Download - Razboiul din Vietnam versiune engleza
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Where is Where is
Vietnam? Vietnam?
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Why Did the United Why Did the United
StatesStates
Fight a War in Vietnam?Fight a War in Vietnam?• Basically to hold the lineBasically to hold the lineagainst the spread of worldagainst the spread of worldCommunism. America paidCommunism. America paid
for the war the French foughtfor the war the French fought
against Communist Vietnamagainst Communist Vietnamas a part of the Trumanas a part of the Truman
Doctrine (1!"# $to help freeDoctrine (1!"# $to help free
peoples to maintain their freepeoples to maintain their free
institutions and their nationalinstitutions and their national
integrity against %integrity against %
totalitarian regimes.& 'n thetotalitarian regimes.& 'n the
1)*s+ America ,ecame1)*s+ America ,ecame
in-ol-ed again.in-ol-ed again.
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Longest and MostLongest and Most
Unpopular War Unpopular War • The Vietnam ar was theThe Vietnam ar was thelongest and most unpopularlongest and most unpopularwar in American history.war in American history.During the war/During the war/0 +))) Americans lost their+))) Americans lost their
li-es.li-es.• The oldest man 2illed was 34The oldest man 2illed was 34 years old5 the youngest+ 13. years old5 the youngest+ 13.
• 316 of the men 2illed were 41 or316 of the men 2illed were 41 or
younger. younger.0 7)!+))) were wounded.7)!+))) were wounded.
0 "+))) were se-erely disa,led."+))) were se-erely disa,led.
0 The 8nited 9tates spent o-erThe 8nited 9tates spent o-er:4)) ,illion dollars on the war.:4)) ,illion dollars on the war.
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Confict Between France Confict Between France
Vietnam Vietnam• The Vietnam ar grew outThe Vietnam ar grew outof the long con;ict ,etweenof the long con;ict ,etween
France and Vietnam.France and Vietnam. 0 'n
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!he "ene#a $eace!he "ene#a $eace
%ccords %ccords• The >ene-a ?eace Accords+The >ene-a ?eace Accords+signed ,y France and Vietnamsigned ,y France and Vietnamin the summer of 1!+in the summer of 1!+pro-ided for the temporarypro-ided for the temporarypartition of Vietnam at the 1"thpartition of Vietnam at the 1"th
parallel+ with national electionsparallel+ with national electionsin 13 to reunify the country.in 13 to reunify the country.
• 'n the =orth+ a communist'n the =orth+ a communistregime+ supportedregime+ supported ,y the,y the9o-iet 8nion and the ?eople@s9o-iet 8nion and the ?eople@s
epu,lic of China+epu,lic of China+ set up itsset up itsheaduarters in anoi underheaduarters in anoi underthe leadership of o Chi inh.the leadership of o Chi inh.
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&pposition to "ene#a&pposition to "ene#a
%ccords %ccords• The 8nited 9tates pre-ented the elections that wereThe 8nited 9tates pre-ented the elections that werepromised under the >ene-a conference ,ecause itpromised under the >ene-a conference ,ecause it2new that the Communists would win.2new that the Communists would win.
0 9ecretary of 9tate ene-a9ecretary of 9tate ene-a
Accords granted too much power to the Communist ?arty of Accords granted too much power to the Communist ?arty of
Vietnam. Vietnam.
0 e and ?resident Dwight D.e and ?resident Dwight D.Eisenhower supported the creationEisenhower supported the creationof a counterre-olutionaryof a counterre-olutionary
alternati-e south of the 1"thalternati-e south of the 1"thparallel.parallel.
• This was accomplished throughThis was accomplished throughformation of the 9outheast Asiaformation of the 9outheast Asia
Treaty GrganiHation (9EATG#.Treaty GrganiHation (9EATG#.
