engleza

Alfabetul limbii engleze

a[ei]b[bi:]c[si:]d[di:]e[i:]f[ef]g[dji:]h[eitch]i[ai]j[gei]k[kei]l[el]m[em]n[en]o[ou]p[pi:]q[kju:]r[a:]s[es]t[ti:]u[ju:]v[vi:]w['dablju:]x[eks]y[wai]z[zed]

Verbul

In limba engleza sunt doua categorii de verbe:-verbe regulate-verbe neregulate

Verbele regulate:

Cele mai multe verbe in limba engleza sunt regulate. Ele se conjuga astfel:

Indicativ prezent :

I call I do not callYou call You do not callHe calls He does not callShe calls She does not call

We call We do not callYou call You do not callThey call They do not ask

Forma interogativa: Forma interogativ-negativa:

Do I call ? Don't I call ? Do you call ? Don't you call ?Does he call ? Doesn't he call ?Does she call ? Doesn't she call ?

Do we call ? Don't we call ?Do you call ? Don't you call ?Do they call ? Don't they call ?

- - - La indiativ prezent, numai prsoana a treia (III-a) singular, verbele primesc un "-s",

celelalte ramanand neschimbate.

- - - Pentru verbele terminate in "ch", "sh", "ss", "x" - la persoana III-a singular va fi

"-es".

- - - Verbele terminate in "y" precedate de o consoana, schimba pe "y" in "i" si primesc

terminatia "-es".

- - - Verbele terminate in "o" primesc terminatia "-es"

Toate verbele din limba engleza (cu exceptia celor doua verbe auxiliare: HAVE = a avea si

BE = a fi) se conjuga la formele simple interogative si negative cu ajutorul auxiliarului

DO/DOES.

Past tense :

La Imperfect si Perfect Simplu verbele neregulate primesc terminatia "-ed".

I calledYou calledHe calledshe called

We calledYou calledThey called

Forma negativa:

I did not callYou did not callHe did not callShe did not call

We did not callYou did not callThey did not call

Forma interogativa: Forma interogatv-negativa:

Did I call ? Didn't I call ?Did you call ? Didn't you call ?Did she call ? Didn't she call ?Did he call ? Didn't he call ?

Did we call ? Didn't we call ?Did you call ? Didn't you call ?Did they call ? Didn't they call ?

Future Tense:

Viitorul in limba engleza se formeaza cu ajutorul verbelor auxiliare SHALL/WILL urmate de

infinitiv. - auxiliarul SHALL - pentru persoana I singular si plural- auxiliarul Will - pentru restul persoanelor

I shall callYou will callHe will callShe will call

We shall callYou will callThey will call

Forma negativa :

I shall not (shan't) callYou will not callHe will not call

We shall not callYou will not callThey will not call

Forma interogativa :

Shall I call ?Will you call ?Will he call ?Will she call ?

Shall we call ?will you call ?Will they call ?

Mai-mult-ca-perfect(past perfect):

M.m.c.p se formeaza cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar HAVE la trecur (adica HAD) +participiu

trecut al verbului.

I had calledYou had calledHe had calledShe had called

We had calledYou had calledThey had called

Conditionalul prezent :Se formeaza cu verbele auxiliarele SHOULD/WOULD + infinitivul verbului.

I should callYou would call...

Conditionalul trecut :

Se formeaza din conditionalul prezent al verbului HAVE + participiu trecut al verbului

I should have calledyou would have calledHe would have calledShe would have called

We should have calledYou would have calledThey would have called

Participiu prezent:

Se formeaza adaugand "-ing" la infinitivul verbului.

to call = a striga, a suna -> calling = strigand

Participiu trecut :

Se formeaza adaugand "-ed" la infinitivul verbului

call -> called

Nr. Tense Form Used to express Romana

1.Present Tense Simple

S + V1 Do/Does + S + V1S + Do/does + not + V1

1.actiuni obisnuite repetabile2.adevaruri general valabile3.repros, constatari4.in loc de viitpr- pentru actiuni planificate oficial

Prezent

2.Present Tense Continous

S + To be + V-ing

1.actiuni care se petrec in momentul vorbirii(now, at present, at the moment)2.actiuni temporare(today, this week, this mounth)3.repros accentuat aproape de prezent.4.actiuni oficiale planificate neoficial

Prezent

3.Present Perfect Simple

S + have/has + V3Have/has + S + V3

1.actiune termiata in moment trecut neprecizat (lately, just, always, offe, ever, never)2.actiune terminata in perioada de timp neterminata (today, this week)3.actiune terminata care are legatura cu prezentul

Perfect compus

4.Present Perfect Continous

S + have/has + been + v-ingHave/has + been + S + V-ing

actiune inceputa in trecut care se continua si in prezent sau al carui rezultat se vede acum in prezentFor + perioada de timpSince + inceputul de timp

prezent

5. Past tense simpleS + V2 Did + S + V1S + did + not + V1

Actiunitrecute terminate in momentul precizat(ago, last, yesterday, in 1990)

perfect compus

6.Past tense continous

S + was/were + V-ing

actiune trecuta in progres:while + timp continuuwhen + timp simple

imperfect

7.Past perfect simple

S + had + V3exprima o actiune trecuta terminata inaintea altei actiuni trecute

m.m.c.p.

