cursuri civilizaţie (britanica)

8/12/2019 Cursuri civilizaie (Britanica)

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The anglo-saxon age (curs 1)

This epoch is the one of the Great Migrations. England was called Britannia (an ancient term forGreat Britain,and also a female personification of the island) and in the 5 thcentur it has !eenin"aded ! # important tri!es which were coming from the same place, $orthern Europe%

&. The 'ngles came either from 'ngeln or from enmar.

*. The +aons came from $- German.#. The /utes came from enmar nown toda as /utland or ! $orth or +outh +weden.

The had common features lie% the were Germanic tri!es and this ga"e them unit, common ideals and power0 the German nations came from the $orth-estern part of Europe0 language also ept them united0 the had the same tri!al organi1ation0 the had the same social hierarch0 the had a militar commander (a 2ord who !elonged to the 'ristocrac).

3t was followed the so-called 4ule of the !est. The 2ord had to ha"e a no!le origin and to lead thewarriors (lupttor) in attacs, in in"asions and in con6uests of new lands.The had certain rules which the followed (a code of rules), !ut later upon appeared ' code of

honor. This code of rules was a mutual o!ligation !etween the 2ord and the warriors. The 2ord wassupposed to come with the !est strategies and to reward (a rsplti) his warriors in case of "ictor(with gold, sil"er and goods).The 2ord had access to the riches (a!undant means, "alua!le possessions) of the land. 7e wassupposed to !e a generous and a ind person. The 2ord was also the protector of the land. 3f he failedin !attles, he was eiled and if the people from the tri!e didn8t follow the rules, the were eiled too.EXILE meant star"ation, death, lose contact with the tri!e, something lie an outcast, in other wordsa great punishment.3n +candina"ia, England and German, it was "er cold and people were ding !ecause of it. The onla"aila!le option in order to sur"i"e was for them to share in the food, the houses and the fire.The hierarch in the 5thcentur%

the 2ord0

the arriors0 the farmers0 the hunters ("9ntori)0 the fishermen.

$ot an!od could !e a warrior, !ecause a warrior was supposed to !e loal to the 2ord, to die forhim, to protect him. 3t was a matter of loalt and honor. 3f a warrior ran from a !attle, he was illed! the other warriors and ! the 2ord. The act of suicide meant that he accepted his guilt and that hehad !een read to pa for it.The 5thcentur societ had "er strict rules. +ur"i"ing for them meant "iolence and con6uering newlands, !ecause an con6uest implied "iolence.The tri!es applied the same methods:sstem which came from their pagan religion (the !elie"ed inGerman Gods). ;or pagans, the important aspects were% honor, loalt, heroic !eings and protecting

the 2ord.ODIN was the father of the gods and the God of war too, which was seen as the !est solution inorder to sur"i"e.

+unda < +un a Monda < Moon a

Tuesda < Tr +candina"ian God ednesda < =din:odan:otan God

Thursda < Thor God
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain


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;rida < ;rigg:;rea Goddess was one of the creators of the world, !ecause she created theGreen 'pples.

+aturda < +aturnGods were also mortals, !ecause the could also !e punished, the could ill each other and one of themost important rules is that the couldn8t !e entirel trusted. >eople !elie"ed in the earthl life andthe weren8t gi"en the confidence to !elie"e in life after death. 2ife was "er hard for the people in

that area, !ecause there was a societ which too man ears to !e formed and it was made withgreat so!riet.The settlement (a communit con6uered the others) too place in man ears. 3n time, states wereformed (we now a!out them from 7istoria Ecclesiastica Britannica ! Bede, the first historicnown in the English literature (?thcentur)).+tates insured progress, education, ci"ili1ation and sta!ilit. Bede called the states England of the7eptarch%

the $orthum!ria0 the Mercia0 the @ent0 the esse (on map, esse is situated toward ales)0 the +usse0

the Esse0 the East England.

