Dementa

1. Caracteristicile afectiunii 2. Care sunt simptomele? 3. Cand este momentul sa vedeti un doctor? 4. Care sunt cauzele? 5. Care sunt factorii de risc? 6. Ce complicatii pot aparea? 7. Cum va pregatiti pentru consultatie? 8. Care sunt testele si diagnosticele? 9. Care sunt tratamentele si medicamentele? 10. Medicina alternativa

In general cand aveti dementa un prim simtpom este pierderea memoriei, dar daca aceasta afectiune se produce individual fara alte simptome nu inseamna ca aveti dementa. Dementa indica probleme cu functionalitatea creierului daca aveti cel putin doua afectiuni, cum ar fi pierderea memoriei impreuna cu pierderea discernamantului sau va este afectat centrul vorbirii. Dementa va poate crea confuzie si va impiedica sa va amintiti cine sunt anumiti oameni sau numele lor.

Este posibil sa apara de asemenea, modificari de personalitate si comportament social. Cu toate acestea, unele cauze de dementa sunt tratabile si chiar reversibile.

Generally when you first simtpom dementia is memory loss , but if this condition occurs individually without other symptoms does not mean you have dementia . Dementia indicate problems with the functionality of the brain if you are at least two diseases , such as memory loss along with loss of discernment or affecting your speech center . Dementia can cause confusion and prevent you remember some people who are or their names .

It may also occur , changes in personality and social behavior . However, some causes of dementia are treatable and even reversible.

2 Care sunt simptomele?

Simptomele de dementa variaza in functie de cauza, dar cele mai frecvente semne si simptome includ:

1. Pierderea memoriei 2. Dificultati de comunicare 3. Incapacitatea de a asimila noi informatii sau sa va amintiti anumite informatii 4. Dificultati in a va planifica sau in a va organiza ceva 5. Dificultate cu functiile de coordonare si motorii 6. Modificari de personalitate 7. Incapacitatea de a va motiva 8. Comportament inadecvat 9. Paranoia 10. Agitatie

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11. Halucinatii

2. What are the symptoms?

Symptoms of dementia vary depending on the cause, but the most common signs and symptoms include:• Memory loss • communication difficulties • Inability to assimilate new information or remember certain information • Difficulty to plan or to organize something • Difficulty with coordination and motor functions • Changes in personality • Inability to motivate • inappropriate behavior • Paranoia • agitation • hallucinations

3 Cand este momentul sa vedeti un doctor?

Mergeti la medic daca experimentati probleme de memorie sau alte simptome de dementa. Unele afectiuni medicale va pot provoca simptome de dementa si sunt tratabile, asa ca este important ca un medic sa determine cauza afectiunii care sta la baza. Diagnosticarea precoce este importanta pentru ca cu cat tratamentul incepe mai tarziu cu atat simptomele se inrautatesc.

In cazul in care diagnosticul este un anumit tip de dementa, cum ar fi boala Alzheimer, diagnosticarea precoce ofera sansa persoanei sa ia propriile decizii cu privire la viitor cat inca este in deplinatatea facultatilor mintale.

In cazul in care cauza dementei a fost deja diagnosticata, discutati cu un medic daca simptomele par sa se agraveze.

3. When it's time to see a doctor?

Go to the doctor if you experience memory problems or other symptoms of dementia. Some medical conditions can cause symptoms of dementia and are treatable , so it is important for a physician to determine underlying cause of disease . Early diagnosis is important because the more tratament starts later symptoms even worse .

If the diagnosis is a type of dementia such as Alzheimer disease , early diagnosis gives the person a chance to make their own decisions about the future but is still of unsound mind .

If the cause of dementia has been diagnosed, talk to your doctor if symptoms seem to worsen.

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4. Care sunt cauzele?

Dementa are multe cauze si nu este intotdeauna cauzata de aceeasi boala. Unele forme de dementa - cum ar fi boala Alzheimer - apar de la sine fara a fi provocate de vreo alta afectiune in prealabil. De asemenea inca nu se cunosc toate bolile care ar putea duce la dementa.

Tipurile de dementa pot fi clasificate intr-o varietate de moduri si sunt adesea grupate impreuna dupa ceea ce au in comun, cum ar fi ce parte a creierului este afectata sau daca simptomele se inrautatesc in timp (demente progresive). Unele forme de dementa, cum ar fi cele cauzate de o reactie la medicamente sau o infectie, sunt reversibile cu tratament.

Dementele progresive

Exista mai multe tipuri de dementa progresiva, adica dementa care poate progresa odata cu timpul. Printre aceastea se numara :

Boala Alzheimer. Boala Alzheimer este cauzata de distrugerea celulelor creierului. Desi cauza exacta nu este cunoscuta, doua tipuri de celule ale creierului sunt in general afectate la persoanele care au boala Alzheimer. Acestea includ placi (aglomerari de proteine in mod normal, inofensive numite beta-amiloid) si incurcaturi fibroase. Boala Alzheimer progreseaza lent, de obicei, in 7-10 ani determinand o scadere treptata in abilitatile cognitive. In cele din urma, partea afectata a creierului nu mai este in masura sa functioneze corect din cauza ca i se limiteaza anumite functii cum ar fi memoria, miscarea, limbajul, judecata, comportamentul si gandirea abstracta. Boala Alzheimer este cea mai frecventa cauza de dementa la persoanele de peste 65 de ani. Simptomele apar de obicei dupa varsta de 60 de ani. In cazul in care boala se manifeste inainte de aceasta varsta cel mai probabil este vorba de o mostenire genetica.