8.Past perfect continous

S + had + been + V-ing

actiune trecutain progres, inceputa inaintea altei actiuni trecute

imperfect

In limba engleza este foarte important sa stim conjugarea celor doua verbe auxiliare :HAVE si BE.

TO HAVE = a avea

Indicativ prezent :

I haveyou haveHe hasShe has

We haveYou haveThey have

Imperfectul si perfect simplu:

I hadyou hadHe had

She had

We hadYou hadThey had

M.m.c.p.

I had hadyou had hadHe had hadShe had had

We had hadYou had hadThey had had

Viitorul:

I shall haveYou will haveHe will haveShe will have

We shall haveYou will haveThey will have

Conditional prezent :

I should haveYou would haveHe would haveShe would have

We would haveYou would haveThey would have

Conditional trecut :

I should have hadYou would have hadHe would have hadShe would have had

We would have hadYou would have hadThey would have had

Participiu prezent: havingParticipiu trecut : had

TO BE = a fi

Indicativ prezent : I am

You areHe isShe is

We areYou areThey are

Imperfectul:

I wasYou wereHe wasShe was

We wereYou wereThey were

M.m.c.p.:

I had beenYou had beenHe had beenShe had been

We had beenYou had beenThey had been

Viitor:I shall beYou will beHe will be She will be

They shall beYou will beYhey will be

Conditional prezent:

I should beWe would be...

Conditionalul trecut :

I should have beenHe would have been...

Participiu prezent : beingParticipiu trecut : been

Adverbul

Adverbul este cel care ne spune mai mult despre verb, care intareste verbul.

Majoritatea adverbelor se formeaza din adjective.Ele seformeaza astfel:- pentru majoritatea adverbele - la adjectiv se adauga teminatia -ly :

bad - badlyhard - hardly

- pentru adjectivele care se termina in -le, ca sa formam adverb, se shimba terminatia -le

in -lysimple - simplyprobable - probably

-pentru adjectivele care se termina in y, precedat de o consoana, ca sa formam adverb

shimbam pe y in i si apoi adauga terminatia -lyeasy - easilyhappy - happily

Exceptii :well = bine; cum trebuiefast = repede; strâns very = foarte; chiar; prea never = niciodata; delocalways = totdeaunaoften = adeseastill = înca; si mai; totusi

Gradele de comparatie ale adverbelor sunt aceleasi ca si la adjective si se formeaza in acelasi moduri.

Pozitiv Comparativ Superlativ

badly worse the worstfar farther the farthest further the furthestlate later the latest the last = ultimullittle less the leastwell better the best

Adverbele sunt de mai multe feluri :- de loc- de mod- de timp - precizat - neprecizat : already = deja, pana acum always = intotdeauna ever = totdeauna, vreodata just = tocmai often = adesea never = niciodata sometimes = uneori, cateodata seldom = rareori still = inca, mai

O modalitate usoara de a tine minte adverbele de timp si care ne arata cat de des cineva

face ceva :

100% always

usuallyfrequentlyoften

50% sometimesoccasionallyrarelyseldomhardly ever

0% never

Adjectivul

Adjectivele, in limba engleza , sunt invariabile ( nu se acorda cu substantivele in gen,numar si caz ).

Adjectivele stau inaintea substantivelor (I like Chinese food) sau dupa anumite verbe auxiliare (to appear, to be, to become, to feel, to get, to look, to keep,to seem, to taste, to make,to smell,to sound, to turn, to taste). Desi stau dupa verbe, ele nu descriu verbul si subiectul propozitiei (in majoritatea cazurilor - substantive sau pronume). Ex: The examination did not seem difficult. Your friend looks nice.

Unele din adjectivele care pot sta numai dupa verbele auxiliare: asleep, awake, afraid, alike, alive, alone, annoyed, difficult, ill, nice, sorry, upset, well (She is alone.).

Asa cum am mai spus, avem adjective care stau inaintea substantive: Ex : I like big black dogs. She was wearing a beautiful long red dress.

Care este ordinea corecta pentru adjective ?

1) Ordinea generala: opinion, fact Ex : a nice French car (not a French nice car)

"Opinion" este ceea ce crezi despre subiectul propozitiei/frazei . "Fact" este ceea ce este adevarat despre subiectul propozitiei/fraziei.

2) Ordinea normala a adjectivelor este : size, age/temperature , shape, colour, material, origin: Ex : a big, old, square, black, wooden Chinese table

Size : small, little, thiny, bigAge/Temperature : old, new, hot, coldShape : round, squareColor : yellow, red, blueMaterial : plastic, silverOrigin : Chinese, Romanian, Franch

3) Determiners usually come first, even though they are fact adjectives:

· articles (a, the) · possessives (my, your...) · demonstratives (this, that...) · quantifiers (some, any, few, many...) · numbers (one, two, three)

Here is an example with opinion and fact adjectives:

adjectives noun

deter-miner

opinion fact

age shape colour

two nice old round red candles

Cand vrem sa folosim doua adjective care se refera la o culoare folosim “and”. Ex: Newspapers are usually black and white.