These states assured the sta!ilit of the land, so that was the were "er modern for the AthcenturEurope. Each of these states had%

a @ing (no longer a 2ord)0 consulars0 traders (merchantsnegustori)0 peasantsagricultori (e"ol"ed from the #th centur).

3n the Cthcentur the were still pagan and the states were not formed et, !ut in 5DA '.., thehristianit came to England and the ga"e the new religion which came from 4ome% >ope Gregor theGreat and 'ugustin of 4ome (his messenger). 4ome needed to epand hristianit, so the >ope sent'ugustin of 4ome in a mission of eploration. 'ugustin of 4ome arri"ed in @ent (Eastern part), crossing

the English hannel, in anter!urr (the capital), where the @ing li"ed. The 'ngles Fueen herself wasalread hristian as she had ;rench origins, so the 'ugustin of 4ome found a !ene"olent communitopen to this new religion.hristianit was opposite to the pagan !eliefs. 'ugustin of 4ome created an ecclesiastical sstem%

churches for priests0 monasteries for mons0 schools for pupils.

+o, England !ecame one of the most powerful countries from an educational and cultural point of "iew.2iterature !egan to appear in England.To the schools could go all the children of an origin and the future faculties came from them.Theodore of Tarsus (Gree), follower of 'ugustin of 4ome, helped at the organi1ation of the sstem.The Monaster of 2indisfarne was the greatest in the C thcentur. The 'ngles had access to all the

great writers of the world% 'ristotel, +ocrate, 7omer, 7oratiu and man others.The illuminated manuscripts had !een written as translations of great poems or plas. =n themargins were drawn images with flowers, animals and people.3n onl two centuries, England reached a high point of de"elopment. England started to !e importantas a maritime power.


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The Viking Age (curs )

&. ;irst period% ?C5 < D5G '..

*. +econd period% DA? < &H&C '..

&.Iiings a term which applies to the anes and the $orwegians% the eplore in order to con6uer and to settle down0

the were a "iolent population, a population that ga"e a remem!er after ding0 the !elie"e in wars, in the death on the !attle field and in transforming their life in a legend0 the ga"e a lot of importance to the aristocrac0 the were hristians0 the achie"ed the political and the social power0 the reali1ed that +candina"ia was too small and it has !een a demographical growth0 the started to epand0 the wanted to insure the future of their land0 the wanted to !ecome masters of the world0 the were pagans, so the hadn8t the same fear for God as the 'ngles did0 the were "er good warriors0 the spoe the same language, which ga"e them unit0

the had the same social sstem0 the were "er efficient, !ecause the new how to use their resources (for eample if the

wanted to tra"el, the used all their resources)0 star"ation was one of the usual calamities in that time0 through !attles, the wanted to con6uer new lands0 heroic death was "er important for them.

The Drakkaris the !est nown of the spectacular and wonderful longships and in the Germanmtholog means Jragon8. ith these !oats the could carr people, supplies, weapons and e"enhorses. The Iiings used the raar to !attle Europe, $orth 'frica and a small area of western 'siauntil the end of the tur!ulent Iiing 'ge. The stunning longships with their "i!rant !lood red sail andhundreds of "icious and fierce warriors will alwas !e sm!olic of the horror and terror the Iiings!rought to these saddening times.

The Jragon8 was a sm!ol of power and a mean of frightening people on the land and the Iiings wouldeasil erase e"erthing on the new lands, !ecause the had no merc for the people the con6uered.3n Europe, the in"aded England, ;rance ($ormand < west of ;rance), 3tal, a part of German,Kraine (@ie" < "iing in origin). =ne of their most famous epeditions was to the $ewfoundland (Terra$o"a) and to the 2a!rador.The epedition started from 3sland (land of eile), Greenland < anada (mthical place). The didn8tsta long% *-# ears in anada, !ecause the had a "er strong feeling of communit. To sta alone in aplace, no matter how !eautiful it was, the didn8t identif with their wishes.The Iiings in"aded England in the first period, !ecause the had heard a!out the English +tates8riches. The wanted more a +candina"ian land and in the !eginning the succeeded.The onl one who was capa!le to defeat the Iiings was @ing 'lfred the Great and the place whereEngland re!orn was esse. @ing 'lfred the Great disco"ered that if the Iiings were dislocated in

