Arad, Romania

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Arad

Municipality

The centre with the City Hall in the background

Flag

Coat of arms

Arad

Location of Arad, Romania

Coordinates:4610N2119ECoordinates:4610N2119E

Country

Romania

County

Arad County

Status

Municipality

Government

Mayor

Gheorghe Falc(Democratic Liberal Party)

Area

Total

46.18km2(17.83sqmi)

Elevation

117m (384ft)

Population(2011 census)[1]

Total

159,704

Density

3,500/km2(9,000/sqmi)

Time zone

EET(UTC+2)

Summer (DST)

EEST(UTC+3)

Postal code

31xxx

Area code(s)

(+40) 02 57

Vehicle registration

AR

Website

primariaarad.ro

Arad on an 18th-century map

Arad(Romanian pronunciation:[arad](listen);Hungarian:Arad;Serbian:/Arad) is the capital city ofArad County, historically situated in the regions ofCriana, and having recently extended on the left bank of theMure river, inBanatregion of westernRomania.

An important industrial center and transportation hub on theMure River, Arad is also the seat of aRomanian Orthodoxarchbishop and features two universities, a Romanian Orthodox theological seminary and a training school for teachers. It had one of the first music conservatories in Europe.[2][3]The city has a population of 159,704, making it the 12th largest city in Romania. Arad is the third largest city in the western part of the country, behindTimioaraandOradea.

Contents

[hide]

1History

1.1Chronology

2Population

3Climate

4Economy

5Transport

5.1Employees by occupation

6Neighborhoods

7Tourist attractions

7.1Architectural monuments

7.2Historic buildings

7.3Monuments

7.4Religious tourism

7.5Recreational tourism

8Culture and education

8.1Schools

8.2Cultural life

8.3Museums and exhibitions

9International relations

9.1Twin towns Sister cities

9.2Partner cities

10Sports

11References

11.1Notes

12External links

History[edit]

Arad was first mentioned in documents in the 11th century. TheMongolinvasion of theKingdom of Hungaryin 1241 showed the importance of the fortifications on this place, to which were added in the second half of the 13th century more stone fortresses at oimo, iria, and Dezna. TheOttoman Empireconquered the region from Hungary in 1551 and kept it until thePeace of Karlowitzof 1699. Arad became aneyaletcenter, which comprised thesanjaksof Arad,Lugoj, Kaca,BelekandYanovafrom 1660 till 1697, when it was captured by Austrians during Ottoman-Habsburg wars (16831699). After 1699, the city was ruled by theHabsburg Monarchy. According to 1720 data, the population of the city was composed of 177 Romanian families, 162 Serbian, and 35 Hungarian.[4]

The firstJewallowed to settle inside the city was Isac Elias in 1717.[5]Eventually the Jewish population of Arad numbered over 10,000 people, more than 10% of the population, before theSecond World War.[6]

The new fortress was built between 1763 and 1783. Although it was small, it proved formidable having played a great role in theHungarianstruggle forindependencein 1849. The city possesses a museum containing relics of this war of independence.

Bravely defended by theAustriangeneral Berger until the end of July 1849, it was captured by the Hungarian rebels, who made it their headquarters during the latter part of theHungarian Revolution of 1848. It was from Arad thatLajos Kossuthissued his famous proclamation (11 August 1849), and where he handed over the supreme military and civil power toArtr Grgey.

The fortress was recaptured shortly after thesurrender at Vilgos(nowiria, Romania), with the surrender of general Artr Grgey to theRussians. It became an ammunition depot. Thirteen rebel generals were executed there on 6 October 1849, by order of the Austrian generalJulius Jacob von Haynau. These men are known collectively asthe 13 Martyrs of Arad, and since then Arad is considered the "HungarianGolgotha". One of the public squares contains a martyrs' monument, erected in their memory. It consists of a colossal figure of Hungary, with four allegorical groups, and medallions of the executed generals.

Arad enjoyed great economic development in the 19th century. In 1834 it was declared a "free royal town" by EmperorFrancis Iof Austria.

Aradu Nou/Neu Arad/ jarad ("New Arad"), situated on the opposite bank of the Mure river, is a neighborhood of Arad, to which it is connected by theTrajanbridge. It was founded during the Turkish wars of the 17th century. The works erected by the Turks for the capture of the fortress of Arad formed the nucleus of the new settlement.