Gradele de comparative ale adjectivelor :

- gradul pozitiv : arata prezenta normala a unei calitati a obiectelor (fara comparatii)Ex : She is beautiful.- gradul comparativ : compara doua sau mai multe obiecte o in masura egala : comarativul de egalitate : he is as tall as his brothero in masura inegala :- comparativul de superioritate : he is taller then she. - compartivul de inferioritate : not as tall as …- gradul superlativ: este de doua feluri : relative(in comparative cu alte elemente) Ex : The biggeste : Cel mai mare The smallest = Cel mai mic The most important = Cel mai important absolute (fata de el insusi)Ex : Very gig = Foarte mare Very small = Foarte mic Very/Highly important = Foarte important

Comparativul de egalitate se formeaza prin incadrarea adjectivului : “ as…as “Ex : as tall as = la fel de inalt ca, tot atat de inalt ca

Pentru sens negative : incadram adjectivul in : “not as/ so…as”Ex : not as/so tall as = nu atat/ asa de inalt cat/ca

Comparativul de inferioritate se formeaza incadrand adjectivul in expresia : “not so(as)…as “ sau “less…then”Ex : not as tall as/ not so tall as = nu atat de inalt ca Less tall then = mai putin inalt ca

Atentie la aceste 4 expresii:

So much the better = Cu atat mai bineSo much the worse = Cu atat mai rauSo much the more = Cu atat mai multSo much the less = Cu atat mai putin

Expresia “cu cat..cu atat” nu are echivalent in limba engleza.(Cu cat) mai curand, (cu atat) mai bine = The sooner, the better.

(Cu cat este)casa mai veche, (cu atat este) pretul mai mic. = The older the house, the smaller the price.

Adjectivele terminate in –e mut suprima aceasta vocala inaintea terminatiilor -er , -est . Ex : large – larger – the largest fine – finer - the finest

Adjectivele terminate in – y precedat de o consoana, schimba pe y in i inaintea lui – er si – est .Ex : heavy – heavier – the heaviest

Adjectivele terminate in – y precedat de o vocala raman neschimbate :Ex : gay – gayer – the gayest (vesel) Acest adjective este foarte rar folosit in sensului lui propriu, intrand in raza vulgar a vocabularului. Adjectivele monosilabice terminate in consoana, o dubleaza la comparative si la superlative :Ex: big – bigger – the biggest

Unele adjective au forme diferite la comparativ si superlativ:

Good – better – the best = bun(a)Well – better – the best = bineBad – worse – the worst = rauIll- worst – the worst = bolnavMuch – more – the most = mult(a)Many – more – the most = multi(e)Little – less – the least = putin

Adjectivele posesive:

Se pun intotdeauna inaintea substantivelor:

My = meu, mea, mei , meleYour = tau, ta, tai, taleHis = lui, sau, sa, sai, sale, dansului, dumnealui, domniei saleHer = ei, sau, sa, sai, sale, dansei, dumneaeiIts (pers III neutru) = lui, ei , sau, sa, sai , saleOur = nostril, nostru, noastra, noastreYour = vostru, voastra, vostri, voastre, d-voastraTheir = lor, dansilor, danselor, dumnealor

Adjectivele demonstrative:

Pentru apropere:

This = acest, acesta, ast, asta, aceasta, astaThose = acestia, acesti, asti, astia, aceste, acestea, astea, , aste

Pentru departare:

That = acela, acel, ala, aceea, acea, aiaThose = acei, aceia, ai, aia, acelea, alea

Articolul

Articolul nehotarat (care se traduce in romana : un , o ):

a = inaintea unei consoane (a car)an = inaintea unei vocale (an inkpot)

Articolul nehotarat este acelasi pentru toate genurile. Trebuie tinut cont atunci cand vorbim ca articolul nehoratat nu se accentueaza si nici nu se face pauza dupa el. LA plural nu exista articol nehotarat(atunci cand este cazul se folosestie some = niste, unele).

Exista unele exceptii :

a ewe = o oaie/mioaraa Europian = un europeana union = o uniune, un sindicata university = o universitate

Articolul horatat:

Articolul hotarat in limba engleza este THE , atat la singular cat si la plural, la toate genurile.

Ca si la articolul nehotarat, in vorbire, articolul hotart nu se accentueaza si nici nu se face pauza dupa el.

Conjunctia

Conjunctia este partea de vorbire care leaga cuvinte sau propozitii.

Conjunctiile pot sa fie:- coordonatoare = atunci cand leaga doua propozitii de acelasi fel;- subordonatoare = atunci cand leaga o propozitie principala cu una secundara.

Conjunctiile coordonatoare

Conjunctiile coordonatoare arata ca elementele pe care ele le unesc sunt identice(similare)

in importanta si structura.

+

Intotdeauna conjunctiile coordonatoare se gasesc intre cuvintele sau propozitiile pe care le leaga.

I like [tea] and [coffee]. [Ram likes tea], but [Anthony likes coffee].