small groups, the wouldn8t now what to do and the could lose the sense of unit.hen the decisi"e !attle too place in ?A? '.. in Ethandune, 'lfred the Great decided to appl thisstrateg% di"ide and con6uerL The attaced the small groups one ! one and the !attle lasted one da.*H ears from ?A? '.., the Iiings ne"er returned to England again.;ight during the night was for!idden.The lima of English histor has !een the !attle of Ethandune and the conse6uences of the !attlewere%

the English had completed power o"er the Iiings0 the Iiings were not allowed to attac an English possessions anmore0


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the anes were gi"en a territor in which the were o!liged to li"e% the anelaw in centralEngland0

the were free to li"e ! their own rules or ha!its (anish law)0

the English had forgotten how to !attle, unaccustomed to the techni6ues of war and also a"er tric situation for the English men0

the Iiings were the !est sailors and con6uerors in the Middle 'ges and the used weapons

the English ne"er heard a!out.Trea!" of #ed$oreis a term used ! historians for an e"ent referred to ! the mon 'sserin his2ife of 'lfred, outlining how in ?A? the IiingleaderGuthrumwas !aptisedand accepted 'lfredashis adopti"e father. Guthrum agreed to lea"e esse and is often assumed ! historians to ha"eeisted. $o such treat still eists. 7owe"er, there is a document not specificall lined to edmorethat is a Treat of 'lfred and GuthrumThe dou%le %a!!le-axeis anaespecificall designed for com!at which the used in their !attles tocut people and there the had huge round shields, the attaced all together as one force and thewere riding huge horses. Their power was so strong and 6uic that the 'ngles were taen ! surprise.That8s wh the English thought the Iiings would !ring the end of the world and the fate of Englanddepended on "er little.esse has !een the sa"iour of England, !ecause it ga"e to England the greatest ing of the Middle

'ges. @nut the Great was a great warrior, he understood that he had to respect the population and heased to !e crowed in inchester. England had two capitals cities% inchester and 2ondon (the capitalof the empire, political and administrati"e centre).The 'nglo < +candina"ian Empire is formed ! enmar, 3reland, $orwa, $- German and England.England !ecomes one of the most powerful countr in the world and it was the first Empire of Europe,politicall and sociall united.&O''E&IAL ELATION% The Iiings no longer thought a!out fighting or con6uering and thetransformed themsel"es into a ci"ili1ed population in a centur and a half. @nut was recogni1ed as animportant figure, !ecause he esta!lished good relationships with the >ope of 4ome, he married Emmaof $ormand, he new how to mae himself appreciated and he was nown ! the other powers of theworld.The followers of @nut were not a!le to continue his deeds.

Edward the onfessor was one of them. 7e placed on the throne of England ! the English part andhe didn8t rule in an efficient wa.Guthrun:Gudrun was the ruler of the anes. The Germanic Gods failed in his !attle and the Iiingswere no longer an immediate danger (the assimilated into the English population).esse !ecame the maor state (the !asis), inchester !ecame the capital (the crowning cit) andthe new @ing of the new England was 'lfred the Great who succeeded in maintaining a social unit.3n DHH, 'lfred the Great died and his descendent were not as powerful as him.Beowulf was translated and written down in that period.England was a rich countr and the Iiings in"aded the England !ecause of the star"ation.The Iiings spoe a language that no!od understood. =n the otherwise, English is a Germaniclanguage, !ut it has also 2atin and Gree words.3n the first wa"e of in"asion, the Iiings destroed the states of esse, !ecause the want to

!ecome "er rich. The used to fight in summer or in earl autumn and winter was ne"er the seasonfor war. 3celand was an island which was con6uered ! the Iiings and where appeared the first formof literature (the 3celandic +agas). The Iiings were di"ided in two categories% the $orwegians andthe anes.