In 1910, the town had 63,166 inhabitants: 46,085 (73%) Hungarians, 10,279 (16.2%) Romanians, 4,365 (7%) Germans.[7]

Chronology[edit]

1028 First time the area was mentioned.

1078 1081 The first mention of the town

1131 Arad is mentioned inThe Painted Chronicle From Vienna.

1526 Following the Hungarian defeat in theBattle of Mohcs,John Zpolya, elected King of Hungary, establishes theEastern Hungarian KingdominPartiumandTransylvania.

1541 After the fall of Buda to the Ottomans, the city passes under the administration of theAutonomous Principality of Transylvania.

1551 1595 The town was occupied and administered by the Ottoman Empire, the former county being divided into three sangeacs.

1553 1555 Between these years, the Ottomans built the first fortress of the city on the northern bank of the river Mure.

1595 Transylvanian troops cleared the lower valley of the Mure, thus the city of Arad was reintegrated in the Transylvanian Principality.

1599 After the victory of Mihai Viteazu's troops at elimbr, the city enters under the Voivode's authority until 1601 when Gabriel Bethlen gives the Mure valley back to the Ottomans.

1683 After the failure of the Ottoman siege of Vienna, Habsburg troops conquer the city in 1687.

1699 After thePeace of Karlowitz, the Mure river valley became the new border between The Habsburg Empire and the Ottoman Empire, thus the city became the headquarters of the frontier guard troops.

1702 The furriers' guild was registered the oldest one.

1715 Camil Hofflich, a minorite monk, set up the first school German language.

1724 First German settlers from Franken come to the south of the river and establish Neu Arad.

1732 Almost the entire area of the county was donated toRinaldo of Modena, who, later disgraced in 1740, lost it to the Austrian crown.

1765 1783 The new fortress was built, inVauban-Tenaillestyle.

1781 Following the building interdiction in the city, providing clear gunshot fields, the Empire considered moving the city in the Zimand pusta; subsequentlyEmperor Joseph IIgave up the idea.

1812 The foundation ofPreparandiathe first Romanian pedagogy school in Transylvania.

1817 The Hirschl Theatre was built.

1818 The safety perimeter of the fortress was reduced from 2kilometers as put out in 1783, to just 500m.

1868 Romanian poetMihai Eminescucame to Arad as a prompter forMatei Millo's theatre company.

1833 The sixth European Music School was set up in Arad, after Paris, Prague, Brussels, Vienna and London Aradi Zenede/Arader Musik Conservatorium.

21 August 1834 Arad obtained the "Free Royal Town" statute.

1846 Hungarian composer and piano virtuosoFranz Lisztperformed.

6 October 1849 13 generals of the Hungarian revolutionary army executed.

1847 Johann Strauss the Sonperformed.

1851 Inauguration of the Neumann family alcohol and yeast factory.

1858 Inauguration of thecentral train station.

1874 The original building of the Theater was built.

1876 The Administrative Palace was built.

1877 Pablo SarasateandHenryk Wieniawskiperformed.

1890 The Philharmonic Society of Arad was founded.

1897 The Cenad palace was built.

1913 The edifice of today's Palace of Culture and site of the Philarmonics was built on the river embankment.

1922 Romanian composer and violin virtuosoGeorge Enescuperformed.

1924 Hungarian composerBla Bartkperformed.

1892 TheWeitzer Wagon Factorystarts producing railway cars. Since 1903 it built the first successful series of petrol driven railcars in Europe.

15 August 1899 The first official football game was held.

1906 Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railwaywas opened with petrol railcars.

19091914 Production of motorcars by (MARTA), a subsidiary ofAustro-Daimler. MARTA was the acronym ofMagyar Automobil Rszvny Trsasg Arad(Hungarian automobile joint stock company Arad)

19111913 Arad-Podgoria Narrow Railwaywas electrified. Apart from factory rails and urban trams, it was the third electric railway in Hungary and the sixth one in Habsburg Monarchy. In 1920, it should become the first electrical railway of Romania.

1918 Arad becomes the headquarters ofThe Romanian National Central Council, the provisional government of Transylvania, and also its unofficial capital.

May 1315 Iuliu Maniudeclares the decision to secede from Hungary and the union of Transylvania with Romania.

