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8/8/2019 Diverse Bun

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IMPERATIVUL

- nu se poate forma decat pentru persoana a II-a sg si pl din infinitivul scurt al verbului- nu are nevoie de subiect- pentru celelalte persoane se formeaza din

let + pronume personal in AC + V infinitiv scurt

- imperativul negativ are in fata negatia dont- pentru subliniere se poate pune do si la persoana a II-aEx: Do sit down! (stai dracului jos!)

! propozitiile impersonale care contin un pronume nehotarat (somebody, someone, etc.)ca subiect, vor putea pune subiectul si in fata si dupa verbEx: Someone give us a helpful hand!

Answer the phone, someone!

! orice propozitie imperativa are tag question in viitorEx: Listen carefully, wont you?

Tag-ul se poate folosi si in afirmativEx: Just write your exercise, will you?

! orice propozitie imperativa devine in vorbirea indirecta infinitiv lungEx: Come here! => He told me to come.

PASSIVE VOICE (DIATEZA PASIVA)

- in diateza activa, subiectul face actiunea- in diateza pasiva, actiunea facuta de subiect se repercuteaza asupra acestuia

Subiectul din diateza activa devine complement de agent, iar CD din diateza activadevine subiect in pasiva.Ex: 1) I write the letter.

S CD

2) The letter is written by me. S C agent

Diateza pasiva presupune un verb to be, iar verbul de baza va fi la forma:V III + by + C agent

! o propozitie care are atat CD cat si CI are 2 forme de pasiv, fiecare complementdevenind pe rand subiectEx: I give him my book.

CI CD

devineThe book is given to him by me.

S

He is given the book by me.S

Aspectul si timpul predicatului din activa se mentin in pasiva.


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! complementul de agent poate sa lipseasca daca este un pronumeEx: I read the book.

The book is read (by me). poate sa lipseasca

! daca subiectul este impersonal (somebody / someone), el poate de asemenea salipseasca

DIATEZA ACTIVA DIATEZA PASIVA

1) I eat an egg. An egg is eaten.2) I am eating an egg. An egg is being eaten.3) I have eaten an egg. An egg has been eaten.4) I have been eating an egg. -5) I ate an egg. An egg was eaten.6) I was eating an egg. An egg was being eaten.7) I had eaten an egg. An egg had been eaten.8) I had been eating an egg. -

9) I shall eat an egg. An egg will be eaten.10) Im going to eat an egg. An egg is going to be eaten.11) I am to eat an egg. An egg is to be eaten.12) Im about to eat an egg. An egg is about to be eaten.13) I should eat an egg. an egg would be eaten.14) I shall have eaten an egg. An egg will have been eaten.

! atentie la prepozitiile care se aseaza la final (vor rezulta 2 prepozitii una dupa alta)Ex: They sent for the doctor.

The doctor was sent for by them.

Everybody laughed at him.

He was laughed at by everybody.

! anumite verbe (to eat, to feel, to wear, to wash, to sell, to read, to perform) nu pot aveaforma pasiva cand vrei sa spui ca sunt de foarte buna calitate / se vand singure / sepoarta singure, etc.Ex: These books sold quickly. (si nu have been sold)

The shoes wore comfortably. (si nu have been worn)

! verbul to grow nu poate avea sens de diateza pasiva pentru ca este de la sine

INFINITIVUL

Este de 2 feluri:a) scurt (fara to in fata) care este prezent (to come) si perfect (to have come)b) lung (cu to in fata)

Utilizare:1) dupa verbele modaleEx: I can do it.2) dupa verbele de perceptie (to see, to hear, to feel) + (to make, to let, to help, to get)


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Ex: Let her go!

3) dupa expresiilehad besthad betterwould rather

had ratherwould soonerhad soonerneed hardly

! conditia este sa fie acelasi subiect ca sa punem infinitivul scurtEx: I would rathergo there.

He would rathergo there.diferit de

I would ratheryou didnt go there.

4) alte utilizari ale infinitivului

a) pronume/subst in AC + infinitiv - se foloseste dupa1) verbe de perceptieEx: I saw her cross the street.

