batumis universiteti · qartuli da qartveluri dialeq-tologiis aqtualur sakitxebze enatmecnierebi...

�noemberi

Sexvedra revaz miSvelaZesTan

universitetSi ,,ilias biblioTe-

kis“ 10 wignis wardgineba gaimarTa.

wignebis seria konkursis ,,demokrati-

uli Rirebulebebi qarTul kultur-

aSi“ farglebSi Seiqmna. masSi XIX-XX

saukuneebis qarTveli mwerlebisa da

sazogado moRvaweebis nawarmoebebi

da publicisturi werilebia Sesuli.

studentebs wignebi cnobilma mwer-

lebma: daTo turaSvilma, rati amaR-

lobelma da laSa buRaZem warudgines.

,,kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoe-

bis“ sapatio wevrebma wignis popu-

larizaciis aucileblobaze isaubres

da studentebis aqtualur SekiTxvebs

upasuxes.

TiToeul wigns Sesavlis saxiT

darTuli aqvs Tanamedrove mwerlebis,

filosofosebisa da istorikosebis

statiebi, romlebic mkiTxvels daex-

mareba wignis siRrmiseul gaazrebaSi.

• ,,ilia WavWavaZe“ - Sesavlis av-

tori gigi TevzaZe;

• ,,noe ramiSvili“ - Sesavlis av-

tori laSa buRaZe;

• ,,ivane javaxiSvili“ - Sesavlis

avtori giga zedania;

XXX respublikuri dialeqtolo-

giuri samecniero sesiis farglebSi

qarTuli da qarTveluri dialeq-

tologiis aqtualur sakiTxebze

enaTmecnierebi ori dRis ganmav-

lobaSi muSaobdnen. konferencia SoTa

rusTavelis saxelmwifo universite-

tisa da arnold Ciqobavas enaTmec-

nierebis institutis organizebiT

gaimarTa. masSi qveynis sxvadasxva

umaRlesi saswavleblisa da samecnie-

ro-kvleviTi dawesebulebis 40-ze meti

mkvlevari monawileobda. yovelwli-

uri respublikuri dialeqtologiuri

samecniero sesia ganvlil periodSi

Catarebuli kvleva-Ziebis Sedegebis

gacnobas isaxavda miznad.

• ,,dimitri yifiani“ - Sesavlis av-

tori rati amaRlobeli;

• ,,iakob gogebaSvili“ - Sesavlis

avtori simon janaSia;

• ,,statibi emigraciaSi gamocemuli

gazeTebidan“ - Sesavlis avtori daTo

turaSvili;

• ,,vaJa fSavela“ - Sesavlis avtori

aka morCilaZe;

• ,,saqarTvelo patriarqebi“ - Sesav-

lis avtori levan gigineiSvili;

• ,,arCil jorjaZe“ - Sesavlis av-

tori levan RambaSiZe;

• ,,niko nikolaZe“ - Sesavlis av-

tori zaza SaTiriSvili;

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo uni-

versitetis akademiurma sabWom eqse-

teris universitetis (didi britaneTi)

profesors, Savi zRvis istoriis mkvl-

evars, qarTvelologs devid braunds

sapatio doqtoris wodeba mianiWa.

msoflioSi aRiarebuli antikuri

xanis mkvlevari ukve 25 welia nayofi-

erad muSaobs saqarTvelos istoriis

sakiTxebze. devid braundi avtoria 110

naSromisa da 10-ze meti monografiisa.

sapatio doqtorma Tavisi monografi-

iT ,,saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi“ sa-

18 oqtombers baTumis SoTa

rusTavelis saxelmwifo univer-

sitetSi mwerlis, prozaikosis,

kritikosis, sazogado moRvawis,

rusTavelis premiis laureatis _

revaz miSvelaZis 70 wlisadmi miZ-

Rvnili iubile aRiniSna. qarTvel

mweralTan Sexvedrisas isaubres

mis Semoqmedebaze, gaixsenes misive

pirveli nabijebi, romelic Tamamad

jer kidev 50 wlis win gadadga.

Sesavali sityva aWaris mweralTa

erovnuli kavSiris organizaciis

Tavmjdomarem, poetma daviT Tedora-

Zem warmoTqva. mwerlis cxovrebasa

da Semoqmedebaze moxseneba profe-

sorma, iuri bibileiSvilma gaakeTa.

iubilars dabadebis dRe miuloca

universitetis reqtorma, profesorma

alioSa bakuriZem, umaRlesi sabWos

Tavmjdomarem mixeil maxaraZem, aWar-

is a.r. ganaTlebis ministris moadg-

ilem _ aida abuseriZem, poetebma _

SoTa zoiZem da nomadi barTaiam,

Tbilisis teqnikuri universitetis

profesorma igor kveselavam, saqarT-

velos mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-

korespondentma vaxtang SamilaZem,

filologiis akademiurma doqtorma

inga SamiliSvilma, asocirebulma

profesorma malxaz CoxaraZem. stu-

dentTa saxeliT mwerals miesalma

dawyebiTi ganaTlebis specialobis

meore kursis studenti naTia Tva-

labeiSvili.

Sexvedris dasasruls revaz

miSvelaZem madloba gadauxada

damswre sazogadoebas, gaixsena

mravali saintereso faqti baTumel

megobrebTan urTierTobisa. mwerali

aseve Seexo Tanamedrove cxovrebis

aqtualur problemebs da moiyvana

magaliTebi sakuTari novelebidan

mTel rig sakiTxebTan mimarTebaSi.

filosofiis saerTaSoriso dRe

filosofiis saerTaSoriso dRes

mieZRvna respublikuri samecniero

konferencia Temaze: ,,filosofia da

Tanamedroveoba“. konferencia fi-

losofiis departamentis organizebiT

iuneskos programis farglebSi Cat-

arda da miznad isaxavda Tanamedrove

filosofiis problemebis warmoCenas.

samecniero sesiaze mkvlevrebma ga-

naTlebis filosofiaze, interdis-

ciplinaruli kvlevebis Sedegebsa

da miRwevebze imsjeles. dargis spe-

cialistebma seqciebSi - ,,filosofia

da msoflmxedveloba“, ,,filosofia da

interdisciplinaruli kvlevebi“, ,,re-

ligia da filosofia“ - 30 samecniero

moxseneba warmoadgines.

,,ilias biblioTekis“ wignebis wardgineba

profesori devid braundi universitetis sapatio doqtoria

XXX respublikuri dialeqtologiuri samecniero sesia

Tanadod Seafasa saqarTvelos roli

msoflio istoriaSi.

baTumis universiteti

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis gazeTi #13 noemberi 2010

� noemberi

2010 wlis 2 noembers, rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis tbel abu-serisZis auditoriaSi, socialur mec-nierebaTa departamentis organizebiT gaimarTa universitetis asoc. prof. arCil beriZis monografiis „aRzrdis saZirkveli“ da prof. guram Caganavas eqsperimentuli naSromis „apropria-ciis fsiqologiis eqsperimentuli safuZvlebi“ prezentacia-ganxilva, romelsac profesor-maswavleblebTan da studentebTan erTad eswrebodnen universitetis reqtori prof. a. ba-kuriZe, reqtoris moadgileebi: akad. doqtori i.baramiZe, prof. S. maxaWaZe da universitetis xarisxis uzrun-velyofis samsaxuris ufrosi asoc. profesori l. TurmaniZe.

departamentis xelmZRvanelma prof. n. baramiZem auditorias warudgina gansaxilveli wignebi da mokled ilaparaka avtorebis mecnieruli muS-aobis ZiriTad mimarTulebebze.

wignebis ganxilvaSi monawileoba miiRes profesorebma: i. bibileiSvilma, n. basilaZem, akad. doqtorebma: i. keWay-maZem, a. zoiZem, r. beriZem, r.keWaymaZem da sxvebma.

sagulisxmo mosazrebebi da sur-vilebi gamoTqva universitetis req-torma prof. al. bakuriZem.

dasasrul, auditoriis winaSe gamovidnen avtorebi a. beriZe da g. Ca-ganava, romlebmac madloba gadauxades damswre sazogadoebas, ganxilvaSi monawileebs da upasuxes gamoTqmul SeniSvnebs.

o r i g i n a l u r i

n a S r o m i

aris wignebi, romelTa gamosvlisTa-nave igrZnoba, rom axali, originaluri mosazrebebi modis mecnierebaSi.

arCil beriZis monografia - „aR-zrdis saZirkveli“ imden mecnierul siaxles Seicavs, rom ar SevcdebiT, Tu mas aseTi wignebis ricxvs miva-kuTvnebT.

raSi mdgomareobs es siaxleni? 1. avtors sakvlevad aRebuli aqvs

jer kidev warsulSi wamoWrili, magram dRemde gadauwyveteli da saerTod, Znelad gadasawyveti problema ada-mianebSi boroti da keTili sawyisis genezisis Sesaxeb;

2. fsiqologiuri da fiziologi-uri mecnierebebis monapovrebi ase farTo masStabiT faqtobrivad pirve-ladaa gamoyenebuli praqtikuli mniS-vnelobis pedagogiuri problemebis gadasawyvetad;

3. naSromis erT-erT mniSvnelovan siaxles warmoadgens is, rom masSi Ses-wavlilia enis amodgmamde da fexis adgmamde asakobrivi periodis bavSvSi socialurad dadebiTi Tvisebebis Se-muSavebis problema, romelic dRemde Seswavlili ar iyo;

4. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli daskvnebis Sesabamisad SemuSave-

guram Caganavas wignSi „apro-priaciis fsiq . eqsperimentuli sa¬fuZ¬v¬lebi“, erT–erTi mniS -vnelovani adgili uWiravs aqtual-uri sakiT¬xis ganxilvas–cnobierebis problema apropriaciis fsiqologiis safuZ¬vel¬ze.

cnobierebis formireba, rogorc Seferi aRniSnavda, ukavSirdeba ada¬¬mianis ganviTarebis biologiur da socialur faqtorebs. fsiqikur gan¬viTarebaSi genetikur faqtore-bze miuTiTebs fsiqogenetika da ganvi¬Ta¬re¬bis eTologiuri (anu evoluciuri) Teoria.

cnobierebis problema miekuT-vneba rTul da arasakmarisad cxad pro¬b¬le¬maTa rigs. s.l.rubinSteinis mixedviT, cnobiereba subieqtis mier obie¬q¬turi realobis gacnobiere-baa, rac asaxavs realobis mimarT gar¬k¬veul damokidebulebas. er-Tis mxriv cnobiereba yofierebis asaxvaa, xolo meore mxriv adamianis saqmianobis regulatoris funqciis Semsrulebelia.

s a yuradReboa , rom zogier -Ti avtori TviTcnobierebasTan dakav¬Si¬re¬bul cnobierebis struq-turaSi or fenas gamoyofs: yofiTi cnobiereba (moZraoba, Tvisebebi, gamocdileba, grZnobiTi xatebi); re-fleqturi cnobiereba (mniSvneloba, azri). am SemTxvevaSi aqcenti kar-gad ganxorcielebul cnobierebis

specifikurobaze keTdeba. cno-bierebis epicentrad sakuTar „me“–s Tvlian. cnobierebis funqciebad ki miCneulia: asaxva, warmoqmnado¬ba, mare-gulirebloba–SefasebiToba, refleq-suroba. cnobiereba abstraq¬tuli konstruqti ki ar aris, is realuri adamianis fsiqikis specifikuri mdgo¬mareobaa.

mniSvnelovania, is rom fsiqo-analizi mivida yvelaze axlos cnobie¬re¬bis arsis gagebamde. fsiqo-analizi cnobiers ganixilavs fsiqi-kuris Tvisebad, romelic SeiZleba miuerTdes an ar miuerTdes mis sxva Tvi¬se¬bebs. „gamocdileba gviCvenebs, ambobs froidi, rom fsiqikuri el-ementi, mag. warmodgeba, Cveulebriv didxans ar SeiZleba yofiliyo cnobieri... rogori SeiZleba iyos is Sualedur periodSi–Cven ar viciT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is iyo laten-tur mdgomareobaSi, rac imas niSnavs, rom is nebismier dros SeiZleba gamxdariyo cnobieri. aracnobieris cneba mii¬Re¬ba gandevnis moZRvrebi-sagan. aris aracnobieris ori saxeoba, latenturi, romelic SeiZleba gaxdes cnobieri da gandevnili, romelic ar SeiZleba gax¬des cnobieri. la-tentur arcnobiers, romelic arac-nobieria mxolod aRwerilobiT da ara dinamiuri TvalsazrisiT, ewodeba „winacnobieri“, „ara¬cnobieris“ ter-mini gamoiyeneba mxolod gandevnil dinamiuri ara¬cno¬bie¬ris aRsan-

wignebis ganxilva bulia da naSromSi warmodgenilia aRmzrdelis moqmedebis saTanadod dasabuTebuli wesebi da rekomenda-ciebi, boroti sawyisisagan adamianis ganTavisuflebis originaluri te-qnologia;

5. sakvlevi problema Seswavlilia istoriul aspeqtSi (antikuri periodi-dan moyolebuli dRemde) da Sesabam-isad warmodgenilia aRzrdis Sesaxeb ganviTarebuli mosazrebebi, romlis safuZvelzec Camoyalibebulia aRz-rdis procesSi obieqturad moqmedi kanonebi da kanonzomierebani;

6. kvlevis Sedegad dadasturebu-lia socialurad miRebuli fsiqikuri unar-Tvisebebis SemuSavebisa da miuRe-blis Sekaveba-aRkveTis SesaZlebloba da naCvenebia amis miRwevis gzebi;

7. fsiqologiur mecnierebaSi dRemde damkvidrebuli spontanurad aRmocenebuli unar-Tvisebebis kvle-vis aRwerilobiTi meTodis nacvlad, avtori mimarTavs sazogadoebrivad sasargeblo fsiqikuri unar-Tvisebebis Camomyalibebeli, maformirebeli kvle-vis meTods;

8. naSromis erT-erT dadebiT mx-ares isic warmoadgens, rom avtori gzadagza cdilobs, gadawyvitos kv-levis procesSi wamoWrili, magram am etapze arasrulyofilad gadawyveti-li araerTi problema, romlis gar-eSec calkeuli mosazrebebi bolomde damajerebeli ar iqneboda;

9. vfiqrobT, a. beriZis winamdebare monografiis saxiT mSoblebsa Tu aR-mzrdelebs eqnebaT dabadebidan enis amodgmamde periodSi bavSvis aRzrdis (masSi socialurad dadebiTi Tvise-bebis SemuSavebis) saimedo, amasTan uaRresad originaluri mrCeveli da damrigebeli.

daaxloebiT 100 wlis winaT , jer kidev axalgazrda, SemdegSi msoflio saxelis mqone fsiqologi, akad. d. uznaZe Tavis naSromSi „fsiqolo-gia da pedagogika“ SeSfoTebasa da wuxils gamoxatavda pedagogiuri da fsiqologiuri mecnierebebis gaTiSu-lobis gamo da am problemis gadawyve-tis imeds momavalze amyarebda.

iSnavad. amrigad, gvaqvs sami ter-mini „cnobieri“, „wina¬cnobieri“ da „aracnobieri“. z.froids Semotanili aqvs „ze–me“–s cne¬¬ba, ro¬melsac misi azriT SeiZleba „me–ideali“ vuwodoT.

avtori g .Caganava aRniSnavs , rom am terminebis apropriaciis fsi¬qo¬logiis poziciebidan gaana-lizeba, fizikuri sivrcis fenom-enologiur aRwe¬rilobas gvaZlevs. „ze–me“ uTuod „qve–me“–s arsebobas gulisxmobs. Tu z.froidis mier arc-nobierisa da cnobierebis mimarTe-bebs davakvirdebiT maSin arcnobieri anu z.froidis mixedviT „is“ ZiriTa-dad, „qve–me“–s unda Seesatyvise-bodes (qvecnobieri), Tumca z.froidi amtkicebs, rom „ze–me“–c SeiZleba aracnobieri iyos. z.froidis mo-cemulobaSi mniSvnelovan adgils ikavebs „winacnobieri“, rac zemoT ganxor¬cie¬le¬bu¬li interpreta-ciis analogiurad uTuod gulisx-mobs „uku–me“–s arsebobas. rac SeiZleba fizikur, perspeqtiul, sig-rZis ganzomilebasTan gaigivdes da fsiqologiurad siaxlove–daSorebu-lobis ekvivalentad miviCnioT. aseTi fsiqikuri ekvivalenti warsulTan („uku–me“), awmyosTan („cnobieri“) da momavalTan („winacnobieri“) SeiZle-ba gaigivdes.

avtoris azriT, froidis mi-er cnobierisa da aracnobieris

a. beriZis monografias („aRzrdis saZirkveli“) am mxriv faqtobrivad analogi ar gaaCnia. naSromidan kargad Cans, Tu rogor SeiZleba fsiqologi-urma, pedagogiurma da fsiqofiziolo-giurma mecnierebebma gadalaxon Tavi-anTi e. w. „karCaketilobis“ sazRvrebi da gadaeskvnan erTmaneTs aqtualuri problemebis gadasawyvetad, razec ocnebobda bevri gamoCenili mecnieri: fsiqologi d. uznaZe, fiziologi i. pav-lovi, pedagogikis klasikosi k. uSinski da sxvebi. magaliTad, akad. i. pavlovi, Tavis dargSi pirveli nobelis premiis laureati, ambobda, rom dadgeba dro, rodesac fiziologiuri mecnierebis monapovrebis gamoyeneba „ixsnis ada-mians im amJamindeli wyvdiadisagan da ganwmends mas arsebuli sircxvilisa-gan, romelic sufevs adamianebs Soris urTierTobis sferoSi“.

avtoris mier gamoTqmuli zogi-erTi mosazreba imdenad originaluria, rom mkiTvels SeiZleba is saeWvodac ki moeCvenos, radgan ar Seesabameba aRzrdis amJamindel praqtikaSi dam-kvidrebul tradiciul Sexedulebebs. magram es eWvi maSinve moixsneba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom warmodgenili daskvnebi da mosazrebebi avtoris xangrZlivi, uaRresad intensiuri kvleva-Ziebis Sedegia da iseTi wy-aroebis gulmodgine analizis safuZ-velzea miRebuli, romelTagan bevri mecnierebis oqros fondSia Sesuli. magram es ar gamoricxavs azrTa sx-vadasxvaobas, terminologiur Tu sxva saxis uzustobebsac, risganac aseTi originaluri naSromi dazRveuli ver iqneboda.

amrigad, a. beriZis monografia „aRz-rdis saZirkveli“, rogorc praqtikuli, ise Teoriuli Rirebulebis mqone naSromia da karg samsaxurs gauwevs Sesabamisi sakiTxebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels.

socialur mecnierebaTa departamentis xelmZRvaneli,

sruli profesori

nodar baramiZe

c nobi er e b i s problem a a propri aci i s

f s i qologii s s afu Z v elze(recenzia g.Caganavas wignze _ `apropriaciis fsiqologiis

eqsperimentuli safuZvlebi“)

struq¬tu¬¬rireba yvelaze ufro moqnilia da fizikuri droisa da sivrcis fenomenologiurad amsaxve-lia. aseTi struqtura Zalian waagavs sam sknels. advili SesamCnevia, rom avtoris mier interpretirebul z.froi¬dis cnobierisa da arac-nobierebis mimarTebebSi adgili ara aqvs fiziku¬ri sivrcis ganedur gan-zomilebas da fenomenologiur ekviv-alents, rac apropriaciis fsiqolo-giis mixedviT fenomenologiurad unda iyos gaigivebuli kuTvnilebas-Tan, sakuTrebasTan, radgan fizikuri ganeduri xazi cocxal arsebaTa Soris da gansakuTrebiT adamianTa Soris sazRv¬ris damdeb, SemzRu-dav, madiferencirebel da sakuTari (TviTnebobis) Tavisuflad ganx-orcielebis sivrcis aRmniSvnelad gvevlineba, wers avtori. amave dros, kuTvnilebis, sakuTrebis ekvivalenti yvela sxva fizikuri ganzomilebis fenomenologizebis safuZveli unda iyos, radgan yvela mimarTuleba dakavSirebulia dauflebis aucile-blobasTan.

aRsaniSnavia, rom g.Caganavas sxva naSromSi naCvenebi aqvs ganwyobis zogad¬fsiqologiuri modelis struqturis apropriaciuli parame-trebi, (Caganava, 2004:168–195), romelic SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc struqtura, romelic moicavs agreTve cnobiere-bas da es kargad Cans g.Caganavas mier SemoTavazebuli ganwyobis struqtu-ris gagebidan.

guram Caganavas naSromi maRa-li mecnieruli Rirebulebisaa. wig¬ni daxmarebas gauwevs da sain-tereso iqneba Sesabamisi sakiTxebiT dain¬teresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

Sorena mesxiZe

�noemberi

qalbatonebi da batonebo,

pativcemulo stumrebo,

kolegebo da studentebo,

dRes Cvens universitetSi

zeimia _ mkiTxveli Tavis

sayvarel mwerals xvdeba.

batoni revaz miSvelaZe im

rangis mweralia, romelsac

xalxi sicocxleSive uwodebs

klasikoss. am rangis ori-

sami mwerali Tu moRvaweobs

Tanamedrove saqarTveloSi.

kanonzomierad migvaCnia is

faqtic, rom umaRlesi wodeba

_ `qarTuli prozis raindi”

saqarTveloSi pirvelad mien-

iWa sam prozaikoss da maT

Soris revaz miSvelaZes.

batoni revazi mravalmxri-

vi moRvawea. mas icnoben,

rogorc pirvelxarisxovan

novelists, kritikoss, dra-

maturgs, literaturis is-

torikoss, publicists da

farTo diapazonis sazogado

moRvawes. TiToeul dargSi

batoni revaz miSvelaZis

moRvaweoba calke moxsenebis

Temaa.

