i s t o r i a
TRANSCRIPT
istoria 11istoriis saxelmZRvanelo meTerTmeteklaselTaTvis
istoria
11moswavlis wigni
11istorianino kiRuraZe, giorgi sanikiZe, levan gordeziani, lali fircxalava, revaz gaCeCilaZe
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sarCevi
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Teoriebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb (kreaciuli da evoluciuri)uZvelesi adamiani (ganviTarebis anTropologiuri safexurebi, dmanisis aRmoCenebi da maTi mniSvnebloba) socialuri struqturebi: gvari, Temi. pirvelyofili religia da xelovneba. `socialur-ekonomikuri~ sistemapirvelyofili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis etapebi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi
uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba
5. 26 6. 31 7. 36 8. 41 9. 4410. 5211. 5812. 6613. 6914. 7615. 8416. 8817. 92
saxelmwifos warmoSoba. Teoriebi saxelmwifos warmoSobis Sesaxebsaxelmwifos ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebiuZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi. egvipte uZvelesi samdinaro civilizaciebi. Sumeri da babiloniasureTi, xeTebi, urartuuZvelesi qarTuli saxelmwifoebrivi erTeulebi ZvelaRmosavlur xanaSisaxmeleTo imperia. aqemenianTa irani (Zv.w. VI-IV ss.)sazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. finikiuri qalaq-saxelmwifoebi da kolonizaciasazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. berZnuli polisebi, saxelmwifos mmarTvelobis formebisazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. didi berZnuli kolonizacia da misi SedegebisazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. berZen-sparselTa omebisazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. aTenis kavSiri - pirveli sazRvao `imperiis~ Seqmnis mcdelobasazRvao-saqalaqo civilizaciebi. peloponesis omi
Zveli msoflio
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18. 9719. 10420. 10921. 11322. 12023. 124
aleqsandre makedonelis imperia, elinizmi da elinisturi saxelmwifoebiqarTuli saxelmwifoebi elinistur xanaSiromis warmoSoba; romauli sazogadoeba, saxelmwifo wyoba - mefoba/respublikaromauli dapyrobebi. respublikis dacemaromi imperiis epoqaSiromis imperia da saqarTvelo. romis urTier-Toba parTiasTan da sasanianTa iranTan
24. 13125. 13526. 14527. 15228. 15829. 16530. 17031. 17632. 18733. 19534. 20335.
21136. 22037. 22538. 231
romi da `barbarosuli samyaro~, cvlilebe-bi evropasa da axlo aRmosavleTSidasavleT romis imperiis dacema. aRmosavleT romis imperia - bizantiaqristianoba - msoflio religia. qristianobis Camoyalibeba da gavrceleba qristianobis damkvidreba saqarTveloSi. msoflio saeklesio krebebi da saqarTveloqarTli V saukuneSi. vaxtang gorgasalibizantia da irani VI saukuneSisaqarTvelo VI saukuneSifeodalizmi evropaSipapizmi. eklesia da Zalauflebis legitimaciaSua saukuneebis evropis qalaqebi da saqalaqo cxovrebafeodalizmi saqarTveloSiganaTleba da mecniereba. `universitetebis xana~ evropaSi. ganaTleba da mecniereba `oqros xanis~ saqarTveloSiSua saukuneebis wodebriv-warmomadgenlo-biTi organoebibrZola gavlenisTvis qristianul samyaroSi. bizantia VII-XII saukuneebSibrZola gavlenisTvis qristianul samyaroSi Sua saukuneebSi. `imperiis gadatana~
Sua saukuneebi
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39. 23640. 24841. 25542. 25943. 26644. 27245. 27646. 28647. 29048. 29549. 30150. 30951. 31452. 32553. 33354. 34355. 349
arabebi da islamuri saxalifosaxalifos kultura da socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebaarabTa batonoba saqarTveloSisaqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba da kultura VIII-IX saukuneebSiqarTuli samefo-samTavroebis gaerTianebabizantia-saqarTvelos urTierTobebiTurq-selCukTa saxelmwifoTurq-selCukebi da saqarTvelodaviT aRmaSeneblis reformebididgoris brZolaTamar mefis epoqasaqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba Tamar mefis epoqaSijvarosnuli epoqamonRolTa dapyrobebi da misi SedegebisaqarTvelo XIII saukuneSi. monRolebi saqarTveloSiqarTuli saxelmwifos daSlakonstantinopolis dacema
saqarTvelo da axlo aRmosavleTi VII-XV saukuneebSi
56. 35657. 36258. 36759. 37360. 37861. 38462. 39263. 39564. 40265. 410
renesansi da humanizmi. aRorZinebis evropuli centrebiaxali samimosvlo gzebisa da kontinentebis aRmoCenakolumbamdeli amerikakoloniuri epoqis dasawyisireformacia da kontrreformaciareligiuri omebiholandiis revolucia da misi mniSvnelobaXVII saukunis inglisis revolucia absolutizmi Svidwliani omi evropaSi
evropa axal droSi
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ganmanaTleblobaamerikis kolonizacia da aSS-is SeqmnasafrangeTis didi revolucia. `Zveli reJimis~ krizisi da agoniasafrangeTis didi revolucia. revoluciis dasawyisisafrangeTis didi revolucia. monarqiis damxoba da pirveli respublikaindustriuli revolucia
72. 45873. 46474. 46875. 47476. 47877. 48578. 49379. 49980. 50581. 512
brZola osmaluri eqspansiis winaaRmdeg evropasa da aRmosavleTSisefianTa iranis saxelmwiforuseTis gamoCena msoflio asparezze da reC-pospolitapetre I-is sagareo politika da reformebisaqarTvelo XVI saukuneSiaRmosavleT saqarTvelo Sah abas I-isa da misi memkvidreebis mmarTvelobis drossaqarTvelo aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs Soris XVII saukuneSisaqarTvelo XVIII saukunis I naxevarSisaqarTvelo XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi. sagareo orientaciis sakiTxisaqarTvelos urTierTobebi ruseTTan. georgievskis traqtati
saqarTvelo da misi mezoblebi XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi
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adamians yvela religia RmerTis qmnilebad miiCnevs. Zvel samyaros mraval religiaSi adamiani RmerTma (an RmerTebma) Seqmna Tavis damxmared da msaxurad. `Zveli aRTqma~ da is msoflio religiebi, romlebic mas efuZnebian, adamians RmerTis xatad, msgavsad miiCneven.
