Ordinul Lepidoptera, Sinonime: nu are Nume comun: molii i fluturi (butterflies, moths) (cca. 160.000 de specii, grupate n 120 familii, ) Numele deriv din lepido - solzi, ptera. Corpul de mrimi diferite; Dezvoltare complex; Capul mic comparat cu corpul; Antene de toate tipurile i formele; Aparat bucal masticator - larvele, pentru supt adulii (pompa de tip maxilar, sifonator); Aripile acoperite cu solzi (culori i mrimi diferite), au o celul discoidal mare, cele anterioare mai mari. Aripile sunt cuplate (jugat, jugato-frenat, frenat, amplexiform) prin organe speciale (jugum, frenulum, retinaculum); Abdomenul este alctuit din 10 segmente. Unele specii au glande sericigene Larvele (omizi) sunt eruciforme, au 3 perechi de picioare adevrate i mai multe perechi de pedespurii. Se ntlnesc diferite tipuri de pup: obtect, liber i cocon. Adulii se hrnesc cu nectar, fructe, iar larvele se hrnesc cu plante, detritus, esturi. Familii principale: Cossidae Cossus cossus (tulpini), Zeuzera pyrina (ramuri); Tineidae Tinea pellionela (molie blanuri); Yponomeutidae Yponomeuta malinella (mr); Gelechiidae Sitotroga cerealella (molie), Scrobipalpa ocellatella (sfecl), Anarsia lineatella (piersic), Tortricidae Tortrix viridana (stejar), Laspeyresia pomonella (mere), Rhyacionis bucliana (pin), Lobesia botrana (struguri), Eupoecilia ambiguella (struguri); Pyralidae Galeria mellonella (stupi), Ostrinia nubilalis (porumb), Plodia interpunctella (fructe uscate); Geometridae Operophtera brumata (arbori), Eranis defoliaria (arbori btrni); Lymantriidae Lymantria dispar (stejar), Lymantria monacha (conifere), Stilpnotia salicis (plop), Noctuidae Mamestra brassicae (varza), Scotia segetum (buha semnturilor), Catocala fraxini; Arctidae Arctia caja, Hyphantria cunea (dud), Bombycidae Bombyx mori (mtase); Attacidae - Saturnia pyri (pomi fructiferi), Lasiocampidae Melacosoma neustria (livezi i pduri), Sphingidae Acherontia atropos (cap de mort - stupi), Papilionidae Iphiclides podalirius (rndunic), Pieridae Pieris brassicae (varz), Aporia crataegi (nlbar pomi fructiferi), Gonopteryx rhami (lmia), Nymphalidae Nymphalis antiopa, Inachis jo, Vanessa cardui, Vanessa atalanta, Argynnia paphia. Importan: unele specii sunt benefice, altele sunt duntoare, acoperind toat gama de interese umane.

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Bibliografie Exist un volum enorm de literatur cu referire la Lepidoptera. Sunt analizate n special aspecte ce vizeaz identificarea i distribuia fluturilor i a moliilor. Biologia Lepidoptera este descris de ctre Common & Waterhouse (1981), Scott (1986), Douglas (1986), diferii autori n Vane-Wright & Ackery (1989), Common (1990), Scoble (1992), Young (1997) i Leverton (2001). Discuii asupra filogeniei ordinului includ lucrrile lui Common (1975), Kristensen (1984, 1997), Nielsen (1989), Minet (1991), Heppner (1998) i Wiegmann et al. (2002). Determinatoare pentru formele Nord Americane au fost elaborate de ctre Dominick et al. (1971), Howe(1975), Scott (1986) i Arnett (2000). Mansell & Newman (1968), Higgins & Riley (1970), Skinner (1984) i Thomas & Lewington (1991) s-au ocupat de speciile Britanice i din Europa. Common & Waterhouse (1981) [fluturi] i Common (1990) [molii] au lucrat pentru Lepidoptera din Australia. Arnett, R. H., Jr., 2000, American Insects: A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. Common, I. F. B., 1975, Evolution and classification of the Lepidoptera, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 20:183203. Common, I. F. B., 1990, Moths of Australia, Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria. Common, I. F. B., and Waterhouse, D. F., 1981, Butterflies of Australia (revised edition), Angus and Robertson, Sydney. Douglas, M. M., 1986, The Lives of Butterflies, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor. Dominick, R. B., Edwards, C. R., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Hodges, R. W., and Munroe, E. G. (eds.), 1971, The Moths of America North of Mexico, Classey, Hampton, U.K. Heppner, J. B., 1998, Classification of Lepidoptera: Part 1. Introduction, Hol. Lepid. 5(Suppl. 1):1148. Higgins, L. G., and Riley, N. D., 1970, A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe F , Collins, London. Howe, W. H. (ed.), 1975, The Butterflies of North America, Doubleday, New York. Kristensen, N. P., 1984, Studies on the morphology and systematics of primitive Lepidoptera (Insecta), Steenstrupia 10:141191.