SemoqmedebiTi procesi

saerTod da gansakuTrebiT

mwerloba, RvTiur saidumloe-

baTa sferos ganekuTvneba.

Semoqmedeba ar iswavleba.

simReras ver aswavli, Tu

musikaluri niWi bunebiT ar

dahyva adamians. aswavlian

melodias da simReris teqsts,

magram simReris niWi Tandayo-

lili unda hqondes.

specialistebi darwmuneb-

uli arian, niko firosmans

samxatvro saswavlebelSi

rom eswavla, SeiZleba geniosi

mxatvari gveyolebodao.

poetoba da poezia ar

iswavleba. Ggalaktion tabi-

Zes ara Tu umaRlesi, normal-

uri saSualo skolis sruli

kursic ar daumTavrebia, ma-

gram meoce saukuneSi ufro

didi dedamiwaze miwaze ar

dadioda. SemoqmedebiTi niWi

RvTis wyalobaa da am niWiT

erTeulebs ajildoebs bune-

ba Tu gangebis Zala, amitom

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom

mwerlobis skolebi bunebaSi

ar arsebobs. (mxedvelobaSi

ar gvaqvs yofili sabWoTa

kavSirSi gorkis saxelo-

bis literaturis umaRlesi

kursebi. im kursebze igza-

vnebodnen ara mwerlobis

msurvelebi, aramed mwerlo-

baSi gamokveTili niWis axal-

gazrdebi, romelebic zogad

literaturul ganaTlebas

iZendnen kursebze). mwerali

an pirvelsave nawarmoebSi ga-

moavlens niWs, an verasdros.

is rac pirveli warumatebeli

cdis Semdeg iwereba, mxolod

varjiSia weraSi da ara niWis

gamoSuqeba.

revaz miSvelaZes ar hqonia

pirveli cdis da varjiSis

periodi mwerlobaSi. 21 wlis

ymawvilma pirvelive novela

saTauris SerCevidanve xalasi

SemoqmedebiTi niWis karnaxiT

dawera. es gaxlavT novela

metaforuli saTauriT ̀ yvela

varskvlavi rodi anaTebs”. Aam

metaforaSi XX saukunis 60-

iani wlebis kritikuli ganwy-

obilebaa gamxelili – xalxs

ar swams komunizmis gamar-

jvebisa. Kkomunizmis idea

aris is varskvlavi, romelic

ar anaTebs. Aam ideis xorc-

SesxmisaTvis revaz miSvelaZem

maSin SearCia Tema, romelSic

tipiuri SinaarsiT isaxeboda

socializm-komunizmis mSene-

blobis siyalbe da moCvene-

biToba. Ees iyo yvelaze

gavrcelebuli, magram aSkarad

yalbi kampania-moswavleTa

saswavlo- sawarmo praqtika

msxvil sawarmoebsa da meur-

neobebSi novelaSi aRwerilia

samkervalo fabrikaSi moswav-

leTa Serekva sqesis da niWis,

interesebisa da midrekile-

bebis miuxedavad. es praqtika

iqneb gogonebis interesebTan

iyo axlos, magram srulad

arafers hmatebda da veraf-

riT pasuxobda im biWebis

interesebsa da midrekilebebs,

romlebic mTeli dRe avto-

manqanebisa da radiomimRe-

bebis SekeTeba-gadakeTebaze

ocnebobdnen. TviTon novelis

gmiri, romelic veraviTar

saerTos da sainteresos ver

poulobs xalaTze Rilebis

dakerebisa da gauToebis we-

sebis axsna-ganmartebaSi, midis

quCaSi da gzis keTilmowyo-

bis brigadaSi muSaobas ar-

Cevs. Ggzaze filebis dawyoba

ufro sainteresoa misTvis,

vidre xalaTze ukuRma dak-

erebuli sayelos gasworeba.

vamTavrebT novelis kiTxvas

da vrwmundebiT, rogorc sam-

kervalo fabrikaSi am biWebis

saswavlo praqtika yalbia da

moCvenebiTi, aseTivea sabWoTa

kavSirSi gaCaRebuli propa-

ganda sayovelTao social-

uri bednierebis-komunizmis

Sesaxeb Sesaxeb.

Ees iyo ocdaerTi wlis

mwerlis (Segnebulad ar

vambobT damwyebi mwerlis)

gamowveva damisi droisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli dapirisp-

ireba, magram miuRebeli mov-

lenebis mimarT. mas Semdeg

naxevarma saukunem ganvlo.

revaz miSvelaZem oTxas-

amde novela dawera da ga-

moaqveyna da yvela mxilebisa

da gansjis suliskveTebiT

avsebda mkiTxvels; afxi-

zlebda sazogadoebas – ar

dahyoloda sisxlisRvriT mo-

suli xelisuflebis utopiur

dapirebebs. es ar iyo advili.

Tu gaviTvaliswinebT sabWoTa

diqtatoruli saxelmwifos

ideologiuri safuZvlebis

klasobriv bunebas, `sxva-

nairad moazrovne adamian-

ebi” sikvdil-sicocxlis zR-

varze idgnen da sikvdils

uyurebdnen TvalebSi roca

mamxilebel suliskveTebas

gaaJRerebdnen nawarmoebSi,

amitom bevri aseTi nawarmoebi

ujraSi hqondaT Senaxuli

avtorebs. revaz miSvelaZec

im periodSi cxovrobda da

moRvaweobda, magram, rogorc

Tanamedroveobis gamoCenili

mwerali otia ioseliani wers,

brZolis da Semoqmedebis uni-

kaluri niWiT daajildova

igi gangebam. Ootia ioseliani

wers: `brZolas yovelTvis

aqvs azri. es yvela qarTvels

gulis ficarze unda eweros,

es yvela qarTvelma unda

icodes, SeiZleba icis kidec,

magram samwuxarod, rezosaviT

ar icis.” fasdaudebelia mw-

eral revaz miSvelaZisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli brZolis

niWi da sibrZne. Mmas kvebavs

da asazrdoebs cxovrebis

codna, samSoblos siyvaruli

da Semoqmedis maRali pasux-

ismgebloba.

revaz miSvelaZe rom

brZolisa da mxatvruli

azrovnebis unikaluri ni-

WiT moRvawe mweralia, gan-

sakuTrebuli ZaliT gamov-

linda maSin, roca sabWoTa

saxelmwifos erTgvari lib-

eralizaciis procesi daiwyo

da bevri inteleqtualuri

adamiani dadebiTad gamoex-

maura. Ees iyo XX saukunis

brZolis niWi da sibrZne

20-30-40-iani wlebis avadmo-

sagonari politikuri repre-

siebis msxverplTa reabili-

tacia. ojaxebi Rebulobdnen

oficialur cnobebs, rom maTi

naTesavebi (mSoblebi, Svilebi,

da-Zmebi, meuRleebi) Turme

udanaSaulod iyvnen das-

jilni da amieridan isini ar

iTvlebodnen xalxis mtrebad

da gamarTlebulni ariano.

revaz miSvelaZem es ar miiRo

im saxiT, rogorc xelisufle-

bas hqonda Cafiqrebuli. Mmw-

eralma am procesSi uzneoba

ufro meti dainaxa, vidre mis-

aRebi mis warmosaxvaSi wina

planze wamoiwia pirovnebis

Rirsebis dacvis idea. ras

niSnavs iyo sruliad udana-

Saulo? es ar aris arc mx-

olod politikuri da arc

mxolod samarTlebrivi xasi-

aTis kiTxva. revaz miSvelaZe

adamianuri Rirsebis doneze

eZebs pasuxs dasmul kiTxvaze

da am pasuxs Tqven ipoviT

novelaSi “gigilo”. Nnov-

elis gmirmac miiRo mamis

reabilitaciis cnoba, magram

masSi madlierebis nacvlad

protestis grZnoba ufro

axmianda da dokumenti ukan

miutana qalaqis aRmaskomis

Tavjdomares da mizezic aux-

sna: Cems warmodgenaSi mama-

Cemi iyo pirovneba, romelsac

ambebze da movlenebze Tavisi

azri hqonda, viRaca uyvarda,

viRac ar uyvarda. `maSin, ro-

gorc Cans, sakuTari azris

qonebis dro ar iyo. patara

fexis arevas mwyobrSi zog-

zogi danaSaulad Tvlidnen

da mamaCemic Seewira Tavis

azrs, Tavis Sexedulebebs. me

arc ki vici, misces Tu ara

maT saSualeba sityviT da

saqmiT daemtkicebina, rom

araferi saSiSi misi gonebi-

dan ar warmodgeboda, qveynis

gadatrialebis ganzraxva ar

hqonia. ubralod, fiqriani

kaci iyo da av-kargis garCevas

xandaxan xmamaRali fiqriT

cdilobda. es ki ar apaties...

gamigeT, risi Tqma minda?..

iyos Sermadini, rogorc iyo

aqamde. reabilitacia awi veRa-

� noemberi

didad pativcemulo batono revaz

mogesalmebiT universitetis studentTa da ker-Zod imaTi saxeliT, vinc TqvenTan dagvamegobra saqarTveloSi pirvelad gamarTuli satelefono

misias emsaxureba e.w. “afxa-

zur Temaze” Seqmnili misi

novelebic. rac dro gadis

momxdari tragediis Semdeg,

miT ufro vrwmundebiT, rom

Tavis droze ar gakeTda

yvelaferi, rac saWiro iyo.

tragediis Tavidan asaSore-

blad axla dadga Jami - rac

SeiZleba meti piradi pasux-

ismgebloba igrZnos yvela

qarTvelma qarTvel da afxaz

xalxebs Soris normaluri

urTierTobis aRsadgenad.

Cveni iubilari batoni

revaz miSvelaZe CvenTvis

Zvirfasia im TvalsazrisiTac,

rom WeSmariti SemoqmedisaT-

vis TavdaRmarTi ar arsebobs.

mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs 70 wlis

revaz miSvelaZis didtaniani

romani `CurCuls gadaCveu-

li kaci”, romelic pirveli

wakiTxvisTanave aRiara maRa-

rafers uSvelis. me nu miqcevT

ocdarva wlis mamaCems Cvrad

da tutad... mamaCemis yvelaze

kai reabilitacia is iqneba,

udanaSaulo kacs Tu aRar

gamoekidebiT awi mainc da

marTlis mTqmels lagams ar

amosdebT.”

Tavisi am arasabWouri mo-

tivebiT revaz miSvelaZe Zils

ufrTxobda oficialur xe-

lisuflebas. Zilis saSuale-

bas ar aZlevda mwerali arc

axal, erovnul xelisuflebas,

romelsac did moTxovnebs uy-

enebda isev Cveni samSoblos

bednierebisaTvis da Tavisi

pozicia naTlad gamoxata

novelaSi “kargad cxovroben

gubertatorebi?”

saqarTvelos mware bedze

dafiqrebuli mwerali gvex-

mianeba novelidan “mteri-

TavdaRma hkidia.” es meta-

foraa da Sagrenis tyavi-

viT Semcirebuli axlandeli

saqarTvelos xatavs revaz

miSvelaZe. meoce saukunis mi-

wuruls Cveni teritoriebis

30% miitaca ruseTma afxaze-

Tisa da cxinvalis regionis

saxiT da dRemde mxolod

diplomatiuri mxardaWeriT

gvkvebaven saerTaSoriso or-

ganizaciebi. am dros saqarT-

velo ki Zgideze cali fexiT

TavdaRma dakidul mtreds

hgavs, romlis gadarCenili

realuri Zala arsad Cans.

amasTan dakavSirebiT drou-

lad migvaCnia ganvacxadoT,

rom revaz miSvelaZis rangis

mwerals ar SeiZleba poli-

tikuri oponenti ewodos. WeS-

mariti mwerali ara oponenti,

aramed guSagia, romelsac ro-

gorc ilia WavWavaZe ityoda,

“ZilSiac ar sZinavs qveynis

ubedurebiT gulaRtkinebul-

sa.” revaz miSvelaZis mTeli

Semoqmedeba – beletristika

Tu publicistika – xalxis

gamofxizlebas emsaxureba. am

li mxatvruli gemovnebis

mqone mkiTxvelma. saqarT-

velos saxalxo artisti,

saxelganTqmuli `daTa TuT-

aSxias” gadamRebi reJisori

giga lorTqifaniZe wlis

saukeTeso romans uwodebs

`CurCuls gadaCveul kacs”

da wers: am romanis mixedviT

SeiZleba ramdenime seria ga-

keTdes, novelebis mixedviT”

romanis gmiri gela kir-

TaZe Cveni Tanamedrove mw-

eralia.Mmisi cxovreba da

Tavganwirva samagaliToa.

gela kirTaZe Tavis mwerlur

da mamuliSvilur misias Ses-

rulebulad CaTvlis, roca

ukanaskneli rusi jariskaci

datovebs okupirebul qarTv-

el miwas, afxazeTi daubrunda

saqarTvelos, samaCablos qa-

rTveli da osi moqalaqeebi

mSvidobiani TanacxovrebiT

Seuqmnian erTmaneTs piradi

Rirsebis maqsimalurad gamov-

lenis saSualebas. es idea

mkiTxvelma gulwrfelad mi-

iRo da erT-erTma mkiTxvelma

aseTi striqonebiT gadauxada

madloba mwerals:

“ra giTqvams, ra gifiqria,

ra wigni dagiweria,

istoriuli ambisTvis

Sxami ar gagirevia,

marTali sityvis ostato,

xelT gepyras kargad

maxvili,

guli gaupo momxdurs da

cas aswvdes Seni saxeli!

Seni romani bnels gahkveTs,

gaizrdebian gmirebi

daibRavleben – viT uwin

kldeze Semdgari irmebi!”

batonebo, revaz miSvelaZis

Semoqmedeba Cvengan imsax-

samefo gvirgvinTan

Wabuki datoves zRaparSi

me mesmis im biWis yiJina

im xmas hgavs eg Seni gangaSi.

aris xma zeimis, aris xma godeba

Seni xma frinvelis gangaSi

sabudarrs Zera, rom uaxlovdeba

me am xmas gavarCev as xmaSi.

qarTuli sityviT da qarTuli sarkazmiT

gamiZex, mogyvebi im qarTul zRaparSi

es xmaa mTrTolvare sanTeli darbazSi

me am xmas gavarCev as xmaSi.

me vici delgmaSi, TavsxmaSi

qarTveli Sens wigns rom gadaSlis

Sens sityvas gaarCevs aTasSi

da Sens xmas ganarCevs as xmaSi.

Sens xmaSi imdeni grgvinvaa

imdeni zavTi da gangaSi”.

naTia TvalabeiSvili

baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis ganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa fakultetis studenti.

urebs imas, rom guldasmiT

vswavlobdeT mas.

Cemi saTqmeli, cxadia, ver

Caeteva 10-15 wuTian regla-

mentSi, amitom moviSvelieb

cnobili qarTveli poetis

zurab kuxianiZis leqss, rom-

liTac mimarTavda mweral

revaz miSvelaZes dabadebidan

60 wlisTavis iubileze:

“gemorCileba azric da

sityvac,

iwvi, anaTeb, rogorc

sanTeli,

Senze, ramdenic ar unda

iTqvas,

mainc darCeba kidev

saTqmeli.

da me mgonia, Zmobac is aris,

rac Cven dumilis fasad

gvrgebia,

am mokle sityviT rac ver

giTxari

da CvenTvis mainc gasagebia”

batono revaz, gilocavT

mkiTxvelis guliTad siyvar-

uls. Tqven erTnairad uyvarx-

arT rogorc saqarTveloSi

ise mis farglebs gareTac.

amis dasturia Tqveni dajil-

doeba somxeTis avetik isa-

kianis umaRlesi saxelmwifo

premiiT.

RmerTma gagiZlieroT,

ufalma mogceT fizikuri

Zala da sulieri energia,

mxneoba da xalisi axali

mxatvruli da publicis-

turi TxzulebebiT qarTuli

kulturis gamdidrebisaTvis,

saqarTvelos mamuliSvilTa

aRzrdisaTvis.

RmerTma gimravloT mkiTx-

veli da Tayvanismcemeli,

Sin da gareT. Tqven bednier

varskvlavze dabadebuli mw-

erali brZandebiT. Tqvengan

axali SemoqmedebiTi simaR-

leebis dapyrobas veliT

Tqveni

iuri bibileiSvili

SexvedriT mweralTan. minda giTxraT, rom TqvenTan sasaubrod mzadebis procesSi gadatanili gancdebi erTbaSad mogvixsna Tqvenma saocrad Tbilma sau-brebma, rCevebma, darigebebma…

Tqven kargad gvagrZnobineT, rom mxatvruli nawarmoebis wakiTxvisTvis studenti sagangebod unda emzadebodes. sakmarisi ar aris nawarmoebis wakiTxva, mTavaria misi ise gageba, rom zustad mi-vagnoT mwerlis Canafiqrs.

am TvalsazrisiT Tqveni saubrebi TiToeuli Cven-ganisaTvis xanmokle, magram dauviwyari gakveTili iyo. axla minda visargeblo SemTxveviT da kidev erTxel dagidasturoT, rom Tqveni saxiT Cvens axalgazrdobas hyavs brZeni maswavlebeli da damrigebeli. Tqveni popularoba saqarTveloSi aRiarebuli faqtia.

piradad ganaTlebis specialobis studentebs gadawyvetili gvaqvs ufro Rrmad da farTod SeviswavloT Tqveni Semoqmedeba, SesaZleblobis mixedviT viyoT Tqveni yoveli axali nawarmoebis pirveli mkiTxveli.

batono revaz, vgrZnob, rom srulad ver vambob yvelafer imas, rasac vfiqrob da ganvicdi, amitom neba miboZeT Cemi misalmeba davamTavro, poet amiran xabazis leqsiT:

”me vici, vin raa

Seni xmiT gangarCev aTasSi,

Sens xmaSi imdeni grgvinvaa

imdeni zavTi da gumbaTTa gangaSi.

�noemberi

1840 wlis 27 oqtombers qarT-lis patara, Tvalwarmtacma sofelma varianma saqarTvelos iakob goge-baSvili aCuqa. mas Semdeg 170 weli gavida. drom feri ver ucvala mis SemoqmedebiT saunjes, mis moZRvrebas, piriqiT, mzesaviT kidev ufro met el-varebas hfens, maradiuli sicocxlisa da mimzidvelobis Zalas aniWebs.

farTo da mravalmxrivia didi er-iskacis pedagogiuri da SemoqmedebiTi moRvaweobis sarbieli. istoriam mas daakisra dedaenaze swavla-aRzrdis axali sistemisa da ubadlo saxelmZ-Rvaneloebis Seqmna; saxalxo skolis mSeneblobis, eris ganaTlebis, axali saliteraturo qarTulis gavrcelebi-sa da erovnuli sabavSvo mwerlobis ganviTarebis bedis marTva.

gori, Tbilisi, kievi _ es iyo vari-aneli Wabukis ganaTlebis aRmavali safexurebi, xolo 1863 weli samaswav-leblo da sazogadoebriv-politi-kuri moRvaweobis xangrZlivi, Znelad savali da uaRresad nayofieri gzis dasawyisi.

`xalxis Svili, Sua qarTlSi dabadebuli da xalxis kalTaSi aRz-rdili~ iakobi samoRvaweo asparezze Rrmad gaazrebuli, naTeli programiT gamovida. samSoblos samsaxuri umaR-lesi da uwmindesi ideali iyo misTvis. `gavuZel mourCenel avadmyofobasac, gaZlierebul mtrobasac, biurokratiis devnasac – araferi ar davuTme arc erTs, arc meores. Cems sazogadoebriv mizans aqeT-iqeT gadauxvevlad vemsax-urebodi SeZlebisdagvarad~.