Dementa cu corpii Lewy . Corpii Lewy sunt depozite proteice la nivelul neuronilor aflati in proces de deteriorare. Ei apar adesea in zonele deteriorate situate profund in creierul bolnavilor de Parkinson. Cand sunt raspanditi in tot creierul, corpii Lewy determina semne si simptome asemanatoare cu cele din boala Alzheimer. Dementa cu corpi Lewy poate afecta visele, viteza de gandire, memoria, limbajul, rationamentul si capacitatea de intelegere. De asemenea, poate sa determine aparitia de halucinatii si dezorientare in spatiu, ducand la tendinta de ratacire.

Dementa vasculara. Este cauzata fie de ingustarea sau obstruarea arterelor ce iriga creierul, fie de accidentele vasculare cerebrale determinate de intreruperea circulatiei sangelui in anumite regiuni ale creierului. Debutul simptomatologiei este adesea brutal, insa, uneori, boala progreseaza lent, fiind greu de diferentiat de

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boala Alzheimer. Dementa vasculara este frecvent caracterizata de tulburari de gandire, limbaj, mers si probleme de vedere

Dementa frontotemporala .Este o afectiune cerebrala neobisnuita, caracterizata prin tulburari de comportament, personalitate si, eventual, de memorie. Boala progreseaza continuu si in stadiile finale este caracterizata prin tulburari de limbaj, comportament eratic si dementa. Boala Pick este o forma de dementa frontotemporala.

Alte tulburari legate de dementa

Boala Huntington. Este o tulburare cerebrala ereditara ce determina atrofie cerebrala in anumite regiuni ale creierului. Pe masura evolutiei bolii, bolnavul poate prezenta modificari de personalitate si o deteriorare intelectuala, a memoriei, limbajului si a capacitatii de judecata. Dementa poate aparea in stadiile tardive ale bolii.

Dementa pugilistica . Aceasta afectiune numita si encefalopatie cronica traumatica sau dementa pugilistica, este cauzata de traumatisme craniene repetitive, cum ar fi cele cauzate la box. In functie de ce parte a creierului este vatamata, aceasta poate provoca semne si simptome, cum ar fi problemele de memorie, slaba coordonare si deficiente de vorbire, precum si tremor, miscari lente si rigiditate musculara (parkinsonism). Simptomele pot sa nu apara multi ani dupa ce ati suferit traumele. O singura lovitura la cap poate provoca dementa posttraumatica, care este la fel ca dementa pugilistica, insa manifesta si probleme de memorie pe termen lung.

Dementa cauzata de boala Creutzfeldt-Jakob . Dementa aparuta la persoanele tinere sau de varsta mijlocie poate fi cauzata de boala Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Aceasta boala cerebrala rara si mortala se considera a fi cauzata de prioni, agenti infectiosi ce pot proveni prin consumul de carne de vita infectata. Prionii pot transforma moleculele normale de proteine in unele mortale. Semnele si simptomele initiale ale bolii pot consta in deteriorarea memoriei si modificari de comportament. Boala progreseaza rapid, cu deteriorare mintala si aparitia de miscari involuntare, slabiciune la nivelul membrelor, orbire si uneori coma. Se crede ca encefalopatia spongiforma bovina, cunoscuta si sub denumirea de boala vacii nebune, este o boala prionica.Dementa ca efect secundar. Uneori, oamenii cu alte tulburari care afecteaza in primul rand miscarea, de exemplu, boala Parkinson, in cele din urma pot dezvolta simptome de dementa. Relatia dintre aceste tulburari si dementa nu este complet elucidata.

Dementa tratabila

Unele cauze de baza care determina anumite tipuri de dementa pot fi tratate si astfel afectiunea devine reversibila. Iata cateva tipuri de astfel de cauze:

Infectii si tulburari imunitare. Dementa poate rezulta in urma unor efecte secundare cum ar fi febra sau alte efecte secundare din cauza ca corpul se lupta cu o infectie. Astfel de infectii pot fi infectii ale creierului cum ar fi meningita sau encefalita, sifilisul netratat, boala Lyme, si afectiuni care determina

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compromiterea totala a sistemului imunitar, cum ar fi leucemia. Afectiunile, cum ar fi scleroza multipla, ataca celule nervoase si de aceea pot provoca dementa.

Probleme metabolice si anomaliile endocrine. Acestea includ probleme ale tiroidei, prea putin zahar in sange (hipoglicemie), sodiu prea putin sau prea mult sau de calciu, si o capacitate scazuta de a absorbi vitamina B-12.