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Kristensen, N. P., 1997, Early evolution of the Lepidoptera plus Trichoptera lineage: Phylogeny and the ecological scenario, Mem. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur. 173:253271. Leverton, R., 2001, Enjoying Moths, Poyser, London. Mansell, E., and Newman, H. L., 1968, The Complete British Butterflies in Colour, Rainbird, London. Minet, J., 1991, Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata), Entomol. Scand. 22:6995. Munroe, E. G., 1982, Lepidoptera, in: Synopsis and Classification of Living Organisms (S.P. Parker, ed.), 2 vols., McGraw-Hill, New York. Nielsen, E. S., 1989, Phylogeny of major lepidopteran groups, in: The Hierarchy of Life (B. Fernholm, K. Bremer, and H. Jornvall, eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam. Nielsen, E. S., and Common, I. F. B., 1991, Lepidoptera, in: The Insects of Australia, 2nd ed., Vol. 2 (CSIRO, ed.), Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria. Scoble, M. J., 1986, The structure and affinities of the Hedyloidea: A new concept of the butterflies, Bull. Br. Mus. Nat. Hist. Entomol. 53:251286. Scoble, M. J., 1992, The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity, Oxford University Press, London. Scott, J. A., 1986, The Butterflies of North America: A Natural History and Field Guide, Stanford University Press, Stanford. Skinner, B., 1984, Colour Identification Guide to the Moths of the British Isles, Viking, Harmondsworth, U.K. Thomas, J., and Lewington, R., 1991, The Butterflies of Britain and Ireland, Dorling Kindersley, London. Vane-Wright, R. I., and Ackery, P. R. (eds.), 1989, The Biology of Butterflies, 2nd ed., Academic Press, New York. Whalley, P., 1986, A review of the current fossil evidence of Lepidoptera in the Mesozoic, Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 28:253271. Wiegmann, B. M., Regier, J. C., and Mitter, C., 2002, Combined molecular and morphological evidence on the phylogeny of the earliest lepidopteran lineages, Zool. Scripta 31:6781. Young, M., 1997, The Natural History of Moths, Poyser, London.

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PLANA

Filogenia sugerat pentru Lepidoptera (A). Relaiile superfamiliei cu Ditrysia (B).

- 4 aripi membranoase cu nervuri transverse puin numeroase; - maxile transformate n tromp spiralat n au repaus forma de galea: sugtor maxilar; - fr mandibules (mai puin Micropteryx) ; - corpul aproape ntotdeauna ascuns de un nveli de fanere; - larve sau omizi de tip masticator cu 2 glande labiale sericigene i cel mai adesea cu 5 perechi de picioare abdominale false ne articulate; - crisalida de tip obtect adesea ntr-un cocon. Se remarc 2 tipuri de nervaiune: HOMONEURE i HETERONEURE: Homoneure - Nervaiunea aripilor asemntoare - Jugum la aripile anterioare Heteroneure - Nervaiunea aripilor este diferit - Frenum la aripile posterioare

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Aripi acoperite de solzi colorai la Adelidae

Omid de Noctuidae cu cele 3 perechi de "picioare adevrate" (toracice articulate) i cele 5 perechi de "picioare false" (abdominale ne articulate).

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Micro-Lepidoptere

Micropteryx sp. ntr-o floare de Ranunculus pe malul apei.

Korscheltellus lupulinus

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masculi de Nymphalidae : Pyronia tithonus

Maniola jurtina

"Punul de zi" Inachis io

Pararge aegeria

Un drgu fluture fals

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Ptilocephala sp.

Synanthedon vespiformis

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Erannis defoliaria - mascul (Geometridae - larve defoliante)

Acontia lucida

Autographa gamma

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Arctia villica

Arctia caja

Parasemi sp. (Arctiidae)

Attacidae i Sphingidae

alte Nymphalidae comune10

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Cossus cossus

Cossus cossus i larva sa ce conine n tubul su digestv numeroase simbionte (bacterii i ciuperci...) celulozolitice.

larve tinere de Cossus cossus sub scoar ieite iarna ce vor ataca inima lemnului...

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Nematopogon (Nemophora) sp. : mascul cu antene foarte lungi.

Imagos de Cnephasia sp. rostur pe o frunz de orz

Rhyacionia(Evetria) resinella - pagube

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Tortrix viridana - aduli, larve, pagube la stejar (frunze)

Enarmonia pomonella : Imago-omid

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Cochylis sp. i pagube pe struguri

Eudemis sp. : larv, adult i pagube pe struguri

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Molii

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Lobesia abscisana (Tortricide Olethreutine) Cydia splendana...

Tinea granella (cereale)

Trichophaga tapezella (covoare)

Tineola bisseliella "molia hainelor"

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Pyropteron (Bembecia) chrysidiformis

Alucita (Orneodes) hexadactyla

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PLANAAdelidele au antene simple ce pot atinge de patru ori lungimea corpului n cazul masculilor ce au o activitate diurn asemntoare unor diptere, deoarece se adun n roiuri pe aleile din pdure....