`Zveli aRTqmiseuli~ samyarosa da adamianis Seqmnis ambavi jer kidev Zve-li drois mecnierTa diskusiis sagnad iqca. cxadia, yvela droSi arsebobda teqstis sityvasityviT gagebis momxreebi. ax.w. I saukunis moRvawem, filon aleqsandrielma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom `bibliis~ zogi pasaJi amgvarad esmis im mki-Txvels, visac uWirs ufro Rrma arsis wv-doma. magaliTad mas mohyavs moses sityvebi imis Sesaxeb, rom RmerTma samyaro eqvs dRe-Si Seqmna, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom Txroba gasagebi da mowesrigebuli yofili-yo, xolo realurad es aRniSnavda Sesaqmis erTdroul da yovlismomcvel aqts.
aqedan moyolebuli, saeklesio moRvawee-bSi ar aris erTsulovneba Sesaqmis inter-pretaciaSi. marTalia, isini aRiareben sam-yarosa da adamianis Seqmnas RmerTis mier, magram RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis Tanamimde-vrobas da eqvs dReze ganawilebas mravali maTgani, magaliTad origene (III s.) da basili didi (IV s.), erTgvar alegoriad miiCnevda. am pasaJis sityva-sityviTi gagebis momxreTa Soris iyvnen, magaliTad, reformaciis mame-bi – martin luTeri da Jan kalvini.
axali drois geografiulma aRmoCene-bma, agreTve codnam, romelic sabunebis-metyvelo mecnierebis sxvadasxva sferoSi dagrovda, am Temebze diskusias axali suli STabera. Tumca, TiTqmis sayovelTaod iyo gaziarebuli mosazreba, rom RmerTma saTi-Taod Seqmna cocxal arsebaTa TiToeuli saxeoba. 1605 wels fransis bekonma gamo-Tqva azri, rom RmerTis qmnilebebi buneba-Si gvaswavlis “bibliaSi” RmerTis sityvis gagebas, rac ganmsazRvrel meTodad iqca mis Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi. mecnierebi
Teoriebi adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
(kreaciuli da evoluciuri)1.
I uZvelesi adamiani. pirvelyofili sazogadoeba
wyaro 1
Zvelegvipturi teqstidan sam-
yaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb:
`warmoiSva guliT da eniT
atumis saxe. didia ptaxi, rome-
lic qmnis RmerTebs da maT kas
(= RmerTebisa da adamianebis
sulieri oreuli) am eniT, am
guliT. warmoiSva xori misgan
– ptaxisgan, warmoiSva Toti
misgan – ptaxisgan, guli da ena
batonoben yvelaferze, radgan
ptaxi aris yovel sxeulSi, yo-
vel RvTaebaSi, yovel adamian-
Si, yovel mwerSi, romlebic
cocxloben misi ideiT da brZa-
nebiT... ptaxi yoveli gadawyve-
tilebis mizezs warmoadgens...
ena imeorebs gulis azrs. ase
Seiqmna yvela RvTaeba... ase mie-
ca sicocxle keTils da miezRo
sikvdili damnaSaves, ase Seiqm-
na samuSaoebi da xelovneba, xe-
lis Sroma, fexis siaruli... man
Seqmna RmerTebi, Seqmna qala-
qebi, daaarsa nomebi, gaanawila
RmerTebi TavianT sakulto ad-
gilebSi, daawesa maTi Sesawi-
ravi, daaarsa maTi taZrebi~.
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bunebasa Tu warsulis naSTebSi eZebdnen “bibliaSi” aRweril movlenaTa, pirvel rigSi, warRvnisa da noes kidobanis dadasturebas.
XIX saukunis dasawyisidan Cndeba ideebi saxeobaTa cvlilebis Sesaxeb. Carlz darvinma Camoayaliba Tavisi Teoria bunebrivi gadarCevis Sesaxeb. mis publika-ciebs 30-ian da 40-ian wlebSi didi gamoxmaureba, magram amasTanave samecniero wreebis kritika mohyva. 1859 wels man gamoaqveyna wigni `saxeobaTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb~, sadac sakmaod didi masala da argumentacia hqonda motanili saxeoba-
Ta bunebrivi gadarCevis, evoluciuri gziT warmoSobis dasadasture-blad. naSromma mniSvnelovani Zvra gamoiwvia sazogadoebriv
azrSi da safuZveli Cauyara Widils evoluciur da krea-ciul (an kreacionistur) Teoriebs Soris.
uxeSad rom iTqvas, dava daiyvaneba kiTxvamde: `adamiani Seqmna RmerTma (zebunebrivma Zalam),
Tu igi warmoiqmna maimunisagan, TavisiT, met-naklebad SemTxveviTi mizeziT gamowveuli
cvlilebebis Sedegad?~dRemde arsebobs orive ukiduresi
poziciis mimdevrebi. magram ukve XIX saukunis II naxevarSi mecnierebi dafi-qrdnen maT erTgvar morigebaze. evo-lucionistTa erTi nawili miiCnevs, rom RvTaebriv nebas SeiZleboda mieca
wyaro 2
biblia. dabadeba 1. 26-31.
26. Tqva RmerTma: gavaCinoT kaci Cvens xatad, Cvens msgavsebad. epatronos zRvaSi
Tevzs, caSi frinvels, pirutyvs, mTels dedamiwas da yvela qvemZroms, rac ki miwaze
daxoxavs.
27. Seqmna RmerTma kaci, Tavis xatad Seqmna igi, mamakacad da dedakacad Seqmna isini.
28. akurTxa RmerTma isini da uTxra: inayofiereT da imravleT, aavseT dedamiwa,
daeufleT mas, epatroneT zRvaSi Tevzs, caSi frinvels, yovel cxovels, rac ki
dedamiwaze daxoxavs.
29 . Tqva RmerTma: aha, momicia TqvenTvis yoveli balaxi, Teslis mTesveli, rac
ki dedamiwis zurgzea, da yoveli nayofieri xe, Teslis mTesveli. es iyos Tqveni
sazrdo.
30. miwis yvela mxecs, cis yvela frinvels, yvela qvemZroms, rasac ki sicocxlis suli
udgas, mwvane balaxi hqondes saWmelad. da iqmna ase.
31. dainaxa RmerTma yovelive, rac gaaCina, da aha, Zalian kargi iyo. iyo saRamo, iyo
dila _ meeqvse dRe.
