factorii-climatici

7/31/2019 factorii-climatici

1/163


2/163


3/163


4/163


5/163


6/163


7/163


8/163


9/163

Temperatura versus gradul de urbanizare


10/163

Urban Heat Island (UHI) Phenomenon

UHI effect - first recorded as early as 1807- English scientist(Luke Howard) took data in and about London - he noticed that the city of

London got heated due to smoke and pollution mainly from coal industries

In 1818, he noticed - urbanized areas had temperature increases of about

1.5 degrees compared to rural areas

- The problem acquires greater importance in the tropics including thePhilippines, where the nighttime rate of air movement is low


11/163


12/163

Microclimates and Outdoor Spaces

Microclimates are the climates of small-scale areas

that are distinct from the prevailing conditions of the

surroundings. The urban heat island (UHI) effect is anexample of a microclimate.

UHI is a phenomenon where air temperatures over

densely built up urban areas are higher than suburban /

rural areas. Mitigation strategies are important to

negate the negative impact of UHI and improve outdoor comfort conditions.

Urban heat island effect increases

urgent need for trees

to modify temperature

Urban water management

"Open space which is

not concreted or paved

allows maximum absorption

of water in to the ground which is

important for the health and

survival of vegetation in the surrounding area.

It is therefore imperative to

consolidate and increase permeable open space,


13/163

Fed Square (Anglia)


14/163

Fed Square (Anglia) - with green roof, an oasis in the city


15/163

Flinder Street Station

as it is now, a desert

from above

with green roofsto manage the

Urban Heat IslandEffect


16/163


17/163


18/163


19/163


20/163


21/163


22/163


23/163


24/163


25/163


26/163


27/163

Juglans - inghet tarziu


28/163


29/163


30/163


31/163


32/163


33/163


34/163


35/163


36/163


37/163


38/163


39/163


40/163


41/163


42/163


43/163


44/163


45/163


46/163


47/163


48/163


49/163


50/163


51/163


52/163


53/163


54/163


55/163


56/163

Acerstres hidric


57/163


58/163


59/163


60/163


61/163


62/163


63/163


64/163


65/163


66/163


67/163


68/163


69/163


70/163


71/163


72/163


73/163


74/163


75/163

Relaiile plantelor lemnoase ornamentale cu factorii climatici

Vntul - avantaje: transport mase de aer; zvantarea; ncalzirercorire

-dezavantaje: deshidratare; seceta fiziologic; deformare;

aciuni mecanice (Robinia, Acer negundo, Populus, Betula,Ttilia)

Aerul


76/163


77/163


78/163


79/163


80/163

Relaiile plantelor lemnoase ornamentale cu factorii edafici


81/163

Specii mezotrofe: Abies, Larix, Picea, Thuja, Acer, Buddleja, Carpinus betulus,Lonicera, Magnolia, Prunus, Tilia

Specii oligotrofe: Juniperus communis, Pinus mugo, Pinus sylvestris, Betulapendula, Cytisus, Lycium barbarum, Robinia pseudacacia, Sorbus aucuparia

Specii cu amplitudine ecologic: Ailanthus, Amorpha, Berberis vulgaris,Ligustrum vulgare, Potentilla, Physocarpus, Populus tremula, Quercus cerris,Spiraea, Symphoricarpos albus

Elementele nutritive

macroelemente:N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg,

- microelemente: Zn, Cu, Mo, Co, B, Cl

Specii eutrofe: Catalpa, Corylus avellana, Chaenomeles, Juglans nigra,Platanus, Paulownia, Rosa, Sophora, Campsis, Ulmus, Wisteria sinensis


82/163


83/163

Materia organic- rezult prin mineralizarea resturilor organice- Humusul (N + humai)) component esenial, surs de elemente

nutritive

- influeneaz nsuirile fizice, chimice i biologice ale solului- msuri

Calciul din sol (calcarul activ)- specii calcifile: Acer platanoides, Acer pseudoplatanus,

Ailanthus, Buxus, Carpinus, Catalpa, Celtis, Corylus, Cotoneaster,

Fagus, Fraxinus, Juglans, Juniperus sabina, Kerria, Morus, PopulusnigraItalica, Quercus cerris, Sophora- specii calcifuge: Betula, Calluna, Castanea, Magnolia,