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% 'ew 'ation in the % 'ew 'ation in the
SouthSouth• 8sing 9EATG for political co-er+ the8sing 9EATG for political co-er+ theEisenhower administration helpedEisenhower administration helpedcreate a new nation in southerncreate a new nation in southern
Vietnam. Vietnam.
• 'n 1+ with the help of massi-e'n 1+ with the help of massi-eamounts of American military+amounts of American military+political+ and economic aid+ thepolitical+ and economic aid+ thego-ernment of the epu,lic ofgo-ernment of the epu,lic of
Vietnam (9outh Vietnam# was ,orn. Vietnam (9outh Vietnam# was ,orn.
• The following year+ =go Dinh Diem+ aThe following year+ =go Dinh Diem+ astaunchly antiCommunist Igure fromstaunchly antiCommunist Igure fromthe 9outh+ won a du,ious election thatthe 9outh+ won a du,ious election thatmade him president of 9outh Vietnammade him president of 9outh Vietnam
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!he Domino !heory !he Domino !heory
• American policyma2ers de-eloped the American policyma2ers de-eloped the$Domino Theory& as a JustiIcation for the$Domino Theory& as a JustiIcation for thein-ol-ement. This theory stated+ $'f 9outhin-ol-ement. This theory stated+ $'f 9outh
Vietnam falls to the Communist+ Kaos+ Vietnam falls to the Communist+ Kaos+
Cam,odia+ Thailand+ Burma+ 'ndia andCam,odia+ Thailand+ Burma+ 'ndia and?a2istan would also fall li2e dominos. The?a2istan would also fall li2e dominos. The?aciIc 'slands and e-en Australia could ,e?aciIc 'slands and e-en Australia could ,eat ris2&.at ris2&.
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South Vietnam UnderSouth Vietnam Under
DiemDiem• Diem claimed that his newly createdDiem claimed that his newly createdgo-ernment was under attac2 fromgo-ernment was under attac2 fromCommunists in the north.Communists in the north.
• 'n late 1"+ with American military'n late 1"+ with American militaryaid+ Diem ,egan to counterattac2.aid+ Diem ,egan to counterattac2.
0 e used the help of the C'A (throughe used the help of the C'A (throughGperation ?hoeniM# to identify thoseGperation ?hoeniM# to identify thosewho sought to ,ring his go-ernmentwho sought to ,ring his go-ernmentdown and arrested thousands.down and arrested thousands.
0 e passed a repressi-e series of actse passed a repressi-e series of acts
2nown as Kaw 1)N that made it legal2nown as Kaw 1)N that made it legalto hold suspected Communists in Jailto hold suspected Communists in Jailwithout ,ringing formal charges.without ,ringing formal charges.
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&pposition to Diem&pposition to Diem•
The outcry against Diem@s harsh andThe outcry against Diem@s harsh andoppressi-e actions was immediate.oppressi-e actions was immediate.0 Buddhist mon2s and nuns were Joined ,yBuddhist mon2s and nuns were Joined ,y
students+ ,usiness people+ intellectuals+ andstudents+ ,usiness people+ intellectuals+ and
peasants in opposition to Diem*s corrupt rule.peasants in opposition to Diem*s corrupt rule.0 The more these forces attac2ed Diem@s troopsThe more these forces attac2ed Diem@s troops
and secret police+ the more Diem complainedand secret police+ the more Diem complained
that the Communists were trying to ta2e 9ouththat the Communists were trying to ta2e 9outh
Vietnam ,y force. This was Oa hostile act of Vietnam ,y force. This was Oa hostile act of
aggression ,y =orth Vietnam against peaceaggression ,y =orth Vietnam against peace
lo-ing and democratic 9outh Vietnam.Olo-ing and democratic 9outh Vietnam.O
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!he 'ational Li(eration!he 'ational Li(eration
FrontFront• The CommunistsThe Communists
supported thesupported the
creation of a ,roadcreation of a ,road
,ased united front,ased united front
to help mo,iliHeto help mo,iliHesoutherners insoutherners in
opposition to theopposition to the
go-ernment ingo-ernment in
9outh Vietnam.9outh Vietnam.