Deficiente nutritionale. Simptomele pot aparea ca urmare a deshidratarii sau din cauza lipsei de tiamina (vitamina B-1) - o afectiune comuna la persoanele cu alcoolism cronic - si deficiente de vitamina B-6 si B-12. Surse pentru acest tip de vitamine sunt bananele, linte, spanacul, cerealele, somonul, carnea de porc, pui, painea din grau integral, laptele si ouale.

Reactii la medicamente. Dementa poate sa apara ca o reactie la un singur medicament sau din cauza unei combinatii a mai multor medicamente.

Hematoame subdurale . Acestea sunt cauzate de sangerari intre suprafata creierului si invelisul exterior.

Otravirea . Simptomele de dementa pot aparea ca rezultat al expunerii la metale grele, cum ar fi plumbul sau manganul si alte otravuri, cum ar fi pesticidele. Oamenii care au abuzat de alcool si droguri recreative, de asemenea, pot manifesta uneori simptome. In toate aceste cazuri, simptomele pot disparea cu ajutorul unui tratament sau dupa ce incetati sa mai consumati substanta.

Tumorile pe creier. Se intampla mai rar, dar dementa poate fi rezultatul unei daune cauzate de o tumoare pe creier.

Anoxia. Aceasta afectiune numita si hipoxie, apare atunci cand tesuturile nu sunt suficient oxigenate. Cauzele unei astfel de afectiuni pot fi un atac de cord, astm bronsic sever, intoxicatia cu monoxid de carbon, strangulare sau o supradoza de anestezie. Recuperarea depinde de cat de severa a fost privarea de oxigen, insa aceastea pot reveni chiar si in timp ce va recuperati.

Probleme de inima si pulmonare. Creierul nu poate supravietui fara oxigen. Aceste simptome pot aparea la persoanele cu probleme pulmonare cronice sau cu o boala de inima care priveaza creierul de oxigen.

4. What are the causes?

Dementia has many causes and is not always caused by the same disease. Some forms of dementia - like Alzheimer's - It goes without any problem caused by previously. Also still not know all the diseases that could lead to dementia.

Types of dementia can be classified in a variety of ways and are often grouped together after what they have in common, such as what part of the brain is affected or if symptoms worsen over time (progressive dementia). Some forms of dementia, such as those caused by a drug reaction or an infection, are reversible with treatment.

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Demented progressive

There are several types of progressive dementia, that dementia may progress with time. These include:

• Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's disease is caused by destruction of brain cells. Although the exact cause is not known, two types of cells brain are generally affected in people with Alzheimer's disease. These include plaques (clusters of proteins normally harmless called beta-amyloid) and fibrous tangles. Alzheimer's disease progresses slowly, usually in 7-10 years causing a gradual decline in cognitive abilities. Eventually, the affected brain is not able to function properly and limited because certain functions such as memory, movement, language, judgment, behavior and abstract thought. Alzheimer disease is the most common cause of dementia in people over 65 years. Symptoms usually appear after age 60. If the disease is manifested before the age most likely is a genetic inheritance.

• Dementia with Lewy bodies. Lewy bodies are protein deposits in neurons are in the process of deterioration. They often occur in damaged areas located deep in the brains of Parkinson patients. When are scattered throughout the brain, Lewy bodies cause signs and symptoms similar to those of Alzheimer's disease. Dementia with Lewy bodies can affect dreams, thinking speed, memory, language, reasoning and comprehension ability. It also can cause hallucinations and disorientation in space, leading to a tendency of wandering.

• Vascular Dementia. It is caused either by narrowing or arteries that irrigate the brain obstruction, or stroke caused by interruption of blood flow in specific brain regions. Onset of symptoms is often brutal, but sometimes the disease progresses slowly and is difficult to distinguish from Alzheimer's disease. Vascular dementia is often characterized by disorders of thought, speech, gait and vision problems.

• Frontotemporal dementia. It is an unusual brain disorder characterized by behavioral, personality and possibly memory. Disease progresses continuously in the final stages is characterized by language disorders, erratic behavior and dementia. Pick disease is a form of Frontotemporal dementia.

Other disorders related to dementia

• Huntington's disease. It is an inherited brain disorder that causes brain atrophy in certain brain regions. As progression of the disease, the patient may have personality changes and intellectual deterioration, memory, language ability and judgment. Dementia can occur in late stages of disease.• Pugilistic dementia. This condition called chronic traumatic encephalopathy or pugilistic dementia, is caused by repetitive head trauma, such as those caused by boxing. Depending on what part of the brain is injured, it can cause signs and symptoms such as memory problems, poor coordination and impaired speech, and tremors, slow movements

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and muscle stiffness (Parkinsonism). Symptoms may not appear for years after you have suffered trauma. One head injury can cause post- traumatic dementia, which is as pugilistic dementia, but also manifest long- term memory problems.

• Dementia due to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Dementia occurred in persons younger or middle age may be caused by Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. This rare and deadly brain disease is believed to be caused by prions, infectious agents that can come from eating infected beef. Prions can transform normal protein molecules in some fatalities. Signs and symptoms of the disease may consist of memory impairment and behavioral changes. The disease progresses rapidly, mental deterioration and the occurrence of involuntary movements, weakness in limbs, blindness and sometimes coma. It is believed that bovine spongiform encephalopathy, commonly known as mad cow disease is a disease prionica. Dementa as a side effect. Sometimes, people with other disorders that primarily affects movement, for example, Parkinson's disease may eventually develop symptoms of dementia. The relationship between these disorders and dementia is not fully elucidated.