SeZlebisdagvarado, Tavmdablurad ambobs didi pedagogi, sinamdvileSi umaRlesi da uwinaresi idealisaTvis misi gaorkecebuli energiiT brZola da smasaxuri Tavganwirvis, gmirobis tolfasi iyo. sayuradReboa is faqtic, rom 1873 wels iakobma cecxls misca seminariis atestati, akademiis mowmoba da sxva sabuTebi, rom saxelmwifo samsaxurSi aRar Sesuliyo. mTeli sicocxle, Zala da energia qveynis naTeli mermisisaTvis moexmarebina, `yvelaferi xalxma momca da xalxsve unda daubrundeso~, ityoda xolme.

didi pedagogi da ganmanaTlebeli saqarTvelos aRorZinebis, misi bed-nierebis ZiriTad sayrdenad xalxis ganaTlebas, momavali Taobis zneo-briv srulqmnas miiCnevda. aRzrdis ZiriTad miznad ki mas yovelmxriv ganaTlebuli, harmoniulad ganviTa-rebuli, àxali ti pis qarTvelis~ aRzrda-formireba miaCnda. iakobis azriT àxali tipis qarTveli~ gon-ebrivad da zneobrivad srulyofili, aqtiuri, Semoqmedi da iniciativiania, gamsWvalulia samSoblos siyvaruliT. manve mogvca patriotizmis klasikuri formulireba. ̀ visa hqvian patrioti?~

iakob gogebaSvili _ 170

xalxis Svili xalxis kalTaSi gamozrdili- svams igi kiTxvas da pasuxsac Ta-vad iZleva: `mas visac sicocxlis umTavres sagnad gauxdia mSobliuri qveynis bedniereba, vinc Tavgamodebu-lad da Seupovrad ebrZvis dauRala-vad yovels dabrkolebas, romelic mis samSoblo qveyanas warmatebis gzaze gadaRobebia, visac mTlad dakargulad miaCnia yoveli wami, romelic ar moux-maria mamulis zrunvisaTvis, visac ed-agvis guli mamulis tanjviTa, uxaris misi lxeniTa, vinc bednieria misi ube-durobiT da vinc mzad aris RimiliT Seswiros mas Tavisi sicocxle.~

Cven xelT unda avitacoT da samoqmedo programad davisxoT didi mamuliSvilis debuleba: àdamianis Rirseba ganizomeba mxolod gonebrivi simaRliT, zneobrivi sispetakiT da im sikeTiT, romelsac sTesavs igi Tavis moRvaweobiT~

rogor Zalumad exmaureba dRavan-delobas Segoneba imis Sesaxeb, rom qarTvel xalxs dasvleTidan mieRo ganaTleba da gadmoetana saukeTeso sazogadoebrivi wyobileba. Tumca aucileblad miaCnda: _ ̀ warsulidagan unda gadmovitanoT erovnuli niadagi da evropis nawarmoebebSi avarCioT saTesad wminda puri gonebis, zneobis da ekonomiuri sferoebiTgan~.

sulmnaTi moZRvari gansakuTrebu-lad iRvwoda imisaTvis, raTa evropis mowinave skolebis msgavsad safuZveli Cayroda qarTul skolasac, sadac dedaenis, samSoblo qveynis da liter-aturis Seswavlas upirvelesi adgili daeTmoboda. amitomac iyo Tbilisis sasuliero seminariaSi, sadac is maswavleblad da zedamxedvelad muSaobda Seupovrad SeebrZola aq gavrcelebul araadamianur reJims da aqedanve Camoayaliba swavla-aRzrdis axali sistema _ humanizmsa da de-mokratiaze dafuZnebuli.

dedaenis mesaZirkvlem, didma iako-bma yovelmxriv daasabuTa mSobliur enaze swavlebis mniSvneloba eris sicocxlis, misi civilizaciisaTvis da Tavisi ukvdavi qmnilebebiT real-uri SesaZleblobebi Seqmna am ideis xorcSesaxmisaTvis.

eris ganmanaTlebelma 24 wlis asakSi Seadgina dedaenis axali sax-elmZRvanelo `qarTuli anbani da pirveli sakiTxavi wigni moswavle-TaTvis~, romelic 1865 wels gamovida. es udidesi mniSvnelobis saqme iyo. wera-kiTxvisa da, saerTod qarTuli enis swavleba am wignis mixedviT daefuZna didaqtikis principebs, rac im droisaTvis didi novatoroba iyo da qarTuli pedagogiuri azrovnebis istoriaSi revolucias udrida.

1868 wels enTuziasti pedagogi scems enciklopediur saxelmZR-vanelos `bunebis kars~, romelmac ganusazRvreli roli Seasrula mo-zardi Taobis erovnuli suliskveTe-biT aRzrdaSi, erovnuli TviTSeg-nebis gamomuSavebaSi, mSobliuri enis gavrcelebaSi, eris ganaTlebasa da konsolidaciaSi.

1876 wels iakob gogebaSvilma ga-mosca Tavis ukvdavi qmnileba, anbanis saxelmZRvaneloebis Sedevri `deda ena~. qarTulma gulma da sulma, mSob-liuri xalxisa da bavSvebis Tavdavi-wyebulma siyvarulma, farTo ganaTle-bam da pedagogiurma gulmodgineobam, qarTuli enis bunebis saidumloebis da bavSvis fsiqologiis Rrmad codnam, zemomadlebulma saocarma mxatvrulma niWma da erudiciam misca saSualeba progresul ideebze Seeqmna xelix-elsagogmanebeli anbanis brwyinvale saxelmZRvanelo `deda ena~, romelic dResac Cauqrobel CiraRdnad anTia da norCebis sulieri formirebis dauSretel wyarod moedineba. gazaf-xulis lurjTvala iiT daiwyo sulm-naTma moZRvarma bavSvTa aRzrda, rom zrda damTavrebulebs mxolod ia-

vardi eTesaT cxovrebis gzaze. `deda enaSi~ udidesi ostatobiT, gasaocari codniTa da sibrZniT aris ganxor-cielebuli pedagogiur- meToduri da didaqtikuri principebi.

`deda ena~ ara marto wera-kiTx-vis sworupovari saxelmZRvaneloa, aramed Cveni xalxuri Semoqmedebisa da klasikuri sabavSvo mwerlobis margalitebis saunje. saxelovani mam-uliSvili xalxuri zepirsityvierebis saTanado nimuSebs TviTonve agrovebda da xalxsave ubrunebda. igi xvewda, aSalaSinebda da amuSavebda xalxuri poeziis nimuSebs da ise Sehqonda Ta-vis `deda enasa~ da `bunebis karSi~.

marto xalxuri poezia ar iyo sakmarisi dedaenis dauflebisaTvis. amitom man pirvelad Seitana saxelmZ-RvaneloebSi rogorc sxvisi, ise saku-Tari prozisa da poeziis saukeTeso nimuSebi. ès jado wigni, wigni ki ara enciklopedia, Sedgenilia nair-nairi masaliT, _ wers mwerali akademikosi d. Sengelia, _ yoveli furceli gam-Tbaria Semoqmedebis cocxali sunTq-viT da ise mWidrodaa Sekruli, rom monoliTur mTlianobas warmoadgens. didi saba, akaki, uSinski, l. tolstoi da ganumeorebeli qarTuli zepirsi-tyviereba, ise logikurad ganagrZoben erTimeores, ise xmatkbilad aJRerebu-lan, rom erTi sakvirveli simfonia iqmneba.~

swored amis gamo SeiTvisa da Seiyvara qarTvelma xalxma iakob gogebaSvilis `deda ena~ da `bunebis kari~. isini gascilda skolis far-glebs da saerTo saxalxo sakiTxav wignebad, xelixelsagogmanebel mar-galitebad iqca. qarTvelma xalxma `vefxistyaosnis~ Semdeg am wignebis msgavsi popularuli meore wigni ar icoda. madlierma qarTvelma xalxma eris uWknob saunjes ̀ deda enas~ Zegli daudga.

`deda enis~ yovel axal gamocemas ganusazRvreli sixaruli Sehqonda ara marto saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi yoveli qarTvelis ojaxSi, aramed saqa-rTvelos gareT myof Cvens Tanamemamu-leTa Sorisac. saxelovani mamuliSvi-li angariSs uwevda qarTvel mahmadian moswavleTa Taviseburebebs. roca `deda enas~ adgenda mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitana masSi.

amitomac iyo, rom uZvirfases ganZs `deda enas~ aRtacebiT kiTxulobdnen fereidanSi, stabulsa da mcire aziaSi mcxovrebi qarTvelebi. maTTvis spe-cialurad ibeWdeboda da igzavneboda Zvirfasi saunje `deda ena~, romelic enis siyvarulTan erTad mSobli-uri miwis surnelebiT asazrdoebda ucxoeTSi myof qarTvelebs da ex-mareboda SeenarCunebinaT dedaena da qarTuli adaT-wesebi.

gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia geniosi pedagogis mSobliuri zrunva, Seunele-beli yuradReba da saTuTi damokide-buleba aWarisadmi. 1878 wels, roca aWara dedasamSoblos daubrunda qa-rTvel sazogado moRvaweebTan mxar-damxar mSobliuri rudunebiT daiwyo brZola aWaraSi saxalxo skolebis gaxsnisa da dedaenaze swavlebis damkvidrebisaTvis. is oTxjer, Tavad ewvia baTums, rom axlos gacnoboda didi ilias TaosnobiT aq gaxsnili pirvali qarTuli skolis saqmiano-bas da saTanado daxmareba aRmoeCina misTvis. saxelovani mamuliSvilis Tavdadebul mzrunvelobas, amagsa da saqmian winadadebebs udidesi mniSvn-eloba hqonda am istoriuli kuTxis ayvaveba-aRorZinebaSi.

pedagogikis klasikosi maRal Se-fasebas aZlevda da gansakuTrebul mniSvelobas aniWebda maswavlebels. pedagogi mas eris dedaboZad miaCnda Tu skolis saqme maRal doneze dadgeba, momzadebuli maswavleblebi gveyoleba, werda iakobi, potenciurad

Cveni momavali Taoba niWierebiTa da unariT gamoirCeva da Tavs gamoiCens. ìse russ ar uyvars Tavisi sanatreli otka, nemecs – piva, francuzs – Sam-fanski, italiels – opera, inglisels – bivSteqsi, osmaloels – yava da Cinels – bangi, rogorc qarTvelT swyuriaT swavla.

amitomac muxlCauxrelad iRvwoda iakob gogebaSvili qarTuli skolis mSeneblobisaTvis. mis samsaxurs moaxmara man mTeli Tavisi codna-ga-mocdileba, Zala, energia da saocrad rainduli SemarTeba.

me-19 saukunis saqarTvelo, romelmac SeZlo Tavisi erovnuli TavisTavado-bis, Tavisi erovnuli faseulobebis carizmis koloniuri reJimis pirobeb-Si SenarCuneba – es upirveles yovlisa qarTuli skolis damsaxurebaa, rameTu igi dedaenis balavars eyrdnoboda.

ài, risTvis da visTvis iyo saWiro `deda ena~, `bunebis kari~ da sabavSvo mwerloba, romlis fuZemdebelic sulm-naTi iaskobi gaxldaT. man sabavSvo literaturis erovnuli skola Se-qmna. mis kalams ekuTvnis 150-ze meti sabavSvo nawarmoebi da publicisturi werili. maRali zneobiT da formiT miawoda mkiTxvels – mozardsa da mozrdils.

Tanamedrove pirobebSi roca swav-leba-swavlis aqtiuri da interaq-tiuri meTodebi inergeba skolaSi saWiro da aucilebelia yovelive es tradiciuls, erovnuls daeyrdnos da masze dayrdnobiT SemoqmedebiTad iqnas gamoyenebuli. amitom sWirdeba daxmareba maswavlebelsac da moswav-lesac.

vis mouxmoT ?iakob gogebaSvili:zurgi unda SevaqcioT yalb cod-

nas da SevudgeT SeZenas namdvilis, WeSmariti codnisa. swavlebas, rom igi pedagogiuri da ganmaviTarebeli iyos _ yovel sityvaze Tan unda axldes sruli gageba, swavlebis am srul Seg-nebulobazea damokidebuli moswavlis yuradRebis siZlierisa da simtkicis aRzrda. mxolod gaZlierebuli yu-radRebis saSualebiT wvdeba Cveni goneba saganTa Sinagan mxareebs.

da isev dRevandeli mravalricxo-van maswavlebelTa armiisadmi mimar-Tuli sityvebi.

dRevandel gakveTilze aRTqmuli masala unda ganmeordes momdevno gakvTilebze sxvadasxva kombinaciebSi, rac uzrunvelyofs ara marto Seswav-lilis mtkiced damaxsovrebas, aramed SeZenili codnis sxvadasxva pirobebSi unarianad gamoyenebas. es ki metad mniSvnelovania imisaTvis, raTa farTo gza mivceT swrafcvalebad samyaroSi saqmianobisaTvis esoden aucilebel, axlebur, kritikul azrovnebas, kul-turuli mopaeqre, mokamaTe, Rrmad da damoukideblad mofiqral-moazrovne da zneobrivad srulqmnili pirovnebis aRzrda-formirebisadmi SemoqmedebiT midgomas.

eris ganmanaTlebelma Tavisi pedagogikuri ideebiT da Sexed-ulebebiT, brZnul nafiqr-naazreviT da SegonebebiT TanamedroveobaSi Semoabija. is dResac CvenTan aris, kvlav gvirCevs, gvarigebs, gvaswavlis, gvmoZRvarvs, ganaTlebis reformis realizaciisa da erovnuli skolis mSeneblobis Znelad saval gzaze sagzlad bevrjer gamogvadgeba misi Zvirfasi,progresuli memkvidreoba, ro-melic qarTuli erovnuli kulturis, erovnuli skolis uryevi burji da pedagogiuri mecnierebis ganviTarebis safuZvelTa safuZvelia.

akaki zoiZesaqarTvelos iakob gogebaSvi-

lis pedagogTa kavSiris aWaris respublikuri organizaciis Tavmjdomare, doqtori.

� noemberi

baTumis saxelmwifo uni-versiteti, romelic ukvdavi SoTa rusTavelis saxels atarebs, 75 wlisaa. igi samar-

Tlianad amayobs Tavisi aR-zrdilebiT, romlebmac didi wvlili Seitanes mecnierebis mraval dargSi, axalgazrdobis pedagogiuri da samecniero wrTobis rTul gzaze.

ai, ukve 7 aTeul welze metia, baTumis SoTa rusTave-lis universiteti triumfiT atarebs winaprebis mier an-Tebuli codnis CiraRdans. man avtonomiur respublikas moumzada maRalkvalifici-uri kadrebi, romlebic dRes warmatebiT Sromoben mec-nierebisa da kulturis yvela dargSi.

cxovrebis romel sferosac ar unda SevexoT, yvelgan Sevx-vdebiT Cveni umaRlesi saswav-leblis kursdamTavrebulebs, aRmovaCenT maTi Semoqmedeb-iTi Sromis nayofs. aWaraSi mcxovreb yvela moqalaqes,

universiteti _ Cveni siamaye _752010w. 3 oqtombers SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetis saaqto

darbazSi gaimarTa sazeimo sxdoma, romelic mieZRvna

amave universitetis 75 wlis iubiles.

kursdamTavrebulebs, studen-tebs uyvarT Tavisi univer-siteti da yvela mniSvnelovani movlena maT cxovrebaSi sayov-elTao-saxalxo zeimad gadai-qceva xolme.

ase iyo 3 oqtombers, rode-sac Cveni universiteti 75 wlisTavs zeimobda.

universitetis saaqto dar-bazSi Seikribnen qarTveli mecnierebi, isini, vinc dRes ganagrZoben ufrosi Taobis saxelovan tradiciebs da Rirseuli wvlili SeaqvT qarTuli mecnierebis ganvi-TarebaSi, emsaxurebian axal-gazrda specialistebisa da mecnierebis, studenti axal-gazrdobis aRzrdis saqmes. iubiles eswrebodnen univer-sitetis kursdamTavrebulebi, baTumis intelingeciis warmo-madgenlebi, yofili pedagogebi

aRzrda yovelTvis iyo Zneli saqme da aseTived darCa dRemde. dRes ki, mecnierul-teqnikuri revoluciis epoqaSi, igi ufro garTulda da mrava-li saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi dawesebulebis sagnad iqca.

kidev ufro Znelia bavSvis aRzrda enis amodgmamde da fexis adgmamde, roca pataras ar ZaluZs, giTxras ra awuxebs, ratom tiris, ratom Jinianobs, ratom ar emorCileba aRmz-rdelebs da a.S. am rTul da Znelad dasaZlev problemas SeeWida profesori arCil ber-iZe da, SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, brwyinvaled gaarTva Tavi _ fsiqologiur mecnierebas, da ara marto fsiqologiur mec-nierebas, pedagogiur mecniere-basac Semata erTi saintereso naSromi, monografia àRzr-dis saZirkveli~, romelic ga-suli wlis miwuruls `SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo uni-versitetis~ gamomcemlobam dastamba.

aRniSnuli naSromi Seicavs 413 gverds da 33 Tavs. am sqelt-anian naSromSi dawvrilebiT, mecnieruli keTilsindisiere-biT aris gaSuqebuli, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, enis amodg-mamde da fexis adgmamde asakis bavSvSi socialurad dadebiTi Tvisebebis SemuSavebis sakiTxi, romelic dRemde problemad iyo qceuli.

Tavis winasityvaobaSi ba-toni arCili aRniSnavs, rom igi pirvelad ikvlevda swavlebis, didaqtikis sakiTxebs da ver warmoedgina, rom odesme xels mokidebda aRzrdis sakiTxebs, magram gabeda da warmatebiTac gaarTva Tavi am rTuli amoca-nis gadawyvetas.

avtors sakvlevi problema gaSuqebuli aqvs istoriul aspeqtSi _ antikuri epoqidan (demokrite, plutarqe, pla-toni, aristotele, kvintiliane) dRemde da klasikosi pedago-gebis gamocdilebaze dayrdno-biT mocemuli aqvs problemis gadaWrisaTvis garkveuli reko-mendaciebi da daskvnebi. naSro-mis dadebiT mxared migvaCnia is, rom arCil beriZe aRniSnul problemaze arsebuli liter-aturisa da mecnier-pedagogebis mosazrebebs avsebs da amdi-drebs sakuTari praqtikuli gamocdilebidan aRebuli, Tavis Svilebze dakvirvebiT miRebu-li konkretuli magaliTebiT. igi madlierebis grZnobiT

s a y u r a d R e b o m o n o g r a f i a

a R z r d i s s a k i T x e b z e

da TanamSromlebi, romelTac didi Rvawli miuZRviT univer-sitetis saswavlo-samecniero da SemoqmedebiT muSaobaSi. dRes ki, didi iubiles aRsan-iSnavad, amJamindeli reqtoris, profesor aleko bakuriZis xelmZRvanelobiTa da ini-ciativiT, pativiscemis niSnad, mogviwvies Cveni mSobliuri universitetis, Cveni meore ojaxis iubileze.

didi madloba, batono aleko, im didi gulisxmierebisTvis, im didi sulieri TanagrZno-bisaTvis da im meore didi sicocxlisaTvis, romelic pi-radad Tqven mogvaniWeT da im samaradiso saxsovrisaTvis _ palirebul dafaze amokveTili warwerisaTvis _ sadac TiToeu-li Cvenganis saxeli da gvaria amotvifruli da mis gaswvriv weria Cvens mier ganvlili cxovrebis gamomxatveli si-tyvebi: ,,samecniero, xangrZlivi da nayofieri moRvaweobisaT-vis~_prof. a. bakuriZe. dRes es brwyinvale saCuqari amSvenebs Cemi ojaxis erT-erT lamaz, originalur kuTxes.

glocavT _ RmerTi da Tqveni angelozi iyos Tqveni mfarveli.

neba miboZeT, erTxel kidev madloba gadagixadoT piradad Tqven _ batono reqtoro, baTu-mis universitetis saxelovan profesor-maswavleblebs, stu-dentebs da mTel koleqtivs, sa-dac gavatare Cemi sicocxlis saukeTeso wlebi _ 50 weli. guliTadad mogilocavT did iubiles da gisurvebT axal warmatebebs, axal gamarjvebebs, usasrulo miRwevebs pirad da sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, Cveni mzardi universitetis, Cveni kuTxis, Cveni diadi saqa-rTvelos sakeTildReod! ar SemiZlia ar aRvniSno, rom b-ni aleko Tavisi samecniero da sazogadoebrivi saqmianobiT amarTlebs Cveni didi winapris grigol bakurianisZis Rirseu-li STamomavlis saxels. didi akakis sityvebs Tu gavixsenebT _ ,,rac ar iwvis, ar anaTebs!” _ dae, sul iwvodeT da anaTebdeT maradJams!

pativiscemiT

TinaTin Ciqovani

ixseniebs yvela imas, vinc xeli Seuwyo mas mecnierad Camoya-libebasa da garkveuli biZgi, stimuli misca mis am sferoSi muSaobas. maTgan igi, uwinares yovlisa, gamoyofs akademikos Salva amonaSvilsa da aWaris ganaTlebis ministrs, aw gar-dacvlil baton vaxtang wu-lukiZes.