• Gn Decem,er 4)+ 13)+ the =ational Ki,erationGn Decem,er 4)+ 13)+ the =ational Ki,eration
Front (=KF# was ,orn.Front (=KF# was ,orn.0 't ,rought together Communists and nonCommunists in an't ,rought together Communists and nonCommunists in an
um,rella organiHation that had limited+ ,ut important goalsum,rella organiHation that had limited+ ,ut important goals
0 Anyone could Join as long as they opposed =go Dinh Diem Anyone could Join as long as they opposed =go Dinh Diemand wanted to unify Vietnam.and wanted to unify Vietnam.
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Washington White Washington White
$apers$apers• 'n a series of go-ernment Ohite'n a series of go-ernment Ohite?apers+O ashington insiders?apers+O ashington insidersdenounced the =KF+ claiming thatdenounced the =KF+ claiming thatit was merely a puppet of anoi.it was merely a puppet of anoi.They called it the OViet Cong+O aThey called it the OViet Cong+O aderogatory and slang termderogatory and slang term
meaning Vietnamese Communist.meaning Vietnamese Communist.• The =KF+ on the other hand+The =KF+ on the other hand+
argued that it was autonomousargued that it was autonomousand independent of theand independent of theCommunists in anoi and that itCommunists in anoi and that itwas made up mostly of nonwas made up mostly of nonCommunists. any antiwarCommunists. any antiwaracti-ists supported the =KF@sacti-ists supported the [email protected].
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Decem(er )*+) WhiteDecem(er )*+) White
$aper $aper • 'n 131+ ?resident'n 131+ ?residentPennedyPennedysent a team to Vietnam tosent a team to Vietnam to
report on conditions in thereport on conditions in the9outh and9outh andto assess future Americanto assess future Americanaid reuirements.aid reuirements.
• The report+ 2nown as theThe report+ 2nown as theODecem,er 131 hiteODecem,er 131 hite?aper+O argued for/?aper+O argued for/0 An increase in military+ technical+ and economic aid An increase in military+ technical+ and economic aid0 The introduction of largescale American Oad-isersOThe introduction of largescale American Oad-isersO
to help sta,iliHe the Diem regime and crush theto help sta,iliHe the Diem regime and crush the=KF.=KF.
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!he ,ennedy -esponse!he ,ennedy -esponse
• As Pennedy weighed the merits As Pennedy weighed the meritsof these recommendations+of these recommendations+some of his other ad-iserssome of his other ad-isersurged the president to withdrawurged the president to withdrawfrom Vietnam altogether.from Vietnam altogether.
• 'n typical Pennedy fashion+ the'n typical Pennedy fashion+ thepresident chose a middle route.president chose a middle route.0 'nstead of a largescale military'nstead of a largescale military
,uildup or a negotiated,uildup or a negotiatedsettlement+ the 8nited 9tatessettlement+ the 8nited 9tates
would increase the le-el of itswould increase the le-el of itsmilitary in-ol-ement in 9outhmilitary in-ol-ement in 9outh
Vietnam through more machinery Vietnam through more machineryand ad-isers+ ,ut no militaryand ad-isers+ ,ut no militarytroops.troops.
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!he Strategic .amlet!he Strategic .amlet
$rogram$rogram• To counteract the =KF@sTo counteract the =KF@ssuccess in the countryside+success in the countryside+ashington and 9aigonashington and 9aigonlaunched an am,itiouslaunched an am,itious
military eQort in the ruralmilitary eQort in the ruralareas.areas.0 Called the 9trategic amletCalled the 9trategic amlet
?rogram+ the new?rogram+ the newcounterinsurgency plancounterinsurgency plan
rounded up -illagers androunded up -illagers andplaced them in Osafe hamletsOplaced them in Osafe hamletsOcontrolled ,y the go-ernmentcontrolled ,y the go-ernmentof 9outh Vietnam.of 9outh Vietnam.
