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ExtrasThe Noun

Noun classes:

(1)countable nouns= they denote individual countable entities (bottle, chair, forest, idea).

(2)uncountable nouns=they denote undifferentiated mass or continuum (bread, grass, music, furniture,gold, money).

The language makes it possible to look upon some objects from the point of view of both countable anduncountable:

Would you like a cake? (countable)-No, I don’t like cake. (uncountable)

She was a beauty. (countable)-She had great beauty. (uncountable)

She had many difficulties. (countable)-She had much difficulty. (uncountable)

Uncountable nouns can be reclassified as a countable noun involving a change of meaning:

1. A: What cheeses have you got today? (types of cheese)

B: Well, we have Chedar, Gorgonzola, and Danish Blue.

2. -a noun like “coffee” which is normally uncountable (Do you want tea or coffee?) can be considered acountable noun:

Can I have a coffee, please? (a cup of coffee)

This is a nice coffee. (type, kind, brand of coffee)

I like Brazilian coffees best. (type, kind, brand of coffee)

Partition in respect of quantity:

-both uncountable and countable nouns can be used with constructions denoting a part of a whole (a pieceof /k ind of / type of) . The most used part i t ive express ion is “a p iece of”: a p iece ofpaper/chalk/advice/information/news. In addition to the general partitives (a piece of/ a bit of/ an item of)there are some restricted typical/specific partitives such as the following:

a grain of truth

a bar of chocolate/soap/gold

a loaf of bread

a bunch of flowers/keys

a speck of dust/dirt

a herd of cattle

a sheet of paper/ice

-some uncountable nouns have countable equivalents as given below:

uncountable nouns countable equivalents

This is important information. a piece of/bit of information

The news is bad today. a piece/item of news

Your advice is reliable. a piece of/word of advice

The furniture is expensive. a piece of/article of furniture

-some English uncountable nouns correspond to count nouns in some other languages:

English uncountable nouns=homework, courage, equipment, research, resistance.

Number

-we distinguish three main number classes of nouns:

1.singular invariable nouns: nouns used only in the singular (music, gold, the unreal, Henry)

2. plural invariable nouns: nouns used only in the plural (people, scissors)

3. nouns used with either singular or plural number (dog, dogs)

There are two subclasses:

4. regular: nouns with plural predictable from the singular (dog=>dogs)

5. irregular: the plural form of the noun is not predictable(foot=>feet, criterion=>criteria)

1. VARIABLE NOUNS:

-note the special case of the collective nouns: committee, family, team, army

When used in the singular (My family is larger than his), the non-personal collectivity of the group isstressed; when used in the plural (My family are at home), the personal individuality within the group isstressed.

Regular plurals

-the plural suffix is written “-s” after nouns (hat=>hats)

There are however several exceptions to this rule:

a. after nouns ending in “-s”,, “-z”, “-x”, “-ch”, “-sh” the plural ending is “-es”:

gas=>gases, box=>boxes, bush=>bushes

b. nouns ending in “-o” have plurals in “-os” or “-oes”: just “s” in the case of proper nouns, abbreviations.

-radios, pianos, Eskimos

-nouns with plurals only in “-oes”: heroes, potatoes, tomatoes, echoes

-nouns that have both“-os” and “-oes” plurals: volcanos/oes, tornados/oes, cargos/oes

c. nouns ending in “-y” preceded by a consonant change the “y” :

sky=>skies (“y” is kept after a vowel: day=>days)

d. the final consonant is doubled in a few nouns: fez=>fezzes, quiz=>quizzes

e. the apostrophe s (‘s) is used in: in the 1980’s, write two b’s

f. beliefs, cliffs, proofs, roofs / knives, leaves, halves, calves, leaves, shelves, thieves / handkerchieves/fs,scarves/fs

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