cordoba este un oraș de dimensiuni medii cu aproximativ 350

8/15/2019 Cordoba Este Un Oraș de Dimensiuni Medii Cu Aproximativ 350

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Cordoba este un oraș de dimensiuni medii cu aproximativ 350.000 delocuitori si capitala provinciei Cordoba. Situat în centrul Andaluziei dinSpania constituie un mare punct de referință cultural în uropa. Acest orașantic a fost declarat !atrimoniu "ondial și conține un amestec de diverseculturi stabilite de#a lun$ul istoriei.

C%rdoba s#a bucurat de un statut favorabil sub dominatia romana. Sub împăratul Au$ustus &'( î.)r. la A* +,- a fost capitala provinciei /aetica celmai mare oraș din !eninsula berică și locul de naștere al omului de statroman și 1lozof Seneca. Seneca a fost 1losoful care a continuat să#l meditezepe nebunul împărat 2ero care de altfel s#a născut aici așa cum a fost sipoetul ucan. !entru romani C%rdoba nu a fost un avanpost barbar cum afost ondinium sau 4in$is &4an$er in zilele noastre- ci un centru decivilizație unde adevărații romani au trait si si#au crescut familiile.

n $rădinile ele$ante din spatele Alc6zar de los 7e8es Cristianos esteamintita viață de zi cu zi9 părți ale acestei $radini încă urmează liniileori$inale romane cu c:iparoși arborele 7omei care sta in picioare înalt inzone umrboase !odul roman inca traverseaza 7;o


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)edina al9ahara: %alón rico' Clic. to enlarge

http:;;en'wi.ipedia'org;wi.i;)edina

especially the s"mpt"o"s palace, the )edina al9ahara, which he had constr"cted 4"st to the west ofCórdoba' 2hey came to confer with the Caliph, they came to learn, they came in search of c"res/ =ing%ancho of >eón, deposed of his throne, t"rned "p in 57 for treatment for obesity' e not only recoveredhis health b"t also his throne, than.s in large part to the )"slim army he too. bac. with him'

!bd alahman $$$ #r"led 1?61&

too. the title of caliph in ?, th"s

challenging the a"thority of the caliph

in @aghdad'

Córdoba boasted paved streets, a form of p"blic lighting and l""rio"s villas with indoor pl"mbing #real water closets& along the ban.s of the ("adal*"ivir' atios, gardens and fo"ntains were refreshing oasesagainst noise and the blistering s"mmer heat, and p"blic baths .ept the body clean, if not necessarilygodly'

%treets were narrow, cool and .nown for their cleanliness' ! modern day visitor to the old ewish and)oorish *"arters near the mos*"e will have some idea of what it m"st have been li.e, ecept that there

wo"ld have been no windows with the familiar ironwor. grills that now feat"re as part of the romance of

!ndal"sia' 2hese are later appendages to what were blan. o"ter walls/ )"slim home life centred on theinner patio with its fo"ntain, climbing flowers and perhaps a citr"s tree'

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_Azaharahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina_Azahara


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! typical patio in Córdoba

Commerce was organised in areas or streets according to trade, something li.e the so".s that we find to

day in e'g' )oroccan towns' 2hose selling perf"mes and spices were allowed to trade o"tside the mos*"e,

b"t sellers of malodoro"s goods were sh"nted off to o"ter areas' Ahy offend those coming to prayer with

"npleasant stenches when the delights of perf"me and spices wo"ld p"t them in a m"ch more favo"rable

frame of mind for meditationB

Córdoba en4oyed a booming economy than.s to its s.illed artisans and agric"lt"ral infrastr"ct"re' $t was

famo"s for its leather and metal wor., gla-ed tiles and tetiles' 2he variety of agric"lt"ral goods

introd"ced by the )oors was astonishing: oranges, lemons, limes, watermelons, figs, pomegranates,

almonds, bananas, articho.es, eggplants, spinach, s"garcane' 2here were herbs and spices s"ch as

c"min, caraway, coriander, fennel, mint, parsley, cloves and n"tmeg' !nd then there were cash crops s"ch

as cotton, fla and sil.' 2he introd"ction of s"ch a variety of new prod"cts signalled a dramatic

improvement in diet and health'

!s a centre of learning, Córdoba was famo"s for its boo.s, avidly collected by the Caliphs themselves' 2helibrary of ala.am $$ #caliph from 61 to 76& was said to n"mber some 00'000 vol"mes at the timethat the famo"s monastery of ipoll in Catalonia co"ld boast of its 1? vol"mes' aggerated or not, thepoint to .eep in mind is that the p"rs"it of .nowledge and the power of words were ta.en serio"sly'Calligraphy was a highly val"ed art giving reverence to the lang"age, and copyists were retained toreprod"ce precio"s man"scripts' !la.am8s greatest fear was that his library wo"ld not long s"rvive hisdeath' e was right' 2he vi-ier al)ans"rDthe "nofficial r"ler of al!ndal"s from 76 to 100? b"rnedmost of the boo.s on philosophy to please the )"slim clergy/ most of the others were sold off or perishedin the civil strife not long after'

http://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/10th-c-al-andalus-al-mansur/default_144.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/10th-c-al-andalus-al-mansur/default_144.aspx