Treatable dementia

Some of the reasons that cause some types of dementia can be treated as disease is reversible. Here are some types of such cases:• infections and immune disorders. Dementia can result from side effects such as fever or other side effects because the body is fighting an infection. Such infections are infections of the brain such as meningitis or encephalitis, untreated syphilis, Lyme disease, and disease that causes total compromised immune system such as leukemia. Diseases such as multiple sclerosis, attacks nerve cells and therefore may cause dementia.• metabolic problems and endocrine abnormalities. They include thyroid problems, too little blood sugar (hypoglycemia), too little or too much sodium or calcium, and a decreased ability to absorb vitamin B-12.• Nutritional deficiencies. Symptoms may occur as a result of dehydration or lack of thiamine (vitamin B-1) - a common condition in people with chronic alcoholism - and deficiencies of vitamin B-6 and B-12. Sources for this type of vitamins include bananas, lentils, spinach, cereals, salmon, pork, chickens, whole wheat bread, milk and eggs.• Reactions to medications. Dementia can occur as a reaction to one drug or due to a combination of several drugs.• subdural hematoma. They are caused by bleeding between the brain and the outer shell surface.• Poisoning. Symptoms of dementia can occur as a result of exposure to heavy metals such as lead or manganese and other poisons such as pesticides. People who have abused alcohol and recreational drugs can also sometimes show symptoms. In all these cases, symptoms may resolve with treatment or after you stop eating the substance.• Brain Tumors. It happens rarely, but dementia may be the result of damage caused by a brain tumor.• anoxia. This condition called hypoxia, occurs when tissues are not getting enough

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oxygen. The causes of such diseases can be a heart attack, severe asthma, carbon monoxide poisoning, strangulation or an overdose of anesthesia. Recovery depends on how severe was the deprivation of oxygen, but it can return even while you recover.• heart and lung problems. The brain can not survive without oxygen. These symptoms can occur in people with chronic lung or heart disease that deprives the brain of oxygen.

5 Care sunt factorii de risc?

Exista multi factori de risc care pot provoca dementa si nu in cazul tuturor puteti face ceva ca sa-i controlati, de exemplu in cazul sexului sau al varstei nu puteti face nimic. Dar exista de asemena si factori pe care ii puteti evita cum ar fi abuzul de alcool sau fumatul.

Factori pe care nu ii puteti controla: Varsta. Riscul de boala Alzheimer, dementa vasculara si multe alte forme de

dementa cresc semnificativ odata cu varsta. Cu toate acestea, dementa nu este o parte normala a imbatranirii.

Istoricul familial. Persoanele cu un istoric familial de dementa prezinta un risc mai mare de a dezvolta la randul lor aceasta afectiune. Cu toate acestea, multe persoane cu un astfel de istoric familial nu dezvolta simptome niciodata. Daca aveti mutatii genetice specifice, creste riscul de a dezvolta anumite tipuri de dementa. Exista teste pentru a determina daca aveti aceste mutatii genetice, dar numai pentru afectiunile cunsocute, de exemplu boala Huntington

Factori pe care ii puteti controla: Consumul de alcool. Consumul excesiv de alcool pare sa creasca riscul de

dementa. Desi studiile au aratat ca daca beti cantitati moderate de alcool - un pahar pe zi pentru femei si doua pentru barbati – totusi abuzul creste riscul de dementa.

Ateroscleroza. Aceasta afectiune produce din cauza ca se acumuleaza grasimi si alte substante in si pe peretii arterelor (placi) si devin un factor de risc semnificativ pentru dementa vasculara, pentru ca interfereaza cu fluxul de sange catre creier. Acest lucru poate duce la accident vascular cerebral. Studiile au aratat, de asemenea, o posibila legatura intre ateroscleroza si boala Alzheimer.

Tensiunea arteriala. Fluctuatiile tensiunii arteriale cresc riscul de a dezvolta boala Alzheimer si dementa vasculara.

Colesterolul ridicat. Nivelurile ridicate de lipoproteine pot creste riscul de a dezvolta dementa vasculara sau boala Alzheimer.

5. What are the risk factors?

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There are many risk factors that can cause dementia and for all can not do anything to control, such as sex or age if you can not do anything. But there are also factors that can prevent such abuse of alcohol or smoking.

Factors that you can not control : • Age . Risk of Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia and many other forms of dementia increases significantly with age. However, dementia is a normal part of aging.• Family history. People with a family history of dementia presents a greater risk of developing this condition in turn. However, many people with no such family history never develop symptoms. If you have specific genetic mutations, increased risk of developing certain types of dementia. There are tests to determine if you have these genetic mutations, but only for diseases of teas, such as Huntington's disease

Factors that can control : • Consumption of alcohol . Alcohol abuse appears to increase risk of dementia. Although studies have shown that drinking moderate amounts of alcohol - one drink per day for women and two men - however risk abuse of dementia increases.• Atherosclerosis . This condition occurs because the fat and other substances accumulate in and on artery walls (plaque) and become a significant risk factor for vascular dementia, because it interferes with blood flow to the brain. This can lead to stroke. Studies have also shown a possible link between atherosclerosis and Alzheimer's disease.• Blood pressure . Blood pressure fluctuations risk to develop Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia.• high cholesterol . High levels of lipoproteins can increase the risk of vascular dementia or Alzheimer develop.

