWLQJXO UHOHY R VHULH GH VLPEROL SUHGHILQL L L YDORULOH DVRFLDWH6H UHPDUF DGUHVHOHGHvQFHSXWDOHVHJPHQWHORUFHOPDLLPSRUWDQWILLQGVLPEROXO#'$7$FDUH DUH DFHHDL YDORDUH FX DGUHVD JUXSXOXL '*5283 3DUWHD D GRXD DOLVWLQJXOXLGHVFULHVHJPHQWHOHLJUXSXULOHGHVHJPHQWH

    ,QL LDOL]DUHDUHJLVWUHORU '6 L(6OD vQFHSXWXOXQXLSURJUDP SULQFLSDO VHSRDWHIDFH FX VLPEROXO #'$7$ VDX FX VLPEROXO '*5283 0DFURLQVWUXF LXQHDLQLWBGVBHVUHDOL]HD] RSHUD LD

    PRY D[GJURXS PRY GVD[ PRY HVD[

    'LUHFWLYHSHQWUXOHJDUHDPRGXOHORU

    &kQG SURJUDPXO GH]YROWD VH FRPSXQH GLQ PDL PXOWH PRGXOH DVDPEODWHVHSDUDWHVWHQHFHVDU VSHFLILFDUHDVLPEROLORUFDUHVXQWGHILQL LvQWUXQPRGXOLXWLOL]D L vQ DOWH PRGXOH $FHWL VLPEROL VXQW QXPH GH YDULDELOH HWLFKHWH VDXQXPHGHSURFHGXULQPRGQRUPDOXQVLPEROHVWHYL]LELOGRDUvQPRGXOXOvQFDUHHVWHGHILQLWVLPEROJOREDO6LPEROLLFDUHVXQWYL]LELOLvQPDLPXOWHPRGXOHGHSURJUDPVHQXPHVFVLPEROLJOREDOL

    6HIRORVHVFXUP WRDUHOHQR LXQL

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    114/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    VLPEROL SXEOLFL VXQW VLPEROL FDUH VXQW GHILQL L vQWUXQ PRGXO FXUHQW GH SURJUDP LIRORVL LHYHQWXDOLvQDOWHPRGXOHDFHWLVLPEROLVHGHFODU FDVLPEROLSXEOLFLvQPRGXOXOvQFDUHVXQWGHILQL L

    VLPEROLH[WHUQL VXQW VLPEROL FDUH VXQW IRORVL L vQWUXQXO GLQ PRGXOHOHvQ FDUH QXVXQWGHILQL LDFHWLVLPEROLVHGHFODU FDVLPEROLH[WHUQLvQPRGXOHOHvQFDUHVXQWIRORVL L

    6HREHVHUY F XQVLPEROJOREDOWUHEXLHGHFODUDWFDVLPEROSXEOLFvQPRGXOXOvQ

    FDUH HVWH GHILQLW L FD VLPERO H[WHUQ vQ PRGXOHOH vQ FDUH HVWH IRORVLW DOWHOHGHFkWFHOvQFDUHHVWHGHILQLW

    'HFODUD LDXQXLVLPEROFDVLPEROSXEOLFUHVSHFWLYH[WHUQVHIDFHFXGLUHFWLYHOH38%/,&UHVSHFWLY(;751

    'LUHFWLYD38%/,&

    'LUHFWLYD38%/,&DUHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    38%/,&QXPHQXPH

    6LPEROLL GHFODUD L FD SXEOLFL SRW IL YDULDELOH HWLFKHWH QXPH GHSURFHGXUL VDX

    FRQVWDQWHQXPHULFHVLPEROLFH'LUHFWLYD(;751

    'LUHFWLYD(;751DUHIRUPDJHQHUDO

    (;751QXPHWLSQXPHWLS

    vQFDUHWLSSUHFL]HD] WLSXOVLPEROXOXL$FHVWDSRDWHIL

    %

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    115/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    116/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    25* 6DUHRFWH LODDVDPEODUH 25* + $VDPEOHD] ODRIIVHWXODEVROXW+

    'HILQLUHDLLQL LDOL]DUHDGDWHORU

    $VDPEORUXOUHFXQRDWHWUHLFDWHJRULLVLQWDFWLFHGHED]