0 The idea was to isolate theThe idea was to isolate the
=KF from -illagers+ its ,ase of=KF from -illagers+ its ,ase ofsupportsupport
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'FL Successes'FL Successes
• This culturallyinsensiti-eThis culturallyinsensiti-e
plan further alienated theplan further alienated the
peasants from the 9aigonpeasants from the 9aigon
regime and produced moreregime and produced morerecruits for the =KF.recruits for the =KF.
• By the summer of 137+By the summer of 137+
,ecause of =KF successes,ecause of =KF successes
and its own failures+ it wasand its own failures+ it wasclear that the go-ernment ofclear that the go-ernment of
9outh Vietnam was on the9outh Vietnam was on the
-erge of political collapse. -erge of political collapse.
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Buddhist Sel/0Buddhist Sel/0
1mmolations1mmolations• Diem@s ,rother+ =go Dinh =hu+ hadDiem@s ,rother+ =go Dinh =hu+ hadraided the Buddhist pagodas ofraided the Buddhist pagodas of
9outh Vietnam+ claiming that they9outh Vietnam+ claiming that they
had har,ored the Communists thathad har,ored the Communists that
were creating the political insta,ility.were creating the political insta,ility.
• The result was massi-e protests onThe result was massi-e protests on
the streets of 9aigon that ledthe streets of 9aigon that led
Buddhist mon2s to selfimmolation.Buddhist mon2s to selfimmolation.
• The pictures of the mon2s engulfedThe pictures of the mon2s engulfed
in ;ames made world headlines andin ;ames made world headlines and
caused considera,le consternation incaused considera,le consternation in
ashington.ashington.
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Military CoupMilitary Coup
• By late 9eptem,er+ the BuddhistBy late 9eptem,er+ the Buddhist
protest had created such dislocaprotest had created such disloca
tion in the south that the Pennedytion in the south that the Pennedy
administration supported a coup.administration supported a coup.• 'n 137+ some of Diem@s own'n 137+ some of Diem@s own
generals approached the Americangenerals approached the American
Em,assy in 9aigon with plans to o-erthrow Diem.Em,assy in 9aigon with plans to o-erthrow Diem.
• ith ashington@s tacit appro-al+ Diem and hisith ashington@s tacit appro-al+ Diem and his,rother were captured and later 2illed.,rother were captured and later 2illed.
• Three wee2s later+ ?resident Pennedy wasThree wee2s later+ ?resident Pennedy was
assassinated on the streets of Dallas.assassinated on the streets of Dallas.
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2scalation o/ the Confict2scalation o/ the Confict• At the time of the Pennedy and At the time of the Pennedy and
Diem assassinations+ thereDiem assassinations+ therewere 13+))) military ad-iserswere 13+))) military ad-isers
in Vietnam.in Vietnam.
0 The Pennedy administration hadThe Pennedy administration had
managed to run the war frommanaged to run the war fromashington without the largeashington without the large
scale introduction of Americanscale introduction of American
com,at troops.com,at troops.
0 The continuing political pro,lemsThe continuing political pro,lemsin 9aigon+ howe-er+ con-inced thein 9aigon+ howe-er+ con-inced the
new president+ Kyndon Bainesnew president+ Kyndon Baines
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%ttac3 on %merican %ttac3 on %merican
ShipsShips• 'n August 13!+ in response to'n August 13!+ in response to American and 9outh Vietnamese American and 9outh Vietnameseespionage along its coast+ =orthespionage along its coast+ =orth
Vietnam launched an attac2 Vietnam launched an attac2
against the C. Turner ulf of Ton2in.0 The Irst attac2 occurred onThe Irst attac2 occurred on
August 4+ 13!. August 4+ 13!.