Cytisus, Quercus suber, Robinia pseudacacia

Sodiul, magneziul, calciul, clorul (cloruri, sulfati,bicarbonati)

srturarea solului secet fiziologic, afectarea structurii solului

- specii tolerante: Amorpha, Caragana, Elaeagnus, Gleditsia,Hippophae, Koelreuteria, Lycium, Ppopulus alba, Rhus, Sambucusnigra, Symphoricarpos, Tamarix, Ulmus pumilla


84/163

Reacia soluiei solului (pH)

- soluia solului = apa + subst. minerale + subst. organice + gaze- influeneaz dinamica elementelor nutritive

Aciditatea solului

specii puternic acidofile: (pH 3,8-5,2)Calluna, Erica, Vacciniummyrtillusspecii acidofile: (pH 5-6,5)Picea abies, Pinus mugo, Pinus sylvestris,

Betula pendula, Populus tremula

specii moderat acidofile: (pH 5,5-6,5)Abies, Juniperus communis, Larixdecidua, Acer pseudoplatanus, Cornus alba, Fagus, Hydrangea,

Rhododendron, Quercus petrea, Rosa rugosa, Salix alba

Alcalinitatea solului- pH 7,5-8

- pH >8,5 salinitate (saruri alcaline in exces)

Valori optime 6,8-7,2


85/163

nsuirile fizice ale solului


86/163

- textura, structura, porozitazea, capacitatea de aeraie, nsuirihidrofizice

Textura soluluiargil/ praf/ nisip soluri nisipoase, soluri argiloase

- specii pentru soluri uoare (nisipoase, nisipo-lutoase): Abiesconcolor, Acer campestre, Ailanthus, Amorpha, Caragana, Cornus,cytisus, Elaeagnus, Tamarix, Hippophae, Gleditsia, Juniperus

communis, Picea pungens, Pinus mugo, P. nigra, P. sylvestris,Potentilla, Salix alba, S. Caprea

-specii pentru soluri pietroase: Berberis vulgaris, Cornus mas,Corylus, Fraxinus ornus, Populus tremula, Ulmus minor, Sorbusaucuparia

-specii pentru soluri grele (luto-argiloase i argiloase): Alnusglutinosa, Aesculus, Weigela florida, Euonymus europaeus, Frangulaalnus, Kerria, laburnum, Ribes, Rosa canina, Rhus typhina

Structura solului- influeneaz consistena, aeraia, nutriia, umiditatea

- lipsa structuriilimitativ pentru. cultura plantelor. Impune intervenii

Relaiile plantelor lemnoase cu factorii


87/163

Relaiile plantelor lemnoase cu factoriigeomorfologici

Macroreliefuldetermin distribuia zonal a vegetaiei prin modif.climatului

Creterea altitudiniiExpoziia pantei

nclinarea pantei

Microrelieful


88/163

Relaiile plantelor lemnoase ornamentale cu factorii biotici

Aciuni directe

ale plantelor: presiuni ale tulpinilor, rdcinilor, susinerea lianelor, caracterulinvadant al unor specii

- ale animalelor: roztoare, vnat

- ale microorganismelor: virui, ciuperci, bacterii patogene,insecte fitofage

- reacia plantelor: fitoncide, gale, proliferri,calusare


89/163


90/163


91/163


92/163


93/163

Aciuni indirecte


94/163

- de natur climatic: umbrire, consum de ap, elemente nutritive- stnjenire de natur biochimic: autotoxinele

- ptura erbacee- micorizele

- simbioze cu bacterii (Rhizobium)Leguminosae

- simbioze cu actinomicete -Alnus, Elaeagnus, Hippophae

-bacterizare cu Pseudomonas fluorescens, P. putidaantagoniste

pentru. Pytium, Botrytis, Fusarium, Phytophtora

- relaii de parazitism i semiparazitism: vscul, lichenii (epifitismul)


95/163


96/163


97/163

Ectomicoriza


98/163


99/163


100/163

Boletus edulis

TRUFE

Tubermelanosporum - aestivum, gibbosum, magnatum,, texensis


101/163

Aroma lor este descrisa ca o combinatie de mosc, nuci si usturoi sau ozon


102/163


103/163


104/163


105/163


106/163


107/163


108/163


109/163


110/163


111/163


112/163


113/163


114/163

Relaiile plantelor lemnoase cu factoriiantropici


115/163

pModificrile antropice ale factorilor staionali

- factorii climatici: temperatura i uscciuneacurenii de aer

- condiiile de sol

Poluarea- produs de industrie, termocentrale, autovehicule, activit. casnice

- gaze toxice: bioxid i trioxid de sulf, oxizi de azot, etilen, nitrai,amoniu, compui ai fluorului; pulberi: compui cu arsenic, plumb, fier,mangan, cadmiu, ciment, siliciu; cenui, funingine, uleiuri, gudroane