Conjunctiile coordonatoare sunt sapte (7) la numar. Ele sunt cuvinte simple, formate din doua sau trei litere.Iara un mod usor si distractiv de a tine minte conjunctiile coordonatoare :

F A N B O Y S

For

And Nor But Or Yet So

Conjunctiile subordonatoare

Cele mai comune conjunctii subordonatoare sunt :

after although as becausebeforehowifoncesincethanthatthoughtilluntilwhenwherewhetherwhile

Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga o propozitie secundara de una principala. Intotdeauna conjunctia subordonata se gaseste in fata propozitiei secundare.

Ram went swimming although it was raining.

Ram went swimming although it was raining.

Although it was raining, Ram went swimming.

Atentie la urmatoarele constructii :

...either ...or = ...sau ...sau

...neither ...nor = ...nici ...nici

...nor only ...but also = ...nu numai ...ci(dar)si

...both ...and = ...ata ...cat si

Numeralul

Numeralul cardinal :

zero = zero = 0one = unu = 1two = doi = 2three = trei = 3four = patru = 4five = cinci = 5six = sase = 6seven = sapte = 7eight = opt = 8nine = noua = 9ten = zece = 10

Atentie la o deosebire de limba romana. In limba engleza se foloseste virgula in locul punctului din romana.

hundred = suta = 100thousand = mie = 1,000million = milion = 1,000,000

Astfel ceea ce scriem in romana 1,7 - in engleza vom scrie 1.7 = one point seven.

Numeralul ordinal :

first = prim; second = al doilea

third = al treilea; a treia

De la patru in sus , numealul ordinal se formeaza din numeralul cardinal + th (dar atentie ca -y se inlocuieste ci - ieth ).

fourth = al patrulea fifth = al cincilea sixth = al saselea seventh = al saptelea eighth = al optulea ninth = al noualea tenth = al zecelea eleventh = al unsprezecelea twelfth = al doisprezecelea thierteenth = al treisprezeceleatwentieth = al douazecilea thirtieth = al treizecileafiftieth = al cincecilea

Datele se exprima in limba engleza cu numeralul ordinal :The first of May sau May the first

Numeralul multiplicativ :

once = o data;twice = de doua ori;

De la trei in sus , numeralele multiplicative se formeaza din cel cardinal + times

three times = de trei orifour times = de patru ori

Numeralele fractionale :

one whole = un intreg (o unitate)one haf = o jumatate = 1/2one third = o treime = 1/3one quarter = un sfert, o patrime = 1/4one tenth = o zecime = 1/10

Prepozitia

Prepozitiile sunt cuvintele care fac legatura intre partile de vorbire.

Sunt peste 150 de prepozitii in limba engleza.Lista cu cele mai uzuale prepozitii le gasiti la Cuvinte necesare/Prepozitii.

Prepozitii de loc:

In general se tine cont de urmatoarele reguli:at = pentru un punct, un reperin = pentru o anumita zonaon = pentru o suprafata

Iata aici cateva exemple :

at in on

punct, un reper zona suprafata

at the corner in the garden on the wall

at the bus stop in London on the ceiling

at the door in France on the door

at the top of the page in a box on the cover

at the end of the road in my pocket on the floor

at the entrance in my wallet on the carpet

at the crossroads in a building on the menu

at the entrance in a car on a page

Exista expresii standar cu prepozitiile de loc.Iata-le :

at in on

at home in a car on a bus

at work in a taxi on a train

at school in a helicopter on a plane

at university in a boat on a ship

at college in a lift (elevator) on a bicycle, on a motorbike

at the top in the newspaper on a horse, on an elephant

at the bottom in the sky on the radio, on television

at the side in a row on the left, on the right

at reception in Oxford Street on the way

Prepozitiile de timp :

at = atunci cand timpul este precizatin = pentru luni, ani, secole si perioade lungion = pentru zile si date

Iata cateva exemple:

at in on

timp precizat luni, ani, secole si perioade lungi zile si date

at 3 o'clock in May on Sunday

at 10.30am in summer on Tuesdays

at noon in the summer on 6 March

at dinnertime in 1990 on 25 Dec. 2010

at bedtime in the 1990s on Christmas Day

at sunrise in the next century on Independence Day

at sunset in the Ice Age on my birthday

at the moment in the past/future on New Year's Eve

Atunci cand folosim last, next, every, this - nu folosim si at, in, on.

Exemple:

I went to London last June. (not in last June) He's coming back next Tuesday. (not on next Tuesday) I go home every Easter. (not at every Easter) We'll call you this evening. (not in this evening)

Pronumele

Pronumele personale :

Nominativ :

I = euyou = tu, dumneata, dumneavoastrahe = el, dansul, dumnealuishe = ea, dumneaeiwe = noiyou = voithey = ei,ele, dansii, dansele, dumnealor

Acuzativ-dativ :

me = mi-, ma, pe mine, imiyou = ti, te, pe tine, iti, dumitale, dumneavoastrahim = i-, l-, pe el, ii,(lui)her = i-, -o, pe ea, iius = ne-, noua, pe noiyou = v-, voua, pe voithem = i-, le-, loe, pe ei, pe ele

Pronumele reflexive :

myself = eu insumi/insami, pe mine insumi/insamiyourself = tu insusi/insati, pe tine insuti/insatihimself = el insusi/pe el insusiherself = ea insasi/pe ea insasiourselves = noi insine, pe noi insineyourselves = voi insiva, pe voi insivaoneself = pe sine insusi (insasi)

Pronumele posesiv :

mine = al meu, a mea, ale mele, ai meiyours = al tau, a ta, ale tale, ai taihis = al lui, a lui, ale lui, ai luihers = a ei, ale ei, al ei, ai eiours = a noastra, al nostru, ale noastre, ai nostriyours = al vostru, a voastra, ai vostri, ale voastretheirs = al lor, a lui, ai lor, ale lor

Pronumele demonstrative sunt identice ca forma cu adjectivele demonstrative(numai ca in cazul pronumelor, acestea inlocuiesc substantivele).

