ordinul lepidoptera - fluturi
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Ordinul Lepidoptera, Sinonime: nu are Nume comun: molii i fluturi (butterflies, moths) (cca. 160.000 de specii, grupate n 120 familii, ) Numele deriv din lepido - solzi, ptera. Corpul de mrimi diferite; Dezvoltare complex; Capul mic comparat cu corpul; Antene de toate tipurile i formele; Aparat bucal masticator - larvele, pentru supt adulii (pompa de tip maxilar, sifonator); Aripile acoperite cu solzi (culori i mrimi diferite), au o celul discoidal mare, cele anterioare mai mari. Aripile sunt cuplate (jugat, jugato-frenat, frenat, amplexiform) prin organe speciale (jugum, frenulum, retinaculum); Abdomenul este alctuit din 10 segmente. Unele specii au glande sericigene Larvele (omizi) sunt eruciforme, au 3 perechi de picioare adevrate i mai multe perechi de pedespurii. Se ntlnesc diferite tipuri de pup: obtect, liber i cocon. Adulii se hrnesc cu nectar, fructe, iar larvele se hrnesc cu plante, detritus, esturi. Familii principale: Cossidae Cossus cossus (tulpini), Zeuzera pyrina (ramuri); Tineidae Tinea pellionela (molie blanuri); Yponomeutidae Yponomeuta malinella (mr); Gelechiidae Sitotroga cerealella (molie), Scrobipalpa ocellatella (sfecl), Anarsia lineatella (piersic), Tortricidae Tortrix viridana (stejar), Laspeyresia pomonella (mere), Rhyacionis bucliana (pin), Lobesia botrana (struguri), Eupoecilia ambiguella (struguri); Pyralidae Galeria mellonella (stupi), Ostrinia nubilalis (porumb), Plodia interpunctella (fructe uscate); Geometridae Operophtera brumata (arbori), Eranis defoliaria (arbori btrni); Lymantriidae Lymantria dispar (stejar), Lymantria monacha (conifere), Stilpnotia salicis (plop), Noctuidae Mamestra brassicae (varza), Scotia segetum (buha semnturilor), Catocala fraxini; Arctidae Arctia caja, Hyphantria cunea (dud), Bombycidae Bombyx mori (mtase); Attacidae - Saturnia pyri (pomi fructiferi), Lasiocampidae Melacosoma neustria (livezi i pduri), Sphingidae Acherontia atropos (cap de mort - stupi), Papilionidae Iphiclides podalirius (rndunic), Pieridae Pieris brassicae (varz), Aporia crataegi (nlbar pomi fructiferi), Gonopteryx rhami (lmia), Nymphalidae Nymphalis antiopa, Inachis jo, Vanessa cardui, Vanessa atalanta, Argynnia paphia. Importan: unele specii sunt benefice, altele sunt duntoare, acoperind toat gama de interese umane.
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Bibliografie Exist un volum enorm de literatur cu referire la Lepidoptera. Sunt analizate n special aspecte ce vizeaz identificarea i distribuia fluturilor i a moliilor. Biologia Lepidoptera este descris de ctre Common & Waterhouse (1981), Scott (1986), Douglas (1986), diferii autori n Vane-Wright & Ackery (1989), Common (1990), Scoble (1992), Young (1997) i Leverton (2001). Discuii asupra filogeniei ordinului includ lucrrile lui Common (1975), Kristensen (1984, 1997), Nielsen (1989), Minet (1991), Heppner (1998) i Wiegmann et al. (2002). Determinatoare pentru formele Nord Americane au fost elaborate de ctre Dominick et al. (1971), Howe(1975), Scott (1986) i Arnett (2000). Mansell & Newman (1968), Higgins & Riley (1970), Skinner (1984) i Thomas & Lewington (1991) s-au ocupat de speciile Britanice i din Europa. Common & Waterhouse (1981) [fluturi] i Common (1990) [molii] au lucrat pentru Lepidoptera din Australia. Arnett, R. H., Jr., 2000, American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Common, I. F. B., 1975, Evolution and classification of the Lepidoptera, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 20:183203. Common, I. F. B., 1990, Moths of Australia, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria. Common, I. F. B., and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981, Butterflies of Australia (revised edition), Angus and Robertson, Sydney. Douglas, M. M., 1986, The Lives of Butterflies, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Dominick, R. B., Edwards, C. R., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Hodges, R. W., and Munroe, E. G. (eds.), 1971, The Moths of America North of Mexico, Classey, Hampton, U.K. Heppner, J. B., 1998, Classification of Lepidoptera: Part 1. Introduction, Hol. Lepid. 5(Suppl. 1):1148. Higgins, L. G., and Riley, N. D., 1970, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe F , Collins, London. Howe, W. H. (ed.), 1975, The Butterflies of North America, Doubleday, New York. Kristensen, N. P., 1984, Studies on the morphology and systematics of primitive Lepidoptera (Insecta), Steenstrupia 10:141191.