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biZgi im procesebisaTvis, rac samyaroSi ganviTarda da risi aRwerac mecniere-bam moaxerxa, maT Soris, adamianis warmoSobisTvisac. maTTvis es rCeba rwmenis sakiTxad, radganac ver gaizomeba mecnierisaTvis xelmisawvdomi saSualebebiT. saerTod, is dapirispireba, erTi mxriv, racionalur azrovnebas, mecnierebasa da, meore mxriv, religias, eklesias Soris, romelic XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi ar-sebobda da evropaSi revoluciuri xanis aTeizmis erTerTi masazrdovebeli gaxda, dRevandel civilizebul msoflioSi daZleulia da rwmena da azrovneba aramc Tu ar uSlian xels erTmaneTs, aramed erTgvarad avseben kidec, rogorc es, magaliTad, Tundac qristianobis gariJraJze iyo.
agreTve maTTvisac, vinc uciloblad miiCnevs RvTaebriv Semoqmedebas, dRes mTlianad ugulebelyofili ar aris sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa saSualebebiT dagrovili codna. ase magaliTad, kreacionistTa calkeuli skolis warmomadgenlebi aRiareben samyarosa da dedamiwis warmoSobas ramde-nime miliardi wlis win, agreTve sxvadasxva saxeobisa da, maT Soris, adamianis garkveul evolucias.
dRes kreacionistTa mravali skola arsebobs. isini gansxvavdebian erTmane-Tisagan met-naklebad principuli sakiTxebisadmi damokidebulebiT. ase maga-liTad, `axalgazrda dedamiwis kreacionistebi~ faqtobrivad `bibliis~ sityva-sityviTi gagebis poziciaze dganan. maT sapirispirod, `Teisturi evoluciis~ mimdevrebi, faqtobrivad, srulad iziareben dRevandeli sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebis miRwevebs da RmerTis rols samyaros Seqmnis iniciirebaSi xeda-ven. maT Soris aris kidev mravali Sualeduri mimdinareoba, romelic `bibliis~ calkeuli pasaJisaTvis Tu bunebis ama Tu im movlenisaTvis gansxvavebul in-terpretacias gvTavazobs. mag., erTni Sesaqmis `erT dRes~ erT epoqad iazre-ben, ris saSualebasac iZleva ebrauli originalis Sesabamisi sityva; meoreni calkeuli saxeobis warmoSobas `gonivruli Canafiqris~ Sedegad warmoadgenen da Aase Semdeg.
Tanamedrove samyaroSi am TeoriaTa miReba-gaziareba araTanabradaa gada-nawilebuli. yvelaze meti momxre evolucionistebs – sxvadasxva gamokiTxviT, mosaxleobis 70-80% dasavleT evropis qveynebSi hyavs. dasavlur civilizacia-Tagan yvelaze meti dasayrdeni kreacionistul mimdinareobebs aqvs amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi. cxadia, im qveynebSic, sadac `biblia~ ar warmoadgens Zi-riTad religiur wigns, agreTve vxvdebiT Widils evolucionistur Teoriasa da adgilobrivi religiis Sesabamis kreacionistul Teoriebs Soris.
aSS didi xnis manZilze iyo am Teoriebs Soris mZafri brZolis arena, pirvel rigSi, skolaSi maTi swavlebis gamo. jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi Zalze gaxmaurda e.w. `maimunis procesi~, romelzec sasamarTlo arkvevda, hqonda Tu ara axalgazrda bunebismetyvels skolaSi darvinis moZRvrebis swavlebis neba. arc Tu Soreul warsulSi agreTve sasamarTlos ganxilvis sagani gaxda sxvadasxva kreacionistuli moZRvrebis mecnieruloba da, Sesabamisad, misi skolaSi swavlebis ufleba.
RmerTis mier adamianis Seqmna. miqelanjelos freska
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1. werilobiT CamoayalibeT adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb arsebuli Teoriebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi.
saSinaodavaleba
1. SeadareT wyaroebi erTmaneTs. ipoveT gansxvavebebi da msgavsebebi.
2. rogori axsna mouZebna samyaros Seqmnis Sesaxeb bibliidan pasaJs filon aleqsandrielma da ras saxis dava wamoiSva Semdgom saeklesio moRvaweebs Soris? daaxasiaTeT ori mimdinareobis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi.
3. ra aris evolucionizmi da rogor Caeyara mas safuZveli? romel sasamarT-lo davas ewoda `maimunis procesi~ da ratom?
klasSi samuSao
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uZvelesi adamiani (ganviTarebis
anTropologiuri safexurebi, dmanisis
aRmoCenebi da maTi mniSvnebloba)
2.
pirveli `adamianebi~
evoluciuri Teoriis Tanaxmad, rasac kreacionistTa zogi mimdinareobac izia-rebs, adamiani biologiurad primatebis rigs ganekuTvneba. misi uaxloesi naTe-savebi arian adamianismagvari maimunebi, romlebic, adamianTan erTad dRes homi-nidebis ojaxSi erTiandebian. am ojaxis SigniT klasifikacia ukanasknel aTwleu-lebSi araerTxel Seicvala. es arcaa ga-sakviri, radganac mecnierebs xelT aqvT mxolod umniSvnelo naSTebi, romelTa Seswavla da erTmaneTTan Sedareba Zalze garTulebulia.
tradiciulad, hominidebs uwodebdnen Tanamedrove adamianis uSualo winaprebs da maT monaTesave saxeobebs, romelTac dRes ufro xSirad hominidebad moixsenie-ben. maTgan yvela sxva saxeoba, Tanamedro-ve adamianis garda, gadaSenebulia.
adamianis msgavsi arsebebi – hominide-bi, an axali klasifikaciiT, hominidebi – afrikaSi ramdenime milioni wlis win ga-Cndnen.
uZveles naSTad dRes zogierTi mec-nieri miiCnevs 2001 wels CadSi, afrikaSi
r ekosistema – cocxali orga-nizmebiTa da maTi sabinadro garemoTi warmoqmnili bune-brivi kompleqsi.
r universaluri – sayovel-Tao, yvelgan miRebuli
r diferenciacia – calkeuli nawilebis gamoyofa, danawe-vreba
r rekonstruqcia – aRdgena
r proto – wina, Zveli
r genetikAAADFGGHGHGa – cocxali orga-nizmebiTa da maTi sabinadro garemoTi warmoqmnili bune-brivi kompleqsi.
r komponenti – Semadgeneli nawili
r kombinirebuli – sxvadasxva nawilebis gaerTianebiT Se-qmnili
leqsikoni
aRmoCenil 7 milioni wlis winandel `Cadis sahelanTropuss~, romelsac zed-metsaxeli `tumai~ misces. man CamoarTva pirveloba masze 3-4 milioni wliT ufro axalgazrda avstralopiTeks, zedmetsaxelad `liusi~.