0 A second attac2 was supposed to A second attac2 was supposed to
ha-e ta2en place on August !+ ,utha-e ta2en place on August !+ ,ut
authorities ha-e recently concludedauthorities ha-e recently concluded
that no second attac2 e-er too2that no second attac2 e-er too2
place.place.
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!he "ul/ o/ !on3in!he "ul/ o/ !on3in
-esolution-esolution• The ulf of Ton2inesolution+ that ga-eesolution+ that ga-ethe president ,roadthe president ,roadwar powers.war powers.
• The esolution wasThe esolution wasfollowed ,y limitedfollowed ,y limitedreprisal air attac2sreprisal air attac2sagainst =orth Vietnam.against =orth Vietnam.
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&peration -olling&peration -olling
!hunder !hunder • 'n early 13+ the =KF attac2ed two 8.9.'n early 13+ the =KF attac2ed two 8.9.army installations in 9outh Vietnam+ andarmy installations in 9outh Vietnam+ and
as a result+
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$hosphorous 'apalm$hosphorous 'apalm
Bom(sBom(s• $$Gperation ollingGperation ollingThunder& wasThunder& was
,ac2ed up ,y,ac2ed up ,y
phosphorous andphosphorous andnapalm ,om,s 0napalm ,om,s 0
the latter causingthe latter causing
dreadful ,urns todreadful ,urns to
thousand ofthousand ofinnocent ci-ilians.innocent ci-ilians.
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&peration -anch .and&peration -anch .and• hen this failed to ,rea2 down the Junglehen this failed to ,rea2 down the Jungle
co-er the 89AF started $Gperation anchco-er the 89AF started $Gperation anch
and& 0 the defoliation program+ using Agentand& 0 the defoliation program+ using Agent
Grange.Grange.
0 This deadly chemical coc2tail+ containing dioMin+This deadly chemical coc2tail+ containing dioMin+2illed oQ millions of acres of Jungle to try to2illed oQ millions of acres of Jungle to try to
wea2en the Vietcong 0 ,ut left a horrendouswea2en the Vietcong 0 ,ut left a horrendous
legacy in Vietnam.legacy in Vietnam.
0The dioMin got into the food chain causingThe dioMin got into the food chain causing
chromosome damage to humans. There werechromosome damage to humans. There were
hundreds of cases of children ,orn withhundreds of cases of children ,orn with
deformities.deformities.
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.elicopters.elicopters
• Gf all aircraft+Gf all aircraft+
thethe helicopterhelicopter
was the mostwas the most
useful+ droppinguseful+ droppingplatoons in theplatoons in the
Jungle clearings Jungle clearings
and out again.and out again.They wereThey were
eMcellent aireMcellent air
am,ulances.am,ulances.
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.ow did the 'orth Vietnamese.ow did the 'orth Vietnamese
Fight Bac3 %gainst the U4S4Fight Bac3 %gainst the U4S4
1n#aders?1n#aders?• The =orth Vietnamese used classicThe =orth Vietnamese used classicaoist guerrilla tactics. $>uerrillasaoist guerrilla tactics. $>uerrillas
must mo-e through the peasants li2emust mo-e through the peasants li2e
Ish through sea+& i.e.+ the peasantsIsh through sea+& i.e.+ the peasantswill support them as much as theywill support them as much as they
can with shelter+ food+ weapons+can with shelter+ food+ weapons+
storage+ intelligence+ recruits.storage+ intelligence+ recruits.
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'orth Vietnamese'orth Vietnamese
!actics!actics•
'n areas held ,y the =KF+ the'n areas held ,y the =KF+ theCommunists distri,uted theCommunists distri,uted the
land to the peasants. (Byland to the peasants. (By
1"7+1"7+
the =KF held a,out half ofthe =KF held a,out half of
9outh Vietnam.#9outh Vietnam.#• Their weapons were cheapTheir weapons were cheap
and relia,le.and relia,le.