me-19 saukunis meore nax-evridan, dasZens prof. ar. ber-iZe, roca fsiqologia gamoeyo filosofias da damoukidebel mecnierebad Camoyalibda, mo-zardis aRzrdis saqme peda-gogiuri fsiqologiis RviZl saqmed iqca. avtori samar-Tlianad dasZens, rom aRzrdis udides rolze pirovnebis formirebaSi pirvelad miuTi-Ta gamoCenilma ingliselma pedagogma jon lokma. igi werda: `...cxra meaTedi im adamianebidan, romlebsac Cven xvdebiT, ...arian _ keTilni Tu borotni, sasargebloni Tu usargebloni, aRzrdis wyalo-biT~. Semdeg avtori iSveliebs Jan-Jak rusos gamonaTqmebs misi ukvdavi roman-traqta-tidan èmili anu aRzrdis Sesaxeb~, romlis Sesaval nawilSi ruso ambobs: ̀ Tu ro-gori iqneba mcenare, movlazea damokidebuli. Tu rogori iqneba adamiani, aRzrdazea damokidebuli~. ruso Semdeg kvlav ubrundeba am sakiTxs da acxadebs: ̀ vimeorebs, adamianis aRzrda misi dabadebisTanave iwyeba~. sarecenzio naSromis avtori iSveliebs aseve cno-

bili Sveicarieli klasikosi pedagogis henrix pestalocis gamonaTqvams, rom `bavSvis dabadebis saaTi aris misi aR-zrdis pirveli saaTi~.

amave sakiTxTan dakav-SirebiT igi gvTavazobs erT moarul, anekdotad qceul magaliTs: erTxel cnobil italiel profesor monte ga-cos wvevia axalgazrda deda da ukiTxavs: rodis daviwyo bavSvis aRzrdao. profesori dainteresebula bavSvis asakiT da roca gaugia, rom igi erTi Tvis iyo, uTqvams: Tqven Svilis aRzrda erTi TviT dagigvi-anebiaTo.

sasurveli iyo aq avtors aReniSna, rom amJamad medicina, fiziologia, fsiqologia da pedagogika moiTxovs, rom bavS-vis aRzrdaze vizrunoT jer kidev mis dabadebamde, Torem Semdeg SeiZleba Cvenma daude-vrobam arasasurveli Sedegi gamoiRos.

amave TavSi avtori ambobs, rom aRniSnul problemaze qa-rTulad arsebobs erTaderTi naSromi, mecnierebaSi arcTu ise cnobili avtorisa, esaa mix-eil mWedliSvilis broSura `rodis da rogor daviwyoT bavSvis aRzrda~, romelSic bevri sayuradRebo mosazrebaa gamoTqmuli, magram am naSromis avtori gadaWarbebiT afasebs enis amodgmamde asakis bavSvis aRzrdis SesaZleblobebso.

sarecenzio naSromis III TavSi profesori arCil beriZe samarTlianad aRniSnavs, rom zogierTi gaunaTlebeli deda erTmaneTisagan ver ansxvave bavSvis movlasa da aRzdas. aqve igi gvTavazobs maT So-ris gansxvavebas da dasZens, rom movla aris bavSvis fizi-kuri zrda-ganviTarebisaTvis saWiro da aucilebeli piro-bebis Seqmna, misi Cacma-dax-urva da gamokveba, daavadebis winaaRmdeg brZola da a. S. aRzrda ki gulisxmobs bavSvSi dadebiTi Tvisebebis SemuSave-basa da eris zne-Cveulebebis, tradiciebis, adaT-wesebis gac-nobas, mis SromisaTvis momza-debas, erTi sityviT, sazoga-doebis srulfasovan wevrad Camoyalibebas.

momdevno TavSi gaSuqebulia bavSvis tirilis mizezi. aq igi mimarTavs rusos, romlis az-riT, `bavSvis pirveli tirili Txovnis gamomxatvelia, unda movufrTxildeT, Torem male brZanebad gadaiqceva igi~. Sem-deg ruso gvirCevs: `Tu Svela ar SegiZliaT _ nu aReldebiT da dasawynareblad moferebas nu dauwyebT, bavSvs Tqveni al-ersi muclis Wras ver mourCens, is ki daimaxsovrebs, ra unda qnas, rom moeferon. da Tu erTxel naxa, rom mis nebaze Tavs evle-biT _ Tqveni batoni gaxdeba; saqme wasulia~ (gv. 29).

aqve a. beriZes sasurveli iyo moeyvana èmilidan~ kidev erTi citata, sadac ruso am-bobs: ìciT, ...ra aris yvelaze ufro namdvili saSualeba Tqveni bavSvis gasaubedure-blad? es saSualeba aris bavS-vis miCveva, rom man yvelaferi miiRos.

jer moindomebs joxs, Tqven rom giWiravT; sul male igi Tqvens saaTs moisurvels, Sem-deg Cits, haerSi rom frinavs, mere varskvlavs, caSi rom brwy-inavs; moindomebs yvelafers, rasac ki dainaxavs.

adamians igi uyurebs ro-gorc Tavis monas; da roca... iZulebuli gaxdebiT, rameSi uari uTxraT, bavSvi am uars mis winaaRmdeg mimarTul ajanyebad CaTvlis~, daiwyebs iatakze gorvas da fexebis braxuns. Tumca amave sakiTxs profesori arCil beriZe ubrundeba XXX TavSi da dasZens: `roca enis amodg-mamde asakSi bavSvi atirdeba, mSoblebi maSinve impulsurad, instinqturad gadavdivarT mis momsaxurebaze, da Tu dedam Tavi Seikava, dedamTili _ bavS-vis bebia garbis misken, Semdeg ki _ mama an babua. ariqa, bavSvi tiris, dayovneba ar SeiZleba, mivxedoT, vaWamoT, gavarToT, SevxsnaT, moveferoT! da a.S. meti ki araa saWiro imisaTvis, rom bavSvSi aRvZraT mouTmen-lobis Tu TavSeukaveblobis, sakuTari Jinis gatanisa da sxvisi damorCilebis, damonebis suliskveTeba, sxvebisagan mud-mivi yuradRebisa da momsax-urebis survili~ (gv. 383-384).

sarecenzio naSromSi gansa-kuTrebul yuradRebas imsax-urebs bavSvebis Jinianobisa da nebisyofis aRzrdis problema. am problemis gaSuqebisas naSromis avtori ZiriTadad eyrdnoba prof. Salva Cxar-tiSvilis naSromebs, magram igi ar iviwyebs aseve sxva cnobil mecnierebsac, rogorebic arian: seCenovi, pavlovi, petrovski, ko-gani, d. uznaZe, S. nadiraSvili, m. yolbaia, n. baramiZe, g. Caga-nava da sxvebi. yvela maTganis CamoTvla Sors wagviyvans.

ar. beriZis dasaxelebul naSromSi aRZruli yvela prob-lemis srulyofilad ganxilva sarecenzio naSromSi SeuZle-belia. amitom Cven mkiTxvelTa yuradReba gavamaxvileT mx-olod, Cveni azriT, ufro aq-tualur sakiTxebze.

Rrmad varT darwmunebuli, baton arCils es naSromi rom 5-6 wlis win daewera, igi axla fsiqologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori iqneboda. aRniSnuli monografia am xarisxs ueWve-lad imsaxurebs.

dasasrul am naSromTan dakavSirebiT minda erTi mag-aliTi moviyvano: profesori nodar tabiZe, galaktionis ZmisSvili, am ukanasknelze daweril monografiaSi aRniS-navs: 1959 wlis 25 ianvars galaktions dRiurSi Cauwe-ria: saxelgamSi akaki SaniZes SevCivle: _ ai, literaturis saxelmZRvanelo VIII klasi-saTvis. sxva poetebis aT-aTi leqsia Sig da Cemi ki mxolod erTia-meTqi.

_ eg srulebiT araferia, _ miTxra akakim. _ erTxel erekle mefe glexTa ojaxSi iyo, am glexs 10 vaJi hyavda. ereklem uTxra maspinZels, ra bednieri xar, rom aTi Svili gyavso. maspinZelma upasuxa amooxvriT: _ eh, dido batono, netav erTi Svili myavdes da TqvenisTanao. mec unda vTqva: netavi erTi wigni damewera da batoni arCilis àRzrdis saZirkvelis~-Tana.

dasasrul minda aRvniSno, rom a. beriZis sarecenzio naSromi Sesrulebulia maRal mecnierul doneze, dawerilia gamarTuli literaturuli eniT da sainteresod ikiTxe-ba.

nodar basilaZepedagogikis mecnierebaTa

doqtori

�noemberi

Sesrulda 80 weli qarTuli agro-qimiuri mecnierebis erT-erTi cno-bili warmomadgenlis, soflis meur-neobis akademiuri doqtoris, saqa-rTvelos ekologiur mecnierebaTa akademiis wevr-korespondentis. SoTa avTandilisZe futkaraZis dabadebidan. igi daibada 1929 wlis 10 ianvars xu-los raionis sofel dRvanSi. pirveli dawyebiTi ganaTleba miiRo sofel lomanauris skolaSi. Semdeg swavlob-da sofel dRvanis 7-wlian skolaSi, romlis damTavrebis Semdeg swavla gaagrZela xulos vaJTa pedagogiur saswavlebelSi da mieniWa saSualo skolis dawyebiTi klasebis maswavle-blis kvalifikacia.

1948 wlidan SoTa futkaraZe saqa-rTvelos sasoflo-sameurneo insti-tutis, agronomiuli fakultetis pirveli kursis studentia.

studentobis periodSive gamom-JRavnda misi midrekileba samecniero-kvleviTi muSaobisadmi,monawileobda studentTa samecniero konferenciebSi, sadac gamodioda moxsenebebiT. misi sadiplomo naSromi saxelmwifo saga-mocdo komisiis mier Sefasebul iqna friadze da igi ganTavisuflebul iqna saxelmwifo gamocdebis Cabarebisagan. Sesrulebuli sadiplomo naSromisaT-vis, sabWoTa kavSiris kulturis samin-istros umaRlesi ganaTlebis mTavarma sammarTvelom, v. eliutinis xelmoweriT, 1954 wlis 8 martis brZanebiT SoTa fut-karaZe dajildovda qebis sigeliT.

institutis damTavrebis Semdeg axalgazrda swavluli agronomis cxovrebaSi iwyeba axali etapi. sx-vadasxva dros muSaobda Suaxevis raionis soflis meurneobis sammarT-velos sasoflo-sameurneo propagan-dis ufros agronomad, Semdeg sammarT-velos ufrosis moadgiled da raionis mTavar agronomad, baTumis raionis sofel axalsoflis kolmeurneobis mTavar agronomad.

1962 wels daamTavra aspirantuli momzadeba Caisa da subtropikuli kulturebis sruliad sakavSiro sa-mecniero-kvleviT institutSi prof. a.j. menaRariSvilis xelmZRvanelobiT da daicva sakandidato disertacia Temaze «koncentrirebuli da Termuli gziT miRebuli fosforiani sasuqebis formebis SedarebiTi efeqtianoba Cais plantaciebSi»

1962 wlidan 1965 wlis CaTvliT igi institutis agroqimiis ganyofilebis umcrosi mecnieri TanamSromelia. Semdeg gadadis samuSaod institutis Caqvis filialis agroqimiis gan-yofilebaSi ufrosi mecnieri TanamS-romelis Tanamdebobaze da SeTavsebiT kiTxulobs leqciebs baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelobis saxelmwifo pedagogiur institutSi soflis meur-neobis safuZvlebis sakiTxebze. 1970 wlidan 1990 wlis CaTvliT muSaobs docentis Tanamdebobaze institutis biologiis kaTedraze.

pirveli mecnieri-agroqimikosi zemo aWaridanSoTa futkaraZe 80 wlisaa

samecniero- pedagogiuri moR-vaweobis periodSi gmomJRavnda SoTa fuTkaraZis organizatoruli niWi. man xelvaCauris raionis sofel ax-alsofelSi Camoayaliba citrusebis sacdel-saCvenebeli sawarmoo agrou-bani 12 heqtarze, sadac dayenebul iqna kapitaluri mindvris cdebi

citrusebis qveS azotiani, fosfo-riani, kaliumiani, magniumis Semcveli sasuqebis axali formebis, dozebis, Setanis vadebis SedarebiT efeqtiano-baze. am cdebma farTo interesi gamoi-wvia aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis mTavrobis wevrebs Soris. cdebisgan miRebuli Sedegebi dadebiTad Sea-fases cnobilma agroqimikosebma, profesorebma a. peterburgskim, a. men-aRariSvilma, m. daraseliam, o. onianma, m. bziavam, v. canavam da sxv. am cdebis Sedegebze daculi iqna sami sakandi-dato disertacia.

S. futkaraZes 1969 wels mieniWa do-centis samecniero wodeba, xolo 1970 wels sakavSiro umaRlesma saasteta-cio komisiam mianiWa ufrosi mecnieri TanamSromelis wodeba.

Caisa da citrusebis kvebis aq-tualur sakiTxebze mis mier gamoqvey-nebul iqna 50 Sromaze meti.

igi ara erTxel gamosula moxsene-bebiT da axali iniciativebiT agro-qimiuri mimarTulebis TaTbirebze, konferenciebze.

1977 wels igi arCeul iqna saqa-rTvelos ekologiuri akademiis wevr-korespondetad.

SoTa futkaraZem, sabWoTa kavSiris kooperaciis Sesaxeb kanonis safuZ-velze pirvelad, saqarTveloSi 1990 wels daarsa aWaris kooperaciuli instituti, romlis ucvleli reqto-ria. am institutSi misi xelmZRvan-elobiT dafuZnebul iqna agroqimiisa da niadagmcodneobis kaTedra, romlis gamgeobis funqciebic man aiRo Tavis Tavze.

misi rCeva-darigebebiT da maTTvis gaweuli rekomendaciebiT Caisa da subtropikuli kulturebis samec-niero-kvleviTi institutis xelmZ-RvanelobasTan, bevrma axalgazrdam aWaridan gaiara aspirantuli momza-deba, daicva disertacia da warmatebiT moRvaweoben samecniero-pedagogiur sarbielze.

aRsaniSnavia misi qvelmoqmedebiTi moRvaweoba. institutTan arsebuli gamomcemloba mecnierebis mier dast-ambul iqna 30 wigni, maT Soris soflis meurneobis ganviTarebis aqtualur sakiTxebze. mis mier dafinansda stam-bulis kaTolikuri eklesiis arqivis Seswavla, qalaqis sxvadasxva skolebSi Catarebul iqna saremonto samuSaoebi, profesor-maswavleblebze sxvadasxva dros gacemul iqna premiebi, saCuqrebi da sxv.

misi samecniero-pedagogiuri moR-vaweoba Sefasda mTavrobis mier, dajildovebul iqna medlebiTa da ordenebiT.

SoTa avTandilisZe futkaraZem cxovrebis gza SromaSi da ZiebaSi ganvlo. igi axlac SemarTebiT ibrZvis saqarTvelos subtropikuli soflis meurneobis aRorZinebisaTvis, stu-dent-axalgazrdobisaTvis swavlis normaluri, Tanamedrove pirobebis SeqmnisaTvis.

vulocavT ra baton SoTas saxelo-van iubiles, vusurvebT janmrTelobas, dRegrZelobas, Cveuli dauSreteli energiis Semdgom gamoyenebas aqroqi-miuri mecnierebis ganviTarebisa da student- axalgazrdobis aRzrdis saqmeSi, cxovrebis bednier wlebs.

b. a. goZiaSvili

Cais, subtropikuli kulturebis da Cais mrewvelobis institutis Caqvis

filiali.

Tbilisis, Telavisa da quTaisis Sem-deg ,,kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazoga-doeba” baTums estumra. 24 noembers baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetSi gaimarTa prezentacia aTwignedisa, romelic gamoica ,,kiTx-vis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis,” fond ,,Ria sazogadoeba-saqarTvelosa“ da ilias saxelmwifo universitetis finansuri mxardaWeriT.

wignTa krebuli XIX-XX sauku-nis aT cnobil sazogado moRvawis Semoqmedebas asaxavs, esenia: ilia WavWavaZe, iakob gogebaSvili, niko nikolaZe, arCil jorjaZe, vaJa-fSavela, ivane javaxiSvili, dimitri yifiani, noe ramiSvili, statiebi emigraciaSi gamocemuli gazeTebidan da kaTa-likos-patriarqebi 1917-1927 wlebSi. rogorc ,,kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli sazogadoebis” prezidentma ganacxada, maTi mTavari mizani qarTul kultur-aSi demokratiuli Rirebulebebis warmoCenaa. isini imedovneben, rom mx-

,,kiTxvis gamavrcelebeli

sazogadoeba” baTumSi

vulocavT

rogor da riT izomeba dro? zusti pasuxi amaze ar arsebobs. Tu dro mxolod wlebis raodenobaa, maSin xmamaRla da didi siyvaruliT gauw-yebT, rom nugzar futkaraZe 50 wlis Sesrulda; Dda Tu dro RvawliT, na-muSakeviT, gancdiTa da damsaxurebiT izomeba, maSin gadauWarbeblad getyviT, rom am xnis ganmavlobaSi nugzar fut-karaZem Rirseuli kacis cxovrebiT icxovra, gulianad iRvawa, uSurvelad gasca mravali sikeTe, araerT warmate-bas miaRwia, madli moimko, siyvaruli da pativiscema daimsaxura.

isRa dagvrCenia, mkiTxvels iubi-laris biografiuli Strixebi ga-vacnoT: daibada 1960 wels Suaxevis raionis sofel papoSvilebSi. daam-Tavra moskovis sakavSiro politikuri institutis istoriis fakulteti; wlebis ganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobda Suaxevis raionis axalgazrdul or-ganizacias. 1999 wels mieniWa aSS-s advokatTa asociaciis samarTlebrivi praqtikis menejeris kvalifikacia. 1990-93 wlebSi swavlobda moskovSi saxelm-wifo marTvis akademiis aspiranturaSi. miniWebuli aqvs iuridiul mecnierebaTa kandidatis samecniero xarisxi.

1994-2004 wlebSi xelmZRvanelobda baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelm-wifo universitetis konstituciuri da administraciuli samarTlis kaT-edras. 2002-2004 wlebSi iyo aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis uzenaesi sabWos wevri. Pparalelurad _ baTu-mis universitetSi docenti. dRes igi rusTavelis saxelmwifo universite-tis asocirebuli profesori, aWaris avtonomiuri respublikis umaRlesi sabWos deputati, fraqcia ,,qristian-demokratebis” Tavmjdomarea.

es mSrali monacemebia, biografiu-li ,,wvrilmanebi”. vinc baton nugzars icnobs dameTanxmeba, rom am ,,wvril-manebs” ukan dgas aqtiuri, mebrZoli bunebis kaci, romelsac SeuZlia ar Seepuos usamarTlobas, dabrkolebas, winaaRmdegobas da erTgulad emsaxu-

ros qveyanas, sazogadoebas, iyos uRa-lato moRvawe da megobari.

sagangebo yuradRebas imsaxurebs misi pedagogiuri da samecniero moRvaweoba: ,,saarCevno sistemebi da samoqalaqo sazogadoeba”, ,,saxalxo warmomadgenloba rogorc xelisu-flebis ganxorcielebis forma”, ,,konstituciur-samarTlebrivi pa-suxismgeblobis problema iuridiul mecnierebaSi”... es aris saTaurebi misi samecniero naSromebis umciresi nawilisa da maT mxolod imitom vaxsenebT, mkiTxvels warmodgena rom SevuqmnaT nugzar futkaraZis, rogorc mkvlevaris interesebsa da farTo diapazonze. mas kargad icnoben samec-niero wreebSi, dResac aqtiurad monaw-ileobs adgilobriv Tu saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciebis muSaobaSi, sauniversiteto saqmianobaSi.

samegobro kacia nugzar futkaraZe. siyvarulis niWiT da sxvisi gaxarebis unariT dayursuli. megobrebs, axlo-blebs, TanamSromlebs, xSirad ucxos da ucnobsac kargad axsovT misgan momadlebuli gulis siTbo, tkivilis Tu sixarulis gaziareba, ris sanacv-lodac arasodes mouTxovia samagiero. Tumca es araa gasakviri, gvariT da sisxliT mosdgams ase _ mamamisi, aw-gardacvlili rezo futkaraZe zemo aWaraSi gamorCeuli kacii, Wirsa da lxinSi Tanamdgomi iyo. xSirad am-bobs nugzari, mamis Crdilidan vera da ver gamovedi da es CemTvis uzomo bednierebaao.

meuRlesTan _ nargiz daviTaZesTan erTad, sam Svils _ mzias, lias da giorgis zrdis nugzari. Seudarebeli ojaxis ufrosi da naTesavebisTvis erTgvari sazomia. avad gamorCeulad patiosan da wesier ojaxSi dabade-buli, sxvisganac mxolod am Tvisebebs moiTxovs da amCnevs.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom nugzars re-galiebisaTvis arasodes ubrZolia, magram avtoriteti sul qonda da aqvs. angariSs uweven, afaseben da endobian. asea imis gamoc, rom nugzari yovelT-vis uSualo, dauRalavi, Sromismoyvare, yuradRebiani da samarTliania. misTvis mZime periodSic ki cdilobda da cdi-lobs sxvisi sayrdeni da burji iyos. Bbevri daumasaxurebeli tkivilic miuRia, magram guli da keTilganwyoba ar Sescvlia, ar gaborotebula.

dabolos, Sinaarsis kacia nugzari, mosmena uyvars. misi maRalkvalifici-uroba, RvTisagan naboZebi niWiereba, Rrma erudicia gvaZlevs safuZvels vTqvaT, rom is mudam iqneba studen-tebisaTvis sayvareli leqtori da axalgazrdebis qomagi da gulSemat-kivari.

kidev erTxel vulocavT nug-zar futkaraZes 50 wlis iubiles da vusurvebT warmatebebs, rogorc mecnierebaSi, sazogadoebriv-politi-kur cxovrebaSi, aseve yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi.

iuridiul mecnierebaTa departamenti

olod cerntralizebuli ar iqneba es sazogadoeba da proeqtSi regionebi aqtiurad CaerTvebian.