2,5 milioni wlisaa homo habilisi (homo habilis) – `marjve adamiani~, adamianTa (homo) gvaris CvenTvis cnobilTagan yvelaze adreuli warmomadgeneli, rome-lic adamianis uSualo winaprad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mas adamianismagvari sxva arsebebisgan gamoarCevda, pirvel rigSi, tvinis zoma. igi ara marto iyenebda sxvadasxva sagnebs iaraRad, rasac zogi cxovelic axerxebs, aramed TviTon amzadebda qvis primitiul iaraRs. amitomac ewoda `marjve~.
misi savaraudo STamomavali, homo ereqtusi (homo erectus) – `gamarTulad mo-siarule adamiani~ daaxl. 2-1,8 milioni wlis win gaCnda da man TandaTan aiTvisa evrazia. zogi mecnieri am saxeobis mravali variaciis arsebobas varaudobs, zo-
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gic mis gverdiT gamoyofs sxva saxeobebs – homo ergaster (homo ergaster), homo georgikus (homo georgicus), anu `qarTveli~, misi aRmoCenis adgilis mixedviT.
adamianis uZvelesi sadgomebi afrikis farglebs gareT aRmoCnda saqarTve-loSi, dmanisSi (daaxl. 1,8 milioni wlis winandeli), agreTve espaneTSi, indoeT-Si, CineTSi, indoneziaSi.
dmaniseli adamiani
dmanisel adamians zogi mkvlevari homo ereqtusis saxeobas miakuTvnebda, zogi – homo ergasterisas, zogic calke gamohyofs homo georgikuss, rogorc gardamaval saxeobas homo habilissa da homo ereqtuss Soris.
dmanisSi araerTi adamianis naSTebia aRmoCenili. ori yvelaze kargad Senaxu-li Tavis qalis patronebs saxelad mzia da zezva daarqves. am aRmoCenam didad gazarda saqarTvelos mniSvneloba kacobriobis saerTo warsulis Seswavlis saqmeSi da qarTveli mecnierebic CaerTnen am sakiTxebis Semswavlel saer-TaSoriso qselSi.
ganviTarebis am etapze adamianma SedarebiT daxvewa qvis iaraRi, Seqmna kom-binirebuli iaraRi qvis, xis, Zvlis komponentebis gamoyenebiT. homo ereqtusma pirvelma `moaTviniera~ da sakuTar samsaxurSi Caayena cecxli.
mogvianebiT, kvlav afrikidan gavrceldnen adamianis sxva, ufro maRalgan-viTarebuli saxeobebi – `haidelbergeli adamiani~, neandertaleli da Taname-drove adamiani – homo sapiens (homo sapiens), `gonieri an moazrovne adamiani~.
homo sapiensi
homo sapiensi daaxl. 200-150 aTasi wlis win gaCnda da daaxl. 50 aTasi wlis win man sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo (homo sapiensis ganviTarebis Sedegad Camoyalibebul Tanamedrove adamians homo sapiens sapiensadac moixse-
homo habilisi homo ereqtusi
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nieben). dRes homo sapiensi adamianis erTaderTi saxeobaa, sxvebma ver gauZles masTan konkurencias, ver moaxerxes klimatur cvlilebebTan Tu bunebis sxva gamowvevebTan adaptacia da gadaSendnen, gonierma adamianma ki TiTqmis mTeli planeta aiTvisa. daaxl. 50 aTasi wlis win is gamoCnda evraziaSi, 40 aTasi wlis win – okeaniaSi da bolos, 14 aTasi wlis win amerikasac miaRwia.
garkveuli drois manZilze evropaSi neandertaleli da homo sapiensi Ta-naarsebobdnen. mecnierebi dRes intensiurad swavloben am saxeobaTa Tanaar-sebobas, maT urTierTdamokidebulebas, Sejvarebis SesaZleblobas. calkeuli naSTebidan moxerxda dnm-is analizis aReba. am analizebis safuZvelze naTeli gaxda, rom neandertalelsa da homo sapienss saerTo winapari daaxl. 500 aTasi wlis win unda hyolodaT da isini arc erT saxeobas, arc uSualo winaparsa da mis memkvidres ar warmoadgendnen. genetikurma analizma Searyia aseve erT dros sakmaod popularuli Teoria imis Sesaxeb, rom adamianis warmoSoba pla-netaze sxvadasxva adgilas erTdroulad mimdinareobda. dRes mecnierebs ga-moTvlili aqvT, rom mitoqondriebis mixedviT homo sapiensis saxeobis yvela qals erTi winapari qali hyavda – e.w. “mitoqondriuli eva”, xolo yvela kacs, qromosomis mixedviT, erTi winapari kaci – “adami”. sainteresoa, rom es adami da eva ramdenime aTeuli aTasi wliT arian erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli, magram orive afrikelia da swored aqedan unda momxdariyo adamianis xelaxali gan-saxleba planetaze. H
uZvelesi adamiani moixmarda imas, rasac mas buneba sTavazobda – agrovebda sakvebad vargis mcenareebsa Tu mis nayofs, nadirobda, Tevzaobda. igi sxvadasx-va masalisgan – qvisgan, Zvlisgan, xisgan, amzadebda iaraRs, romelsac iyenebda, pirvel rigSi, sakvebis mosapoveblad. cxovelis tyavisa da mcenareuli masa-lisgan igi amzadebda agreTve tansacmels, romelic mas sicivigan, mcxunvare mzisgan an cxovelis kbenisgan icavda.
Tavdapirvelad adamianTa mcire jgufebi – jogebi uvlidnen mozrdil te-ritorias sakvebis mopovebisa da usafrTxo droebiTi sadgomis moZebnis miz-niT. saukeTeso sanadiro da sacxovrebeli adgilebis Ziebam adamiani miiyvana Cveni planetis yvela kuTxeSi, sadac cxovrebisaTvis metnaklebad Sesaferisi pirobebi iyo. gaazrebuli koleqtiuri qmedebebi da damatebiT saSualebaTa gamoyeneba garemo pirobebTan adaptaciisas zrdida adamianis warmatebis Se-saZleblobas sruliad gansxvavebul bunebriv pirobebSi. swored garemosTan adaptaciis Sedegia is rasobrivi gansxvavebebi, rac dRes sxvadasxva kontinen-tis mkvidr mosaxleobas Soris SeimCneva.
daaxl. 70 aTasi wlis win, savaraudod, kunZul sumatraze tobas vulkanuri superamofrqvevis Semdeg daiwyo intensifikacia procesisa, romelsac “didi gamyinvareba” ewodeba da romelmac planetaze mosaxle adamianebis didi nawi-li Seiwira, magram gadarCenilebi gamoawrTo da Semdgomi warmatebebisTvis Seamzada.
yinulis ukan daxevis Semdeg, daaxl. 12 aTasi wlis win iqmneba xelSemwyobi pirobebi demografiuli zrdisa da axali miwebis aTvisebisaTvis.
homo sapiensi
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1. CamoTvaleT adamianis Camoyalibebis anTropologiuri safexurebi. daaxa-siaTeT isini.