0 The AP!" assault ri;e outperformed the AmericanThe AP!" assault ri;e outperformed the American
13130 The porta,le roc2et launcher too2 out many 89The porta,le roc2et launcher too2 out many 89
-ehicles R aircraft. -ehicles R aircraft. 0 They recycledThey recycled dud ,om,s dropped ,y thedud ,om,s dropped ,y the
Americans. Deadly ,oo,ytraps could in;ict huge Americans. Deadly ,oo,ytraps could in;ict huge
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!unnel Comple5es!unnel Comple5es
• The Vietnamese ,uilt large tunnelThe Vietnamese ,uilt large tunnelcompleMes such as the ones at Cu ChicompleMes such as the ones at Cu Chi
near 9aigon. This protected themnear 9aigon. This protected them
from the ,om,ing raids ,y thefrom the ,om,ing raids ,y the Americans and ga-e them co-er for Americans and ga-e them co-er for
attac2ing the in-aders.attac2ing the in-aders.
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Search Destroy !acticsSearch Destroy !actics• The 8nited 9tates counteredThe 8nited 9tates countered
with $9earch and Destroy&with $9earch and Destroy&tactics. 'n areas where thetactics. 'n areas where the
=KF were thought to ,e=KF were thought to ,e
operating+ troops went inoperating+ troops went in
and chec2ed for weapons. 'fand chec2ed for weapons. 'f
they found them+they found them+they rounded up the -illagers and ,urned thethey rounded up the -illagers and ,urned the
-illages down. -illages down.
• This often alienated the peasants from theThis often alienated the peasants from the AmericanN9outh Vietnamese cause. AmericanN9outh Vietnamese cause.
0 As one marine said 0 $'f they weren*t Vietcong ,efore we As one marine said 0 $'f they weren*t Vietcong ,efore wegot there+ they sure as hell were ,y the time we left&.got there+ they sure as hell were ,y the time we left&.
0 The =FK often helped the -illager*s re,uild their homesThe =FK often helped the -illager*s re,uild their homes
and ,ury their dead.and ,ury their dead.
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$rotracted War Strategy $rotracted War Strategy
• After $Gperation After $Gperationolling Thunder+& theolling Thunder+& theCommunist ?artyCommunist ?artymo-ed to a protractedmo-ed to a protracted
war strategy/ the ideawar strategy/ the ideawas to get the 8nitedwas to get the 8nited9tates ,ogged down in9tates ,ogged down ina war that it could nota war that it could not
win militarily andwin militarily andcreate unfa-ora,lecreate unfa-ora,leconditions for politicalconditions for political -ictory. -ictory.
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!he War in %merica!he War in %merica
• The Vietnam ar had aThe Vietnam ar had amaJor impact on e-erydaymaJor impact on e-erydaylife in America+ and thelife in America+ and the
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%nti0War Sentiments %nti0War Sentiments
• As the deaths As the deaths
mounted andmounted and
Americans Americans
continued to lea-econtinued to lea-efor 9outheast Asia+for 9outheast Asia+
the
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%nti0War $rotests %nti0War $rotests
• ?rotests erupted on college?rotests erupted on college
campuses and in maJor cities at Irst+campuses and in maJor cities at Irst+
,ut ,y 13 e-ery corner of the,ut ,y 13 e-ery corner of the
country seemed to ha-e felt thecountry seemed to ha-e felt thewar@s impact.war@s impact.
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)*+6 Democratic)*+6 Democratic
Con#entionCon#ention• Gne of the most famousGne of the most famousincidents in the antiwarincidents in the antiwarmo-ement was the police riotmo-ement was the police riot
in Chicago during the 13in Chicago during the 13
Democratic =ationalDemocratic =ationalCon-ention.Con-ention.
• undreds of thousands ofundreds of thousands of
people came to Chicago inpeople came to Chicago in
August 13 to protest August 13 to protest
American inter-ention in American inter-ention in
Vietnam and the leaders of the Vietnam and the leaders of the
Democratic ?arty whoDemocratic ?arty who
continued to prosecute the war.continued to prosecute the war.