"roi" de masculi (femelele au antene mai scurte!) de Adela reaumurella

Adela degeerella mascul i antenele sale.

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Aripi cu lobi nguti i plumoi de Pterophoridae

Oidaematophorus sp.

Stenoptilia pterodactyla

Stenoptilia sp.

Pterophorus pentadactylus

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Plodia interpunctella (molie - gru, fructe uscate)

Chrysocrambus cratarella...

Ostrinia (Pyrausta) nubilalis : cel mai important duntor al porumbului.

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Zygaena filipendulae

Zygaena transalpina

Zygaena fausta

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Atenie la confuzia unor "Zygene" cu Arctiidul Tyria jacobaeae !!

Zygaena trifolii

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Adscita statices

Rhagades pruni

Adscita sp. - mascul

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Papilionidae i Lycaenidae

Pyronia tithonus (Nymphalidae)

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Inachis io

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Omizi de Geometride "cotari"

Fenomene de homotipie la omizile de Geometride.26

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Aduli de Geometride.

Erannis defoliaria

Operophtera brumata

Siona lineata

Thalera fimbrialis

Euchloris smaragdaria

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Bombyx mori (viermele de mtase)

fluture ieit din coconul de mtase i cocon deschis, se vede crisalida i "resturi" din omid.

Bombyx mori : femel ce rspndete feromoni prin glandele abdominale terminale pentru a "chema" masculul (dreapta) ale crui antene primesc i sesizeaz efluviile de bombycol femel cu ajutorul miilor de sensile chemoreceptoare.

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Malacosoma neustria :

Omizi de Malacosoma neustria, pe arbori cu frunze cztoare...

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Lasiocampa quercus (Bombix de stejar)

Forme normale i melanice

Larve

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Saturnia pyri sau "Marele Pun de noapte"

mascul

femel

larv

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Pavonia(Saturnia) pavonia (micul pun de noapte)

Pavonia(Saturnia) pavonia :

adulti

pont

larv

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Attacidae exotice

Coscinoscera hercules i larvele sale spinoase

Automeris io (Attacidul de talia cea mai mic) i larvele sale spinoase

Platysamia cecropia (Americade Nord) i crisalida sa.

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Attacidae exotice

Epiphora sp. neotropicale; anvergura 250 mm

Rotschildia maurus : 2 mari Attacidae

i... cel mai spectaculos: Argema mittrei sau "fluturele-comet" din Madagascar cu coada sa imens ! (anterior se vede coconul argintat) .

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Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar

Antenele bipectinate plumoase ale masculului

Dimorfism sexual: femela deschis la culoare, nu zboar masculul nchis, cu antene pectinate, cu zboruri diurne.

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larve

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Aporia crataegi, acuplare prin opoziie masculul maie jos.

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Danaus plexippus, America de Nord specia migratoare cea mai celebr "fluturele Monarh"

Imagos de "Monarh" (femela are aripile posterioare mai deschise)

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Omida i culorile de avertisment (aposematice) de "Monarh"

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Acherontia atropos (fluturele cap de mort) cel mai

mare dintre Sphingidae.

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larve cu diferite coloraii

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Macroglossum stellatorum ("Moro-sphinx"); zbor staionar caracteristic, trompa desfcut.

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Hemaris fuciformis

Mimas tiliae : imaginea din profil arat absena trompei (un "Sphinx" ce nu se hrnete ca adult !).

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Pieris brassicae

dimorfism ul sexual : femel mascul

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Ou larve stadiul II - larve stadiul IV ("duntoare") crisalid

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Amphipyra pyramidea

Phlogophora (Trigonophora) meticulosa

Euclidia glyphica

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Larve

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Cucullia chamomillae

Orthosia miniosa

Orthosia incerta

Viminia rumicis

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Stauropus fagi

Cerura (Dicranura) vinula

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Phalera bucephala i omida sa

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Thaumatopoea processionea45

Adult de "Procesionarul stejarului" foarte pros

Larve de "Procesionarul stejarului" foarte pros

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Ochlodes faunus femel i mascul.

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Pyrgus (Hesperia) malvae (Hesperidae)

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Papilio machaon

Osmeterium la omida de Machaon : organ bifurcat colorat (conine caroten) urt mirositor ce iese atunci cnd larva este nelinitit.

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Papilio sinon

Papilio alexanor

Iphiclides podalirius

Papilio maaki

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Papilionide exotice

Ornithoptera sp. (Asia)

Papilio ulysseo "Ulysse" (Africa)

Eurytides sp. (anv.75 mm)

Unitua sp. (anv.90 mm - Peru)

Parides sp. (anv.85 mm -Peru)

Papilio sp. (anv.100 mm - Guyana)

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Papilio neyi (anv.75 mm - Peru)

Chilasa clytia palephatus (Fillipine)

Graphium agamemnon (Fillipine)

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