2. ram gamoarCia adamianis msgavsi pirveli arsebebi cxovelTa samyarosagan?
3. ra SeiZleba miviCnioT homo ereqtusis `did gamarjvebad~?
4. ratom sWirdebodaT adamianebs koleqtiuri moqmedeba?
klasSi samuSao
1. ewvieT saqarTvelos erovnul muzeums. moiZieT aseve masalebi muzeumis veb-gverdze da klasisTvis moamzadeT prezentacia Temaze: `pirveli adamianebi saqarTveloSi~.
saSinaodavaleba
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socialuri struqturebi: gvari, Temi.
pirvelyofili religia da xelovneba.
`socialur-ekonomikuri~ sistema
3.
pirvelyofili jogi
Tavdapirvelad adamiani mcire jogebad cxovrobda. am jogSi, iseve, rogorc sxva cocxal arsebaTa nebismier erTad mcxovreb jgufSi, arsebobda garkveuli socialuri organizacia, ierarqia da funqciaTa danawileba. mecnierebs ar aqvT zusti warmodgena am urTierTobaTa Sesaxeb da maT Seswavlas sxvadasxva saSualebiT cdiloben: dRes arsebuli primitiuli tomebis, cxovelTa, pirvel rigSi, primatebis sociumebis, arqeologiuri masalis SeswavliT da am monace-mTa urTierTSepirispirebiT. cxadia, ikveTeba garkveuli kanonzomierebebi, romlebic adamianTa nebismieri sazogadoebisaTvis saerTo Cans, magram agreTve sakmao gansxvavebebic, romlebic ganpirobebulia garemo pirobebiTa Tu sxva racionaluri an jerac amoucnobi mizezebiT.
adamianTa jogebSi maTi raodenobis zrda, iaraRis daxvewa, yoveldRiuri saqmianobis gamravalferovneba iwvevda socialuri organizaciis, adamianebs Soris urTierTobaTa sistemis garTulebas. ukve dmaniseli homo georgikusi, rogorc es mecnierebma calkeuli naSTebis Seswavlis Sedegad daadgines, zru-navda ara marto sakuTari Tavisa da STamomavlobis gamokvebaze, e.i. gadarCe-nasa da gamravlebaze, aramed sazogadoebis umweo, moxuc wevrebzec.
gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba adamianTa Soris urTierTobebSi komunikaciis saSualebas – enas eniWeba. dRes mecnierebi intensiurad swavloben sxvadasx-va cxovelis “enas” – emociisa da informaciis gadacemas, ZiriTadad, xmovani signalis meSveobiT. cxadia, amgvari komunikaciis saSualeba hominidebsa da adamiansac uZvelesi droidan moyolebuli hqonda. magram danawevrebuli metyveleba, romlis saSualebiTac martivi emociebisa da informaciis garda, abstraqtuli cnebebis, azrebis, dagrovili codnis gadacema da ganzogadebaa SesaZlebeli, savaraudod, homo sapienss ukavSirdeba da es unari aTaswleu-lebis manZilze ixveweboda.
rogorc irkveva, cxovelebs esmiT ara marto sakuTari saxeobis, aramed eko-sistemaSi mcxovrebi sxva cxovelis signalebic. aseve adamianis Zvel saxeobeb-sac ar unda hqonodaT komunikaciis Tu “urTierTgagebis” problema sakuTari saxeobis farglebSi an mis gareT. Sesabamisad, jogi SeiZleba met-naklebad mdgradic yofiliyo da sakmaod cvalebadic, romelSic mcire jgufebi mcire xniT erTiandebodnen arsebobisaTvis erToblivad brZolis mizniT.
gvari da Temi
komunikaciis saSualebis, enis daxvewa-ganviTareba da sociumSi urTierTo-baTa gaRrmaveba-garTuleba paraleluri procesebia, romlebsac mivyavarT axlo naTesavTa myari gaerTianebis, gvaris warmoqmnisaken. erT teritoriaze mcxovreb ramdenime gvars SeiZleba hqonoda erTmaneTTan naTesauri kavSirebi,
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erToblivi interesebi: teritoriis ucxoTagan dacva, did cxovelebze erTo-blivi nadiroba. binadar cxovrebaze gadasvlasTan erTad, izrdeba calkeul sociums Soris mWidro TanamSromlobis aucilebloba, rogorc TavdacviTi, aseve sameurneo mizniT. ramdenime monaTesave an mezobeli gvari qmnida Tems. garemo pirobebisa da sxvadasxva mosazrebis gamo, Tems SeiZleboda erT mWi-dro dasaxlebaSi ecxovra, an gafantulad, mTel mis mier kontrolirebul teritoriaze. erTi an zogjer ramdenime Temis wevrebs, saerTo interesebis garda, aerTianebda komunikaciis saSualeba – saerTo ena. amgvar gaerTianebas SeiZleba tomi vuwodoT.
garTulebul socialur urTierTobebs Tan axlda sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris ierarqiis daxvewa da funqciaTa ganawileba. gvars Taobda zrdasruli, Zlieri da gamocdili individi. sxvadasxva drosa Tu regionSi, meTauri Sei-Zleba qalic yofiliyo da kacic.
matriarqati da patriarqati
mecnierebi miiCnevdnen, rom “qalis batonobis” periodi, matriarqati kaco-briobis ganviTarebis universaluri safexuri iyo, romelsac mosdevda aseve universaluri safexuri “kacis batonobisa” – patriarqati. dRes es aRaraa sayovelTaod gaziarebuli. marTalia, arsebobs calkeuli SemTxveva, sadac qa-lis pirveloba met-naklebad dasturdeba, magram ZiriTadad sociumis lideri kaci iyo. sxva sakiTxia, rom naTesaobis dadgena qalis xaziT ufro ioli iyo da, Sesabamisad, pirveloba memkvidreobiT matrilinearulad, e.i. qalis meSveobiT gadaecemoda. mamidan Svilze Zalauflebis gadacema mxolod mas Semdeg gaxda SesaZlebeli, rac qorwinebasa da ojaxTan dakavSirebulma wesebma met-naklebad ucilobeli gaxades mamobis dadgena.
odiTganve qalsa da kacs Soris funqciebi danawilebuli iyo. kaci, ZiriTadad, nadirobda da orfexa Tu oTxfexa mters igeriebda, qali ki bavSvebs zrdida, mcenareul sakvebs agrovebda da sxvadasxva Sinaur saqmes akeTebda.
binadar cxovrebasa da warmoebiT meurne-obaze gadasvlasTan erTad kacma SeinarCuna garesamyarosTan urTierTobis funqcia, xolo meurneobaSi ZiriTadad iseT saqmes akeTebda, rasac uxeSi fizikuri Zala metad sWirdeboda. qali kidev ufro Caiketa saxlSi da Sinameur-neobaSi.