6 Ce complicatii pot aparea?

Dementa poate afecta buna functionare a organismului si poate conduce la probleme cum ar fi :

Malnutritie. In majoritatea cazurilor de dementa persoanele reduc consumul de alimente si de apa la un moment dat , asta si pentru ca din cauza bolii nu-si mai pot controla muschii care ii ajuta sa inghita sau sa mestece. Daca se intampla un astfel de blocaj in timp ce mananca sau beau ceva se pot sufoca sau se pot aspira alimentele in plamani. Persoanele care sufera de dementa isi pierd senzatia de foame si odata cu ea dorinta de a manca. Depresia, efectele secundare ale medicamentelor, constipatia sau infectiile pot de asemenea sa conduca la un apetit scazut.

Scade capacitatea de a va ingriji singuri si de a va exercita activitatile de zi cu zi in mod independent.

Pot aparea dificultati in a va aminti cand trebuie sa luati medicamentele, din cauza alterarii memoriei.

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Deteriorarea starii emotionale. Dementa produce schimbari de comportament si personalitate. Acestea se datoreaza schimbarilor ce survin la nivelul creierului sau ca o reactie emotionala la schimbarile care se produc fara a putea face nimic. Dementa poate duce la depresie, agresivitate, confuzie, frustrare, anxietate, lipsa de inhibitie sau dezorientare.

Puteti avea probleme de comunicare. Pe masura ce dementa progreseaza va este tot mai greu sa va amintiti numele oamenilor sau al lucrurilor. Acest lucru face dificila comunicarea la toate nivelurile si nu mai puteti comunica din punct de vedere social. Dificultatile de comunicare pot duce la sentimente de agitatie, izolare si depresie.

Stari de delir. Aceasta stare este caracterizata de un declin de atentie, constientizare si claritate mentala. Delirul este frecvent la persoanele cu dementa si se pare ca este generat de schimbarea mediului inconjurator dar si a activitatilro de rutina.

Problemele cu somnul. Perturbarea ciclului normal de somn-trezire este comun la cei care sufera de dementa, si pot aparea afectiuni precum apneea de somn.

6 What complications can occur?

Dementia can affect the functioning of the body and can lead to problems such as:• Malnutrition. In most cases of dementia people reduce consumption of food and water at a time, that and because of the disease can no longer control the muscles that help to swallow or chew. If such a blockage occurs while eating or drinking something can choke or food into the lungs can aspire. People who lose dementia suffer hunger and with it the desire to eat. Depression, medication side effects, constipation or infections can also lead to a poor appetite.• Reduces ability to take care of themselves and will perform daily activities independently.• There may be difficulty to remember when to take medication because of memory alteration.• Deterioration of emotional state. Dementia produces changes in behavior and personality. This is due to shifts in the brain or an emotional reaction to changes that occur without being able to do anything. Dementia can lead to depression, aggression, confusion, frustration, anxiety, lack of inhibition or disorientation.• You have trouble communicating. As the dementia progresses will be harder to remember names of people or things. This makes it difficult to communicate at all levels and you can not communicate in socially. Communication difficulties can lead to feelings of anxiety, isolation and depression.• Status of delirium. This state is characterized by a decline in attention, awareness and mental clarity. Delirium is common in people with dementia and appears to be caused by environmental change but also activitatilro routine.• Problems with sleep. Disruption of sleep-wake cycle normally is common to those suffering from dementia, and problems may occur such as sleep apnea.

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7 Cum va pregatiti pentru consultatie?

In prima instanta este bine sa mergeti la medicul de familie daca resimtiti simptome, iar apoi daca acesta considera de cuvinta va poate trimite la un medic specializat in astfel de probleme.

Ce puteti face dumneavoastra: Fiti atent la restrictiile pre-consultatie. In timp ce asteptati sa mergeti la consult

este bine sa va intrebati medicul daca trebuie sa aveti vreo restrictie pre-consultatie, cum ar fi o restrictie de dieta.

Notati toate simptomele pe care le resimtiti, inclusiv cele care nu par a avea legatura cu consultatia.

Notati toate informatiile personale cheie, inclusiv sursele de stres recente sau schimbari ale sitlului de viata.

Faceti o lista a tuturor medicamentelor, dar si a suplimentelor si vitaminelor pe care le luati.

Vorbiti cu un membru al familiei sau cu un priteten sa va insoteasca. Detalile pe pe care vi le ofera medicul pot fi uneori dificil de retinut, de aceea persoana care va insoteste ar putea retine ceva ce dumnevoastra v-a scapat.

Notati-va o serie de intrebari pentru medic.

Timpul pe care il petreceti la o consultatie poate fi unul limitat de aceea trebuie sa fiti pregatit cu o serie de intrebari pentru medic dinainte. Iata cateva astfel de intrebari specifice pentru dementa.