TiToeul wigns, Tanamedrove po-etebisa da cnobili pirovnebebis Sesavali aqvs darTuli. prezentacias sami maTgani eswreboda: rati amaRlo-beli, laSa buRaZe da daTo turaSvili. studentebsa da mowveul stumrebs Soris saubari kiTxva-pasuxis reJimSi warimarTa. studentebma gamoTqves mo-sazreba wignierebis dabali donisa da wignebis gazrdil fasebTan dakavSire-biT. warmoiSva idea sajaro kiTxvis Taobaze, rac xels Seuwyobs sazoga-doebis wignierebis donis amaRlebas.

,,wignis kiTxvis sazogadoeba” sa-momavlod gegmavs maTi organizaciis prezentacias skolebSi, agreTve fi-losofiuri da socialuri Tematikis aTwignedis gamoSvebas. TiToeuli wignis fasi 75 TeTria, xolo krebulis SeZena wignis maRaziebSi 7 larad SeiZleba.

� noemberi

qarTveli xalxis brZolam da-moukideblobisa da saqarTvelos mTlianobis SenarCunebisaTvis, agvis-tos (2008 w.) omma araerTi gakveTili mogvca, rom saWiroa Camoyalibebis procesSi myofi qarTuli jaris, erovnuli SenaerTebisa da formire-bebis Seqmna, maTi materialur-teqni-kuri saSualebebiT aRWurva, moralur-fsiqologiuri momzadeba, sabWoTa kavSir-germaniis 1941-1945 wlebis omSi dagrovili umdidresi gamocdilebisa da saerTod samxedro xelovnebisadmi axleburi midgoma, winaparTa da ufro-si Taobebis gamocdilebis Seswavla da gamoyeneba.

aseT pirobebSi didi mniSvneloba eniWeba qarTveli samxedro moRvawee-bis, jariskacebisa da oficrebis, gansa-kuTrebiT cnobili mxedarTufrosebis sabrZolo cxovrebis gzis Seswavlasa da warmoCenas, rasac seriozuli roli ekisreba Tanamedrove qarTuli jaris srulyofaSi, axalgazrdobis samx-edro-patriotuli suliskveTebiT aRzrdaSi, samSoblos daZaxilze mis dasacavad qveynis moqalaqeTa da gansa-kuTrebiT axalgazrdobis mzadyofnis suliskveTebis uzrunvelyofaSi.

am TvalsazrisiT metad keTilSobi-lur saqmes akeTeben mecnier-mkvleva-rebi, romlebic saarqivo dokumentebis, sxvadasxva wyaroebis safuZvelze qmnian naSromebs qarTveli samxedro moRvaweebis saqmianobis, sxvadasxva qveyanaSi da meore msoflio omSi TanamemamuleTa monawileobisa da Tavdadebuli brZolebis Sesaxeb.

am mxriv mravalTa Soris aRsaniS-navia istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtoris, Rirsebis ordenis kavaleris elver kupataZis ori naSromi: 1) 270 gverdiani `gmiri generali~, romelic mieZRvna sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris, general-leitenant vladimer nikolozis Ze janjRavas dabadebidan 100 wlisTavs da masSi mkafiod asaxulia misi cxovreba da samxedro moRvaweoba da 2) 67 gverdiani `qarTveli mxedarTu-frosebis monawileoba leningradis-aTvis brZolaSi~.

orive naSromis redaqtoria isto-riis mecnierebaTa doqtori, profe-sori mayvala naTmelaZe, recenzentebi pirvelisa: istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesori SoTa vadaWko-ria da leri nanikaSvili, agreTve general-leitenanti, saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa yofili ministri guram gvetaZe; meorisa: istoriis

mecnierebaTa doqtorebi, profesori v.asaTiani da l.nanikaSvili. naSromebi dafuZnebulia saarqivo dokumente-bze, presisa da memuarul masalaze, TviT v.janjRavas, leningradisaTvis mebrZoli mxedarTufrosebisa da maT TanamebrZolTa mogonebebze.

pirveli naSromi `gmiri generali~ Sedgeba Sesavlisa da oTxi Tavisagan, gaaCnia reziume rusul enaze. boloSi darTulia generlis samxedro moR-vaweobis amsaxveli ilustraciebi da Tavebis mixedviT damowmebuli wyaroe-bisa da literaturis sia.

avtori dRevandeli gadasaxedidan obieqturi msjelobiTa da mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiT warmoaCens gen-eral-leitenant vladimer janjRavas saintereso cxovrebasa da sanimuSo samxedro moRvaweobas, dawyebuli ri-giTi jariskacobidan, damTavrebuli general-leitenantis wodebiT (30 wlis asakSi gaxda polkis, 36 wlisas-diviziis meTauri, 37 wlisas mieniWa general-maioris, 41 wlisas _ general-leitenantis wodeba, 38 wlisas gaxda sabWoTa kavSiris gmiri).

SesavalSi aRniSnulia, rom, mar-Talia, vladimer janjRavas Sesaxeb laparakia `saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebis~ merve tomSi, calkeul avtorTa SromebSi, werilebsa da statiebSi, magram erTiani, specialuri monografiuli Seswavla-gamokvleva ar momxdara. swored am xarvezis Sevseba scada da, vfiqrobT, warmatebiTac gadawyvita istoriis mecnierebaTa doqtorma elver kupataZem, romelic muSaobs da ikvlevs umTavresad samx-edro sajariso SenaerTebisa da omis problemebs.

naSromis arqiteqronika, sakiTxebis dalageba Tavebad da paragrafebad, romelic srul warmodgenas uqmnis mkiTxvels generlis cxovrebisa da gmiruli moRvaweobis Sesaxeb, mkafiod gamoxatavs avtoris maRal akademiuro-bas, mecnieruli azrovnebis logikur Tanmimdevrobas, xolo sakiTxebis ga-Suqebisas v.janjRavas cxovreba-moR-vaweobis detalebis aRwera da maTgan mniSvnelovanis wina planze wamoweva generlis pirovnebis xasiaTis gamo-savlenad miuTiTebs avtoris maRal erudiciaze, riTac vlindeba samxedro sakiTxebis Rrma codna da adamianis fsiqologiaSi Cawvdomis unari.

naSromis pirvel TavSi ganxi-lulia v.janjRavas bavSvobisa da Wabukobis wlebi (gv.8-21), meore TavSi

_ v.janjRavas samxedro samsaxuris dasawyisi (gv.22-39); kursantobis wlebi ($1), v.janjRava pirvel qarTul ms-roler diviziaSi ($2).

v.janjRavas samxedro talanti gamovlinda gansakuTrebiT meore msoflio omis wlebSi, roca misi monawileobiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT araerTi mniSvnelovani samxedro op-eracia da sabrZolo moqmedeba ganxor-cielda, rac asaxulia naSromis mesame TavSi (gv.40-176), am TavSi qvesakiTxebad gaSuqebulia v.janjRavas monawileoba didi samamulo omis pirvel periodSi me-16 satanko diviziis SemadgenlobaSi ($2), ... msroleli polkis meTauris Tanamdebodaze ($3), ... diviziis meTauris moadgile samwyobro dargSi ($4), ... 354-e msroleli diviziis saTaveSi ($5), ... 354-e msroleli diviziis monawileoba 1945 wlis sabrZolo operaciebSi ($6).

avtori mkafiod warmoaCens v.janj-Ravas xelmZRvanelobiT diviziis mebrZolTa gmirobasa da simamaces stalingradidan germaniamde maT mier warmatebiT Catarebul brZo-laSi, risTvisac diviziis meTaurma daimsaxura sabWoTa kavSiris gmiris umaRlesi wodeba, mravali ordeni, medali, stalinis 15 madloba. ajamebs ra v.janjRavas samxedro moRvaweobas, avtori xazs usvams, rom igi erT-erTi yvelaze saxelmoxveWili generali iyo im qarTvel (da ara marto qarTvel) mxedarTufrosebs Soris, romlebic un-arianad sardlobdnen motomsrolel diviziebs (gv.221). naSromis me-4 TavSi daxasiaTebulia gmiri generlis moR-vaweoba meore msoflio omis Semdgom periodSi (1946-1982 w.w.).

omis damTavrebis Semdeg gen-eral-maioris wodebiT v.janjRava xelmZrvanelobda msrolel korpuss a|kavkasiis samxedro olqSi, Semoq-medebiTad iyenebda samamulo omis dros mdidar gamocdilebas.

1948 wels moskovSi daamTavra gen-Stabis samxedro akademia, 1953 wels mieniWa general-leitenantis wodeba. amis Semdeg samoqalaqo samsaxurSia. dainiSna saqarTvelos Sinagan saqmeTa ministrad, 1962 wlidan gardacvale-bamde (1982 w.) iyo saqarTvelos ̀ dosaa-fis~ Tavmjdomare.

avtori aRniSnavs mis damsaxurebas am organizaciis materialur-teqni-kuri bazis ganmtkicebasa da masobrivi sportul-gamajansaRebeli RonisZie-bebis CatarebaSi. batoni elveri gmiri-generlis pirovnuli Tvisebebidan gamoyofs gansakuTrebuls: mkafio mizandasaxuloba (`mec rom meTauri gavxdebode! _ patara vladimeris dauokebeli ocneba iyo), mtkice dis-

gamoCenili qarTveli mxedarTufrosebi

_ukvdavma vaJa fSavelam ukvdavi Sedareba aRmoaCina SoTa rusTavelis Rvawlis Sefasebis dros da Tqva: ”ve-fxistyaosani saqarTveloa, saqarT-velo vefxistyaosania“. am SedarebaSi ikiTxeba ”vefxistyaosanidmi“ qarTveli xalxis tradiciad qceuli damokideb-uleba.

qarTveli kaci mTeli sicocxlis manZilze swavlobs „vefxistyaosans“. misi princi pebiT („borotsa sZlia keTilman,arseba misi grZelia“) cxov-robs, misi aforizmebiT(„sjobs sicocx-lesa naZraxsa sikvdili saxelovani“) azrovnebs, misi personaJebis (tarieli, nestani, avTandili, TinaTini, fridoni,asmaTi,Sermadini) naTlavs Svilebs. „vefxistyaosani“ qarTvelebisaTvis uZ-virfasesi ganZia. am ganZisadmi damokide-bulebis xarisxiT izomeba saqarTvelo-Si kaiojaxisSvilobis xarisxic.SemTx-veviT ar Seqmnila zepirsityvierebis saukeTo nimuSic, romlSic brwyinvaled aris gamoxatuli vefxistyaosnisadmi qarTvelis damokidebulebis mrava-laspeqtiani mniSvneloba:

„qali myavda gasaTxovi,TavmorTuli, kaosani.gavaTxove, gavataneCemi ,,vefxistyaosani”.waekiTxaT, vera egrZnoTTurme iyvnen virosanni.

ciplina, nebisyofa, Sromismoyvareoba, samSoblosa da adamianebis siyvaruli, srulyofili swavlisken swrafva, dawyebuli saqmis bolomde mitana, gambedaoba (arasdros ukan ar daxeula meTauris brZanebis gareSe), ufrosebis mosmena da pativiscema, qveSevrdomebi-sadmi yuradReba da zrunva, obieqturo-ba, Rirsebis dacva, momTxovneloba da pasuximgerloba, piradi magaliTi. generlis es Tvisebebi, avtoris azriT, rasac Cvenc veTanxmebiT, kargi ori-entiria axalgazrdobis samxedro-pa-trioturi aRzrdis saqmeSi.

e.kupataZis meore naSromSi, saar-qivo dokunentebze, presis masalebze, samecniero, samxedro-memuaruri da publicisturi Janris literaturaze dayrdnobiT, Seswavlilia lenin-gradisaTvis warmoebul samkvdro-sasicocxlo brZolebSi monawile sxvadasxva saxeobisa da gvareobis (samxedro-sazRvao, samxedro-sahaero, artileriis, saerTo-sajariso, poli-tikuri SenaerTebis, sainJinro-teqni-kuri, samedicino samsaxuris) jarebSi myof mxedarTufrosTa (s.ramiSvilis, v.leJavas, g.abaSvilis, l.goliaZis, g.jinWaraZis, b.vladimirovis, x.xarazias, v.xubuluris, v.mJavanaZis, d.SanSaSvilis, n.dalaqiSvilis, i.jinWaraZis) sabrZo-lo damsaxureba.

avtori sarecenzio naSromebiT, sa-mecniero-kvleviTi (`qarTuli erovnu-li sajariso SenaerTebis istoria~. sadoqtoro disertacia, 1994) da sazigadoebrivi (saqarTvelos omis, Sromisa da samxedro Zalebis veter-anTa centraluriA kavSiris gamgeobis Tavmjdomare) moRvaweobiT akeTebs keTilSobilur saqmes. erTis mxriv, swavlobs, ikvlevs, aRnusxavs winaparTa da ufrosi Taobebis saqmianoba-gamoc-dilebas da gadascems momaval Tao-bebs, meore mxriv, rogorc veteranTa sabWos Tavmjdomare, zrunavs maTi keTildReobisaTvis.

warmodgenili naSromebi ikiTxeba interesiT. gvjera karg samsaxurs gauwevs istoriiT dainteresebul mkiTxvelebs, studentebs, aspirantebs, xels Seuwyobs axalgazrdobis samx-edro-patriotuli aRzrdis saqmes, rac gansakuTrebiT aqtualuria Cveni qveynisaTvis.

Cveni azriT, istoriis mecniere-baTa doqtoris elver kupataZis war-modgenili naSromebi mecnierulad srulyofilia da amdidrebs qarTul istoriografias.

sergo dumbaZe istoriis mecnierebaTa

doqtori, sruli profesori

isev ukan wamoviRe Cemi ,,vefxistyaosani “.

mec „vefxistyaosaniT“ vcxovrob. ocze meti wlis manZilze vaswavlidi qarTul enasa da literaturas jer xulos raionis სოფელ Rorjomშi (1962 – 1967 ) Semdeg baTumis №6 saSualo skolaSi da cxadia vaswavlidi „vefx-istyaosans“, magram vaswavlidi ara saskolo qrestomaTiis mixedviT– (naw-yvetebi, Semoklebuli varianti), aramed vaswavlidi poemis srul teqsts.

orive skolis im klasebSi, romelSic vaswavlidi, ramdenime moswavles ze-pirad Sevaswavle „vefxistyaosnis“ sruli teqsti. (dasawyisSi, vefxisty-aosnis zepirad Seswavlis survili bevrsa aqvs, magram bolomde erTeulebi swavloben).

SoTa rusTavelis pedagogiur Sexe-du-lebebs vaswavli universitetis studentebs. es muSaoba iwyeba po-ema „vefxistyaosnis“ teqstis bolomde wakiTxviT. verc erTi Cemi studenti pedagogikis istoriis gamocdaze ver gamova da bunebrivia, universitets ver daamTavrebs, vefxistyaosnis teqstis codnis gareSe.

2010 wlis gazafxulze, Cveni univer-sitetis daarsebis 75 wlisTavis saiu-bileo mzadebis dReebSi ganaTlebis fakultetis dawyebiTi ganaTlebis

specialobis pirvel kursze daibadeba idea – radgan baTumis universiteti saqarTveloSi erTaderTi umaRlesi saswavlebelia, romelic geniosi po-etis SoTa rusTavelis saxels atarebs, misma studentebma zepirad viswavloT poema „vefxistyaosani“. kursis 47 studenti uklebliv yvela bolomde waikiTxavs poemis srul teqsts, xolo maT Soris ocamde studentma gamoxata poemis sruli teqstis bolomde ze-pirad Seswavlis mzadyofna. amasTan dakavSirebiT CavatareT mosamzadebeli muSaoba. pirvel rigSi, gavarkvieT „vefx-istaosnis“ teqstis kiTxvis teqnikuri „saidumleoba“: mogexsenebaT „vefxisty-aosani“ dawerilia SairiT – (maRali da dabali Sairis) maRali Sairis terfebi Seicavs 4 + 4 marcvals, dabali Sairisa – 5 + 3 marcvals. es gansxvaveba iwvevs kiTxvis tempebs Soris gansxvavebas. maRali Sairis taepebi ikiTxeba Sedar-ebiT swrafad, dabali Sairisa – dinjad. am normebis dacviT „vefxistyaosnis” vrceli teqstis kiTxva xdeba saxaliso da mimzidveli. mobezreba da daRli-loba gamoricxulia.

meore, vefxistyaosnis zepirad dam-swavlelma mkacrad unda daicvas mTa-vari principi: erT dReSi mxolod erTi strofis daswavla zepirad. am prin-cipis dacva uzrunvelyofs strofis daswavlis simtkices, rac aucilebelia vefxistyaosnisnairi vrceli nawarmoe-bis bolomde SeswavlisaTvis.

mesame, yovel dRe erTi strofis zepirad daswavla iqceva yoveldRiur Cvevad da moTxovnilebad, rac imis

garantic xdeba, rom zepirad damswav-leli aucileblad miiyvans bolomde ganzraxuls. ase da amrigad, dawyebiTi ganaTlebis I kursis ocamde studenti magda ruxaZe– 898 78 47 49, qeTevan xalva-Si–858 72 85 44, nino gedeniZe –898 60 66 36, sofiko Rlonti–898 58 46 61, dariko va-SaymaZe– 898 79 65 52, nino konceliZe– 857 21 14 93, TinaTin diasamiZe– 898 77 30 04, eliso alibegaSvili– 898 64 56 75, nino gabaiZe– 898 82 23 70, naTia TvalabeiS-vili– 898 77 64 10, melano bolqvaZe– 855 38 73 89, elza gabaiZe– 898 79 77 72, nino pataraia, Teona farsenaZe– 892 11 22 40, nino mumlaZe– 898 46 20 27, mzia bolqvaZe, nino kacitaZe– 898 12 01 48, mariam Seda-nia– 898 51 66 56, xatia konceliZe– 874 33 99 63 da sxvebმა 2010 wlis 1 ivlisidan დაიწყეს „vefxistyaosnis“ sruli te-qstis zepirad Seswavla. yoveli Tvis bolos ewyoba zepirad daswavlili strofebis mosmena. ori wlis Semdeg am studentebs zepirad ecodinebaT „vefx-istyaosnis“ sruli teqsti.

darwmunebuli var, „vefxistyaosnis“ sruli teqstis zepirad daswavlis wamowyeba momavalSi tradiciad iqceva baTumis SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo universitetSi. mTavaria, es ar Sefasdes rogorc erTi profesoris iniciativad, es unda iqces ,,vefxistyaosnis“ zepirad Seswavlis studentur moZraobad - „Cemi vefxistyaosani“, romelsac universite-tis yvela profesor–masawavlebeli, universitetis reqtorati Tavis wils Sehmatebs Tavis yuradRebiTa da mxar-daWeriT.

sr. prof. iuri bibileiSvili

სასიკეთო წამოწყება

Cemi vefxistyaosani

�noemberi

gamoqveynda fsiqolog arCil beriZis monografiuli gamokvleva “aRzrdis saZirkveli” (redaqtori sr. prof nodar baramiZe).

naSromi Sesrulebulia sami mec-nierebis – fsiqologiis, pedagogikisa da fiziologiis – monapovarTa safuZ-velze.

“aRzrdis saZirkveli” im naSromTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelTa avtorebi wigns weren ara sakuTari nakiTxo-bisa da codnis saCveneblad, aramed avtoris nafiqr-naazrevis mkiTxvelamde misatanad. arCil beriZe mkiTxvels sTavazobs bavSvis cxovrebaze xan-grZlivi dakvirvebis Sedegebs. Aavtori ikvlevs urTules periods – fexis adg-mamde d enis amodgmamde asakis bavSvis aRzrdis problemebs. Ees WeSmaritad urTulesi periodia. Aam asakis aRsaz-rdels sityviT veraviTar rCeva-darige-bas ver miscem da verc misgan moismen sityviT gamoxatul damokidebulebebsa da ganwyobas. aRmzrdelma, am SemTxvevaSi ZiriTadad dedam, xangrZlivi dakvirve-biTa da deduri intuiciiT unda amoic-nos Cvilis tirilis, rogorc signalis, mizezi.