soflis meurneobisa da xelosnobis dargebis gaCenam gamoiwvia erTgvari specializacia gva-risa Tu Temis wevrebs Soris, gaRrmavda Sromis danawileba. Temsa da tomSi gaCnda fena, beladi da uxucesebi, romlebic ZiriTadad gamoTavi-sufldnen yoveldRiuri Sromisagan da sazoga-doebis dacvisa da marTvis funqcia itvirTes. deda-RvTaeba
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cxadia, rom Tavdapirvelad mterTan dapirispirebaSi Tu koleqtiur nadi-robaSi Tavkacobas fizikuri ZaliTa da Wkua-gonebiT, gamocdilebiT gamor-Ceul kacs andobdnen. qonebrivi diferenciaciis gaCenis Semdeg, mdidari da warCinebuli gvarebi axerxebdnen Zalauflebis SedarebiT didi xniT, TaobaTa manZilze dapatronebas, radgan maT hqondaT meti saSualeba, rom pirvelobis pretendenti gamoewrToT da sazogadoebrivi saqmeebisTvis moemzadebinaT. TandaTanobiT xelisufleba memkvidreobiTad iqca, jer ojaxis farglebSi gadadioda uxucesze, Semdeg ki mamidan ufros vaJze.
tomisa Tu Temis Tavkacsa da uxucesebs mravali funqcia hqondaT. garda omSi winamZRolobisa, isini arCevdnen davebs sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris, aRasrulebdnen samarTals, maTve ekisrebodaT sxvadasxva ritualis Catareba.
uZvelesi rwmena-warmodgenebi da xelovneba
dRes gadaWriT verafers vityviT uZvelesi adamianismagvari arsebebis re-ligiurobis Sesaxeb, Tumca gamoTqmulia eWvi, rom maTac SeiZleba hqonodaT garkveuli rwmena-warmodgenebi garemomcveli samyarosa Tu erTmaneTs Soris urTierTobaTa wesebis Sesaxeb. “gonier adamians”, homo sapienss misi arsebo-bis adreul xanaSive Camouyalibda rwmena-warmodgenaTa erTgvari kompleqsi, romelic aiZulebda Caetarebina ritualebi, daekrZala Tavisi micvalebuli, daexata Tu gamoeZerwa adamianebisa da cxovelebis gamosaxulebebi.
adamianis uZvelesi warmodgenebis rekonstruqcia dRes mxolod pirobiT xerxdeba, sxvadasxva saxis masalisa da analogiebis kompleqsuri SeswavliT. cxadia, rom adamiani ar grZnobda samyaroSi Tavs marto da mas intensiuri ur-TierToba hqonda rogorc xorciel arsebebTan, ise sulebTan. gardacvlili winaprebisa da axloblebis sulebis keTilganwyoba da Tanadgoma maT yovel-dRiurad sWirdebodaT. cxovelebisa Tu bunebis movlenebis sulebTan konta-qti maT warmatebuli nadirobis, kargi amindis Tu usafrTxoebis imeds aZlevda. ama Tu im nivTs an gamosaxulebas aseve hqonda Zala, raTa adamians daxmareboda, an misTvis evno.
axali drois eTnografiuli kvleva, romelic dRevandeli msoflios nakle-bad civilizebuli, “veluri” xalxebis cxovrebas swavlobs, saintereso masalas gvaZlevs Cveni Soreuli winaprebis azrebisa da ocnebebis amosacnobad. aseTi tomebis Seswavlis Sedegad dadginda primitiul religiaTa nairsaxeobebi (fetiSizmi, totemizmi, Samanizmi da sxv.), agreTve maTi, rogorc universaluri stadiebis Tanamimdevroba. dRes mecnierebs ukve eWvi eparebaT imaSi, rom garda zogadi kanonzomierebebisa, arsebobda universaluri stadiebi Zveli religie-bis ganviTarebaSi. mravalferovani adgilobrivi Taviseburebebi SeiZleba war-moqmnides garkveul saazrovno stereotipebs, romlebic Zalze myaria da met-naklebad ucvlelad darCa aTaswleulebis manZilze, ama Tu im xalxis maRal civilizaciebTan ziarebis Semdegac ki. sxva SemTxvevaSi rwmena-warmodgenaTa sxvadasxva elementebis kanonzomieri Tu SemTxveviTi kombinaciebi gvaZlevs SesaZlo Sedegebis did siWreles, romlis klasifikacia yovelTvis ar xerxdeba.
mecnierebs Soris sadavod rCeba sakiTxi, rodis gaCnda adamianebSi Rmer-Tis – maradiuli, gonieri da Tu ara yovlisSemZle, Zlieri arsebis cneba. zogs
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miaCnia, rom es xdeba mxolod religiur warmodgenaTa SedarebiT gviandel etapze, civilizaciis zRurblze. sxvani ki fiqroben, rom uZvelesi adamiani ara mxolod icnobda am cnebas, aramed mas bevrad ufro uSualo kontaqti hqonda RmerTTan da sulier samyarosTan, vidre es civilizaciis pirobebSia da amis sabuTs Zvel religiur gadmocemebSi xedaven – adami da eva “bibliur” samoTxeSi, hesiodes “oqros xana” da sxv.
adamianis rwmena-warmodgenebTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli uZvelesi xe-lovneba. naxatebi gamoqvabulebis kedlebze, qvisa da Zvlisgan gamoTlili an Tixisgan gamoZerwili figurebi, savaraudod, Zveli ritualebis ganuyofel nawils warmoadgendnen. aseve ritualis Semadgeneli unda yofiliyo cekva da simRera. magram maT adamianis gaxaliseba da misTvis esTetikuri siamovnebis miniWebac SeeZloT. ritualuris garda, esTetikuri, anu samkaulis funqcia SeiZleboda hqonoda mZivebs, samajurebsa Tu sxva aqsesuarebs, romlebsac gonieri adamiani aTeulaTasobiT wlis win amzadebda.
rogorc vnaxeT, uZvelesi droidan adamianis sazogadoebrivi cxovreba mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli mis meurneobis formasTan, rac sazogadoebis kompleqsuri Seswavlis saWiroebas ganapirobebs. zogi mecnieruli mimdina-reoba, gansakuTrebiT ki, marqsizmi ekonomikas adamianis cxovrebis ZiriTad, gamsazRvrel sferod miiCnevs da, Sesabamisad, kacobriobis istorias hyofs periodebad “social-ekonomikuri formaciebis” mixedviT, rasac sabWoTa dros gamocemul araerT wignSi waawydebiT. marqsizms mimdevrebi dResac hyavs, gansakuTrebiT maT Soris, vinc Zveli samyaros sazogadoebriv da ekonomikur istorias swavlobs.
uZvelesi adamiani am klasifikaciiT eqceva “pirvelyofili formaciis” an “wyobis” safexurze, romelsac agreTve “gvarovnulsac” uwodeben, radgan Se-mgroveblobidan warmoebaze gadasvlis Semdeg adamianuri sazogadoebis Ziri-Tad ujreds gvari warmoadgens. am etapisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia met-naklebad Tanasworuflebiani, erTmaneTTan naTesaobiT dakavSirebuli adamianebis erToblivi cxovreba da Sroma.
pirvelyofili adamianis naxati gamoqvabulis kedelze
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1. isaubreT enis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb pirvelyofil sazogadoebebSi.