    FRQVWDQWH

    YDULDELOH

    HWLFKHWHLQFOXVLYQXPHGHSURFHGXUL

    &RQVWDQWHOH SRW IL DEVROXWH QXPHULFH VDX VLPEROLFH &RQVWDQWHOH VLPEROLFHUHSUH]LQW QXPH JHQHULFH DVRFLDWH XQRU YDORUL QXPHULFH 9DULDELOHOH LGHQWLILF GDWHOHXQVSD LXGHPHPRULHUH]HUYDWLDUHWLFKHWHOHLGHQWLILF FRGXOSURJUDPVDXSURFHGXU

    ,QVWUXF LXQL GH WLSXO 029 $'' $1' HWF IRORVHVF YDULDELOH L FRQVWDQWH LDULQVWUXF LXQLOH-03L&$//IRORVHVFHWLFKHWH

    9DULDELOHOH LHWLFKHWHOH DXDVRFLDWHDWULEXWHFXP DUILVHJPHQWXOvQ FDUHVXQWGHILQLWHRIIVHWXOODFDUHVXQWGHILQLWHvQLQWHULRUXOVHJPHQWXOXLHWF

    &RQVWDQWH&RQVWDQWHQXPHULFHDEVROXWHSRWIL

    FRQVWDQWHELQDUHVHXWLOL]HD] VXIL[XO%VDXE

    FRQVWDQWHRFWDOHVHXWLOL]HD] VXIL[HOH24RVDXT

    FRQVWDQWH]HFLPDOHI U VXIL[VDXFXVXIL[HOH'VDXG

    FRQVWDQWHKH[D]HFLPDOHVHXWLOL]HD] VXIL[HOH+VDXKLSUHIL[XOGDF SULPDFLIU HVWHPDLPDUHFD3HQWUXFLIUHOHSHVWHVHXWLOL]HD] VLPEROLL$)VDXDI

    FRQVWDQWH $6&,, VH VFULX XQXO VDX PDL PXOWH FDUDFWHUH $6&,, vQWUH DSRVWURDIH VDX

    JKLOLPHOH

    ,DW H[HPSOHGHFRQVWDQWHDEVROXWH'%T$$+IKD$%

    &RQVWDQWHVLPEROLFHVHGHILQHVFFXGLUHFWLYD(48vQIRUPDJHQHUDO

    1XPH (48H[SUHVLH

    'HH[HPSOXOLQLLOHGHSURJUDP

    &5 (48'+/) (48$+

    GHILQHVFFRQVWDQWHOH VLPEROLFH &5 L/)FXYDORULOH '+L$+ 3XWHP IRORVLDFHVWHFRQVWDQWHVLPEROLFHvQ RULFHFRQWH[WvQFDUHHVWHSHUPLV IRORVLUHDXQHLFRQVWDQWHQXPHULFH

    'HILQLUHDLXWLOL]DUHDYDULDELOHORU

    3HQWUXGHILQLUHDYDULDELOHORUVHXWLOL]HD] GLUHFWLYHOH'% ':'''4VDX '7FDUH DX IRVW LQWURGXVH vQ &DSLWROXO )RUPD JHQHUDO D XQHL GHILQL LLGH GDWHHVWH

    QXPH GLUHFWLY OLVW BGHBYDORUL

    vQFDUHQXPHHVWHLGHQWLILFDWRUXODVRFLDWGHILQL LHLUHVSHFWLYHLDUOLVW BGHBYDORUL

    HVWHOLVWDYDORULORULQL LDOHFDUHSRDWHFXSULQGH

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    117/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    FRQVWDQWHQXPHULFHDEVROXWHVDXVLPEROLFH

    "

    RDGUHV DGLF XQQXPHGHYDULDELOHVDXGHHWLFKHW VHIRORVHWHOD':L''

    XQLU$6&,,

    RSHUDWRUXO'83H[SUHVLHvQFDUHH[SUHVLHSRDWHIL

    FRQVWDQW QXPHULF OLVW GHYDORUL VLPEROXO" RSHUDWRUXO'83

    6HPQLILFD LDVLPEROXOXL"HVWHORFD LHQHLQL LDOL]DW LDUFHDDRSHUDWRUXOXL'83UHSHWDUHDGHXQQXP UGHRULDH[SUHVLHLGLQSDUDQWH]