Ffexis adgmamde da enis amodgmamde asakis bavSvTa aRzrdis Sesaxeb mono-grafiuli gamokvleva qarTul enaze adre ar arsebobda. arCil beriZem pirvelma scada am samuSaos Sesruleba da rogorc yovelive pirvels, dadebiTi mxareebic TvalnaTliv etyobada da na-klovani momentebic. amasTan dakavSire-biT mkiTxvels winaswar afrTxilebs wignis redaqtori prof. nodar baramiZe. is wers: “avtoris mier gamoTqmuli zogierTi mosazreba imdenad origi-naluria, rom mkiTxvels SeiZleba is saeWvodac ki moeCvenos, radgan ar See-sabameba aRzrdis amJamindel praqtikaSi damkvidrebul tradiciul Sexedule-bebs, magram es eWvi maSinve moixsneba, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom warmodgenili daskvnebi da mosazrebebi avtoris xan-grZlivi, uaRresad intensiuri kvleva-Ziebis safuZvelzea miRebuli.”

aRzrdis Sesaxeb mecnierul lit-eraturaSi iSviaTad SexvdebiT iseT naSroms, romelSic ise konkretulad da uSualod iyos dasmuli bavSvis aRzrdis dawyebis asakis gansazRvris problema, rogorc “aRzrdis saZirkvelSia” war-modgenili. Aamitom, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom mkiTxvels aRuZravs fiqrs das-muli problemis ufro srulyofilad gaazrebisaTvis. kerZod, avtori wers, rom axalSobilis aRzrda dabadebis pirveli dRidanve iwyeba. Aam debulebas Cven vRebulobT, magram Tu axalSobili Tandayolili mankiT daibada, aRzrda uZluri aRmoCndeba misgan normaluri pirovnebis CamoyalibebaSi. Amitom vfiqrobT, rom naSromi moigebda, Tu avtori dasvamda sakiTxs memkvidruli daavadebebisagan Canasaxis dacvis Ses-axebac. Aaseve principulad migvaCnia Casaxvis procesSi momavali mSoblebi ar iyvnen narkotikisa da alkoholis gavlenis qveS, xolo Canasaxis muclad yofnis periodSi mowesrigebuli iyos dedis yofiTi garemo – kargi kveba, zo-mieri fizikuri datvirTva da dadebiTi emociebis samyaroSi cxovreba. axalSo-bilis aRzrda ki dabadebis pirvelive dRidan warimarTos fsiqologiurad, fiziologiurad da pedagogiurad dasabuTebuli, gamarTlebuli dRis reJimis ganuxreli dacviT. dRis reJimi pirovnebis Camoyalibebis nacadi, efeq-turi meTodia.

Aavtori logikurad da Tanmimdev-robiT anviTarebs msjelobas fexis adgmamde da enis amodgmamde peri-odSi bavSvis moTxovnilebebisa da survilebis aRmocenebis qvecnobieri mimdinareobebis Sesaxeb da wers. “arac-nobier etapze aRmocenebuli fsikiquri unarebi subieqtSi gaucnobiereblad ganagrZnoben arsebobas da moqmedebas. Aqedan cxadia, rom iseTi fsiqikuri unari, rogoricaa, TavSekaveba – moT-mineba da misi sapirispiro fsiqikuri fenomeni – TavSeukavloba – Jinianoba da jiutoba jer kidev enis amodgmamde peroidSi qvecnobierad SeiZinebian da aseve qvecnobieradve ganagrZoben ar-sebobasa da moqmedebas. amitomac isini, rogorc SeniRbulad aRmocenebulni da qvecnobierad moqmedni, Tandayolilis STabeWdilebas toveben.”

originalurad gveCveneba fsiqo-

logiaSi stimulis arCil beriZiseu-li ganmartebac: “stimuli es aris zemoqmedeba, romelsac garkveuli moTxovnilebis mqone subieqtis mier SemTxveviT ganxorcielebuli im qce-vas ganmtkiceba SeuZlia, romelic am moTxovnilebis dakmayofilebas uzrun-velyofs.”

mTavari sakiTxebi mainc is aris, Tu: 1. ra Tvisebebis SemuSaveba SeiZleba bavSvSi misi dabadebis dRidan enis amogdmamde da fexis adgmis periodSi? 2. rogor pirobebSia SesaZlebeli bavSvSi uaryofiTi socialur-fsiqologiuri Tvisebebis daTrgunva an dadebiTi unar-Tvisebebis SemuSaveba-ganviTareba? naSromis ZiriTadi nawili am problemis gaazrebas da gadawyvetas eZRvneba da barem aqve unda aRvniSnoT, rom avtori TavdaWerilad iqceva, roca sagangebod erideba msjelobis farTod gaSlas da saSualo donis mkiTxvel;s ar afrTxobs vrceli da erTmaneTis gamomricxveli koncefciebis Sepirispireba-gaanalize-biT. TiToeuli paragrafi dawerilia dasmul kiTxvaze maqsimalurad cxadi da gasagebi Camoyalibebuli pasuxebiT. Mmiuxedavad amisa, Zalian bevri pasuxi mkiTxvelisaTvis advilad misaRebi ar aris. sxvaTaSoris, es problema did rus mecniers ivane mixeilisZe seCenovsac (1829-1905) awuxebda, roca werda: “ro-gorc xSirad ganmeorebadi asociaciuri refleqsebis dauflebisas adamiani moZraobis koordinacias swavlobs, aseve iZens igi maTi Sekavebis unarsac,” magram rogor vuTxraT ufro gasagebad es farTo wris mkiTxvels? rogor da-vakvalianoT axalgazrda deda? msgavsi kiTxvebi kidev ufro mwvaved iCens Tavs, roca avtori gvirCevs: 1. “yvelaferi, rac saWiroa bavSvis normaluri zrda-ganvi-TarebisaTvis, ganvaxorcielod manamde, vidre bavSvi atirdeba.” Aam realistur rekomendacias Semdeg aseTi gagrZeleba mohyveba: “Tu bavSvma tirili dagvaswro, masze mixedva da momsaxureba gadavdoT manamde, vidre igi tirils Sewyvets.” Mmagram aq ar mTavrdeba avtoris mTa-vari rekomendacia is grZnobs: “tiri-lis Sewyvetis Semdeg bavSvs maSinve da manmade nu movemsaxurebiT, vidre bavSvi sruliad ar damSviddeba. samagierod igrZnobs, rom tirili da Jinianoba tyuilad garjaa da araviTari sasia-movnos momtani da momcemi araa. bavSvi darwmundeba, rom tirili da Jinianoba uazrobaa.”

am rekomendaciebSi bundovanebas iwvevs “igrZnobs” da “darwmundeba”, radgan isini dakavSirebulia cnobiere-basTan. dadgenilia, rom cnobierebis el-ementebi Cvils namdvilad gaaCnia, magram nuTu cnobierebis elementebi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom Tavis gadawyvetilebaSi darwmundes Cvili? am nawilSi avtors marTebda meti detalizacia. bavSvi ti-ris ara mxolod moSiebisa da mowyure-bisa, aramed tkivilis, Seciebis da ufro xSirad ki gadaxurebis gamo. zedmetad Tbili saxvevebi sulisSemxuTvelad iqceva CvilisaTvis da amis gamo tiris. rogorc ki deda moxsnis saxvevebs da bavSvi damSviddeba, umetes SemTxvevaSi dedebi kvlav imave saxvevebSi moaqceven mas da Semdeg ukvirT, ratom tirian Svilebi. Ees imas niSnavs, rom mSobelTa pedagogizacia yvelam unda gaiaros, rom Seignon bavSvis interesebis sworad mar-Tva da warmarTva. impulsuri midgomebi cudi mrCevelia pedagogiur procesSi.

avtoris sasargeblod unda iTqvas, rom is mecnieruli keTilsindisierebiT ekideba mecnierebaSi avtoritetebis mosazrebebs maSinac, roca maT ar eTanx-meba. magaliTad, avtori wers: “yvela Teoria amodioda ra bavSvis TavSeuka-veblobis bunebidan, gamodioda aRzrdis procesSi bavSvis moqmedebaTa, ltol-vaTa daTrgunvis winaaRmdeg... magram am ideas TiTqmis yvela ganixilavda bavSvis mier enis amodgmis Semdgomi periodis mimarTulebaSi... dasanania, rom verc rusom da verc Semdgomi periodis moRvaweebma vinc Tavisufali aRzrdis Teorias anviTarebdnen, ver SeamCnies enis amodgmamde periodSi bavSvis mier Jinianobis gamovlinebasa da enis amodgmis Semdeg mis TavSeukaveblobis gamovlinebas Soris arsebuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri.” Mmagram amas ver

vityviT mecnieruli pedagogikis mamam-Tavari ian amos komenskisTan damokideb-ulebis Sesaxeb. Aavtori sustad icnobs ian amos komenskis moZRvrebas, imdenad sustad, rom paragrafs “aRzrdis mec-nierul saTaveebTan” iwyebs jon lokisa (1632-1704) da Jan-Jak rusos (1712-1778) SexedulebebiT, maSin roca aRzrdis mecnierul saTaveebTan dgas swored ian amos komenski (1592-1670) Tavis “aRzrdiT moSinaurebis TeoriiT.” “didi didaqti-kis” avtori Tavis momdevno memkvidree-bamde didi xniT adre werda: “adamiani aris yvelaze ufro mSvidi da yvelaze ufro RvTaebrivi suldgmuli, Tu igi moSinaurebulia WeSmariti aRzrdiT. da Tu mas ar miuRia aRzrda, an yalbi aRz-rda miiRo, maSin is aris yvelaze ufro veluri im cxovelTa Soris, romalsac dedamiwa warmoSobs (VI, 6). SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom pedagogikaSi ian amos ko-menskis fuZemdebluri naSroms “didi didaq1tika” batoni arCil beriZe ar asaxelebs gamoyenebuli (citirebuli) lirteraturis siaSi.

barem aqve davamTavrebT komenskis Temas. naSromSi “ian amos komenski – mS-vidobis moZRvari” – calke Tavad ar unda gamoyofiliyo, radgan igi mxolod kritikuli SefasebiT mTavrdeba. arCil beriZe wers: “komnenskis mondomebisa da Tavisuflebis miuxedavad – kacobrio-bisaTvis eCvenebina adamianTa mankieri Tvisebebisagan Tavis daRwevis saimedo gzebi, igi ver mivida adamianebs Soris dapirispirebisa da erTmaneTis mimarT SuRlisa da siZulvilis, erTmaneTs Soris konfliqtis aRmZvreli sawyisi faqtoris Ziebamde.” Ziebamde namdvilad mivida, radgan dawera vrceli naSromio “sayovlTao rCeva adamianTa saqmeebis gamosworebis Sesaxeb, romelic Semdegi Svidi wignisagan Sedgeba: 1. panargersia – sayovelTao gamoRviZeba; 2. panaugia – sayovelTao gamsxivosneba; 3. pansofia – soyovelTao sibrZne; 4. panglotia – sayovelTao ena; 5. panpedia – sayovel-Tao aRzrda; 6. panartozia – sayovel-Tao gamosworeba; 7. panatusia – sayovel-Tao ganzraxva. “aRzrdis saZirkvelis” meore Tavis Sinaarsi avtors avalebda komenskis “sayovelTao rCeva adamianTa saqmeebis gamosworebis Sesaxeb guldas-miT Seswavlas da Sefasebas.

gvaqvs kidev erTi zogadi xasiaTis SeniSvna. Aavtori xSirad wers: “Cven mier Catarebuli kvleva-Zieba”... naSromis 165-e gverdzec amas vkiTxulobT: “Cven mier Catarebuli kvleva-Ziebis Semdeg gamov-linda, rom swored dabadebidan enis amodgmamde da fexis adgmamde asakobriv

periodSi xdeba Jinianoba-jiutoba iseTi myari Tvisebebis SemuSaveba, romelic axalfexadgmul bavSvs saSualebas ar Zlevs umtkivneulod, iolad daTrgunos, Seakavos mSoblebis mier dawunebuli ltolvebi da miswrafebebi.”

es Zalze mniSvnelovani daskvnaa, magram naSromSi amis meti araferia naTqvami. mecnierul naSromSi, metadre fsiqologiur gamoikvlevaSi, detalu-rad unda iyos warmodgenili Catare-buli eqsperimentis, cdis aRweris da misi Sedegebis klasifikaciis suraTi. amiT moigebda naSromi. Tumca igi im-den Rirsebas Seicavs, rom am naSromis kargad Seswavlis gareSe SeuZlebelia saunuversiteto saswavlo disci-plinebis “skolamdeli pedagogikis”, “saskolo higienis”, “aRmzrdelobiTi muSaobis meTodikis” srulyofilad wakiTxva. am TvalsazrisiT pedagogs karg samsaxurs uwevs naSromis XIX Tavi “zneobriv-eTikuri yofaqcevis prob-lema”, XXII Tavi – gaxsovdes yvelaze mTavari aRzrdaSi”, XXVIII Tavi “bavSvis movlis mxolod erTi darigeba”, XXIX Tavi – “aRzrda da temperamenti”. XXX Tavi – “Cvenc TavSeukavebelni varT”. XXX Tavi - “aRzrdis tradegiuli da maTi gardaqmnis siZneleebi” da sxva.

SoTa rusTavelis saxelmwifo uni-versitetSi mkiTxvelebTan avtoris Sexvedris dros bevri sagulisxmo mosazreba gamoTqma naSromis mimarT. sakmarisia Tundac universitetis req-toris prof. alioSa bakuriZis SeniSvna – uaxlesi samecniero literaturis Seswavlas aucileblobis Sesaxeb. Aam da sxva SeniSvnebis gaTvaliswinebiT karg samsaxurs gauwevs prof. arCil beriZe mkiTxvels da mecnierebs “aRz-rdis saZirkvels” SevsebiT, adgilebis gadamuSavebaTa da rekomendaciebis daxvewiT.

calke unda aRvniSnoT religiuri aRzrdisadmi avtoris damokidebulebis Sesaxeb. rogorc wesi, mecnieruli mono-grafiebis avtorebi naklebad, an srulad ar uTmoben adgils TavianT SromebSi religiuri aRzrdis tradiciebs. am calmxrivobas ar imeorebs batoni ar-Cil beriZe da naSromis Sesaval nawil-Sive miuTiTebs, rom “pirveli, romelmac Tavis umTavres da uzenaes miznad adami-anebs Soris urTierTobis mowesrigebas, mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis, urTierT siyvarulis uzrunvelyofa da boroti sawyisisagan adamianis gaTavisufleba daisaxa, iyo da aris religiuri moZ-Rvreba”. am momentze yuradRebis gamax-vilebiT avtori afarToebs mkiTxvelis Tvalsawiers aRzrdis problemebis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobebze.

iuri bibileiSvili

sayuradRebo naSromi

შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტია კ ა დ ე მ ი უ რ ი ს ა ბ ჭ ო

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d a d g e n i l e b a #1162010 წლის 15 ოქტომბერი

ქ. ბათუმი

სსიპ „შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის“ 2009-2010 სასწავლო წლის კურსდამთავრებულ, აკადემიური დავალიანების მქონე ზოგიერთი სტუდენტისათვის გამონაკლისის დაშვების შესახებ რსუ-ს აკადემიური საბჭოს 2010 წლის 24

სექტემბრის #92 დადგენილებაში ცვლილების შეტანის თაობაზე

„უმაღლესი განათლების შესახებ“ საქართველოს კანონის 21-ე მუხლის პირველი პუნქტის, 43–ე მუხლის მე–12 პუნქტის, შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის წესდების მე–8 მუხლის მე–4 საფუძველზე აკადემიურმა საბჭომ

დ ა ა დ გ ი ნ ა:1. სსიპ „შოთა რუსთაველის სახელმწიფო უნივერსიტეტის“ 2009-2010 სასწავლო წლის

კურსდამთავრებულ, აკადემიური დავალიანების მქონე ზოგიერთი სტუდენტისათვის გამონაკლისის დაშვების შესახებ“ რსუ-ს აკადემიური საბჭოს 2010 წლის 24 სექტემბრის #92 დადგენილებაში შეტანილი იქნეს ცვლილება, დადგენილების პირველი პუნქტი ჩამოყალიბდეს შემდეგი რედაქციით:

„1.აკადემიური დავალიანების მქონე 2009-2010 სასწავლო წლის რსუ-ს კურსდამთავრებულ სტუდენტებს, რომლებმაც რსუ-ს სტუდენტის სტატუსის შეწყვეტის მიზნით დაწყებულ ადმინისტრაციული წარმოების პროცესში მომართეს ან მომართავენ რსუ-ს, მიეცეთ შესაძლებლობა აკადემიური დავალიანების დაფარვის მიზნით, 2010-2011 სასწავლო წელს, შესაბამისი საგანმანათლებლო პროგრამისათვის განსაზღვრულ ვადებში (სემესტრულად, ადმინისტრაციული რეგისტრაციის განმავლობაში) განახორციელონ აკადემიური და ადმინისტრაციული რეგისტრაცია“.

2. ეს დადგენილება საჯარო გამოცხადების მიზნით განთავსდეს რსუ-ს ადმინისტრაციული შენობისა და ფაკულტეტების დეკანატების საინფორმაციო დაფებზე, ასევე გამოქვეყნდეს რსუ-ს ოფიციალურ ვებგვერდზე და გაზეთში „ბათუმის უნივერსიტეტი“;

3. დადგენილება ძალაშია ხელმოწერისთანავე.

აკადემიური საბჭოს თავმჯდომარე, რექტორი ალიოშა ბაკურიძე

�0noemberi

VIII. CanarTi CveneburTaT-vis: qarTuli ena TurqeTis

saqarTveloSi

XVI saukunidan moyolebu-li gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda osmaleTis eqspansiuri poli-tika samxreT saqarTveloSi, rac sabolood mTeli am regionis inkorporaciiT das-rulda. osmaleTi regionSi myarad damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad, amitomac mizanmimar-Tulad cdilobda, arsebuli eTnokulturuli sistemis

Zirfesvianad mospobas da osm-aluri social-politikuri wyobis damkvidrebas.

pirobiTad SeiZleba iTq-vas, rom XVI saukunis 60-ian wlebSi dasrulda osmalTa mier qarTuli teritoriebis inkorporaciis pirveli etapi... 1578 wlamde, anu lala mustafa faSas ,,aRmosavleTis laSqro-bamde” osmalebs dapyrobili hqondaT artaani, aWara, SavSeT-maWaxeli, nigali, taoni (amier da imier tao).

rogorc z. SaSikaZe miuTi-Tebs, osmaluri wyaroebis mixedviT, daaxloebiT 1535-1566 wlebs Soris periodSi arzru-mis sabeglarbegos Semadgen-lobaSi moeqca Semdegi qar-Tuli sanjayebi (sadroSoebi): isfiri (speri), fasini (basiani), mamirvani, ferTeqreqi, aqCakale, olTu (olTisi), TorTomi, taoskari, qemxisi, fanaskerti, artanuji, livana, artaani, Sav-SeTi, baTumi, aWara, maWaxeli da foTi.