2. ra gamaerTianebeli faqtorebi arsebobda gvarisaTvis? ris safuZvelze iqmneboda tomi?
3. ra pirobebSi Caeyara safuZveli xelisuflebis memkvidreobiT gadacemas?
4. ra mniSvneloba aqvs dRevandeli `aracivilizebuli~ xalxebis eTnogra-fiul Seswavlas?
5. gaecaniT damatebiT cnobas. teqstisa da wyaros mixedviT daaxasiaTeT ma-triarqati. Tqveni azriT, ris gamo Seicvala matriarqati patriarqatiT?
klasSi samuSao
damatebiTicnoba
matriarqati
mecnierebi miiCneven, rom yvelaze tipur matriarquli TemSi erTiandeboda 200-300
naTesavi qalis xaziT. mas saTaveSi edga `ufrosi~ qali, zogjer ki misi Zma. Temis
SigniT arsebobda mravali mcire jgufi, romlebic Sedgeboda qalis, misi Svilebisa
da SviliSvilebisagan. am `ojaxebisgan~ iqmneboda `dedis~ Temi, romelsac erTo-
blivad ekuTvnoda miwis nakveTi. sxva saxis sakuTreba ki dedisgan qaliSvilebs ga-
daecemodaT.
arsebobda matriarqalur-patriarqaluri wesrigis saxeobac: tomi orad iyo gayofi-
li – qalebad da kacebad. TiToeuli maTgani damoukidebeli iyo meorisgan.
matriarqalur sazogadoebebSi araerT qalRmerTs scemdnen Tayvans. umaRles RvTae-
bad ki iTvleboda deda-RvTaeba.
matriarquli wyobis calkeul niSan-Tvisebebi dRemde SemorCa zogierT primitiul
toms.
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pirvelyofili sazogadoebis ganviTarebis
etapebi msofliosa da saqarTveloSi4.
istoria uZvelesi, winaistoriuli xa-nis periodizaciisaTvis iyenebs arqeo-logebis mier miRebul terminologias, romelic emyareba adamianis mier iaraRis dasamzadeblad gamoyenebul ZiriTad ma-salas, kerZod, qvis xana, brinjaos xana, rkinis xana.
qvis xana
qvis xana, Tavis mxriv, iyofa samad – Zve-li qvis xana, paleoliTi; Sua qvis xana, me-zoliTi da axali qvis xana, neoliTi.
r pleistoceni – dedamiwis arsebobis `meoTxeuli~ pe-riodi. iwyeba daaxl. 2,6 mln wlis win da sruldeba 11,7 aTasi wlis win.
r proto (berZn. protos - pirve-li) – pirveladi, sawyisi
leqsikoni
adamianis arsebobis udidesi periodia Zveli qvis xana, paleoliTi, rome-lic qvis sakmaod primitiuli iaraRiT xasiaTdeba. uxeSad damuSavebul qvas daumuSaveblisgan specialistis Tvali Tu gaarCevs. qvis damuSavebis teqnikis mixedviT gamoyofen qveda, Sua da zemo paleoliTs.
qveda da Sua paleoliTi adamianis Zveli saxeobebis arsebobis xanaa. zeda paleoliTSi ki “gonieri adamiani” gamodis asparezze.
paleoliTi moicavs kacobriobis istoriis 99%-s, drois monakveTs adamianis gaCenidan da daaxl. 20-12 aTasi wlis win sxvadasxva regionSi icvleba mezoli-TiT, Sua qvis xaniT, romelic ramdenime aTasi weli gagrZelda.
momdevno periodi – neoliTi (axali qvis xana) formalurad xasiaTdeba qvis damuSavebis axali teqnikiT, adamianma iswavla qvis gaxvreta, gaprialeba, mis-Tvis sasurveli, sakmaod daxvewili formis micema. am niSniT arqeologi Seuc-domlad miakuTvnebs Tavis aRmoCenas neoliTs. magram am periodSi moxda sxva umniSvnelovanesi, revoluciuri Zvrebi adamianis cxovrebaSi.
`neoliTuri revolucia~
“neoliTuri revolucia” aris erTerTi umniSvnelovanesi texili kaco-briobis istoriaSi, rodesac adamiani nadirobasa da Semgroveblobas sakuTari sakvebis warmoebiTa (miwismoqmedeba, mesaqonleoba) da binadari cxovrebiT anacvlebs. sxvadasxva mcenarisa da cxovelis moSinaurebis kvali mecnierebs msoflios mraval kuTxeSi aRmouCeniaT. axlo aRmosavleTSi mdebareobda yvelaze Zveli (daaxl. 10 000 wlis winandeli) da mniSvnelovani kera, romelic “nayofieri naxevarmTvaris” saxeliTaa cnobili.
miuxedavad saxelisa “revolucia”, rac Cven cnobierebaSi swraf da radika-lur cvlilebasTan aris dakavSirebuli, es procesi sakmaod xangrZlivi iyo da aTaswleulebs moicavda.
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Tavad saxeli “neoliTuri revolucia” gordon Caildma gamoiyena gasuli saukunis 20-ian wlebSi axlo aRmosavleTis agrokulturuli (samiwaTmoqmedo) revoluciis aRsaniSnavad.
mainc ram aiZula adamiani planetis sxvadasxva wertilSi sakvebis mopovebi-dan mis warmoebaze gadasuliyo? am kiTxvaze mecnierebs ar aqvT erTi pasuxi.