    6 FRQVLUHGHU PGHILQL LLOHXUP WRDUH

    YDUBD GE GXSGXS YDUBE GE """ DGUBQ GZ YDUBD

    DGUBI GG YDUBE3ULPDGHILQL LHHVWHHFKLYDOHQW FX

    YDUBD GE

    $WULEXWHOHGDWHORUGHILQLWHVXQW

    VHJPHQWFHOFXUHQW

    RIIVHWFHOFXUHQW

    WLSGXS FXPVDXWLOL]DWFDGLUHFWLY GHED] '%':'''4VDX'7

    9DULDELOHOHSRWILXWLOL]DWHFD

    YDULDELOHVLPSOHYDUBDYDUBE YDULDELOHLQGH[DWHYDUBD>E[@YDUBE>@$/)$>VL@>E[@

    Q FD]XOYDULDELOHORU LQGH[DWHWUHEXLH LQXW VHDPD GHWLSXOYDULDELOHLGH ED] 'HH[HPSOXvQXUPDGHILQL LHLWDEORXOXL

    % GZGXS"

    H[SUHVLLOH LQGH[DWH FRUHFWH GLQ SXQFW GH YHGHUH ORJLF FDUH DFFHVHD] HOHPHQWHOHOXL%VXQW%>@%>@HWF'LQSXQFWGHYHGHUHVLQWDFWLFSXWHPVFULHL

    PRY D[%>@

    GDUDFHDVW IRUP YDvQF UFDvQ$/SDUWHDKLJKDSULPXOXLFXYkQWGLQWDEORXLvQ$+SDUWHDORZDFHOXLGHDOGRLOHDFXYkQWGLQWDEORXO%'DF DFHVWOXFUXVDXUP ULWSHUIHFW

    Q FD]XO DFFHV ULL YDULDELOHORU SULQ H[SUHVLL DQRQLPH SRDWH DSDUH QHFHVLWDWHDRSHUDWRUXOXL375,QVWUXF LXQLOH

    OHD E[% LQF E\WHSWU>E[@>@ LQF ZRUGSWU>E[@>@

    LQFUHPHQWHD] RFWHWXOUHVSHFWLYFXYkQWXOGHODDGUHVD%;

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    118/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    119/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    120/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    VFULH\>@FDDFXPDPVFULHvQWUXQOLPEDMGHQLYHOvQDOWFL\>@F/LPEDMXOGHDVDPEODUHQHSXQHODGLVSR]L LHRSHUDWRUXO7L76,7GL@35(180(UHSUH]LQW GHSODVDPHQWXO FkPSXOXL 35(180( Q DFHVW PRPHQW vQ (6%;DYHP DGUHVD LUXOXL GH FDUDFWHUH GH WLS 35(180( 6LPLODU VH SURFHGHD] LSHQWUXFHOHODOWHFkPSXULFDV SUHOX PvQ';$;FkPSXO&2'SXWHPVFULH

    PRY D[ZRUGSWUHV>GL@&2'

    PRY D[ZRUGSWUHV>GL@&2'

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    121/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    122/174

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    123/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    VH YD HYDOXD OD PRPHQWXO DVDPEO ULL H[SUHVLD 7$% DGLF GLIHUHQ DGLQWUHFRQWRUXOFXUHQWGHORFD LLLDGUHVD7$%vPS U LW OD

    2SHUDWRULL ORJLFL VXQW 127 $1' 25 L ;25 FX VHPQLILFD LL HYLGHQWH 7R LDFHWLRSHUDWRULDFFHSW GUHSWRSHUDQ]LFRQVWDQWHvQWUHJLRSHUD LLOHUHVSHFWLYHVHIDFODQLYHOGHELW(LQXWUHEXLHFRQIXQGD LFXLQVWUXF LXQLOHH[HFXWDELOHFX

    DFHODLQXPHQLQVWUXF LXQHD DQG DO6+/256+/

    UHJLVWUXO$/YDILvQF UFDWFXFRQVWDQWD%

    2SHUDWRULUHOD LRQDOL

    2SHUDWRULL UHOD LRQDOL VXQW (4 1( /7 /( *7 *( FXVHPQLILFD LLHYLGHQWH$FHWLDvQWRUFYDORULORJLFHFRGLILFDWHFDVDXFDVHFYHQ HGHSHXQQXP UFRUHVSXQ] WRUGHEL LQXUPDGHILQL LLORU