Specii tolerante la poluare: Abies concolor, Chamaecyparis, Ginkgo,Juniperus chinensis, J. Sabina, Larix, Pinus mugo, P. nigra, Taxus, Thujasp., Acer campestre, Acer ginnala, A. pseudoplatanus, Ailanthus, Alnus,Betula, Gleditsia, platanus, Quercus rubra, Robinia pseudacacia, Sophora,Buddleja, Buxus, Caragana, Cornus alba, C. mas, C. sanguinea,Crataegus, Elaeagnus, Euonymus, Lonicera

Plantele filtre biologice


116/163


117/163


118/163

Trees Damaged by Sulfur EmissionsCzech Republic

Impactul omului cu vegetaia lemnoas


119/163

- activitile recreative, presiunea aglomerrilor, neglijena

Factorii de cultur (tehnologici)


120/163


121/163


122/163


123/163


124/163


125/163


126/163


127/163


128/163


129/163


130/163


131/163


132/163


133/163


134/163


135/163


136/163


137/163


138/163


139/163


140/163


141/163


142/163


143/163


144/163


145/163


146/163


147/163


148/163

An integrated approach


149/163

When caring for urban trees it is important to make a complete

evaluation of all environmental conditions to accurately diagnoseall stress factors and prescribe care based on specific circumstances.

This prescriptive care will help your tree meet its full potential.

LEAVES

Leaves produce food

for the tree Pores orBUDS


150/163

for the tree. Pores, or

stomata, on the leaves

take in carbon dioxide

and release waterand oxygen. They

close when water is

limited and open

when it is abundant

BUDS

Much of the trees energy

goes into producing buds

that contain the embryonicshoots, leaves and flowers

for the next growing season

BRANCHES

Branches give the tree its

basic shape and provide the

leaves with the bestexposure to the sun. The

loss of a major branch in a

mature tree can cause the

tree to be out of balance and,

eventually, to topple.

Trunk Flare

Branch Union

Branch Fork

Root HairsROOTS

The health of the roots depends on soil texture and depth. Disturbing

the soil above and in the root system can cause the tree to die.

trunk drip line

canopy

KEEPING URBAN TREES STRESS-FREE


151/163

A properly planted caliper-sized tree in a windy location is staked,

mulched and guarded.

A GOOD START!

WATERING


152/163

Regular watering will

enhance the growth

and health of any tree

FERTILIZING

WATERING

PRUNING


153/163

General Rules for Pruning

prune all weak, diseased, dead and crossing branches

use proper pruning techniques and maintain the branch collar

keep the main leader, otherwise the tree will loose its form and shape

dont remove more than one-third of the trees original crown

wear protective gear hard hat, gloves, safety glasses know your limits and the limits of your tools

when in doubt, call a professional

Pruning Tools

Make sure tools are clean, sharp, free of rust and in proper working condition

CUT A

Make your first cut two

THREE-CUT METHOD OF PRUNING


154/163

Cut B

Cut ACut C

Make your first cut two

feet from the trunk. Cut

half way through thebranch, moving from the

bottom up.

CUT B

The second cut is onethird

to half the diameterof the limb away from the

first cut. Cut half way

through the branch. At this

point, the limb should fall

from its own weight.

CUT C

The final cut is next to the trunk. Cut outside

the branch collar with the lower edge being

further away from the trunk of the tree.

Branch

Collar

Bark

Ridge


155/163

ASSESSING SICK AND DAMAGED TREES


156/163

An ice-damaged tree that should be taken down Special attention should be given to trees

that are close to people they may be a hazard

TREATING DAMAGE AND REDUCING STRESSES


157/163

ICE DAMAGE

BENDING

breaking polingBroken and bent leaders can be

corrected in young conifers

DAMAGED TRUNK

Remove loose bark and


158/163

Remove loose bark and

shape the wound into an ellipse

SUN SCALD

Sunscald occurs when rapid changes

in temperature create a crack in the tree

DISEASES


159/163

Concs and mushrooms

are an indication of a diseased tree


160/163

CABLING, BRACING AND GUYING


161/163

A good example of cabling

CALLING IN THE EXPERTS


162/163

GETTING PROFESSIONAL HELP


163/163

factorii-climatici

Documents