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!he !et &7ensi#e!he !et &7ensi#e• By 13+ things had gone from ,ad to worse forBy 13+ things had gone from ,ad to worse for
the
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!he My Lai Massacre!he My Lai Massacre
• A serious ,low to 8.9. credi,ility A serious ,low to 8.9. credi,ilitycame with the eMposure of the y Kaicame with the eMposure of the y Kai
massacre (arch 13#.massacre (arch 13#.
•ushed up at the time and onlyushed up at the time and onlydisco-ered ,y a tenacious Journalist+disco-ered ,y a tenacious Journalist+
this in-ol-ed the 2illing of !)) men+this in-ol-ed the 2illing of !)) men+
women and children ,y 89 troops.women and children ,y 89 troops.
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% Secret $lan to 2nd the % Secret $lan to 2nd the
War War
• 'n late arch 13+ a disgraced'n late arch 13+ a disgracedKyndon
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Vietnami8ation Vietnami8ation
• =iMon@s secret plan=iMon@s secret planin-ol-ed a process calledin-ol-ed a process called
$VietnamiHation.& This$VietnamiHation.& This
strategy ,rought Americanstrategy ,rought American
troops home whiletroops home while
increasing the air war o-erincreasing the air war o-er
=orth Vietnam and relying=orth Vietnam and relying
more on the 9outhmore on the 9outh Vietnamese army for Vietnamese army for
ground attac2s.ground attac2s.
2 i L
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25pansion to Laos 25pansion to Laos
Cam(odiaCam(odia• The =iMon years also saw the eMpansion ofThe =iMon years also saw the eMpansion of
the war into neigh,oring Kaos andthe war into neigh,oring Kaos and
Cam,odia+ -iolating the internationalCam,odia+ -iolating the international
rights of these countries in secretrights of these countries in secret
campaigns+ as the hite ouse triedcampaigns+ as the hite ouse tried
desperately to rout out Communistdesperately to rout out Communist
sanctuaries and supply routes.sanctuaries and supply routes.
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Campus $rotests Campus $rotests
ShootingsShootings
• The intenseThe intense
,om,ing,om,ing
campaigns andcampaigns and
inter-ention ininter-ention inCam,odia in lateCam,odia in late
April 1") spar2ed April 1") spar2ed
intense campusintense campus
protests all acrossprotests all across America. America.
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,ent State,ent State
• At Pent 9tate in At Pent 9tate in
Ghio+ four studentsGhio+ four students
were 2illed ,ywere 2illed ,y
=ational=ational>uardsmen who>uardsmen who
were called out towere called out to
preser-e order onpreser-e order on
campus after dayscampus after daysof anti=iMonof anti=iMon
protest.protest.
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9ac3son State 9ac3son State
• 9hoc2 wa-es crossed the9hoc2 wa-es crossed the
nation as students atnation as students at
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!he Christmas Bom(ings!he Christmas Bom(ings
•'n Decem,er 1"4+ the =iMon administration'n Decem,er 1"4+ the =iMon administration
unleashed a series of deadly ,om,ing raidsunleashed a series of deadly ,om,ing raids
against targets in =orth Vietnam*s largestagainst targets in =orth Vietnam*s largest
cities+ anoi and aiphong.cities+ anoi and aiphong.
• These attac2s+ now 2nown as the ChristmasThese attac2s+ now 2nown as the Christmas,om,ings+ ,rought immediate condemnation,om,ings+ ,rought immediate condemnation
from the international community andfrom the international community and
forced the =iMon administration toforced the =iMon administration to
reconsider its tactics and negotiationreconsider its tactics and negotiationstrategy.strategy.