    [ GE (4 \ GZ 1(

    ] GG /7YDULDELOHOH [ \ L ] YRU IL LQL LDOL]DWH FX FRQVWDQWHOH ))))+ UHVSHFWLY))))))))+

    2SHUDWRULL UHOD LRQDOL VXQW XWLOL]D L vQ VSHFLDO vQ GLUHFWLYHOH GH DVDPEODUHFRQGL LRQDW

    2SHUDWRUXOGHDWULEXLUH

    2SHUDWRUXO GH DWULEXLUH GHILQHWH FRQVWDQWH VLPEROLFH ILLQG VLPLODU FXGLUHFWLYD(48GDUSHUPLWHUHGHILQLUHDVLPEROLORUXWLOL]D L2GHILQLUHGHIRUPD

    1(48 1(48

    HVWHVHPQDODW FDHURDUHGDUVHFYHQ D

    1 1

    HVWHFRUHFW

    $FHVWRSHUDWRUHVWHXWLOL]DWvQVSHFLDOvQGHILQL LLOHGHPDFURLQVWUXF LXQL

    2SHUDWRULFDUHvQWRUFYDORUL

    $FHWLRSHUDWRULVHDSOLF XQRUHQWLW LDOHSURJUDPXOXLvQOLPEDMGHDVDPEODUHYDULDELOHHWLFKHWHvQWRUFkQGYDORULDVRFLDWHDFHVWRUD

    2SHUDWRUXO6(*

    6H DSOLF DWkW YDULDELOHORU FkW L HWLFKHWHORU L IXUQL]HD] DGUHVD GH VHJPHQWDVRFLDW YDULDELOHL UHVSHFWLYH 'DF YDU HVWH R YDULDELO DWXQFL SXWHP VFULHVHFYHQ DPRYD[6(*YDU

    PRYGVD[

    2SHUDWRUXO2))6(7

    (VWHVLPLODUFX6(*IXUQL]kQGRIIVHWXODVRFLDWYDULDELOHLVDXHWLFKHWHL

    PRYE[2))6(7YDU2SHUDWRUXO7+,6

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    124/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    $FHVWRSHUDWRU FUHHD] XQRSHUDQGFDUHDUHDVRFLDWHR DGUHV GHVHJPHQWLXQRIIVHWLGHQWLFHFXFRQWRUXOFXUHQWGHORFD LL)RUPDJHQHUDO DRSHUDQGXOXLHVWH

    7+,6 WLS

    vQFDUHWLSSRDWHIL%

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    125/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    GDWD 7$% 3(562$1$GXS!

    SDUWHD GH SURJUDP QX WUHEXLH PRGLILFDW GHRDUHFH DVDPEORUXO YD HYDOXDFRUHFWH[SUHVLLOH/(1*7+7$%L7E[@ FDOO GZRUGSWU>E[@ FDOO QHDUSWUSURF

    'LUHFWLYHGHDVDPEODUHFRQGL LRQDW

    3HUPLW LJQRUDUHD XQRUSRU LXQL GLQ WH[WXO VXUV IXQF LH GH R FRQGL LH FDUHVH

    SRDWHHYDOXDODDVDPEODUH'LUHFWLYDGHED] HVWH,)FXIRUPDJHQHUDO ,)H[SUHVLH >(/6(@ (1',)

    'DF H[SUHVLD GLQ GLUHFWLYD ,) HVWH DGHY UDW DGLF HVWH GLIHULW GH VH

    DVDPEOHD] SRU LXQHD GH SURJUDP GLQWUH ,) L (/6( L VH LJQRU SRU LXQHDGLQWUH(/6(L(1',)'DF H[SUHVLDGLQ,)HVWHIDOV VHDVDPEOHD] SRU LXQHDGH SURJUDP GLQWUH (/6( L (1',) L VH LJQRU SRU LXQHD GLQWUH ,) L (/6(5DPXUD(/6(HVWHRS LRQDO

    $FHVWH RSHUD LL VH SHWUHF OD PRPHQWXO DVDPEO ULL SHUPL kQG vQWUH LQHUHDFRPRG D XQXL SURJUDP GH GLPHQVLXQL PDUL VDX FKLDU PHQ LQHUHD vQ DFHODLWH[W VXUV D PDL PXOWRU YDULDQWH GH SURJUDP H[HFXWDELO 6 SUHVXSXQHP F GRULP XQ SURJUDP FDUH V SRDW IL FRQILJXUDW UDSLG SHQWUX PRGHOH GH GDWHPLFL UHVSHFWLY PDUL $FHDVWD SUHVXSXQH FD RULFH VHFYHQ GH LQVWUXF LXQLFDUH GHILQHWH FLWHWH VDX VFULH R DGUHV V ILH LQFOXV vQ GLUHFWLYH GH