Substantivul

Substantivul, in limba engleza, are patru genuri:

- genul masculin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen masculin (boy, man, son , brother, king)- genul feminin = substantive care denumesc persoane de gen feminin (woman, mother, girl, wife, sister)- gen neutru = substantivele care denumesc obiecte si animale (dog, , purse, window, cat)- genul comun = substantivele care au aceeasi forma atat la masculin cat si la feminin (teacher, doctor, friend, author)

Deosebirea dintre substantivele feminine si masculine se face astfel:

- se foloseste cuvinte diferite pentru feminin si masculin :

Feminin Masculinaunt = matusa uncle = unchidaughter = fiica son = fiugirl = fata bou = baiathen = gaina cock = cocosnice = nepoata nephew = nepotsister = sora brother = fratemother = mama father = tatawife = sotie husband = sotwoman = femeie man = barbat

- se adauga un sufix: prince - princessactor - actresswaiter - waitress

- pentru locuitorii unei tari, terminate in sh si ch, genul persoanei se indica folosind cuvintele: man si woman. an Englishman - an Englishwoman a Romanianmam - a Romanianwoman

Pluralul substantivelor :

1)- In general se realizeaza adaugand "-s" la substantivul la singular:cat + "s" = cats

dog + "s" = dogs

2)- pentru substantivele terminate in "s", "x", "sh", "ch","zh", "z" sau "j" pluralul se

formeaza adugand "-es" sau "-s", daca substantivul se termina in "e" mut.bus + "es" = buses box + "es" = boxes dish + "es" = dishes church + "es" = churches mirage + "s" = mirages prize + "s" = prizes bridge + "s" = bridges

3)- a) - pentru substantive terminate in "y" pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand

"-s", daca "y" final este precedat de o vocala(a, e, i, o, u). boy + "s" = boys

- b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "y", unde "y" final este precedat de o consoana,

pluralul substantivelor se formeaza astfe: se transforma "y" in "i" si apoi se

adauga "-es"baby - y + "s" = babies

4)- a) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", pluralul substantivelor se formeaza

adaugand "-s", daca "o" este precedat de o vocala (a, e, i, o, u).radio + "s" = radios

- b) - pentru substantivele terminate in "o", unde "o" este precedat de o consoana,

pluralul substantivelor se formeaza adaugand "-es". tomato + "es" = tomatoes

Atentie : - pentru substantivele legate (referitoare) de muzica - pot forma

pluralul adaugand "-s", chiar daca "o" este precedat de o consoanapiano + "s" = pianos

5)-pentru substantivele terminate in "f" sau "fe", pluralul substantivelor se face

adaugand "-s".roof + "s" = roofs

giraffe + "s" = giraffes

- Exista exceptii la aceasta regula.Unele substantive terminate in "f" sau "fe" fac

pluralul schimband pe "f" in "-ves". Iara aceste exceptii :calf - calves = vitel/ viteielf- elves = spiridusi/ihalf - halves = jumatate/jumatatiknife - knives = cutit/cutiteleaf - leaves = frunza/frunzeloaf - loaves = franzela,paine/franzelelife - lives = viata/vietipenknife - penknife = briceag/bricegesheaf - sheaves = snop/snopistaff - staves = portativscarf - scarves = esarfa, fular/esarfe,fulare - dar si scarfsself - selves = ins, fiintashelf - shelves = raft/rafturithief - thieves = hot/hotiwolf - wolves = lup/lupiwife - wives = sotie/sotii

6)- urmatoarele substantive nu respecta nici o regula in formarea pluralelor :

Singular Plural alga algae alumna alumnae alumnus alumniantenna (on a bug's head) antennae antenna (on a television) antennas appendix appendixes, appendices bacterium bacteria bison bison buffalo buffalos, buffaloes, buffalo bus buses, busses cactus cacti, cactuses child children corps corps criterion criteriacrisis crises datum data deer deer die dice dwarf dwarfs, dwarves

foot feet fish fish, fishes goose geese half halves hippopotamus hippopotami, hippopotamuses hoof hoofs, hooves louse lice man men medium mediamemorandum memorandamoose moose mouse mice octopus octopi, octopuses, octopodes ox oxen scarf scarves, scarfs series series sheep sheep staff (stick or line for charting music) staves staff (group of workers) staffs stegosaurus stegosauri swine swine talisman talismans tooth teeth wharf wharfs, wharves woman women

Viitorul Simplu ( Simple Future )

In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Viitorul Simplu al unui verb.

A. FORMARE

Viitorul Simplu se formeaza cu auxiliarul will urmat de infinitivul verbului de conjugat.