!h $ i $!he $aris $eace
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!he $aris $eace!he $aris $eace
%greement %greement• 'n early
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!he Fall to Communism!he Fall to Communism
• From arch 1"7 until the fallFrom arch 1"7 until the fallof 9aigon on April 7)+ 1"+ theof 9aigon on April 7)+ 1"+ the9outh Vietnamese army tried9outh Vietnamese army trieddesperately to sa-e the 9outhdesperately to sa-e the 9outhfrom political and militaryfrom political and military
collapse.collapse.• The end Inally came when =orthThe end Inally came when =orth
Vietnamese tan2s rolled south Vietnamese tan2s rolled southalong =ational ighway Gne.along =ational ighway Gne.
• Gn the morning of April 7)+Gn the morning of April 7)+Communist forces captured theCommunist forces captured thepresidential palace in 9aigon+presidential palace in 9aigon+ending the Vietnam ar.ending the Vietnam ar.
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Why Did the United States Why Did the United States
Lose the Vietnam War?Lose the Vietnam War?
1.1. They underestimated the tenacityThey underestimated the tenacity
and organiHation of the =orthand organiHation of the =orth
Vietnamese and the =ational Vietnamese and the =ational
Ki,eration Front.Ki,eration Front.
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4.4. Despite droppingDespite dropping
more tonnage ofmore tonnage of
high eMplosi-e onhigh eMplosi-e on Vietnam than the Vietnam than the
whole of orldwhole of orld
ar ''+ thear ''+ the Americans could Americans could
not stop thenot stop the
mo-ement ofmo-ement of
troops or suppliestroops or suppliesto the south alongto the south along
the o Chi inhthe o Chi inh
Trail.Trail.
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7.7. The =orthThe =orth
Vietnamese Vietnamese
conducted aconducted a$?eoples war& in$?eoples war& in
which e-eryonewhich e-eryone
played a part.played a part.
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!.!. At Irst+ most Americans supported At Irst+ most Americans supported
the war. But ,y 1")+ the ?eacethe war. But ,y 1")+ the ?eace
o-ement had support from allo-ement had support from allparts of society and no go-ernmentparts of society and no go-ernment
could ignore it.could ignore it.
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.. After 13+ there After 13+ therewere deepwere deep
uestions a,out theuestions a,out theeQiciency of 89eQiciency of 89troops. There wastroops. There wasa serious druga serious drug
pro,lem5 desertionpro,lem5 desertionrates were highrates were highand morale low.and morale low.any troops wereany troops were
$timeser-ers+& i.e.+$timeser-ers+& i.e.+counted the dayscounted the daysuntil the tour wasuntil the tour waso-er.o-er.
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3.3. The 89 ne-er reallyThe 89 ne-er really
understood theunderstood theculture of theculture of the
Vietnamese people. Vietnamese people.
Coca Cola+ chewingCoca Cola+ chewing
gum+ ,all point pens+gum+ ,all point pens+
and ice cream conesand ice cream cones
could not dislodgecould not dislodge
their ancient ,eliefs.their ancient ,eliefs.
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".". America was not prepared to 2eep America was not prepared to 2eep
losing high num,ers of casualtieslosing high num,ers of casualties
for such limited progress in afor such limited progress in adiQicult Jungle war+ for which theydiQicult Jungle war+ for which they
were not suited.were not suited.
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.. The strength and resourcefulness ofThe strength and resourcefulness of
the =KF. For eMample+ the highlythe =KF. For eMample+ the highly
compleM Cu Chi tunnel system thecompleM Cu Chi tunnel system the8.9. ne-er shut down.8.9. ne-er shut down.
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S
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SourcesSources
• BattleIeld Vietnam/ A Brief istoryBattleIeld Vietnam/ A Brief istoryhttp/NNwww.p,s.orgN,attleIeld-ietnamNhistoryNihttp/NNwww.p,s.orgN,attleIeld-ietnamNhistoryNi
ndeM.htmlndeM.html
• Vietnam e-ision >uide Vietnam e-ision >uide
http/NNwww.learnhistory.org.u2N-ietnamNustactichttp/NNwww.learnhistory.org.u2N-ietnamNustactic
s.htms.htm