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)edicine, mathematics, astronomy, botany, bolstered by constant contact with @aghdad and the east,

were far in advance of anything that the rest of "rope had to offer' !lgebra a combination of (ree.geometry and $ndian arithmetic was an !rab creation and !rab n"merals which we "se every day

witho"t thin.ing of their provenance replaced the c"mbersome oman system' Aith !rab n"meralscame the decimal notation and the concept of -ero #probably derived from $ndia&' 2he implications ofthese innovations were profo"nd as abstract calc"lations fo"nd a new and m"ch more fleible lang"age' $t

was this mathematical .nowhow that permitted the b"ilding of the great (othic cathedrals of the )iddle !ges' 2he power of Córdoba collapsed spectac"larly thro"gh internal strife in the early 11th cent"ry and al

!ndal"s splintered into n"mero"s mini states called taifas, the most powerf"l of which wasthe taifa of %eville' Córdoba remained a )oorish city "ntil 1?36 when it fell to advancing Christian forcesfrom the north'

2he Christians affirmed their victory by b"ilding a series of ch"rches .nown as the iglesias fernandinassince they were commissioned by Eerdinand #Eernando&, =ing of Castile;>eón' 2hey are solidlow, transitional omanes*"e(othic str"ct"res with a fortressli.e loo. that we might epect in an areathat was still politically "nstable'

2he (reat )os*"e was immediately FcleansedF and mass held in it, with Eerdinand in attendance' %hortlyafter, the bells that had been removed from the Christian pilgrimage city of %antiago de Compostela in(alicia in 7, and converted into lanterns for the (reat )os*"e, were ret"rned north with all d"eceremony' )odifications to the b"ilding at this time were relatively minor: primarily the b"ilding ofchapels along the inside of the walls' Ahat was more important, perhaps, was the appropriation forChristian worship of the most important b"ilding in any )"slim comm"nity, its mos*"e' $t was a veryreal way r"bbing strong salt into the wo"nds of defeat'

Cordoba: Cathedral rising o"t of )os*"e

G http:;;digital'library'wisc'ed";1711'dl;!rts'Casselman$mage

! ma4or alteration too. place in the (reat )os*"e in the 16th cent"ry, over the protests of the people'

! (othic;enaissance ch"rch was implanted in the middle of the delicate rows of col"mns' Ahen the

.ing,Charles #Carlos& H Dwho had a"thorised its constr"ctionIsaw the completed change in 15?6, he is

said to have eclaimed: FYou have built here what you or anyone might have built anywhere else, but

you have destroyed what was unique in the world 'F #Coincidentally, it was the same Charles H who

http://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/11th-c-al-andalus-taifa-kingdoms/default_145.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/11th-c-al-andalus-taifa-kingdoms/default_145.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/seville-to-1500/default_61.aspxhttp://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/Arts.CasselmanImagehttp://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/Arts.CasselmanImagehttp://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/Arts.CasselmanImagehttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-architecture/cordoba-s-cathedral-is-a-mosque/default_44.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-architecture/cordoba-s-cathedral-is-a-mosque/default_44.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/carlos-charles-v-politics/default_85.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/11th-c-al-andalus-taifa-kingdoms/default_145.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/seville-to-1500/default_61.aspxhttp://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/Arts.CasselmanImagehttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-architecture/cordoba-s-cathedral-is-a-mosque/default_44.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/carlos-charles-v-politics/default_85.aspx


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a"thorised the b"ilding of a enaissance alace within the !lhambra, the )oorish alace

overloo.ing (ranada'&

Charles is not the only one to have regretted the constr"ction of the ch"rch act"ally it is only

a coro#choir stalls& and chancel' %till, it provides "s with a "ni*"e and ecellent opport"nity to see the

approach of two ma4or religions to the same (od; !llah' 2he mos*"e is a low b"ilding, befitting the

)"slim emphasis on s"bmission to !llah/ the ch"rch soars "pwards as if in an effort to reach heaven

itself' !nd having one b"ilding within the other is a perfect metaphor of the close, even symbiotic,

relationship between the two c"lt"res for several cent"ries'

%panish )"slim a"thorities have so"ght permission to pray in the Cathedral, b"t s"ch re*"ests have always been t"rned

down on the gro"nds that )"slims cannot pray in a consecrated Catholic ch"rch' $ndivid"al )"slims attempting to pray in

the )e-*"ita have been prevented from doing so by g"ards

!fter its collapse, Córdoba became a c"lt"ral bac.water resc"ed from oblivion only by its architect"ral

riches' Jineteenthcent"ry travellers from beyond the yrenees almost "nanimo"sly condemned its

appearance' 2he everend %am"el )anning s"mmed "p general sentiment when he described Córdoba in

the 1+60s as a K poverty-stricken, decayed, and dilapidated city... without trade, without manufactures,

without life or movement of any kind L #p' 11+&' 2he r"ling elite of Córdoba were notorio"s for their

disinterest in the o"tside world and for their intellect"al la-iness' $n tr"th, the same might be said of

most %panish towns in the nineteenth cent"ry, altho"gh for Córdoba the perception of poverty and decay

was probably more prono"nced in view of its past glory'

Change has been slow, b"t Córdoba is now a b"stling agric"lt"ral centre drawing its wealth from the

rolling cornfields, olive groves and vineyards of the fertile ("adal*"ivir valley and, since the 60s, from

booming to"rism'
http://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-architecture/alhambra-a-case-of-two-palaces/default_129.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-architecture/alhambra-a-case-of-two-palaces/default_129.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-architecture/alhambra-a-case-of-two-palaces/default_129.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/granada-to-the-17th-century/default_55.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-architecture/alhambra-a-case-of-two-palaces/default_129.aspxhttp://www.spainthenandnow.com/spanish-history/granada-to-the-17th-century/default_55.aspx

cordoba este un oraș de dimensiuni medii cu aproximativ 350

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