1920 Under theTreaty of Trianon, Arad was ceded to Romania.

1921 Weitzer Wagon Factory and MARTA merge toASTRA Automobile & Wagon Factory

1937 Arad was the most important economic center in Transylvania and occupied the fourth position in Romania[citation needed]

1980es Astra Automobile & Waggon Factorywas Europe's largest manufactorer of freightcars.

1989 Arad was the second town in Romania to rise againstcommunism, with considerable violence.

1996/98Astra Automobile & Waggon Factorywas split inAstra Vagoane Arad(production of freightcars),Astra Vagoane Cltori(production of passenger railcars), andAstra Buses.

1999 The Arad Industrial Zone was inaugurated.

2011 (November) Astra Vagoane Aradwas bankrupt.

Population[edit]

Historical population of Arad

Year

Population

1900

53,903[8]

1912 census

63,166

1930 census

77,181

1948 census

87,291

1956 census

106,460

1966 census

126,000

1977 census

171,193

1992 census

190,114

2002 census

172,827

2011 census

159,704

According to the 2011 census, the municipality of Arad was home to 159,704 inhabitants. The ethnic split of the city was as follows: 126,075Romanians(85.19%); 15,695Hungarians(10.06%); 2,535Romani(1.71%); 1,256Germans(0.84%); and 2,116 of other nationalities (1.22%).[1]

The principal religious groups were theRomanian Orthodox(72.7%),Roman Catholic(12.1%),Baptist(4.5%),Pentecostal(4.4%),Reformed(3.1%), andGreek-Catholic(1.1%) churches.

Climate[edit]

Arad has acontinental climatewith cool and damp winters. The summers are warm to hot. In the summer months of June, July and August there are 60 days above 32C (90F). TheKppen Climate Classificationsubtype for this climate is "Cfb" (Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic climate).[9]

[hide]Climate data for Arad, Romania

Month

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Year

Record high C (F)

18(64)

18(64)

26(79)

28(82)

32(90)

34(93)

38(100)

37(99)

36(97)

30(86)

21(70)

17(63)

38(100)

Average high C (F)

1(34)

4(39)

16(61)

21(70)

23(73)

25(77)

30(86)

28(82)

24(75)

17(63)

9(48)

5(41)

15(59)

Daily mean C (F)

1(30)

1(34)

6(43)

10(50)

16(61)

18(64)

20(68)

20(68)

17(63)

11(52)

5(41)

0(32)

10.2(50.4)

Average low C (F)

3(27)

2(28)

1(34)

7(45)

13(55)

15(59)

16(61)

14(57)

11(52)

6(43)

0(32)

2(28)

6(43)

Record low C (F)

25(13)

21(6)

15(5)

7(19)

1(30)

2(36)

5(41)

4(39)

0(32)

11(12)

12(10)

17(1)

25(13)

Averageprecipitationmm (inches)

22.8(0.898)

18.9(0.744)

22.7(0.894)

41.5(1.634)

39.4(1.551)

63.2(2.488)

44.9(1.768)

39.7(1.563)

40.0(1.575)

28.2(1.11)

29.6(1.165)

31.3(1.232)

422.2(16.622)

Avg.rainy days

11

11

11

10

12

11

9

8

7

9

12

12

123

Mean monthlysunshine hours

62

84

124

150

248

270

279

279

210

155

60

62

1,983

Source: Weatherbase[10]MSN Weather[11]BBC Weather[12]

Economy[edit]

With a rich industrial and commercial tradition, Arad is one of the most prosperous towns inRomania. Thanks to numerous investments in industry and commerce, Arad has a booming economy.

The main industries are: freight and passenger railway cars, clothing and textiles, food processing, furniture and household accessories, equipment for the car industry, electric components, instrumentation and shoes.

Transport[edit]

Main article:Transportation in Arad

Arad Central railway station

Arad is the most important trans-European road andrailtransportation junction point in western Romania, included in the4th Pan-European Corridorlinking Western Europe to South-Eastern European and Middle Eastern countries. The city has an extensive light rail network (second only to the country capital ofBucharest) and several bus lines covering most of the city's neighbourhoods and suburbs.Arad International Airport(IATA: ARW,ICAO: LRAR), with the largest and most moderncargo terminalin western Romania, is situated only 4km west from downtown Arad and is directly connected to the Arad west bypass road, part of theA1 Motorway.