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Kristensen, N. P., 1997, Early evolution of the Lepidoptera plus Trichoptera lineage: Phylogeny and the ecological scenario, Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur. 173:253271. Leverton, R., 2001, Enjoying Moths, Poyser, London. Mansell, E., and Newman, H. L., 1968, The Complete British Butterflies in Colour, Rainbird, London. Minet, J., 1991, Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata), Entomol. Scand. 22:6995. Munroe, E. G., 1982, Lepidoptera, in: Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms (S.P. Parker, ed.), 2 vols., McGraw-Hill, New York. Nielsen, E. S., 1989, Phylogeny of major lepidopteran groups, in: The Hierarchy of Life (B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, and H. Jornvall, eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam. Nielsen, E. S., and Common, I. F. B., 1991, Lepidoptera, in: The Insects of Australia, 2nd ed., Vol. 2 (CSIRO, ed.), Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria. Scoble, M. J., 1986, The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: A new concept of the butterflies, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Entomol. 53:251286. Scoble, M. J., 1992, The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity, Oxford University Press, London. Scott, J. A., 1986, The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Skinner, B., 1984, Colour Identification Guide to the Moths of the British Isles, Viking, Harmondsworth, U.K. Thomas, J., and Lewington, R., 1991, The Butterflies of Britain and Ireland, Dorling Kindersley, London. Vane-Wright, R. I., and Ackery, P. R. (eds.), 1989, The Biology of Butterflies, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York. Whalley, P., 1986, A review of the current fossil evidence of Lepidoptera in the Mesozoic, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 28:253271. Wiegmann, B. M., Regier, J. C., and Mitter, C., 2002, Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages, Zool. Scripta 31:6781. Young, M., 1997, The Natural History of Moths, Poyser, London.
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PLANA
Filogenia sugerat pentru Lepidoptera (A). Relaiile superfamiliei cu Ditrysia (B).
- 4 aripi membranoase cu nervuri transverse puin numeroase; - maxile transformate n tromp spiralat n au repaus forma de galea: sugtor maxilar; - fr mandibules (mai puin Micropteryx) ; - corpul aproape ntotdeauna ascuns de un nveli de fanere; - larve sau omizi de tip masticator cu 2 glande labiale sericigene i cel mai adesea cu 5 perechi de picioare abdominale false ne articulate; - crisalida de tip obtect adesea ntr-un cocon. Se remarc 2 tipuri de nervaiune: HOMONEURE i HETERONEURE: Homoneure - Nervaiunea aripilor asemntoare - Jugum la aripile anterioare Heteroneure - Nervaiunea aripilor este diferit - Frenum la aripile posterioare
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Aripi acoperite de solzi colorai la Adelidae
Omid de Noctuidae cu cele 3 perechi de "picioare adevrate" (toracice articulate) i cele 5 perechi de "picioare false" (abdominale ne articulate).
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Micro-Lepidoptere
Micropteryx sp. ntr-o floare de Ranunculus pe malul apei.
Korscheltellus lupulinus
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masculi de Nymphalidae : Pyronia tithonus
Maniola jurtina
"Punul de zi" Inachis io
Pararge aegeria
Un drgu fluture fals
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Ptilocephala sp.
Synanthedon vespiformis
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Erannis defoliaria - mascul (Geometridae - larve defoliante)
Acontia lucida
Autographa gamma
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Arctia villica
Arctia caja
Parasemi sp. (Arctiidae)
Attacidae i Sphingidae
alte Nymphalidae comune10
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Cossus cossus
Cossus cossus i larva sa ce conine n tubul su digestv numeroase simbionte (bacterii i ciuperci...) celulozolitice.
larve tinere de Cossus cossus sub scoar ieite iarna ce vor ataca inima lemnului...
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Nematopogon (Nemophora) sp. : mascul cu antene foarte lungi.
Imagos de Cnephasia sp. rostur pe o frunz de orz
Rhyacionia(Evetria) resinella - pagube
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PLANA
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Tortrix viridana - aduli, larve, pagube la stejar (frunze)
Enarmonia pomonella : Imago-omid
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Cochylis sp. i pagube pe struguri
Eudemis sp. : larv, adult i pagube pe struguri
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Molii
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Lobesia abscisana (Tortricide Olethreutine) Cydia splendana...
Tinea granella (cereale)
Trichophaga tapezella (covoare)
Tineola bisseliella "molia hainelor"
PLANA
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Pyropteron (Bembecia) chrysidiformis
Alucita (Orneodes) hexadactyla
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PLANAAdelidele au antene simple ce pot atinge de patru ori lungimea corpului n cazul masculilor ce au o activitate diurn asemntoare unor diptere, deoarece se adun n roiuri pe aleile din pdure....