1579 wels ki sulTanma daaarsa Cildiris (axalcixis) safaSo, romelSic axladdapy-robili samcxis da javaxeTis miwebi Sevida, mogvianebiT ki, XVIII saukunis dasawyisSi, morigi administraciuli re-formis Semdag, aq TiTqmis yvela qarTuli provincia iqna gaerTianebuli.

osmaleTi Seudga am Zl-ieri tradiciebis qarTul mxareSi Turquli politi-kur-ekonomikuri sistemis SemoRebas. es iyo metad mZime da rTuli procesi. arc os-maleTisTvis iyo ioli mesx-eTis mtkiced Camoyalibebuli socialur-politikuri da kulturuli cxovrebis moSla, misi sabolood damorCileba da gardaqmna. mesxebi didxans ibrZodnen, Tavs ar uxridnen dampyrobels, magram uTanas-woro brZolaSi damarcxdnen da mSobliur miwas rom Ser-Cenodnen, gamahmadiandnen. Tu mesxeTis politikuri damor-CilebisaTvis osmaleTs erTi

xanZTa _ Ziebani da mosazrebebimasalebi dokumenturi filmis scenarisTvis

(gagrZeleba. dasawyisi ix. ,,baTumis universiteti #/# 9, 10, 11, 2010 w.)

saukune eyo, sarwmunoebrivi TvalsazrisiT es brZola samasi wlis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. qristianobisTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda is, rom sarwmunoebrivi sakiTxebi saadgilmamulo urTierTo-bebs daukavSirda. amasTan, marTlmadidebloba osma-leTs agonebda, an bizantias, an samxreTisken daZrul da madamoZalebul ruseTs.

kidev ufro myari aRmoCnda nacionaluri identobis iseTi niSani, rogoric enaa. marTalia,

gadaqarTvelebis, gaTurqebis procesi sxvadasxva regionSi Tu xeobaSi sxvadasxva inten-sivobiT mimdinareobda, magram, vaxuStis cnobiT, XVIII sau-kuneSi Soreul sperSic ki ismoda qarTuli ena.

rogorc ukve vTqvi, XIX saukunis ganmavlobaSi samus-limano saqarTvelos udidesi nawili ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca. ru-seTis Temas qvemoT isev mi-vubrundebi, aq ki vityvi, rom ufro gvian, roca Seiqmna pirveli demokratiuli re-spublika, saqarTvelo mci-reodeni xniT mainc aRsdga istoriul sazRvrebSi. vik-tor nozaZis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ,,1920 wlis dasasru-lisaTvis qarTuli teritoria ga¬er¬Tianda da gamrTelda: Seiqmna didi saqarTvelo, Ta-vis Zvel sazRvrebSi, Tavisi qarTuli miwa-wyliT, romelic JamTa siavis srbolaSi da istoriuli ukuRmarTobiT moswy¬da mas. aRsdga saqarT-velo!”

samwuxarod, Zveli didebis dabrunebisken miswrafeba maleve dasamarda: 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals bolSevikurma ruseTma wertili dausva saqarTvelos damoukideblo-bas da amave wlis yarsis xelSekrulebiT daunaneblad gaasxvisa yofili baTomis olqis samxreTi nawili, arT-vinisa da ardaganis olqebi. samuslimano saqarTvelos didi nawili isev TurqeTis SemadgenlobaSi moeqca.

rac Seexeba istoriuli samxreT saqarTvelos ruse-Tis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi yofnis periods, rogorc ukve vTqvi, marTalia, mSobliur fesvebs mowyvetil musliman qarTvelebs TanamoZmeebTan urTierTobis SesaZlebloba miecaT, magram ruseTs Ta-visi imperiuli zraxvebi amoZ-ravebda da am xalxis bedi ar awuxebda. amitomac Seuwyo xeli muhajirobas _ mosaxle-

obis didi nawilis ayra-ga-dasaxlebas, adgilobrivTa Turqebad gamocxadebas, sx-vadasxva aRmsareblobis qarT-velTa gaucxoebas. es uaRres-ad mtkivneuli da amave dros erTob vrceli Temaa, amitom amjerad mxolod tendenciis mimaniSnebeli oriode magali-Tis moyvaniT Semovifarglebi: zaqaria WiWinaZe gadmogvcems xalxis mexsierebaSi daleq-il tragikul istorias XIX saukunis 20-30-iani wlebis Sesaxeb: rusebis Semosvlis Semdeg roca mesxeTis fa-rulma qristianebma CaTvales, rom maT rwmenas safrTxe aRar emuqreboda, mTavarsardalTan xalxi gagzavnes da auwyes TavianTi ambavi. cxadia, mfarv-elobis imedic hqondaT: Riad vaRiarebT qristianobas da eseni dagvifaraven SesaZlo safrTxisgano. mesxebis gad-mocemiT, bebuTovma Turme ase upasuxa xalxis Txovnas: ,,gas-wiT, daikargeniT aqedam, Tqve TaTrebo, rom aq Tqveni erTi kacic ar darCes, gaswiT, gaswiT, wadiT, wadiT, moSordiT aqau-robas! Tqveni aq darCena ar SeiZleba, Tqven TaTrebi xarT, wadiT iqiT, saiTac Tqveni Zmebi midian, CqaraT, CqaraT, Torem am ambavs Tqveni TaTre-bi Segvityoben, Cven arafers daxmarebas ar mogcemT, isini ki Tqven sul dagxocaven. wa-diT girCevniaT, rusebi Tqven ar migiReben, radganac Tqven ar xarT kai xalxi, rusebis mteri xarT.”

es XIX saukunis I naxevris istoriaa. mdgomareoba arc saukunis Semdeg Secvlila. imave ganwyobiT Sedioda rusi saldaTi samuslimano saqa-rTvelos miwaze XX sau-kunis dasawyisSic. eqvTime TayaiSvili gadmogvcems, Tu rogor epyrobodnen rusi jariskacebi tao-klarjeTis taZrebs I msoflio omis dros. Rvawlmosili mecnieri imowmebs poruCuk Sugurovs da mogviTxrobs: ,,iSxanSi mx-atvroba moSlili dagvxvda da etyoboda, zogierTi fres-kis moSla axali saqme iyo. me vkiTxe soflis muxtars, ratom SliT suraTebs-meTqi? man mipasuxa: Cven magis gveSinia da xeli arasdros gvixlia: eseni sul rusis saldaTebma xiStebis wveriT moSaleso. marTlacda, TviT xaxulis yofili komendanti Sugurovi gvimowmebs rusis saldaTebis da praporSCikebis barbaro-sobas, romelTac miawers xaxulis RvTismSoblis qan-dakebis gafuWebas da dasZens: ,,gana eseni ar iyvnen, iSxnis taZarSi mizanSi srola rom atexeso? zogierTi saldaTis fsiqologiis mixedviT, - am-bobs Sugurovi, - yvela ekle-sia saTaTreTSi, qarTulia is Tu somxuri, ,,TaTruli ekle-siaa” da araviTari pativisce-mis Rirsi ar ariso.”

mxolod saqristiano saqa-rTvelos erovnuli inteligen-cia, adgilobriv progresul moRvaweebTan erTad, cdilob-da dadebiTi zegavlena moex-dina movlenaTa ganviTarebaze, magram samwuxarod, rogorc aRvniSne, maTi SesaZleblobebi SezRuduli iyo.

amdenad, Tu Tvals gadavav-lebT XIX-XX saukuneebis mi-jnis mTel samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelos (e.w. samuslimano saqarTvelos), Semdegi suraTi warmogvidgeba:

I. adgilobrivi mosaxleo-bis didi nawili gaxiznulia - muhajiradaa wasuli.

II . TiTqmis mTeli mo-saxleoba islams aRiarebs.

III. qristianuli soflebi SemorCenilia mesxeTSi. aqaur qristianTa didi umravle-soba kaTolikea. al. frone-lis Tanaxmad, XX saukunis dasawyisis samcxe-javaxeTSi qarTvel kaTolikeTa ricxvi 6408 suls Seadgenda. ,,am mci-redsac, _ Cioda froneli,- ba-toni saruxana gvedaveba, egeni mudam gvar-tomobiT somxebi yofilan da dResac somxebi ariano,” samuslimano saqarT-veloSi qarTvelTa gasomxebis procesi Cveni istoriis kidev erTi tragikuli furcelia. amjerad SevniSnavT mxolod, rom XIX saukuneSi am proces-ma gansakuTrebiT intensiuri xasiaTi miiRo. somexma moR-vaweebma swored am periodSi gaaCaRes metad aqtiuri anti-qarTuli propaganda, daiwyes mtkiceba TiTqos ar arsebobs qarTveli kaTolike da yvela isini somxebi an somxis Camoma-vlebi arian. maTs ,,moRvaweo-bas” ruseTis administraciac uwyobda xels (magaliTad, 1835 wlis qarTveli kaTo-likebi somxebad gamocxad-da. am zRaprebs dasabuTe-bulad uaryofdnen qarTveli moRvaweni (m. TamaraSvili, a. xaxanaSvili da sxv.), magram carizmis politikiT frTaS-esxmuli mezRapreebis alagmva diaxac rom Wirda.

IV. mesxeTis qarTveli marTlmadideblebi gamodi-an faruli qristianobidan. aleqsandre froneli aRniS-navs, rom 1900 wlisTvis axal-cixis mazraSi 1284 marTlma-didebeli komli (daaxloebiT 10 000 suli) cxovrobda 15 sofelSi.

gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom taos dasavleT nawilSi, parxliswylis auzSi armenxev-Si jer kidev cxovrobdnen qristianebi, ara mxolod fa-ruli qristianobis doneze. giorgi yazbegis cnobiT, XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aq jer kidev aris ramdenime marTl-

madidebeli ojaxi. aqve cxov-robs mRvdeli, gvarad RebaZe, romelic zogjer arTvinSic Cadis xolme (20 saaTis sa-val gzaze) Zveli saxarebis wasakiTxad. XX saukunis dasawyisSi ki, roca aq eqv-Time TayaiSvilis eqspedi-ciis wevrebi Cavidnen, mxolod faruli qristianebi cxov-robdnen.

rac Seexeba mSobliuri enis mdgomareobas, rogorc vTqvi, rom erovnuli idento-bis yvelaze myari elementi swored ena aRmoCnda, magram

osmaluri social-politi-kuri wyobis damyarebas, mo-saxleobis gamahmadianebas mainc mohyva qarTuli enis jer Sesusteba, SemdgomSi ki, samuslimano saqarTvelos araerT regionSi, saerTod dakargva. dimitri baqraZis dakvirvebiT islamis miRebi-dan Tu mesame Taoba mSobli-uri enis siwmindes inaxavda, meoTxe Taoba meryeobda da mSobliuri enis wiaRSi uxvad uSvebda ucxo enis nakads. mexuTe Taoba ukve fiqrobda da azrovnebda ZaliT Tavs moxveul enaze da mSobliur enas mxolod SinaurobaSiRa xmarobda. ase TaobaTa siR-rmeSi, ucxo religiuri, poli-tikuri da socialuri garemos gavleniT, daviwyebas eZleoda mesxeTis qarTvelTa Soris qarTuli ena. rasakvirvelia, yvela regions erT sazoms ver movargebT, magram tendencia, vfiqrob, sworadaa danaxuli.

XIX saukuneSi qarTuli ena mZlavrobs aWaraSi klarje-Tisa da SavSeTis did nawilSi, agreTve taoSi – alag-alag, kerZod parxlisa da Tor-Tomis midamoebSi. focxovsa da kola-artaanSi mxolod nasaxia SemorCenili.

amjerad ar vexebi lazeTs. aq imasRa vityvi, rom XIX sau-kunis lazistanSi umetesad kargad ician mSobliuri ena. igi ZiriTadi saurTierTo enaa.

XIX saukunis samuslimano saqarTveloSi ena yvelaze srulyofilad mainc aWar-iswylis xeobaSi, maWaxelsa da qobuleTSi axsovT. qar-Tuli ZiriTadi saurTierTo enaa. XIX saukunis bolos Turqulis mcodne gurjic ar aris bevri. metic, rogorc zaqaria WiWinaZe SeniSnavs, ,,aq saqme isea dayenebuli, rom erTi yavaxanis patroni, romelic osmaloeli TaTaria, qarTvel mahmadianebs qarTu-lad elaparakeba. aseve sxva savaWro adgilebSi aq myofi sxva qveynis osmaloebi da berZnebi mTel dRes qarTulis saubars arian iZulebuli.” (WiW. 2.2)

qalebma, rogorc wesi, qa-rTuli enis garda sxva ena ar ician. qarTuli simRerebi, winaparTa tradiciebi da wes-Cveulebebi kargadaa daculi, mokled, rom ara rwmenis sx-vaoba, aqaurobas saqristiano saqarTvelosgan ver gaarCev. metic, zogjer aqaurebi ruse-Tis saqarTvelosTan Sedare-biT, samuslimano saqarTvelos erovnul Rirsebas ufro maRla ayeneben... suleiman be-JaniZes uTqvams erTxel zaqa-ria WiWinaZisaTvis: ,,Tqven amis fiqri nu gaqvT, Cven qarTul

qvemo forTis eklesiis Camongreuli gumbaTi

zemo forTeli ilias oquri

malxaz CoxaraZe

��noemberi

enas Tqvenze ukeT SevinaxavT. Tqven erTi is brZaneT, rusuls TqvenSi ufro metni laparako-ben, Tu CvenSi TaTrulso. Cveni begebisa da molebis umetesma nawilma TaTruli arc ena ician da arc wera-kiTxvao, TqvenSi ki yvelani ucxo enaze laparakobeno, nametur qalebi... CvenSi ki erT qalsac ver naxavT, rom is TaTrulad laparakobdeso.”

qarTuli klarjeTSic ician, metadre, livanaSi. liva-na murRulis xeobasTan erTad samuslimano saqarTvelos erT-erTi im nawilTagania, sa-dac qarTuli ena da erovnuli cnobiereba yvelaze myarad aris Semonaxuli. marTalia, qarTuli wera-kiTxva aRar axsovT, magram ena kargad daucavT. zaqaria WiWinaZe livanaSi 38, murRulSi 31 sofels CamoTvlis da SeniS-navs, rom mxolod arTvinis maxlobel ramdenime soflis qarTvel mahmadianebs davi-wyebiaT qarTulio. qalebma osmaluri saerTod ar ician. locvisas alahis nacvlad xSirad RmerTs axseneben. ician qarTuli Selocvebi, leqsebi, zRaprebi. murRulis da devesqelis xeobaSi Zvele-bur mravalxmian simRerebsac moismens kaci.

arTvinSi XIX saukunis 70-ian wlebSi aq muslimanebTan erTad cxovroben somexi grig-orianelebi da kaTolikeebi. qalaqSi xuTi meCeTi, oTxi kaTolikuri da erTi grigo-rianuli eklesiaa. qarTuli laparaki qalaqSi iSviaTia, samagierod, gareubnebSi yvela qarTulad laparakobs.

arTvinelTa da sazogadod, samuslimano saqarTvelos somex mosaxleobaze saubri-sas unda aRiniSnos qarT-velTa gasomxebis Sesaxebac. qristianobis SenarCunebisken miswrafeba erTi mxriv da meore mxriv osmaleTis gan-sakuTrebuli damokidebuleba somxuri eklesiis (rogorc grigorianuli, aseve kaTo-likuri) mimarT (rac, meoce saukunis dasawyisamde, somxebs privilegirebul mdgomareo-baSi ayenebda), aseve somxuri eklesiebis aqtiuroba gana-pirobebTa CveneburTa erTi nawilis TandaTanobiT gas-omxebas.

karl koxi, romelmac XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi orjer (1836 da 1843-44 wlebi) imogzaura kavkasiaSi, adas-turebs kavkasiaSi qarTvelTa gasomxebis faqts da aRniS-navs: ,,savaWro saqmes Cveu-lebriv, qarTvelebi ganageben. es is qarTvelebia, romlebsac somxuri sqizma aqvT miRebuli da amitom somxebad iwodebian. isini umTavresad arTvinSi cxovroben”. koxi mogviTxrobs samefo gvaris mqone erTi gasomxebuli qarTvelis Ses-axeb, romelsac ,,bolomde ver uareyo qarTveloba”, ma-gram mainc somxad miaCnda Tavi. am istoriis Tematuri gagrZelebaa ukve XX saukunis dasawyisSi niko maris mxle-belis artanujeli kaTolike somxis, ambarcumas ambavi, rom-lis TqmiTac misi winaprebi qarTvelebi yofilan, Tavad qarTuli ar icoda. mamamiss qarTulic codnia da somxu-ric, babuamiss kidev somxurisa araferi gaegeboda.

Woroxis auzis qarTvelTa gasomxebis ambavi kidev erTi gulsaklavi, amave dros vr-celi, rTuli da ase Tu ise cnobili istoriaa. amjerad me mxolod imaze miTiTeba minda, rom XIX saukuneSi gasomxeb-ulma qarTvelebma jer kidev ician TavianTi warmomavlobis

Sesaxeb da zogi maTgani qar-Tuladac saubrobs.

rac Seexeba sakuTriv klar-jeTs (am SemTxvevaSi, viwro mniSvnelobiT, am toponimis qveS vgulisxmob teritorias livanas, SavSeTsa da imerxevs Soris, artanujis gaswvriv arTvinamde), aq qarTuli ena bevrgan daviwyebuli aqvT. zaqaria WiWinaZe mxolod aTiod e sofels asaxelebs qarTulis mcodnes (maT Soris anCas, anakerts da sx.). ufro optimisturia kowia maWavaria-nis cnoba, romelic 84 sofels CamoTvlis, magram es infor-macia gadaWarbebuli Cans. sakuTriv Tormet savaneTa mxa-reSi, rogorc vTqvi, qarTulis naSTebsRa Tu waawydeboda kaci. mSobliuri enis mcodne TiTebze CamosaTvleli gaxl-daT da es codnac ZiriTadad Sereuli Turqul-qarTuliT metyvelebas niSnavda.

artanuji ZiriTadad somxe-biTaa dasaxlebuli. SesaZle-belia, bevri maTgani gas-omxebuli qarTvelic iyos. mimdebare soflebSi sul gamahmadianebuli qarTvelebi cxovroben. ,,droebis” ko-respondentis gadmocemiT, qarTuli ena ar ician, magram

Camomavloba kargad axsovT. isic ician, rom winaT qris-tianebi iyvnen.

XIX saukunis bolosken SavSeTSi mosaxleoba TiTq-mis mTlianad qarTulia. qa-rTvelebi mosaxleobis 90%-ze mets Seadgenen.

qarTulad kargad lapara-koben TiTqmis mTel imerxevSi, praqtikulad yvela sofelSi. mxolod yviralas xeobis saTavisken, aseve sakuTriv imerxeviswylis zemo welSi _ diobanSi, Soltisxevsa da wyalsimerSi uWirT.

sakuTriv SavSeTSi, imerxevs miRma, mxolod ramdenime sofelSi axsovT qarTuli. es soflebi SavSeTis CrdiloeTi-Taa da zogjer maT imerxevsac miakuTvneben. es soflebia: garyilobi, juarebi (//Wuarebi), SavimTa, wiTureTi, axaldaba, sinkoTi.

amdenad, Tu imerxevs ar miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, unda vTqvaT, rom sakuTriv SavSeTSi qarTuli ena aRar axsovT ukve XIX s. II naxevarSi.

mTel SavSeTSi mahmadian qarTvelebs (imaTac, vinc qa-rTuli ena daiviwya) kargad

axsovT, rom maTi winaprebi qarTvelebi iyvnen. isic ician, rom qristianebis STamomav-lebi arian.

somexTa ricxvi SavSeTSi mcirea (900-mde). isini SavSe-Tis oTx sofelSi cxovroben, aqvT sami kaTolikuri da erTi grigorianuli eklesia. es soflebia: saTle, oqrobageTi, fxikiuri, mamanelisi.

am soflebSi somxebma, Se-Zlebisdagvarad, QqarTuli ena ician. mosalodnelia, rom Tu yvela maTgani ara, garkveuli nawili mainc re-ligiur niadagze gasomxebuli qarTveli iyos.

erTob Wreli suraTia sam-cxe-javaxeTSi. aq cxovroben qarTveli qristianebic, maT Soris marTlmadideblebi, romlebic Turqobis dros farulad qristianobdnen, da kaTolikebi. am ukanasknelTa Soris bevri, rogorc aRvniS-neT, gasomxebulia. mosaxleo-bis naxevarze meti qarTveli mahmadiania. maT did nawils mSobliuri ena daviwyebuli aqvs. javaxeTSi, samcxesTan SedarebiT, naklebi mahmadiania darCenili da vinc aris, maTi umravlesobac gaTurqebis gzas adgas.

qarTveli mahmadiania ar-taanis mcxovrebTa umrav-lesobac zogierT xeobaSi gurjebsac uwodeben Tavs, Tumca qarTuli ena TiTqmis aRar ician da sakuTari qa-rTvelobisa Tamar mefis meti aRara axsovT ra. erTaderTi sofeli, sadac jer kidev ismis qarTuli, velia. veli qarTvel kaTolikeTa sofeli iyo. iq XIX saukunemde Cveulebrivad saubrobdnen mSobliur enaze. velelebi samcxe-javaxeTSi gadmosaxlebulan da zemoTx-senebuli mizezebis gamo gas-omxebulan. miuxedavad amisa, eqvTime TayaiSvilis cnobiT, ardaganis okrugSi misi eqs-pediciis dros, 1902 wels, velSi qarTuli ena ismoda.

CildirSi (CrdilSi) XIX saukunis dasawyisSi jer kidev axsovdaT qarTuli ena, Tumca, male moispo. amas xeli Seuwyo jer erTi muhajiro-bis pirvelma talRam 1830-ian wlebSi, meorec, osmaleTidan gadmosaxlebulma somxebma (rogorc cnobilia, es mxarec 1829 wlis adrianopolis za-viT SeierTa ruseTma da sam-cxe-javaxeTis msgavsad, aqac

Caasaxla somxebi), romlebmac Seaviwroves qarTuli ena.

uaresi mdgomareobaa yars-Si. zaqaria WiWanaZis cnobiT yarsis TemSi 1877 wels 170 aTasamde qarTveli mahmadi-ani cxovrobda, XIX saukunis bolosTvis ki amaTi ricxvi mniSvnelovnad Semcirebula, ZiriTadad, muhajirobis mizez-iT. vinc darCa, imaTSic qar-Tuli ena daviwyebas miscemia, gaqrobis pirasaa toponimebic. alag-alag SeiZleba mois-mino bundovani gadmocemebi Tamar mefis Sesaxeb, romelsac aqaurebi TavianTi winaprebis mefed miiCneven.