    DVDPEODUHFRQGL LRQDW )$/6( HTX 758( HTX 127)$/6( '$7(B0$5, HTX 758( '$7(B0,&, HTX 127'$7(B0$5, GDWD ; GZ GXS" ,)'$7(B0$5, $'5B; GG ; (/6( $'5B; GZ ;

    (1',) FRGH ,)'$7(B0$5,

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    126/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    OGV GL$'5B; (/6( PRY VL$'5B; (1',) 3UHOXFUDUH7$%/28

    ([LVW L GLUHFWLYHOH ,)'()(1',) L ,)1'()(1',) FDUH WHVWHD] GDF XQVLPERO HVWH GHILQLW VDX QX L GLUHFWLYHOH ,)%(1',) ,I %ODQN UHVSHFWLY,)1%(1',),I 1RW %ODQN FDUH WHVWHD] GDF XQ VLPERO HVWH YLGVDX QHYLG$FHVWHDGLQXUP YRUILXWLOL]DWHODGHILQLUHDPDFURLQVWUXF LXQLORU

    QH[SUHVLLOHFDUHDSDUvQGLUHFWLYHOHGHWLS,)VHXWLOL]HD] GHRELFHLRSHUDWRULORJLFLLUHOD LRQDOL

    6 FRQVLGHU P XQ H[HPSOX GH SURJUDP VXUV PXOWLIXQF LRQDO 6H GRUHWHVFULHUHDXQHLVHFYHQ HFDUHV FDOFXOH]HvQDFXPXODWRUVXPDHOHPHQWHORUXQXLWDEORX $ GH RFWH L VDX GH FXYLQWH GHILQLW vQ VHJPHQWXO FXUHQW GH GDWH FD

    VXP SHRFWH LVXSHFXYLQWHLQGLIHUHQWGHWLSXOLGLPHQVLXQHDWDEORXOXL7LSXOVXPHLHVWHGLFWDWGHFRQVWDQWHOHVLPEROLFH680B%L680B:

    )$/6( HTX 758( HTX127)$/6( 680B% HTX758( 680B: HTX127680B% FRGHLI680B% PRY F[6,=($ 1XP UGHLWHUD LLHOVH PRY F[6,=($

    HQGLI [RU E[E[ ,QGLFHLQL LDO PRY D[E[ 6XP LQL LDO EXFODLI680B% DGG DOE\WHSWU$>E[@ 6XP SHRFWHW LQF E[ $FWXDOL]DUHDGUHV HOVH DGG D[ZRUGSWU$>E[@ 6XP SHFXYkQW LQF E[ $FWXDOL]DUH LQF E[ DGUHV HQGLI

    ORRSEXFOD %XFO LI680B:$1'7E[@ 8QHYHQWXDO FEZ XOWLP PRY G[D[ RFWHW SRS D[ DGG D[G[HQGLI

    6HREVHUY F QXSXWHPLQL LDOL]DFRQWRUXO&;FXH[SUHVLD/(1*7+$GHRDUHFHQXP UXO GH LWHUD LL HVWH GLFWDW GH PRGXO GH FDOFXO DO VXPHL L QX GH WLSXOWDEORXOXL&DDWDUHOX PGLPHQVLXQHDvQRFWH LDWDEORXOXLSHFDUHRvPS U LP

  • 8/14/2019 Limbajul de ansamblare

    127/174

    *KHRUJKH0XVF 3URJUDPDUHLQ/LPEDMGH$VDPEODUH

    &DSLWROXO

    OD vQ FD]XO VXPHL SH FXYkQW &DOFXOXO VXPHL L DFWXDOL]DUHD DGUHVHL VXQWHYLGHQWH

    $SDUHRSUREOHP VSHFLDO vQXUP WRDUHDVLWXD LHVHFHUHVXPDSHFXYkQWLDUWDEORXO GHILQLW FD WDEORX GH RFWH L DUH XQ QXP U LPSDU GH HOHPHQWH QDFHDVW VLWXD LHHVWH HYLGHQWF XOWLPXORFWHWQX HVWH FRQVLGHUDW