"roi" de masculi (femelele au antene mai scurte!) de Adela reaumurella
Adela degeerella mascul i antenele sale.
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Aripi cu lobi nguti i plumoi de Pterophoridae
Oidaematophorus sp.
Stenoptilia pterodactyla
Stenoptilia sp.
Pterophorus pentadactylus
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Plodia interpunctella (molie - gru, fructe uscate)
Chrysocrambus cratarella...
Ostrinia (Pyrausta) nubilalis : cel mai important duntor al porumbului.
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Zygaena filipendulae
Zygaena transalpina
Zygaena fausta
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Atenie la confuzia unor "Zygene" cu Arctiidul Tyria jacobaeae !!
Zygaena trifolii
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Adscita statices
Rhagades pruni
Adscita sp. - mascul
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Papilionidae i Lycaenidae
Pyronia tithonus (Nymphalidae)
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Inachis io
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Omizi de Geometride "cotari"
Fenomene de homotipie la omizile de Geometride.26
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Aduli de Geometride.
Erannis defoliaria
Operophtera brumata
Siona lineata
Thalera fimbrialis
Euchloris smaragdaria
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Bombyx mori (viermele de mtase)
fluture ieit din coconul de mtase i cocon deschis, se vede crisalida i "resturi" din omid.
Bombyx mori : femel ce rspndete feromoni prin glandele abdominale terminale pentru a "chema" masculul (dreapta) ale crui antene primesc i sesizeaz efluviile de bombycol femel cu ajutorul miilor de sensile chemoreceptoare.
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Malacosoma neustria :
Omizi de Malacosoma neustria, pe arbori cu frunze cztoare...
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Lasiocampa quercus (Bombix de stejar)
Forme normale i melanice
Larve
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Saturnia pyri sau "Marele Pun de noapte"
mascul
femel
larv
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Pavonia(Saturnia) pavonia (micul pun de noapte)
Pavonia(Saturnia) pavonia :
adulti
pont
larv
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Attacidae exotice
Coscinoscera hercules i larvele sale spinoase
Automeris io (Attacidul de talia cea mai mic) i larvele sale spinoase
Platysamia cecropia (Americade Nord) i crisalida sa.
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Attacidae exotice
Epiphora sp. neotropicale; anvergura 250 mm
Rotschildia maurus : 2 mari Attacidae
i... cel mai spectaculos: Argema mittrei sau "fluturele-comet" din Madagascar cu coada sa imens ! (anterior se vede coconul argintat) .
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Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar
Antenele bipectinate plumoase ale masculului
Dimorfism sexual: femela deschis la culoare, nu zboar masculul nchis, cu antene pectinate, cu zboruri diurne.
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larve
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Aporia crataegi, acuplare prin opoziie masculul maie jos.
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Danaus plexippus, America de Nord specia migratoare cea mai celebr "fluturele Monarh"
Imagos de "Monarh" (femela are aripile posterioare mai deschise)
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Omida i culorile de avertisment (aposematice) de "Monarh"
PLANA
Acherontia atropos (fluturele cap de mort) cel mai
mare dintre Sphingidae.
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larve cu diferite coloraii
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Macroglossum stellatorum ("Moro-sphinx"); zbor staionar caracteristic, trompa desfcut.
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Hemaris fuciformis
Mimas tiliae : imaginea din profil arat absena trompei (un "Sphinx" ce nu se hrnete ca adult !).
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Pieris brassicae
dimorfism ul sexual : femel mascul
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Ou larve stadiul II - larve stadiul IV ("duntoare") crisalid
PLANA
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Amphipyra pyramidea
Phlogophora (Trigonophora) meticulosa
Euclidia glyphica
PLANA
Larve
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Cucullia chamomillae
Orthosia miniosa
Orthosia incerta
Viminia rumicis
PLANA
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Stauropus fagi
Cerura (Dicranura) vinula
PLANA
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Phalera bucephala i omida sa
PLANA
Thaumatopoea processionea45
Adult de "Procesionarul stejarului" foarte pros
Larve de "Procesionarul stejarului" foarte pros
PLANA
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Ochlodes faunus femel i mascul.
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Pyrgus (Hesperia) malvae (Hesperidae)
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Papilio machaon
Osmeterium la omida de Machaon : organ bifurcat colorat (conine caroten) urt mirositor ce iese atunci cnd larva este nelinitit.
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PLANA
Papilio sinon
Papilio alexanor
Iphiclides podalirius
Papilio maaki
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Papilionide exotice
Ornithoptera sp. (Asia)
Papilio ulysseo "Ulysse" (Africa)
Eurytides sp. (anv.75 mm)
Unitua sp. (anv.90 mm - Peru)
Parides sp. (anv.85 mm -Peru)
Papilio sp. (anv.100 mm - Guyana)
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Papilio neyi (anv.75 mm - Peru)
Chilasa clytia palephatus (Fillipine)
Graphium agamemnon (Fillipine)
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