*.3n this period we are taling ust a!out England. @nut the Great decided to con6uer England, !ecausehe dreamt of creating a +candina"ian Empire. 7e also controlled $orth-estern German. ith thehelp of the people from anelaw and a huge arm, he marched towards inchester and lie that hecon6uered England "er 6uicl and efficientl.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTreaty_of_Wedmore&ei=oPnJUM3eN9DmtQbc2IHwBQ&usg=AFQjCNGx5AXM8tM8i3uIKE0Fu2tyqPxv-Q&sig2=Re3uFcfspaPr1DHOlMGgrQ&bvm=bv.1355272958,d.d2khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrum_the_Oldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrum_the_Oldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrum_the_Oldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe_(tool)http://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FTreaty_of_Wedmore&ei=oPnJUM3eN9DmtQbc2IHwBQ&usg=AFQjCNGx5AXM8tM8i3uIKE0Fu2tyqPxv-Q&sig2=Re3uFcfspaPr1DHOlMGgrQ&bvm=bv.1355272958,d.d2khttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guthrum_the_Oldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_the_Greathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Alfred_and_Guthrumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axe_(tool)


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The anes had good relationships with their neigh!ours and !ecause of that the managed to con6uerthe England. England was in"aded and con6uered ! the Iiings of 3reland. @nut the Great treat hiscountr with care, !ecause otherwise he said that God might punish him if he didn8t.3n the 'nglo-+aon hronicle, @nut the Great wrote his good intentions pro"iding the hristianit.Then, he ga"e it to the >ope of 4ome. 7e new "er well how to mae his countr nown. 7e punishedpeople in case of murder.

'fter his death, in D#5 '.. came to the front of England another ing, @ing Edward the onfessor,who was more a mon than a ing. 7e got married, !ut he didn8t ha"e children.

The Nor$an &on*ues! (curs +)

3t transformed England into an European countr (from north +candina"ia), it mars the end of theMiddle 'ges and it was the last con6uest of England.The $ormans came to England as a ;rench population, e"en though the weren8t actuall ;rench.Nor$en , $en of !he nor!h (co$ing fro$ nor!h Euroe. Den$ark/ candina0ia)/ %asicall" !he"

1ere Danes2

These anes, when the reached $ormand (;rance), the adapted so !eautifull that the forgottheir roots. +o, the started to consider themsel"es ;rench.

The ;rench anes came to England with all the ;rench mentalit and culture.3n $ormand it was a dukedo$ (a region of ;rance).The $ormans had two important characteristics% political unit and administrati"e consolidation. TheEnglish didn8t ha"e this political unit at that time (didn8t accept the command of esse). The$ormans were in unit, !ecause the !elie"ed that the was strength in it.7ierarch%

The Dukewas elected from the roal famil and the title was gi"en from father to first !ornson. 7e wasn8t onl a commander, !ut he was the administrator of the land. 7e had the powero"er the Barons and the riches of the land (a sort of a!solutism). 3n case of in!ernal !ur$oil,the ue could tae a side and gi"e ustice to one of them (he was the supreme udge). 3f a!attle was taing too long, the ue would !ring his own arm to resol"e the conflict (if it wasminor, the Barons could settle !etween themsel"es). The ue had the power to punish and if

the Baron was assent and there was a re"olt, people would see the castle as shelter. The 3aronsand !he 4nigh!s(ca"aleri). The Barons were no!les who owned a feudal domain

(the propert) and the were also called feudal lords. The feud could contain land and"illages. The Baron was gi"en the feud either ! !loodline pri1e or ! con6uer !oon. 7e li"edin a stone castle, in a high "alle that watched o"er his feud (sign of authorit) and he had theo!ligation to tae care of his people and to administrate efficientl his land. 7e had torespond the due. The stone castle had the function to protect the land and the Baron fromthe possi!le attacs, !ut the militar had the same function too.