1. Forma afirmativa:

I will come

You will come

He will come

We will come

You will come

They will come

2. Forma interogativa :

Will I come ?

Will you come ?

Will he come ?

Will we come ?

Will you come ?

Will they come ?

3. Forma negativa :

I will not come

You will not come

He will not come

We will not come

You will not come

They will not come

4. Forma interogativ-negativa

Will I not come ?

Will you not come ?

Will he not come ?

Will we not come ?

Will you not come ?

Will they not come ?

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Viitorului in vorbire)

1. Viitorul Simplu il folosim in legatura cu asteptari, predictii, opinii sau presupuneri care se

vor desfasura in viitor.

Don't worry. She'll come back. Nu te ingrijora. Se va intoarce.

My son will be ten next month. Fiul meu va implini zece ani luna viitoare.

2. Viitorul Simplu se foloseste pentru a descrie actiuni obisnuite ce vor avea loc in viitor.

Drivers will always have to pay their speed tickets. Soferii intotdeauna vor trebui sa-si achite amenzile

pentru depasirea vitezei.

Babies will be born and old people will die, as usual. Copii tot se vor naste, si batranii se vor stinge, ca de

obicei.

3. Viitorul Simplu se foloseste in cadrul propozitiilor conditionale de tip 1, precum si in

propozitii temporale.

We will punish him if he does it again. Il vom pedepsi daca va mai face acel lucru din nou.

He will come home when he finishes his work. El va veni acasa dupa ce isi va termina treaba.

4. Viitorul Simplu se foloseste pentru a descrie actiuni ce exprima intentia (mai ales cele

luate in momentul deciziei).

I will have some Pepsi, please. As dori un Pepsi, va rog.

I like this car. I will buy it. Imi place aceasta masina. O voi cumpara.

Perfectul Prezent Simplu ( Present Perfect )

In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Perfectul Prezent al unui verb.

A. FORMARE

Perfectul Prezent se formeaza cu auxiliarul to have( have, has ) urmat de participiul trecut al

verbului de conjugat.

( Nu uitati: la un verb regulat, participiul trecut se formeaza prin adaugarea terminatiei -ed; la verbele

neregulate, el reprezinta a treia forma de baza.)


I have arrived

You have arrived

He has arrived

We have arrived

You have arrived

They have arrived


Have I arrived ?

Have you arrived ?

Has he arrived ?

Has she arrived ?

Have we arrived ?

Have you arrived ?

Have they arrived ?

3. Forma negativa :

I have not arrived

You have not arrived

He has not arrived

She has not arrived

We have not arrived

You have not arrived

They have not arrived


Have I not arrived ?

Have you not arrived ?

Has he not arrived ?

Has she not arrived ?

Have we not arrived ?

Have you not arrived ?

Have they not arrived ?

IMPORTANT !!!

Perfectul Prezent se foloseste cel mai adesea atunci cand dorim sa scoatem in evidenta un efect pe

care il are in prezent o actiune desfasurata in trecut.

Ex: I have eaten = Am mancat (deci nu mai imi este foame).

Somebody has stolen my pen = Cineva mi-a furat stiloul (asadar nu mai am cu ce scrie)

B. INTREBUINTARE (cand folosim acest aspect al Prezentului in vorbire)

1.Perfectul Prezent descrie o actiune trecuta, ale carei efecte se fac inca simtite in prezent

I have sold my car. Eu mi-am mandut masina(efect=trebuie sa merg la slujba cu autobuzul)

He has read that book. El a citit acea carte (efect=ii cunoaste continutul)

2. Perfectul Prezent se foloseste impreuna cu indicatori temporali nedefiniti, cum ar fi: ever,

never, before, yet, already, dar niciodata cu indicatori temporali definiti, precum yesterday,

last week, a month ago.

She has never seen such a car. Ea niciodata nu a vazut o asemenea masina.

I have already solved that problem. Eu deja am rezolvat acea problema.

3. Perfectul Prezent se foloseste pentru a descrie o actiune care a inceput in trecut si se

continua si in momentul vorbirii(aceeasi parte a zilei, aceeasi zi, acelasi an, etc).

We haven't eaten today yet. Azi inca nu am mancat.

4. Folosit impreuna cu just acest timp descrie ceea ce s-a intamplat de curand. In romana

acest lucru se exprima cu perfectul compus si adverbul tocmai.

They have just got married. Ei tocmai s-au casatorit.

We have just arrived. Noi tocmai ce am sosit.

5. Perfectul Prezent descrie o actiune inceputa in trecut si care se prelungeste in prezent.

In acest caz, se traduce cu prezentul:

How long have they been here? De cand sunt ei aici?

She has been here for three days. Ea se afla aici de trei zile.

6. Perfectul Prezent simplu se foloseste cu expresiile: This is the first time... si It's (a long

time) since...

This is the first time I have been in a cave. E prima data cand ma aflu intr-o pestera.

It's a long time since you have visited me. De mult nu ai mai fost in vizita la mine

In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Perfectul Prezent Continuu al

unui verb.

A. FORMARE

Perfectul Prezent Continuu se formeaza cu auxiliarul to have( have, has ) urmat de aspectul

continuu al participiului trecut al verbului de conjugat.