Tavad gordon Caildi emxroboda `oazisis Teorias~, romlis Tanaxmadac mSrali klimatis dasadgurebam gamoiwvia adamianebisa da cxovelebis didi koncentracia sicocxlis momcemi wyaroebis garSemo, sadac moxda kidec cxo-velebisa da mcenareebis moSinaureba. dRes neoliTis xanaSi amgvari klimaturi cvlilebebi TiTqos ar dasturdeba. Tumca klimati ama Tu im formiT SeiZle-ba am revoluciis faqtori yofiliyo. SesaZloa, gamyinvarebis Semdgom didi cxovelebis gawyvetam aiZula adamiani, sakvebis axali wyaro eZebna. klimatis cvlilebasTan dakavSirebuli dRevandeli SiSis fonze gaCnda azri, rom neo-liTis xanaSi stabilurma klimatma ganapiroba miwaTmoqmedebis gaCena.
mniSvnelovani faqtori unda yofiliyo demografiuli – adamianebis ricxvis mkveTri zrda garkveul teritoriaze.
miwaTmoqmedeba SeiZleboda Casaxuliyo axlo aRmosavleTSi tavrosisa da zagrosis mTebis nayofier ferdobebze, sadac mravlad iyo iolad moSinaure-badi cxovelebi da mcenareebi. moSinaurebis procesi, SesaZloa, evoluciuric (TandaTanobiTi, bunebrivi ganviTarebis Sedegi) yofiliyo. nayofier adgileb-Si sakvebad vargisi mcenareebis dacva da movla TandaTanobiT miwaTmoqmedebis saxes iZenda. uZvelesi kulturuli mcenareebia xorbali da qeri. neoliTis xanas ganekuTvneba vazis moSinaurebac. Sinauri yurZnis dReisaTvis cnobili uZvelesi naSTebi samxreT saqarTveloSia aRmoCenili.
jer kidev mezoliTSi, daaxl. 15 aTasi wlis win unda damegobrebuliyvnen adamiani da ZaRli – pirveli moSinaurebuli cxoveli.
Zvlis iaraRebi
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ukanaskneli gamokvlevebis fonze ZaRlis gaCenis, anu mglis moSinaurebis procesi mecnierebs amgvarad warmoudgeniaT:
adamianTa ricxvis zrda da met-naklebad stabiluri dasaxlebebis gaCena gaxda nagavsayrelis warmoSobis mizezi. es ukanaskneli ki gareuli cxovele-bisaTvis sakvebis SedarebiT iolad mopovebis saSualebas iZleoda da qmnida axal garemos, romelSic SedarebiT Tvinier da adamianTan Semguebel indivi-debs meti perspeqtiva hqondaT. SedarebiT mokle droSi amgvari gadarCevis Sedegad mglebis erTma jgufma ganicada transformacia da proto-ZaRlad iqca. genetikuri kvlevis mixedviT, es procesi CineTis teritoriaze unda warmarTuliyo. ZaRlebis jiSebis mTeli dRevandeli mravalferovneba am Ci-nuri proto-ZaRlidan unda iyos warmomdgari. adamianisa da ZaRlis megobroba aRmoCnda uaRresad produqtiuli adamianisaTvis – man ganapiroba axali teri-toriebis aTviseba, meurneobis axali dargebis, maT Soris, mecxvareobis gaCena.
saqarTvelos teritoriazec neoliTis xanaSi xdeba gadasvla mwarmoeblur meurneobaze. dasavleT saqarTveloSi adreul neoliTSi viTardeba mesa-qonleoba, arqeologiur masalaSi saqarTvelos sxvadasxva regionSi Cndeba marcvleuli kulturebis – fetvis, xorblis, qeris, agreTve yurZnis warmoebis niSnebi.
sakvebis mopovebis wesis Secvlas mniSvnelovani Zvrebi mohyva sazogadoeba-Si. Tanasworuflebian adamianTa mcire da mobiluri jgufebi, romlebic aTaswleulTa manZilze imiT ikvebebodnen, rasac maT buneba sTavazobda, iwye-ben soflebisa da qalaqebis Senebas. maT garSemo icvleba bunebrivi garemoc. miwaTmoqmedeba da masTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva saqmianoba, mag., irigacia (sarwyavi sistemebis mowyoba) iZleoda zedmeti produqtis Seqmnis saSuale-bas. aman, Tavis mxriv, xeli Seuwyo mosaxleobis zrdas, Sromis danawilebas, xelosnobisa da vaWrobis gaCenas. viTardeboda xelovneba, arqiteqtura, sazo-gadoebrivi Tu politikuri struqturebi, gaCnda kerZo sakuTreba da damwer-loba. am yovelives vxvdebiT samxreT SuamdinareTis (mdinareebi – evfratisa da tigrosis auzebSi, dRevandeli erayis teritoria) Sumerul qalaqebSi ukve 5-6 aTasi wlis win. swored aq mTavrdeba preistoriuli (winareistoriuli) xana da iwyeba istoriuli dro.
Zvlis savarcxlebi. xramis didi
gora, Zv. w. VI aTaswleuli
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Tavi pir
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epoqa maxasiaTeblebiadamianis saxeobebi
Zveli qvis xana, paleoliTi
monadireTa da Semgrove-belTa xana. kaJisgan iaraRis damzadeba
hominidebi: homo habilisi, homo ereqtusi, homo sapiensi. Sua paleoliTSi homo nean-dertalensisi da homo sapiens sapiensi
Sua qvis xana, mezoliTi
iwyeba pleistocenis dasas-ruli evropaSi. monadireebma da Semgroveblebma iswavles ufro daxvewili iaraRebis damzadeba qvisa da Zvlisagan, aseve daiwyes mSvild-isris gamoyeneba.
homo sapiens sapiensi
axali qvis xana, neoliTi
`neoliTuri revoluciis~ dros axlo aRmosavleTSi Cndeba keremikis pirveli nakeTobebi (daaxl. Zv 12000). yalibdeba meurneobis warmarTvis axali xerxebi – miwaTmoqmedeba, mesaqon-leoba, romelic ufro gvian evropaSic vrceldeba. gvian neoliTs erwymis spilenZis xana, halkoliTi anu eneo-liTi. es ukanaskneli xasiaT-deba sawarmoo revoluciiT, romlis umTavresi niSania liTonis iaraRebis gaCena.
homo sapiens sapiensi
brinjaos xana metalurgiis gavrceleba iZleva liTonebis (oqro, vercxli, brinjao) mopove-bisa da damuSavebis saSuale-bas. iqmneba pirveli werilo-biTi Zeglebi wina aziasa da egeosis zRvis auzSi.
homo sapiens sapiensi
rkinis xana homo sapiens sapiensi
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saojaxo WurWeli
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1. moiZieT damatebiTi masalebi da dawereT Tema: `neoliTuri revoluciis~ Sesaxeb.
saSinaodavaleba
1. ra mniSvneloba hqonda Zveli adamianisaTvis qvis damuSavebis srulyofas?
2. ra warmoadgens `oazisuri Teoria~?
3. ra saxis cvlilebebi mohyva sakvebis mopovebis axali wesis damkvidrebas?
4. gaecaniT cxrils da moawyveT diskusia adamianis ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
klasSi samuSao