The &lerg"

The 5easan!s(Nrani) were !ound or connected to a certain land and the cannot mo"e, !utfor the $ormans this sstem functioned and e6ualised unit. 3n case of wars, the !oundpeasants were at the disposal of the !aron.

3oon is something that is "er useful and maes our life a lot easier or !etter.=ne of the reasons for the successful con6uests of the $ormans were the spies who ga"einformations. The $ormans had the first comple sstem worth of the Medie"al 'ges. Those twocharacteristics made them good con6uerers. hen the set out to con6uer England, the were!asicall con6uering their own.3n England, after @nut the Great died (&H&C < &H*#), his followers couldn8t maintain the power and theinter"al pro!lems started. There were two camps for the throne% the English and the anes. Because@nut8s followers weren8t a!le to withstand the pressure, the English won and put Edward theonfessor on the throne ('lfred the Great8s !loodline).


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Edward the onfessor was raised in $ormand in a monaster (for his protection), so he wasn8taccustomed to !lood politics. 7e was place don the throne, !ut he wasn8t interested in power or inrulling, !ut in philosoph and literature. 7e hadn8t children, !ecause he considered he would !ecomemore pure for the after life ! not doing slut with his wife. 7e chose the $ormans, !ecause the onlsstem he new was the norman one and !ecause it was a !ad mo"e concerning the English side and hepromised that his heir to the throne would !e the ue of $ormand. hen he died, without children

and without naming a successor, the onl possi!ilit was to return to the anish side, !ut 7arol 337ardrada wasn8t accepted in the English side. 7arold 33 reorientated England to the $orth, to the+candina"ian side.illiam 3 the on6uerer (the due of $ormand) managed to o!tain the side of man european states,!ecause of his !roen pact with the late Edward the onfessor (he was a good diplomat < snea). 7estarted in &HCC to mae preparations for the con6uest of England. ' !rute num!er of the arm% A5Hships and CHHH nights. English also started to prepare and under normal conditions the would ha"ewon.3n &HCC, 7arold learned that a $orwegian arm was threatening England in the north. hile the werecele!rating the "ictor, 7arold heard that illiam had crossed the channel into England. 7e ran to thesouth and on septem!er *?, in 7astings (in a place called +tamford Bridge), too place the !attle.The strateg% The English were superior !ecause of the shield wall, of the archers and of the

fighters:nights). The $ormans won !ecause of good strateg0 illiam ga"e the retreat order and theEnglish followed it and the $ormans split in two and surrounded the English. 3t too one da tocon6uer England and 7arold was illed (he was shot throw an ee with an arrow).

The >lantagenet 'ge (curs G)

The >lantagenet 'ge is the name of the famil.3t too place a profound change !rought ! the $orman on6uest. The also!rought their own ideas, their own !eliefs etc.illiam the #rd !egins a new nast until H-H.

The stone castle (feudal domain) was protecti"e and economic. The Baronwas the master of the feud (another in"estition of the $ormans). 3n orderto demonstrate that the were the masters of the land, the !uilt houses allo"er the England. The English no!ilit was replaced ! the $orma none.The 'ristocrac fades% 4e!ellions < the English would not forget the !attleof 7astings (a shameful e"ent).3n &HCD, the in"asion of the north too place. The north parts were !eingattaced. English people had gone to the north and turned to the 2atincountries (4ome, states of German, states of ;rance etc.), so England

!ecame a part of European ommunit. The language was changed (the oldEnglish was a dialect of German, a com!ination !etween 2atin Germanic and+candina"ian languages). The old English language !ecame the 'nglo $ormanone (Middle English).The $ormans considered themsel"es a ;rench population, not a Germanicone.