Employees by occupation[edit]

Industry - 41.5%

Commerce - 13.75%

Transport and telecommunications - 9.27%

Construction - 7.92%

Education - 5.99%

Health and social services - 5.14%

Utilities - 3.16%

Public administration - 2.28%

Agriculture - 1.97%

Credit and insurance institutions - 1.70%

Neighborhoods[edit]

1. Aradul Nou

2. Centru

3. Aurel Vlaicu

4. Micalaca

5. Grdite

6. Alfa

7. Bujac

8. Confectii

9. Functionarilor

10. Gai

11. Parneava

12. Snnicolaul Mic

13. Colonia

14. Subcetate

Tourist attractions[edit]

This articleis in a list format that may be better presented usingprose.You can help by converting this article to prose, ifappropriate.Editing helpis available.(September 2011)

Architectural monuments[edit]

Ioan Slavici Classic Theatre

Neumann Palace

The Fortified Town of Aradis one of the Transylvanian fotresses built in theVaubanstar-shaped style, in the second half of the 18th century. It was used as a prison for the rebels led by Horia, Cloca, and Crian

Administrative Palace, built in 1872-74,renaissance architecture

Ioan Slavici Classical Theatre, built in 1874,neoclassical architecture, architectAnton Czigler

Neumann Palace, built in 1891,eclecticism

Judiciary Palace, built in 1892,eclecticism

Cenad Palace, built in 1894,eclecticismandneoclassical architecture

National Bank Palace, built in 1906,neoclassical architecture

Bohu Palacebuilt in 1910,Vienna Secession. (For the first time in Arad, reinforced concrete was used)

Szantay Palace, built in 1911,Vienna Secession

Cultural Palace, built in 1913,neoclassical,gothic,renaissance architecture, andCorinthian capitals

Cloca Street,Vienna Secession

Historic buildings[edit]

The House with Cannon Balls, built in 1800. Its name derives from the fights between 1848 and 1849. Seventeen cannonballs are incorporated in its walls.

The High Teacher Training School (Cldirea Preparandiei), the first school for Romanian-language teachers from Transylvania, 1812

The House with the Padlock, built in 1815

The Old Theatre (Hirschl), built by Jacob Hirschl in 1817, the oldest stone theatre in Romania

Water Tower, built in 1896,medieval dungeonarchitectural style

The Old Custom House, built in 1907, used as a customs point for goods entering the Arad markets

Monuments[edit]

The Statue of St. John of Nepomuk, raised in 1729,baroquesculpture

The monument of the Holy Trinity, raised in 1746 to commemorate the plague that swept the town in 1738-1740

The LutheranRed Churchin Arad

Reconciliation Park

The Statue of Liberty, raised in 1890 by Gyrgy Zala in the memory of the heroes of the Hungarian revolutionary army

TheArch of Triumph, raised in 2004 by Ioan Bolborea in memory of the heroes of the 1848 - 1849 Romanian Revolution (fighting against the Hungarians)

Martyrs' Cross, raised in 1936, in memory of the priests martyred between November 1918 and spring 1919

The Bust of Vasile Goldi(18621934)

The Bust of Moise Nicoar(17841861)

Religious tourism[edit]

The "St. Peter and Paul" Serbian Church, raised in 1698-1702, earlyBaroque architecture

"St. Simon" Monastery, raised in 1762,Baroque architecture

"St. Anthony of Padua" Church(Roman Catholic). The Order of Minorite Monks raised this cathedral in 1904, in arenaissance architecturestyle

The "Birth of Saint John the Baptist" Cathedral(Romanian Orthodox), raised in 1862-1865,Baroque architecture, architectAntoniu Czigler. The mural painter,Anastase Damian, started his work in 1957 and finished it one year later

Roman Catholic Cathedral St. Anthony of Padua

The Red Church(Evangelical-Lutheran), built in 1906,Neo-gothic architecture

The Neolog Synagogue, built in 1834,Greek, Tuscanarchitectural style

The Bodrog Monastery built in 1111

Recreational tourism[edit]

NeptunSwimming Place, known in Romanian as "Strandul Neptun"

The Mure Embankment

The Ceala Forest with Mltre Lake and Mure Isle

The Vladimirescu Forest

Ghioroc Lake

Mini - Mderat Vineyard, situated about 30km east of Arad

Moneasa resort, situated about 100km, or 62 miles, ENE from Arad

Culture and education[edit]

Schools[edit]

Arad has two universities, the private"Vasile Goldi" Western University, founded in 1990, and the publicAurel Vlaicu Universityfounded in 1991. Also the"Spiru Haret"long-distance studies University has a branch in Arad.