XIX saukunis eruSeTsa da olTisSic qarTuli ena arsebobis ukanasknel wlebs iTvlis. eqvTime TayaiSvilis cnobiT, olTisis okrugis so-flebSi - fanaskertSi, anzavSi, maikomSi qarTuli esmodaT mxolod moxucebulebsa da ufro qalebs, vidre mamak-acebs.

rac Seexeba taos im nawils, romelic XIX saukuneSi ar moqceula ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, unda iTqvas, rom informacia am regionis Sesaxeb mwiria. 1917 wels eqv-Time TayaiSvilma imogzaura

am mxareSi. igi eyrdnoba zo-gierTi rusi samxedro piris informacias, amasTan, SeniS-navs, rom rusebis mier Sekre-bili cnobebi srulfasovnad ver CaiTvlebao: ,,mcxovrebni yovelTvis ar amxelen, rom qarTulad laparakoben. amas garda, mamakacebi, metadre ru-sis moxeleni, dedakacebs ver naxuloben, ojaxebSi ver Caixe-daven, sadac ufro daculi aris qarTuli ena. zogjer arc eklesiis Sesaxeb awvdian cnobebs...”

eqvTime TayaiSvili asax-elebs soflebs, romlebSic qa-rTuli ician, upiratesad, parx-liswylis xeobaSi, agreTve, Woroxis piras. igi wers: ,,Cveni 1917 wlis eqspediciis mier Sekrebili cnobebiT da namet-navad, im cnobebiT, romelnic gadmogvca al. st.-Ze matia-seviCma, soflebi, romlebSic yvela qarTulad laparakobs, arian Semdegni: kobaki, armenx-evi, xeveki, gudaxevi, xumxali, balxi, xod-suflia, utavi, vanisxevi, kirvanisi, oTxTa eklesia (dorTqilisa), da bi-naTi... am mxareSi aris kidev erTi didi sofeli maRal ze-

karze (uReltexilze), iSxnis maxloblad (sofeli iSxnis samuxtroSi Sedis), sofelSi 208 suli mcxovrebia da yvela qarTulad laparakobs. am soflis saxeli rukaze aris CilCimi, magram namdvilad misi saxelia WimWimi.”

rac Seexeba gurjebis qa-rTulis zogad saxes, prof. mamia faRava zemoxsenebu-li soflebis CveneburTa me-tyvelebaSi gamoyofs SavSur, klarjul da taour dialeq-tur erTeulebs. yvela maT-gani ganicdis Turquli enis Zlier gavlenas. aRniSnuli kiloebi enaTesavebian erTma-neTs da maT SemounaxavT bevri saerTo niSani unda vifiqroT, rom daaxloebiT analogiuri viTareba iqneboda XIX sau-kuneSic, cxadia, maSindeli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, am CamonaTvals unda davamatoT aWaruli, mesxuri da javaxuri dialeqtebi. amasTan, Turqu-lis gavlena maSin jer kidev ar iyo ase Rrma da yovlis-momcveli.

samwuxaro realobaa, ma-gram Tanamedrove samxreT-dasavleT saqarTveloSi mSobliurma enam aSkarad daTmo poziciebi. qarTuli ena ician mxolod imerxevis ormociode sofelSi (19 samux-tro), livanisa da murRulis ormociode sofelSi, zeda maWaxlis eqvsive sofelSi (maWaxeli dRemde iTvleba CveneburebSi qarTvelobis et-alonad) da taos sam sofelSi. amdenad, mTels tao-klar-jeTSi, daaxloebiT 13000 kv. km. teritoriaze qarTuli oTxmocdaaTamde sofelSiRa ician (lazeTs arc amjerad vgulisxmob). es aris da es. unda SevniSno aseve, rom meqa-rTule soflebis zusti ra-odenobis dasaxeleba Wirs, radgan iqauri adgilobrivi marTvis organo samuxtro zogjer aerTianebs ramdenime dasaxlebul punqts da am pun-qtebs rogorc adgilobrivebi, aseve mklevarebi xan erT, xan ramdenime soflad miiCneven. garda amisa, zogjer erTis soflis ubnebi (meheleebi) xeobaSi isea gafantuli, zogi-erTi avtori maT damoukideb-el soflad asaxelebs da ara ubnad (me vsaubrob istoriul qarTul provinciebze da ami-tom muhajirebis qarTuls aq ar vexebi). kidev ufro gulis-momkvleli isaa, rom am sof-lebSi, zogierTi gamonaklisis garda, qarTulad metyveleben mxolod saSualo asaks ga-dacilebulni, iSviaTad - ax-algazrdebic. zemoxsenebul xeobebSi dRemde waawydebi moxucebs (ufro qalebs), rom-lebic mxolod qarTul enas floben; agreTve, saSualo asakis gurjebsac, romlebic acxadebdnen, rom skolaSi wasvlamde mxolod qarTuli ena icodnen. miuxedavad amisa, praqtikulad, enis mcodne bolo Taoba cxovrobs iq. bavSvebma da axalgazrdebis umravlesobam TiTqmis aRar icis winaprebis ena. imedad isRa rCeba, rom, Cemi azriT, vi-sac axsovs ,,winaT qarTvelebi viyaviTo”, vis cnobierebaSic qarTveloba bJutavs mainc, igi jer kidev qarTvelia da masSi yovelTvis iarsebebs Zala da SesaZlebloba Camxmar fesvebze axali ylortebis aR-mocenebisa. amis konkretuli magaliTebi dResac arsebobs. amasTan, Cven xom imdenad mcir-ericxovani eri varT, dasakar-gav-gasawirad gasametebeli aRaravin gvyavs.

(gagrZeleba iqneba)

imerxeveli gurjebi. sof. svirevani

��noemberiqeTi didiSvili werilSi

,,xorumi”gvesaubreba qarTul cekvaSi mis mier danaxul iseT niSnebze,rogoricaa sifrTx-ile, windaxeduleba, goniereba, strategiuli taqtika, siTamame, siCauqe, moqniloba, vaJkacoba, Tavganwirva, meTauris morCileba, wesrigi da SeTanxmebuli moq-medeba.

natali volCenko Tavis wer-ilSi yuradRebas amaxvilebs daviT andRulaZis fenomenze. daviT andRulaZem Tavisi peda-gogiuri gamocdileba, saSems-ruleblo vokalur esTetikuri tradiciebi, maRali vokalur-te-qnikuri kultura gadasca Tavis aRzrdilebs zurab anjafariZes, zurab sotkilavas, nodar an-dRulaZes.

lela wifuria werilSi ,,jayos xiznebis”interpretaciisaTvis ganixilavs baTu-misa da quTaisis Teatris scenebze dadgmul speqtak-lebs da warmatebulad Tvlis Temur CxeiZis mier dadgmul speqtakls. 1934 wels mixeil javaxiSvilis ,,jayos xiznebi da kvaWikvaWantiraZe”gaxalxurda. jayo erTnairad saSiSia yvela epoqaSi. dRevandel Cvens yofaSi uzneo jayom adgili Seicvala da ubralod gadmojda urmidan mersedesSi. werilis avtori mi-iCnevs, rom romanSi gamoyvanili osi erovnebis jayo krebiTi saxea da is ruseTis mier saqa-rTvelos dapyrobis alegoriaa. moZaladis Tema kvlavac gadau-Wrel problemad rCeba.

mzia merkvilaZe Tavis wer-ilSi gvamcnobs simRera ,,su-likos” avtors varinka were-Tels. meore msoflio omis dros suliko bulgarel parti-zanTa sabrZolo himni iyo igi am faqts ukavSirebs qarTvel mevi-oline iliko qurxulis saxels, romelic XX saukunis ocian wlebSi bulgareTSi cxovrob-da da iq musikalur skolaSi qarTul simReras aswavlida. ,,suliko” Zalian modaSi yo-fila amerikaSic. nodar tabiZe ganixailavs nani TarxniSvilis erTtomeuls ,,dazamTrebamde”. poeziisa da prozis ganyofile-baSi warmodgenilia merab SaTi-ris romani lela+levani, na-Tela nakudaiZisa da Tamaz doRonaZis moTxrobebi, nunu balavaZis, marika parnaselis, maia cecxlaZis leqsebi.

daibeWda marTlmadidebluri Jurnal ,,karibWes” #22, rom-lis Temaa ti pikoni. saeklesio wesdebaTa wigni gan-kuTvnilia mRvdelm-saxurisa da mrev -lisaTvis. JurnalSi dabeWdil werilebs ganvixilavT gazeTis morig nomerSi.

samecniero bibloTekam mi-iRo kviris palitris liter-aturuli damateba #10, masSi Se-sulia Cveni Tanaqalaqelis nana axalaZis mier Sesrulebuli gi de mopasanis ,,qalis aRsareba” Targmani. dramaturgiaSi war-modgenilia oTar pertaxias piesa ,,saukeTeso modeli” sadac armosawonia bilwsityvaoba da istoriul pirTa saxelebis augad moxsenieba. poeziisa da prozis ganyofilebaSi warmod-genilia daviT qarTveliSvi-lis irma arCuaSvilis, zviad kvaracxelias da sxvaTa nawar-moebebi.

kis gamged.mas ekuTvnis mniS-vnelovani gamokvlevebi mwerlo-basa da mweralTa SemoqmedebiTi organizaciis istoriaze. gan-sakuTrebuli sibralulis da sinanulis grZnoba geufleba, roca ecnobi sabWoTa periodis droindel sisxlian qronikebs, sadac saubaria udanaSaulo adamianebis dasjasa da gasaxle-baze. aseTi mware bedis mqone adamianebs Soris wignSi dasax-elebulia Cveni universitetis profesori iuri bibileiSvili. qarTveli mwerlebi zviad gamsx-urdias mweralTa kavSirSi yof-na-aryofnis sakiTxs ixilavdnen da am dros konstantine gamsax-urdas sabWoTa xelisuflebi-sadmi loialur damokidebule-baze msjelobdnen, ris damamt-kicebel sabuTad iSveliebdnen konstantines sityvebs: Tu ara sabWoTa xelisufleba,CemTvis did mwerlobasTan wilnayroba ar SeiZleboda-o.

vkiTxulobT mweralTa kav-Siris sxdomis oqmebs da Cvenda uneblieT gviCndeba kiTxva Tu ra an vin aiZulebda ga-moCenil qarTvel mwerlebs monawileoba mieRoT winaswar dadgmul speqtaklSi.sakuTari Tavis gadarCenis mizniT sxvisi gawirvis, sxvisTvalSi sakuTari avtoritetis amaRlebis da rac mTavaria SiSis grZoba imdenad Zlieri iyo, rom hklavda adami-anSi protestis xmas. sabWoTa xelisuflebasTan dapirisp-ireba aRiqmeboda, rogorc qa-rTul mwerlobasTan dapiri-spireba. qarTveli mwerlebi ufrosebis gasagonad xmamaRla acxadebdnen,rom mweralTa ka-vSiri es aris TanamoazreTa kavSiri. wignSi mkiTxveli bevr jer kidev ucnob dokumentur masalas gaecnoba.

samecniero krebuli

samecniero biblioTekam miiRo 2010 wlis 9-12 noembers TbilisSi gamarTul kavka-siologTa meore saerTaSoriso kongresis masalebi, romlis Tema iyo kavkasiuri civili-zacia-istoria da Tanamedro-veoba. samecniero krebulSi dabeWdil statiebs gazeTis momdevno nomerSi gagacnobT.

presa

gamovida Jurnali ,,lit-eratura da xelovneba”#11 Cve-

ni Tanaqa-l a q e l i laSa Cx-artiS v i -li Tavis w er ilS i gviziarebs Tbilisis meore saer-TaSoriso Teatral-uri fes-t i v al i s S T a b e W -

dilebas. festivalze moewyo ori wignis prezentacia,kerZod akaki vasaZis ,,mogonebebi, fiqre-bi” (ortomeuli) da manana anTaZis mier Sesrulebuli tenesi uiliamsis ,,kamino re-als” Targmani. aRniSnuli piesa mixeil TumaniSvilis saxelobis kinomsaxiobTa Teatris scenaze dadga britanelma reJisorma hilari vudma. gansakuTrebuli interesi gamoiwvia quTaisis Teatris speqtaklma ,,romeo da julieta” da baTumis Teatris speqtaklma ,,bananisa da komSis pudingi koniakiTa da romiT”.

daviT andriaZe ganixilavs Tengiz abulaZis kinofilm ,,monaniebas” da mas Tvlis per-estroikis epoqis kino zRaprad da gorbaCoviseuli politikis kulturul inscen irebad.

murad mTvareliZis meore wigni , , qronikebi tician tabiZis cxovrebidan” erTgvari

gagrZele-baa nino t a b i Z i s naSromisa , ,ticiani da misi me-gobrebi”. w i g n i s kiTxvisas T v alw i n c o c x l -deba ticia-nis dro-i n d e l i

Tbilisi da Tbiliselebi. ti-cianma cisferyanwelebTan erTad sakuTari Tbilisi Seqmna,radgan igi maTi sulis nawili iyo. maT bedniereba moutanes Tbiliss.Tbilisi gaxda poetebis qa-laqi. cisferyanwelTa axali Taoba axal ideebs amkvidreb-da. wignSi erTmaneTs avsebs cisferyanwelTa sasiyvarulo intrigebi, bohema da STagoneba, romantikuli saRamoebi, poeziis raindTa paeqrobani da Senc maT-Tan erTad im saocari garemos monawile xdebi: ,,vkiTxulobT paolos, goglas, ticians, aq poezia qarTulad rokavs”.

damijere mkiTxvelo am wig-nis wakiTxviT ar waageb da kargi sasiamovno wuTebi gelis poeziis samefoSi.

am qveynis Svils guli sia-mayiT gevseba, rodesac gebulob Tu rogori protestis grZno-biT Sexvdnen cisferyanwelebi osmaleTis mier axalcixis da baTumis dakavebas. valeriani im dros patriotuli grZnobiT mouwodebda Tanamemamuleebs:,,maS, Zmebo, erTad gavwiroT TavinuTu gvimtyunebs bedi masxaraan gamarjveba da an saflavimters SevebrZoloT, Tofebi Cqara.”paoloc ar darCa valSi da mis leqsSi gamoxata Tavisi gulis-nadebi baTumis dacemis gamo:, ,baTumis caze me vumzer yvavebsbrZaneba ismis da smena CqaragaSaleT mzeze priala xmlebian davibrunoT Cveni aWaraanda baTumTan davtovoT Zv-lebi.”

es ambavi ticianma Tavi-si dabadebis dRes erovnuli tragediis fonze warmoidgina da baTums uZRvna leqsi ,,ori aprili”:,,baTumi misces da orpirze mo-dis TaTari,atmis yvaviliT sisxliani sti-ris aprili,yviTel saturnis ubedobiT avad gamxdari,poetis sulic saqarTvelos kuzad daxrila.”

cisferyanwelebi sicocxlis bolo wuTebamde saqarTvelos erTianobis ideis dacvas emsax-urebodnen. isini mkacrad icavd-nen qarTlis cxovrebis mTavar kanons ,,aravis veymoT,arca vemonoT,gareSe RvTisa dambade-blisa.”

naCuqari wignebi

samecniero biblioTekam saCuqrad miiRo revaz kver-enCxilaZis ori wigni sabuTebi RaRadeben da ,,XX saukunis saqa-

rTvelos l i t e r -aturuli cxovreba”. revaz kver-enCxilaZe w l e b i s g a n m a v -l o b a S i muSaobda mweralTa k a vS iris biblioTe-

gramatikul analizs. avtori akademiur dineze

warmoaCens qarTveli meurnis fsiqotips, kerZod mis dual-istur xasiaTs, romelic erTis mxvriv Tavis wil samkvidros flobda da meore mxvriv sasof-lo miwiT sargeblobis ufleba-sac itovebda. gansakuTrebuli kerZo mesakuTruli instiqtebiT yofilan cnobilni qiziyebi. mkvlevari ruseTis istoriidan motanili magaliTebis (kol-meurneoba, obSCina). moSveli-ebis safuZvelze askvnis, rom sakuTrebis gansazogadebis idea rusi xalxis fsiqologi-uri wyobis Sedegia. amitomacaa, rom dResac rusi xalxis didi nawili kolmeurneobebis gau-qmebis winaaRmdegia. wignSi mkv-levari warmoaCens qarTuli bi-znesis humanisturi tradiciebis Rirseul warmomadgenlebs: Zmeb zubalaSvilebs, giorgi qarTveliSvils, daviT sara-jiSvils, mitrofane laRiZes da Aa.S. biznesmeni socialuri pasuxismgeblobisa da eTikuri normebidan gamomdinare ZiriTa-dad efuZneba qristianul prin-cipebs: ,,ar icruo”, ,,ar iqurdo”, ,,ar gamoxvide cru mowmed Seni Tvistomis winaaRmdeg”, ,,mo-eqeci sxvebs ise, rogorc ginda Sen mogeqcnen”. aseve avtori wignSi gvesaubreba biznesmenis warmateba-warumateblobis mize-zebze.

me 20 saukunis 70-iani wlebis saqarTveloSi brZolam ker-ZomesakuTruli tendenciebis winaaRmdeg Seiwira niWieri mewarmeebi. aRniSnuli naSromi gasaTvaliswinebelia imiTac, rom yovel Sesaswavl Temas Tan axlavs daskvna, kiTxvebi TviTkontrolisTvis., sadis-kusio sakiTxebis Tematika, sakurso naSromebis Tematika da dasamuSavebeli literaturis sia. wigns Tan erTvis mcire ganmartebiTi leqsikoni. …

samecniero biblioTekam miiRo murad mTvareliZis ori saintereso naSromi: ,,qronikebi tician tabiZis cxovrebidan” da ,,yifianebi”

,,yifianebi” istoriul bio-grafiuli Janris nawarmoebia. avtori gvesaubreba meore deme-tre Tavdadebulad wodebuli

dimitrai y if i a n i s Sesaxeb da aseve zoga-dad yifi-anebis gva-ris Rir-seul ada-mianebze . yovelman q a r T -v e l m a n cxovrebis wesad unda

aqcios wminda dimitris Segone-bani da pirdapir da Tamamad gamoTqvas misi azri,metadre maSin, rodesac amis Sesaxeb mas ekiTxebian. wignSi avtorTan erTad mkiTxveli eziareba dimi-tri yifianis ,,sulis skola-Si” Camoyalibebuli zneobisa da gmirobis saocar gakveTi-lebs. dimitri yifianis zneo-bis gakveTilis mTavari arsi mdgomareobs imaSi,rom mxolod Rirseulma SeiZleba pativi mia-gos Rirseuls. ilias gamoTqmiT dimitri yifiani iyo kaci, ro-melic Tavis dReSi ar ityoda hos,roca misi guli ambobda aras. Znelia amaze ukeTesad iTqvas adamianis Rirsebis Ses-axeb. RmerTis rCeulma zvarakad Seewira sakuTar ers da amiT qarTvels samSoblosTvis Tav-ganwirvis saukeTeso magaliTi dautova. naTqvamia kvici gvarze xtiso dimitri yifians Rirseu-li STamomavloba darCa.

axali wignebi

daibeWda istorikos jaba samuSias saintereso naSromi: ,,Tamar mefis saflavis saidum-loeba’’. am bolo dros presiT Tu televiziiT sensaciur am-

bebs vge-b u l o b T mefe Tama-r is a Tu daviT aR-maSeneblis s a f l a -vebTan da-k a v S i r e -biT. wig-nis avtori T a n a m i m -devrobiT

gadmogvcems Tamaris cxovre-ba-moRvaweobas da mizanSe-wonilad miiCnevs sakiTxis sabolood garkvevis mizniT gelaTSi moewyos arqeologi-uri kvleva-Zieba.

* * *

gamoica gazeT ,,aWaris’’ redaq-ciis mier momzadebuli morigimesame

wigni seriidan ,,dro da adamianebi’’. masSi Sesulia werilebi aWaraSi sx-vadasxva dros moRvawe pirovnebaTaA Sesaxeb.

* * * daibeWda omar SurRaias

damxmare saxelmZRvanelo ,,mci-re biznesis safuZvlebi” (Teo-ria, praqtika, gamocdileba). avtori gvesaubreba meurneobis gaZRolis, qarTuli tradiciebi-sa da wes-Cveulebebis Sesaxeb.

TiToeuli sakiTxi ganixileba istoriul WrilSiqronolo-giisa da Tanamimdevrobis prin-cipis dacviT. sakuTari azrebis gansamtkiceblad avtori iyenebs, rogorc saistorio, ise mxat-vrul literaturas. piradi kuTvnilebis aRmniSvneli ter-mini gvxvdeba ,,SuSanikis wame-baSi”, xolo basili zarzmelis ,,serapion zarzmelis cxovre-bidan” mtkicdeba, rom sakuTari sanukvars ukavSirdeba. avtori miiCnevs, rom meaTe saukunisaT-vis saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda sakuTrebis instituti. wignSi avtori iZleva istoriul yo-faSi damkvidrebul sakuTrebis aRmniSvneli sityvebisa da mcnebebis fuZe-warmomavlobiT

redaqtori

ioseb sanikiZe

specialistebi:

nestan mamuWaZe

Tamila abaSiZe

saredaqcio kolegia:

iuri bibileiSvili

biWiko diasamiZe

mamia faRava

nana cecxlaZe

merab megreliSvili

daibeWda

s.s ,,poligrafisti~

z. gorgilaZis 91

7-59-10; 7-59-11

batumis universiteti · qartuli da qartveluri dialeq-tologiis aqtualur sakitxebze enatmecnierebi...

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