(participiul trecut simplu: worked, cleaned; participiul trecut continuu: been working, been cleaning.)


I have been walking

You have been walking

He has been walking

We have been walking

You have been walking

They have been walking


Have I been walking ?

Have you been walking ?

Has he been walking ?

Has she been walking ?

Have we been walking ?

Have you been walking ?

Have they been walking ?

3. Forma negativa :

I have not been walking

You have not been walking

He has not been walking

She has not been walking

We have not been walking

You have not been walking

They have not been walking


Have I not been walking ?

Have you not been walking ?

Has he not been walking ?

Has she not been walking ?

Have we not been walking ?

Have you not been walking ?

Have they not been walking ?


Perfectul Prezent continuu se foloseste aproximativ in aceleasi situatii ca si Prezentul

Perfect simplu.

Totusi, accentueaza ideea de continuare in prezent a actiunii descrise:

He has read that book. A citit acea carte. ( Deja cunoaste continutul)

He has been reading that book for three hours. Citeste cartea aceea de trei ore. (si inca n-a terminat-o)

Prezentul Continuu ( Present Continuous)

In lectia aceasta vom vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza Prezentul Continuu al unui verb.

1. La forma afirmativa auxiliarul apare de cele mai multe ori in forma sa contrasa:

I'm running

You're runnning

He's running

We're running

They're running

2. La forma interogativa se inverseaza ordinea dintre subiect si auxiliar:

Am I running?

Are you running?

Is he running?

Is she running?

Are we running?

Are you running?

Are they running?

3. La forma negativa cuvantul not precedat de auxiliar apare de cele mai multe ori in forma sa

contrasa (dar niciodata dupa am) :

I' m not running

You aren't running

He isn't running

She isn't running

We aren't running

You aren't running

They aren't running


Am I not running ?

Aren't you running ?

Isn't herunning ?

Isn't she running ?

Aren't we running ?

Aren't you running ?

Aren't they running ?


1. Pentru a descrie o actiune in curs de desfasurare in momentul vorbirii.

In acest caz, este insotit adesea de o indicatie temporala, cum ar fi now, at the moment

Look! He's wasing his car. Priveste! El isi spala masina.

What are you doing there? Ce faci acolo?

2. Pentru a descrie pozitiile corpului:

She's standing. Ea sta in picioare

He's leaning against a wall. El sta sprijinit de un perete.

3. Cand e vorba de o actiune viitoare, prevazuta sau programata:

They're buying a new house in May. Ei isi cumpara o casa noua in luna mai.

What are you doing next Monday? Ce faci lunea viitoare?

4. Cand e vorba de ceva care s-ar putea produce in orice moment:

He looks funny when he's playing his trumpet. Arata comic atunci cand canta la trompeta.

5. Impreuna cu always, pentru a exprima iritarea sau dezaprobarea:

She's always coming in when we talk something important. Intotdeauna trebuie sa intre in camera fix

cand vorbim noi lucruri importante.

Prezentul Simplu

In lectiile trecute am invatat despre anumite parti de vorbire care nu cereau enorm de mult efort pentru

a fi retinute, insa incepand cu lectia de acum vom invata din tainele Verbului.

Si asa cum va asteptati probabil, vom incepe cu Prezentul.

Numai ca in limba engleza Prezentul are doua forme: una simpla si una continua. In lectia aceasta vom

vedea cum se formeaza si cand se intrebuinteaza forma simpla a Prezentului unui verb.

A. FORMARE

1. La forma afirmativa se foloseste infinitivul fara particula "to" al verbului:

to run / run

I run

You run

We run

They run

La persoana a III-a singular se adauga terminatia -s:

He runs

She runs

2.La forma interogativa se foloseste auxiliarul do sau does (la persoana a III-a singular) urmat de

verb:

Do I run?

Do you run?

Does he run?

Does she run?

Do we run?

Do you run?

Do they run?

Observati ca numai auxiliarul se conjuga!

3.La forma negativa se foloseste do not(cu forma sa contrasa don't) sau does not(cu forma sa

contrasa doesn't) pentru persoana a III-a singular:

I do not (don't) run

You do not (don't) run

He does not (doesn't) run

She does not (doesn't) run

We do not (don't) run

You do not (don't) run

They do not (don't) run

4.La forma interogativ-negativa se foloseste don't / doesn't, inversandu-se ordinea dintre subiect si

auxiliar. Forma contrasa e cel mai des folosita:

Don't I run ?

Don't you run ?

Doesn't he run ?

Doesn't she run ?

Don't we run ?

Don't you run ?

Don't they run ?


1. Pentru a descrie o actiune care se repeta in mod regulat:

I go to school every day. Merg la scoala in fiecare zi.

Do you brush your teeth every day? Te speli pe dinti zilnic?

2. Pentru a exprima un obicei:

He reads a lot. El citeste mult

She doesn't smoke. Ea nu fumeaza

3. Pentru a exprima un adevar general, de exemplu o lege a fizicii:

Water freezes at 0 degrees. Apa ingheata la 0 grade.

The Earth spins around the Sun. Pamantul se invarte in jurul soarelui.

4. Pentru a reda o succesiune de evenimente scurte:

He unlocks the door, comes in and takes off his shoes near the door. El descuie usa, intra si se descalta

langa usa.