Care este cauza ce mai probabila a simptomelor mele? Mai pot fi si alte cauze ? De ce tipuri de teste este nevoie? Aceasta afectiune este temporara sau cronica? Care este cea mai buna cale de tratament? Care este alternativa la tratamentul pe care deja mi l-ati sugerat ? Cum pot manageria mai bine dementa si alte afectiuni pe care le am? Trebuie sa urmez anumite restrictii? Trebuie sa merg la un specialist? Aveti cumva vreo metoda de medicina alternativa? Aveti cumva vreun material printat sau vreo brosura ori vreun site pe care m-as

putea uita?

La ce sa va asteptati din partea medicului:

Medicul va va pune o serie de intrebari cum ar fi : Care sunt simptomele, de exemplu,aveti probleme in a va gasi cuvintele, sa va

amintiti anumite evenimente sau modificari de personalitate? Cand ati inceput sa resimititi aceste simptome? Simptomele sunt continue sau ocazionale? Cat de severe sunt simptomele? Exista ceva care pare sa va amelioreze sau sa va agraveze simptomele?

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Aveti un istoric familial de dementa sau de afectiuni conexe, cum ar fi boala Huntington sau boala Parkinson?

7 How do you prepare for your appointment?

In the first instance you should go to your GP if you experience symptoms, and then if he considers the word can refer to a doctor who specializes in such matters.

What can you do:• Pay attention to pre-appointment restrictions. While waiting to go to your appointment you should ask your doctor whether you need any pre-appointment restrictions, such as a strict diet.• Write down any symptoms you experienced, including those which appear to be related to consultation.• Note all key personal information, including sources of recent stress or life changes sitlului.• Make a list of all drugs, but supplements and vitamins you are taking.• Tell a family member or a priteten to join you. The details that we offer the doctor can sometimes be difficult to remember, so the person who accompanies you may remember something that will dumnevoastra escaped.• Write down some questions for the doctor.The time you spend on a consultation may be limited so one must be prepared with a series of questions for the doctor before. Here are some specific questions such dementia.• What is the most likely cause of my symptoms?• There can be other causes?• What types of tests are needed?• This condition is temporary or chronic?• What is the best way of treatment?• What is the alternative to the treatment that I already have suggested it?• How can better manage dementia and other conditions that we?• You must follow certain restrictions?• You go to a specialist?• Do you have any method of alternative medicine?• Do you have any printed material or any brochure or any site that I could forget?What to expect from your doctor:

Your doctor will ask a series of questions such as:• What are the symptoms, for example, will have trouble finding words to remember certain events or changes in personality?• When you began to resimititi these symptoms?• Symptoms are continuous or occasional?• How severe are your symptoms?• There is something that seems to improve or worsen your symptoms?• Have a family history of dementia or related disorders such as Huntington disease or Parkinson's disease?

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8 Care sunt testele si diagnosticele?

Pierderea memoriei sau alte simptome generate de dementa necesita o cercetare mai amanuntita, de aceea trebuie sa mergeti de mai multe ori la medic. Acesta va va face o serie de teste cum ar fi:

Un istoric medical si o examinare fizica: Istoricul medical. Medicul va dori sa stie cum si cand anume au aparut primele

simptome si daca aveti anumite boli care ar putea fi cauza de baza a dementei, afectiuni cum ar fi diabet zaharatul, hipertensiunea arteriala sau un istoric familial de dementa.In plus, medicul poate solicita informatii de la medicul de familie sau de la membrii familiei pentru a vedea daca a survenit vreo schimbare in starea dumneavoastra intre timp.

Examinarea fizica. Acest test il ajuta pe medic sa puna diagnosticul si sa identifice eventzale cauze de dementa care ar putea fi tratate cum ar fi un accidentul vascular cerebral sau alte tulburari care pot provoca simptome similare. Ca parte a acestei examinari medicul va poate recolta probe de sange sau de urina ori sa va verifice tensiunea arteriala.

Aceasta examinare poate ajuta la identificarea altor afectiuni de care suferiti cum ar fi bolile de inima, diabetul sau anumite anomalii tiroidiene si orice efecte adverse la medicamentele pe care le luati.

Teste cognitive si neuropsihologice

Aceste teste evalueaza comptentele, aptitudinile intelectuale generale, aptitudinile academice, competentele lingvistice, aptitudinile spatiale, atentia, memoria, rationamentul si judecata. Scopul acestor teste este de a vedea daca aveti dementa, cat de severa este afectiunea si ce parte a creierului este afectata.

Evaluarea neurologica

Aceasta parte a examenului evalueaza echilibrul, functiile senzoriale si reflexele pentru a identifica afectiunile care pot provoca boala si ce anume poate fi tratat cu ajutorul medicamentelor.