2) verbe de dorinta (to want, to desire, to intend, etc.)Ex: I want you to understand the lesson.

3) verbe care arata o activitate mentala (to believe, to consider, to expect)Ex: I imagine him to be right.

I know her to live in this flat.

4) verbe care exprima permisiunea (to allow, to order, to warn, to oblige)

Ex: My mother allowed us to leave.

5) in constructii impersonale (it is difficult, it is important, it is necessary)Ex: It is difficult to understand this problem.

It is difficult for her to understand this problem.

6) dupa verbele (to advise, to convince, to choose, to enable, to challenge)Ex: She advised me not to leave.

b) pronume/subst in N + infinitiv - se foloseste dupa1) anumite verbe in diateza pasiva

to believeto expectto hearto imagineto knowto noticeto say

Ex: You are known to be a very good teacher.2) anumite verbe in diateza activa


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to chanceto appearto happento proveto seem

Ex: You happened to be there.

You seem to know the answer.

3) in constructiile impersonaleto be luckyto be unluckyto be fortunateto be unfortunateto be likelyto be sureto be negative / positive

Ex: Im lucky to be your friend.

Alte ulitizari ale infinitivului1) in ordine / comenziEx: Go and close the window!

2) pentru a exprima un scopEx: I went to the doctor to cure my desease.

3) dupa adjective (brave, curageous, foolish, generous, kind)Ex: Its kind of her to say this.

4) dupa numeralul ordinalEx: He is the first to come.

5) dupa adjectiv la superlativEx: He is the best to do it.

6) dupa adjectivele de genul (dangerous. hard, difficult)Ex: It si difficult to get there.

7) dupa the onlyEx: He is the only person to understand me.

8) dupa tooEx: Its too hot to breathe there.

9) dupa enoughEx: You are clever enough not to do it again.

10) in proverbeEx: To forgive is to forget.

11) in vorbirea indirecta (dupa imperativ)


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GERUNZIULForma: V + ingAre mai multe valori:1) substantivEx: Reading is important.

2) participiu prezent (in constructia timpurilor continue)Ex: Im doing my homework.

3) gerunziuEx: Reading, I understood all my problems.

Urmatoarele verbe cer gerunziu:admitadviseanticipateavoidbegin

considercontinuedelaydennydetestdislikeenjoyescapeexcusefinishforgiveforget

hate imagineintendinvolvelikelovemindmissomitpostponepractiserecollectremember

regretresistrisksavestartstopsuggesttryunderstand


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Expresii cu verbe:accuse ofaim atagree withapprove ofconsist in

count onexcuse frominsist onprevent fromrely onresult insucceed inthink ofbe afraid ofbe agreeable ofbe annoyed ataverse to

be capable ofbe intent onbe interested inbe responsible forbe suitable forbe surprised atbe tired ofget used to / be used toget accustomed to / be accustomed togo onkeep ongive up

put offcant helpcant standits no good / its no usebe looking forward tobe worthfeel like

Expresii cu substantive:appology forart ofchange of

dissapointment atexperience inhabbit ofnecessity ofobjection toopportunity ofpleasure ofpossibility ofprocess of


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reason forright ofskill insurprise atway of

Dupa prepozitiile:asthanlikeas well asEx: Living here is like dying little by little.

Atentionari / indicatoare:no parking / no smoking

CORESPONDENTA TIMPURILOR

1) daca in principala avem prezent, in secundara putem avea oriceEx: I know she is / will be / was here.

2) daca in principala avem viitor, in secundara avem prezenta) simplu daca depinde de un programb) continuu daca depinde de subiectc) perfect daca a inceput intr-un moment anterior

3) daca in principala avem trecut, in secundara avem 3 raporturi:a) simultaneitate (actiuni paralele) => in secundara avem trecut

Ex: While I was dancing, he took my hand.b) anterioritate => in secundara avem past perfect

Ex: I told him I had met her before.c) posterioritate => in secundara avem future in the past

Ex: I told him I should go there.! pt adevaruri universal valabile nu se respecta regula cu trecutulEx: He told me that the sun rises from East.

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