5. Pentru a exprima o actiune programata in viitor, in special atunci cand se specifica

momentul producerii ei:

Your train leaves at two o'clock. Trenul tau pleaca la ora doua.

We meet him tonight. Ne intalnim cu el diseara.

6. Intr-o propozitie subordonata introdusa prin if sau unless, atunci cand verbul din

principala este la viitor:

I'll come if they come. Voi veni daca vor veni si ei.

7. Dupa when, as soon as, before, after , intr-o fraza in care verbul din principala este la

viitor:

We'll tell you when we meet again. Iti vom spune cand ne vom intalni din nou.

8.- Cu verbele care exprima un sentiment (love, hate, prefer, like, dislike...)

- cu verbele care nu presupun notiunea de durata ( seem, want, belong, know, mean, wish)

- si cu verbele care redau cuvintele cuiva ( say, tell, ask, answer)

I like movies. Imi plac filmele.

You seem tired. Pari obosit.

What does he mean? Ce vrea sa spuna?

Numeralul Ordinal

the 1st / first = primul

the 2nd / second = al doilea

the 3rd / third = al treilea

the 4th / fourth = al patrulea

the 5th / fifth = al cincilea

the 6th sixth = al saselea

the 7th / seventh = al saptelea

the 8th / eighth = al optulea

the 9th / nineth = al noualea

the 10th / tenth = al zecelea

the 11th / eleventh = al unsprezecelea

the 12th / twelfth = al doisprezecelea

the 13th / thirteenth = al treisprezecelea

the 14th / fourteenth = al patrusprezecelea

the 15th / fifteenth = al cincisprezecelea

the 16th / sixteenth = al saisprezecelea

the 17th / seventeenth = al saptesprezecelea

the 18th / eighteenth = al optusprezecelea

the 19th / nineteenth = al nouasprezecelea

the 20th / twentieth = al douazecilea

the 21st / twenty-first = al douazecilea

the 22nd / twenty-second = al douazecisiunulea

the 23rd / twenty-third = al douazecisidoilea

the 24th / twenty-fourth = al douazecisipatrulea

the 30th / thirtieth = al treizecilea

the 50th / fiftieth = al cincizecilea

the 100th / hundredth = al o sutalea

Pronumele personal

Nominativ

I = Eu

You = Tu

He = El

She = Ea

It = El, Ea (pentru obiecte, lucruri neinsufletite)

We = Noi

You = Voi

They = Ei

Genitiv

Mine = Al meu

Yours = Al tau

His = Al lui

Hers= Al ei

Ours = Al nostru

Yours = Al vostru

Theirs = Al lor

Dativ

(to) me = mie

(to) you = tie

(to) him = lui

(to) her = ei

(to) it = Lui, ei (pentru obiecte, lucruri neinsufletite) (to) us = noua

(to) you = voua

(to) them = lor

Acuzativ

me = pe mine

you = pe tine

him = pe el

her = pe ea

it = pe el, pe ea (pentru obiecte, lucruri neinsufletite)

us = pe noi

you = pe voi

them = pe ei

Numeralul Cardinal

1 one

2 two

3 three

4 four

5 five

6 six

7 seven

8 eight

9 nine

10 ten

11 eleven

12 twelve

13 thirteen

14 fourteen

15 fifteen

16 sixteen

17 seventeen

18 eighteen

19 nineteen

20 twenty

21 twenty-one

22 twenty-two

23 twenty-three

24 twenty-four

25 twenty-five

30 thirty

40 fourty

50 fifty

60 sixty

70 seventy

80 eighty

90 ninety

100 one hundred

200 two hundred

250 two hundred and fifty

1,000 one thousand

2,000 two thousand

2,574 two thousand five hundred and seventy-four

1,000,000 one million

2,000,000 two million

1,000,000,000 one billion

Un lucru care trebuie evidentiat e faptul ca in limba engleza se foloseste virgula pentru a separa miile.

Ati observat probabil faptul ca dupa numarul 1 din 1000 se adauga virgula, rezultand in scris 1,000.

Desigur, nimeni nu va va pedepsi daca nu folositi acest sistem, insa e bine de stiut:-)

Verbul To Be

Afirmativ

I Am = Eu sunt

You Are = Tu esti

He Is = El este

She Is = Ea este

It Is = El/Ea Este

We Are = Noi suntem

You Are = Voi sunteti

They are = Ei sunt

Interogativ

Am I ?

Are You ?

Is He ?

Is She ?

Is It ?

Are We ?

Are You ?

Are They ?

Negativ

I Am not

You Are not

He Is not

She Is not

It Is not

We Are not

You Are not

They are not

Verbul To Have

Afirmativ

I Have = Eu am

You Have = Tu ai

He Has = El are

She Has = Ea are

It Has = El/Ea are

We Have = Noi avem

You Have = Voi aveti

They Have = Ei au

Interogativ

Do I Have?

Do You Have?

Does He Have?

Does She Have?

Does It Have?

Do We Have?

Do You Have?

Do They Have?

Negativ

I do not Have

You do not Have

He does not Have

She does not Have

It does not Have

We do not Have

You do not Have

They do not Have

engleza

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