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The societ also changed. The recreation of the $ormans social sstem% ing< !aron < nights (a sort of Go"ern) and clerg < peasants (!ound).3n &HCC, illiam 3 was the @ing of England crowned on hristmas a. TheBarons helped the @ing to rule the countr. The lerg were under the

control of the @ings, Barons and @nights. 3n time, the >easants !ecame free.3t too place a complete replacement of e"erthing that was English. The$ormans eliminated the English 'ristocrac(their rules in a a"alent wa, !utin a efficient one).illiam 3 was the ue of $ormand and the @ing of England, too (he alsoruled '6uitaine and Bretagne). 3t was onl a matter of epansion. illiam 3was the one of the greatest rulers, !ecause he too care of his possessionsin ;rance, too.Three important @ings of the nast were 7enr 33 (the great grand son

of illiam 3 who resem!led a lot to him and who too care "er well of hispossessions0 he was an a!solute ruler), 4ichard 3 (called the 2ionhearted)and /ohn. $o!od was allowed ! the law to tae decisions or rules ! hisown. E"erthing had to !e reported to the @ing. The consulars informed himof e"erthing that was happening.Then, harsh times started for England, lie a growth in power of the Barons,who started to act trannicall. ;rench was also spoen, not onl the English.4ichard 3 participated in an important manifest% the rusades < an attemptof the estern European to con6uer or to tae !ac the 7ol 2and (the 7ol+epulchremorm9nt). 3t too place &H crusades as a matter of honour,!lessed ! 4ome (Iatican). 4ichard 3 also went to the crusades. 7e didn8tspend more than a ear as the @ing of England and he left /ohn as ruler ofEngland, /ohn 2acland who lost all his ;rench properties of the Englandcrown. 4ichard 3 died in the crusades and /ohn !ecame a @ing crowned inanter!ur.7e onl had the England and he ruled it as a trant, !ecause hewas o!sessed of the idea that he wasn8t as good as his father and for it wasformed the re"olt of the Barons. /ohn wanted to ha"e the entire power, sohe eliminated the Barons from power (!ut England couldn8t !e controlled onl! the @ing) and in order to respect the aristocrac8s rights, the wrotedown them.The document was signed Magna harta 2i!ertatum (the Greatharter of 2i!erties) in &*&5. 3t too place punishments and destructions ofthe castles ! the arm ruled ! the @ing.7enr 33 was still the ruler. 7e created a "er important manifestation.+aint Thomas Becett, the 'rch!ishop of anter!ur was the right hand of


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7enr 33 and after his death, it appeared a pilgrimage to anter!ur(catholic custom). The @ing also tried to control the clerg.3n &HAH, we alread ha"e a "er modern concept% the i"ision of the power inthe state in 4oal authorit ! @ing (he couldn8t interfere in church matters

and in lerical authorit ! the lerg. 7enr 33 !roe this law !interfering in clerical matters. 3f the 'rch!ishop wouldn8t want another @ingto !e crowned, he wasn8t actuall crowned. hurch in England was "er rich'n 7enr 33 wanted to tae whole of the clerical authorit. 7e finished !!eing ecommunicated (ou are not accepted in churches anmore). 7ethreatened and attaced the church, !ecause he wouldn8t accept thesituation.Becett was assassinated in &HA# in anter!ur, on hristmas da (he hadhis head cut). 7enr 33 ordered it. 'fter his death, miracles !egan in

anter!ur. The church weaened.4ichard the 3 and his !rother, /ohn, related in the histor of England andthe principles still "alued toda.+e"eral principles of the Magna harta 2i!ertatum%

- it was signed in indsor, where /ohn was taen prisoner ! theBarons (/ohn died one ear later, in &*&C)0

- the 4oal authorit cannot rule ! itself , !ut in cooperationwith the aristocrac (in other words, it cannot rule alone)0

- it was eliminated the danger of a!solutism0- it was introduced the limitation of the @ing8s power0- a "er actual principle is that ustice is now a"aila!le for all

free mem!ers of societ and it has to !e e6ual, correct anda"aila!le for all free people (!efore Magna harta 2i!ertatum,it was ar!itrar and imparted)0

- another actual principle is that no eternal help can !e o!tainedunless it is appro"ed ! the ommon ouncil of the ingdom, soEngland proclaims its independence.