There are about two dozen high schools, some of the more famous being theMoise Nicoar National College, the Pedagogical High School "Dimitrie ichindeal", "Elena Ghiba-Birta" College, the Economics College, theTechnical College for Constructions and Environmental Protection Arad, and theVasile Golditheoretical lyceum. High schools in minority languages include the Hungarian Csiky Gergely College and the GermanAdam Mller-Guttenbrunntheoretical lyceum.

Moise Nicoar National College

Cultural life[edit]

Arad State Theater, hosting an annual Classical Theater Festival

International Underground Theater Festival

Philharmonic orchestra

Puppet theater

Museums and exhibitions[edit]

Arad Museum Complex

History Department

Natural Sciences Department

Art Department

Vasile GoldiMemorial Museum

Doina and Baruu ArgheziArt Collection

Delta Gallery, with three major events of Arad artistic life: The International Biennial Drawing Saloon, The Biennial Small Sculpture Saloon, The Annual Art Saloon.

Alfa Gallery

Clio Gallery

Water Tower Gallery

Takcs Gallery

Carola's Gallery

Expo Arad International, The Exhibition Centre of the Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture of the County of Arad, the only purely exhibitional arena in western Romania and second only toRomexpo.

Arad town hall square

International relations[edit]

See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in Romania

Twin towns Sister cities[edit]

Arad istwinnedwith:[13]

Atlit,Israel

Fushun,China

Gyula,Hungary

Hdmezvsrhely,Hungary

Givatayim,Israel

Zrenjanin,Serbia

Pcs,Hungary

Partner cities[edit]

Kirklees,England,United Kingdom

Ditzingen,Germany

Wrzburg,Germany

Trenn,Slovakia

Tatabnya,Hungary

Sports[edit]

TheUTA Arad(formerly ITA) football team was founded in 1945 and has won six Romanian championships and two Romanian Cups. As of the 2009-10 season, it plays in the second national league, Liga II. The team is the most successful team from Romania that is not based in Bucharest, afterSteauaandDinamo[citation needed]; it is the 3rd more successful modern team in the country and 4th countingVenus Bucharest, a team from the Inter-War period. The team's most notable performance on the international stage is the elimination from theEuropean Champions CupofErnst Happel'sFeyenoordin the1970-71season, when the Dutch team were defendingEuropean championsand later won theIntercontinental Cup.

In basketball, the women's ICIM and the men's West Petrom teams have national prominence, their record including some recent national championship wins (ICIM in 1998 through 2001, West Petrom in 2001 and 2002). In men's water polo, Astra Arad also plays in the first division. The men's rugby team Contor Group Arad plays in the National Rugby League, reaching the playoff final in 2006.

World Champion and Olympic medalist in gymnastics,Emilia Eberlewas born in Arad.

References[edit]

This articleincorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911).Encyclopdia Britannica(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Notes[edit]

1. ^Jump up to:ab"Population at 20 October 2011"(in Romanian).INSSE. 5 July 2013. Retrieved5 July2013.

2. Jump up^Dorin Frande, Spaii ardene care au gzduit muzic Piteti: Nomina 2011ISBN 978-606-535-327-5;

3. Jump up^Consiliul Judeean Arad - Arad, spirit i cultur

4. Jump up^Dr Duan J. Popovi, Srbi u Vojvodini, knjiga 2, Novi Sad, 1990, page 326.

5. Jump up^Lakatos Otto - Aradi trtnete

6. Jump up^(Romanian)"Sinagoga din Arad - Misterul din spatele usilor: Stiri Arad,"aradnet.ro (13 mar 2008). Retrieved 11-08-2013.

7. Jump up^Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914,Talma Kiad

8. Jump up^Encyclopdia Britannica Eleventh Edition

9. Jump up^Climate Summary for Arad

10. Jump up^"Weatherbase: Historical Weather for Arad, Romania".

11. Jump up^"MSN Weather Averages for Arad".

12. Jump up^"BBC Weather Averages for Arad".BBC News.

13. Jump up^Galeria oraelor nfrite i partenere

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related toArad, Romania.

The official Arad City Hall web site

The state cultural house of Arad

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Categories:

Arad, Romania

Fortified settlements

Populated places in Arad County

Cities in Romania

Localities in Criana

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