Scanarea creierului

O scanare a creierului poate depista accidente vasculare cerebrale, tumori sau alte probleme care pot cauza dementa. Boala Alzheimer determina schimbari la nivelul creierului in timp si poate fi depistata de asemenea prin scanare. Pentru a vi se face o scanare sunt folosite doua tipuri de teste:

CT si RMN. Cele mai frecvente tehnici imagistice pentru identificarea dementei sunt tomografiiile computerizate (CT) si imagistica prin rezonanta magnetica (IRM). O scanare CT este o tehnica pe baza de raze X, care produce imagini ale structurilor interne din sectiunea transversala. RMN-ul este o tehnica care

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foloseste un camp magnetic si unde radio pentru a crea imagini detaliate ale organelor si tesuturilor din organism. Aceste teste depisteaza accidentele vasculare cerebrale si alte probleme, cum ar fi excesul de lichid in creier (hidrocefalie) sau sangerare pe suprafata creierului (hematom subdural).

Electroencefalograma (EEG). Cu ajutorul unor electrozi plasati pe scalp, medicul inregistreaza activitatea creierului si poate identifica anumite anomalii in functionarea acestuia.

Teste de laborator

Testele de laborator ajuta la excluderea unor afectiuni care manifesta simptome asemanatoare si la fixarea clara a unui diagnostic. Printre testele care ajuta la identificarea afectiunilor tratabile se numara :

O hemoleucograma completa (CBC) pentru a exclude anemia Un test de glucoza pentru a exclude diabetul zaharat Analize de sange pentru a testa functia renala, functia hepatica si pentru a masura

nivelul de vitamina B-12. Probe de sange sau urina pentru a identifica prezenta drogurilor sau alcoolului. Analiza lichidului cefalorahidian pentru a exclude infectiile cerebrale Analiza nivelului de hormoni tiroidieni si a hormonului de stimulare pentru a

exclude hipotiroidismul.

Evaluarea psihiatrica

Aceasta examinare poate fi efectuata pentru a determina daca depresia sau alta tulburare psihiatrica provoaca simptomele.

8 What are the tests and diagnoses?

Memory loss and other symptoms caused by dementia requires a more detailed, so you have to go to the doctor several times. It will make a series of tests such as:

A medical history and physical examination:• medical history. Your doctor will want to know how and when the first symptoms appeared and if you have certain diseases that may be underlying cause of dementia, diseases such as diabetes zaharatul, hypertension or a family history of dementa.In addition, your doctor may ask information from GP or family members to see if any changes occurred in the meantime your condition.• Physical examination. This test helps your doctor diagnose and identify causes of dementia eventzale that could be treated like a stroke or other disorders that can cause similar symptoms. As part of this examination the doctor may take samples of blood or urine or to check your blood pressure.This exam may help identify other conditions you suffer such as heart disease, diabetes or certain thyroid abnormalities and any adverse effects from the medicines they take.

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Cognitive and neuropsychological tests

These tests evaluate comptentele, general intellectual skills, academic skills, language skills, spatial skills, attention, memory, reasoning and judgment. The purpose of these tests is to see if you have dementia, how severe is illness and what part of the brain is affected.

Neurological evaluation

This part of the exam assesses the balance, sensory and reflexes to identify conditions that can cause disease and what can be treated with medication.

Brain scans

A brain scan can detect strokes, tumors or other problems that can cause dementia. Alzheimer's disease causes changes in the brain over time and can also be detected by scanning. To do a scan you used two types of tests:• CT and MRI. The most common imaging techniques to identify dementia are tomografiiile computerized (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A CT scan is a technique based on X-rays, which produce images of internal structures in cross section. MRI is a technique that uses a magnetic field and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues of the body. These tests detect strokes and other problems such as excess fluid in the brain (hydrocephalus) or bleeding on the surface of the brain (subdural hematoma).• electroencephalogram (EEG). Using electrodes placed on the scalp, the doctor records brain activity and can identify some anomalies in its operation.

Laboratory Tests

Laboratory tests help to exclude conditions that manifest similar symptoms and the setting of a clear diagnosis. The tests that help identify treatable disorders include:• A complete blood count (CBC) to rule out anemia• A glucose test to exclude diabetes• Blood tests to test kidney function, liver function and to measure levels of vitamin B-12.• blood or urine samples to identify the presence of drugs or alcohol.• Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid to exclude brain infections• Analysis of hormone levels and thyroid stimulating hormone to exclude hypothyroidism.Psychiatric evaluation

This examination may be performed to determine if depression or other psychiatric disorder causes symptoms.

9 Care sunt tratamentele si medicamentele?

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Tratamentul pentru dementa are rolul de a ameliora simptomele si de a preveni evolutia bolii. Iata cateva astfel de tratamente:

Inhibitori de colinesteraza. Aceste medicamente precum donepezilul (Aricept), rivastigmina (Exelon) si bromhidratul galantamina (Razadyne) sunt medicamente recomandate impotriva bolii Alzheimer care cresc capacitatea de judecata si imbunatatesc memoria.Efectele secundare pot include greata, varsaturi si diaree. Desi sunt folosite in primul rand ca medicamente impotriva Alzheimer, acestea sunt, de asemenea, utilizate pentru a trata problemele vasculare, Parkinson si boala Lewy.