- in time, in HH we ha"e the formation of the first tpe of>arliament (4udimentar forms)0 the >arliament also had thepower or the li!ert to decide on internal matters, to "ote onthem, e"en if the @ing didn8t appro"e (etraordinar modernprinciple).

3ndi"idualism was a philosophical concept, !ecause the li!erties of Magnaharta 2i!ertatum were for all the people in England.


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The !ourgeoisie (!aners O merchants) appeared in HH. The !aners andthe merchants could freel mae commerce, !ut the still paid a ta fortheir !usiness.

The 7undred Pears8 ar (curs 5)

The 7undred Pears8 ar too place !etween England and ;rance (#A-&5#). 3t was di"ided in two periods%

3. the English "ictories (militar strategies)033. the ;rench reco"er (the age of the heroes).

England was a power, a countr under one go"ernment. Edward the 333 rd

>lantagenet (his mother was ;rench and his father was English), half ;rench

and half English, who resem!led "er well with illiam the 3

st

the on6uerer,ruled the countr with great authorit and he was highl recogni1ed a!road.The English arm was made up of professional soldiers, a part of anorgani1ed militar societ. The were gi"en a salar.3n case ou died in war, the famil would recei"e compensations. Thiscreated the sense of trust (reciprocal respect !etween people andauthorit). The were prepared in a strict, though wa. The were meant torun for # das and # nights.ommunication was "er important !etween the powers of the state. '!ound peasant was simpl taen ! force to the war.3n England, de"eloping a num!er of towns in which we had a new social classwas called the !ourgeoisie (people with mone li"ing in towns lie merchantsor traders). Towns !ecame the centre of interest, no longer the "illages,!ecause towns represented the future.3n ;rance, the situation was "er !ad. ;rance was a small countr around>aris and it was di"ided in se"eral other states% '6uitain, $ormand and>ro"ence. ;rance wasn8t an organi1ed countr, the states didn8t trust eachother and !ecause of it there was a sentiment of suspicion.The English had a "er good networ of spies.3n ;rance, each state had its own rules and the leaders ruled in their ownwa.>hilip I the 7andsome was the grandfather of Edward the 333 rd.Edward the 333rd saw the opportunit to claim the countr on the !ases ofthe +alic law (Jou can !ecome @ing through a feminine line onl in England,not in ;rance). 7e considered himself !etraed ! his relati"es from ;rance,


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se he started a war. The English had no right to in"ade ;rance on the !asesof +alic law.The war started !ecause of Edward8s am!ition to epand.#A Q in"asion of ;rance (all the western coast was immediatel occupied).

The focused on castles and towns.The English had the archers and the infantries, and the ;rench had thenights who mo"ed in a "er hea" wa.'!out &HHHH people died in the !attle. The treat of >aris (C)recogni1ed the English "ictories and the English territories (+outh-esternpart of the ;rance, half of the present territor). The ;rench @ing had too!e the English @ing. English was too small for the population.3n time, it !ecame a sort of ha!it to go and settle down in ;rance.Edward the 333rd was no longer @ing (he died without ha"ing a children). '

new dnast was formed, the nast of 2ancaster.7enr the 3Ith(the cousin of Edward the 333rd) was a "er good @ing, not"er much interested in wars. 3n spite of the wars, life in England was thesame without pro!lems. 7enr the 3Ith too care "er well of England. 7enrthe 3Ith was the father of 7enr the Ith, who came with ideas ne"er thought!efore. 7e considered that he had to con6uer the ;rance in order to end thewar. 7e focused all his interest on the con6uest of ;rance.3n &&5, at 'gincourt, too place the last "ictor of the English against the;rench, so the English were recogni1ed as rulers of ;rance.7enr the Ith married to the daughter of the @ing of ;rance and he had ason, so the continuit was ensured.3n &**, 7enr the Ith died !ecause of dsenter at Iersailles. senterwas a great pro!lem for the English. 7enr the I3th at one ears old, wascrowned lie a @ing. The death of 7enr the I th was a great ad"antage forthe ;rance.'t the =rlRans too place the first "ictor of the ;rench arm after the!attle of 'gincourt. 3n the end, the succeeded in recon6uering theterritories a!out &5#.


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The ar of 4oses (curs C)

3t was the first ci"il war in the histor of England and it implied a large partof societ.

3n &5#, the 7undred Pears8 ar ended with the defeat of English arm,!ecause the lost their territories from there. ' large part of armreturned to England and its return created a surplus of population. Becauseall of them came suddenl, it was created an economic pro!lem, !ecause thewere unemploed. The didn8t now what to do, so the continued to li"e intheir old stle, with no merc and with no lo"e for their countr. The !eganto destro, to ill and to ro!.'fter the death of 7enr the Ith, 7enr the I3th was crowned at onl & earold with the help of his mother, his uncles and the !ishop of anter!ur.

7enr the I

th

was a 2ancaster, from the Por famil. 7e died "er oung,!efore #H ears.>eople li"ed a short life in that time, !ecause of the a!sence of the food.+ugar came from arai!e (the used hone instead) and the water wasetremel filth.'fter the Magna harta 2i!ertatum was signed, a new power appeared, the>arliament, which was formed !%

- the 7ouse of 2ord0- the 7ouse of ommons.

The >arliament decided to do something in order to change the situation,!ecause it didn8t agree with the rules of the ouncil. ' lot of mone wasin"ested uselessl and the >arliament !egan to worr a!out the situation, sothe >arliament decided to tae the power.The re"olution was concentrated around the two leading families < the 7ouseof 2ancaster, whose sm!ol was a red rose, and the 7ouse of Por, whosesm!ol was the white rose. Both families had their own armies. The !attletoo place in England and it aggra"ated the social and the political situation.The war had nothing to do with the idea of heroism, loalt and courage, !utit was a!out who taes the power and who lose it. =nl their disappointment!rought the war. The onl authorit was the 7ouse of ommons. This warlasted *H ears, so in &?5 it ended. The 7ouse of Por won at a certainpoint, !ecause it was more efficient in their methods and !ecause it ga"e@ings to England% Edward the 3Ithand 4ichard the 333rd. The had moremone and the new also to attract the !ourgeoisie. 3t was a matter ofnegotiating power.


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The peasants were also taen to war. The were no longer !ound peasants,!ut free ones.4ichard the 333rd was considered to !e the murderer of 7enr the I3 th,!ecause the roal famil illed each other. 7enr the I3 th also died without

children.4ichard the 333rd too part from the Por famil since &?# to &?5. 7isattitude was specific to the epoch. 7e was crowned in estminster andrecogni1ed as @ing after 7enr the I3th died. 7e started to rule in anar!itrar wa, ruling lie a trant o"er the >arliament. Magna harta2i!ertatum wasn8t respected and he !rought the dar ages !ac.3n order to sa"e England, there was an alliance !etween the Tudors and the7ouse of Por.The last !attle too place in Bosworth ;ield (&?5), where 4ichard the 333rd

was illed, his arm was defeated and the war ended.$ow !egins the Tudor age, an age of prosperit. 7enr I33 < the first of the7ouse of Tudor < married the net ear with Edward 3I8s daughter,Eli1a!eth, a marriage which united the houses of 2ancaster and Por. Eceptfor "arious efforts during 7enr8s reign to place Porist pretenders on thethrone, the ars of the 4oses were ended. 7enr Tudor8s reign mars theend of the long medie"al period and the !eginning of English 4enaissance.The 4enaissance appears as well as the 4eformation.

cursuri civilizaţie (britanica)

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