Memantina (Namenda). Acest medicament pentru boala Alzheimer reglementeaza cantitatea de glutamat, un alt mesager chimic implicat in toate functiile creierului, inclusiv in cele de invatare si de memorie. Efectul advers cel mai probabil pe care il produce este ameteala. Unele cercetari au aratat ca, prin combinarea memantinei cu un inhibitor de colinesteraza se pot obtine chiar rezultate mai bune.

Alte medicamente. Desi nu exisra niciun tratament standard pentru dementa totusi unele simptome pot fi tratate. Tratamentele suplimentare au scopul de a reduce riscul de a se produce leziuni cerebrale.

Tratarea cauzelor care stau la baza dementei pot incetini sau opri, uneori, evolutia acesteia. Pentru a preveni un accident vascular cerebral, de exemplu, medicul va poate prescrie medicamente pentru a controla tensiunea arteriala, colesterolul ridicat, bolil de inima sau diabetul. De asemenea puteti lua medicamente pentru a trata anumite afectiuni cum ar fi cheagurile de sange, anxietatea si insomnia in cazul persoanelor cu dementa vasculara.

In plus, unele simptome specifice si probleme de comportament pot fi tratate cu sedative, antidepresive si alte medicamente, dar unele dintre aceste medicamente pot agrava alte simptome.

9 What are the treatments and medications?

Treatment for dementia is to relieve symptoms and prevent the disease. Here are some such treatments:• cholinesterase inhibitors. These medications such as donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon) and galantamine hydrobromide (Razadyne) are recommended drugs against Alzheimer's disease that increase capacity and improve memoria.Efectele secondary judgment may include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Although primarily used as drugs against Alzheimer's, they are also used to treat vascular problems, Parkinson's disease and Lewy.• Memantine (Namenda). This drug for Alzheimer's disease regulates the amount of glutamate, another chemical messenger involved in all brain functions, including the learning and memory. The adverse effect most likely cause is you dizzy. Some research has shown that by combining memantine with a cholinesterase inhibitor can be obtained even better results.• Other drugs. Although no standard treatment for dementia exisra though some

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symptoms can be treated. Additional treatments aim to reduce the risk of brain damage occurs.Treating underlying causes of dementia can slow or stop, sometimes it evolves. To prevent a stroke, for example, your doctor may prescribe medication to control blood pressure, high cholesterol, heart or diabetes bolil. You can also take medications to treat certain conditions such as blood clots, anxiety and insomnia in people with vascular dementia.

In addition, some specific symptoms and behavioral problems can be treated with sedatives, antidepressants and other drugs, but some of these medications can worsen other symptoms.

10 Medicina alternativa

Exista o serie de tratamente alternative, dar acestea trebuie utilizate cu grija pentru ca inca nu sunt dovedite stiintific ca ajuta in mod sigur. Iata cateva astfel de tratamente:

Vitamina E. Unele studii au aratat ca vitamina E poate incetini progresia bolii Alzheimer, in timp ce alte studii au infirmat aceasta ipoteza. Medicii avertizeaza impotriva luarii unei doze mari de vitamina E, pentru ca aceasta subtiaza sangele si creste riscul de sangerare.

Omega-3 acizi grasi. Omega-3 sunt un tip de acizi grasi polinesaturati (PUFA) care se gasesc in peste si nuci. Cercetarile sustin ca acesti acizi reduc riscul de boli cardiace, accident vascular cerebral, dementa si declinul cognitiv.

Coenzima Q10. Acest antioxidant se produce in mod natural in corp si este necesar pentru reactiile normale ale celulelor. Acest compus nu a fost studiat pentru eficienta sa in tratarea dementei. O versiune sintetica a acestui compus, numit Idebenone, a fost testat pentru boala Alzheimer, dar nu a prezentat rezultate favorabile. Totusi acest antioxidant duce la scaderea tensiunii arteriale, scaderea zaharului din sange dar poate provoca vanatai sau sangerari.

Ginkgo. Unii oameni cred ca extrasele din frunzele arborelui de Ginkgo biloba contin antioxidanti si au proprietati anti-inflamatorii care pot incetini progresia problemelor de memorie generate de dementa. Dar un studiu recent pe scara larga a aratat ca aceste extrase nu prezinta niciun beneficiu.

10 Alternative Medicine

There are several alternative treatments, but they should be used carefully because they are not yet scientifically proven to help for sure. Here are some such treatments:• Vitamin E. Some studies have shown that vitamin E may slow Alzheimer's progression, while other studies have refuted this hypothesis. Doctors warn against taking a high dose of vitamin E, because it thins the blood and increase bleeding risk.• Omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 is a type of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) found in fish and nuts. Research supporting these acids reduce risk of heart disease, stroke, dementia and cognitive decline.• Coenzyme Q10. This antioxidant is produced naturally in the body and is necessary for

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normal cell reactions. This compound was studied for its effectiveness in treating dementia. A synthetic version of this compound, called idebenone, was tested for Alzheimer's disease, but did not show favorable results. However, this antioxidant lowers blood pressure, lowering blood sugar but may cause bruising or bleeding.• Ginkgo. Some people believe that extracts of Ginkgo biloba tree leaves contain antioxidants and have anti-inflammatory properties that can slow the progression of memory problems caused by dementia. But a recent study showed widespread these statements do not show any benefit.

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