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SISTEM ENDOCRINSISTEM ENDOCRIN• Distribuţia celulelor endocrine•

Receptorii hormonali• Mecanismele postreceptor • Genele pentru hormoni şi pentru enzimele

implicate în sinteza lor 

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COMUNICAREA CELULARĂCOMUNICAREA CELULARĂ

• Joncţiuni de comunicare• Secreţie de mesageri chimici:

- autocrină- paracrină- endocrină

- sinaptică

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m e s a g e r  c h i m i c 

Celulăendocrină

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 –celule epiteliale –

neuroni –paraneuroni (Fujita, 1977)

• microvili lungi la polul apical

• conţin în citoplasmă granule de secreţie• elaborează amine şi/sau peptide• origine embriologică comună → crestele

neurale

CLASIFICAREACLASIFICAREA CELULECELULELORLOR 

ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE

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 –

organ specializat → glandă endocrină

DISTRIBUŢIADISTRIBUŢIA CELULECELULELORLOR ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE

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GLANDE ENDOCRINEGLANDE ENDOCRINE

Glanda epifiză(pineala)

Paratiroidele

Suprarenala

Glanda hipofiză(pituitara)

Tiroida

CorticosuprarenalaMedulosuprarenala

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ORGANIZAREA UNEI GLANDEORGANIZAREA UNEI GLANDEENDOCRINEENDOCRINE

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 –

organ specializat → glandă endocrină – grupuri de celule endocrine incluse în

parenchimul unor organe specializate

DISTRIBUŢIADISTRIBUŢIA CELULECELULELORLOR ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE

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Pancres

Gonade

DISTRIBUŢIADISTRIBUŢIA CELULECELULELORLOR ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE

Rinichi

Timus

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 –

Organ specializat → glandă endocrină – Grupuri de celule endocrine incluse în

parenchimul unor organe specializate – Celule endocrine dispersate 

↓Sistemul Neuroendocrin Difuz (SNED)

DISTRIBUŢIADISTRIBUŢIA CELULECELULELORLOR ENDOCRINEENDOCRINE

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COMPLEXULCOMPLEXUL

HIPOTALAMOHIPOTALAMO -- HIPOFIZARHIPOFIZAR

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HIPOTALAMUSULHIPOTALAMUSUL

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HIPOTALAMUSULHIPOTALAMUSUL

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HIPOTALAMUSULHIPOTALAMUSULNeuroni hipotalamici secretori

-- neuroni peptidergici -

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HIPOTALAMUSUL ENDOCRINHIPOTALAMUSUL ENDOCRIN

•

NeuroniNeuroni magnocelularimagnocelulari• NeuroniNeuroni parvoparvoccelularielulari

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NEURONIINEURONII MAGNOCELULARIMAGNOCELULARI• Localizare:

  - nc.SOP şi nc.PV

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NEURONIINEURONII MAGNOCELULARIMAGNOCELULARI• Localizare:

  - nc.SOP şi nc.PV• Particularităţi structurale: φ 25 µm

  - aparat de sinteză proteică bine dezvoltat- granule de secreţie: 160-200 nm

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NEURONII MAGNOCELULARI

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NEURONIINEURONII MAGNOCELULARIMAGNOCELULARI• Localizare:

  - nc.SOP şi nc.PV• Particularităţi structurale: φ 25 µm

  - aparat de sinteză proteică bine dezvoltat- granule de secreţie: 160-200 nm

- axoni lungi nemielinizaţi:* se termină asinaptic → conexiuni de tip neurovascular * pe traseu dilataţii (corpii Herring)

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AXONIIAXONII NEURONNEURONILORILOR MAGNOCELULARIMAGNOCELULARI

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CORPII HERRINGCORPII HERRING

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NEURONIINEURONII MAGNOCELULARIMAGNOCELULARI• Localizare:

  - nc.SOP şi nc.PV• Particularităţi structurale: φ 25 µm

  - aparat de sinteză proteică bine dezvoltat- granule de secreţie: 160-200 nm

- axoni lungi nemielinizaţi:* se termină asinaptic → conexiuni de tip neurovascular * pe traseu dilataţii (corpii Herring)* ajung în: - lobul posterior → tractul supraoptico-hipofizar 

  → tractul paraventriculo-hipofizar   - eminenţa mediană (o parte din nc.SO)

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NEURONIINEURONII MAGNOCELULARIMAGNOCELULARI• Localizare:

  - nc.SOP şi nc.PV• Particularităţi structurale: φ 25 µm

  - aparat de sinteză proteică bine dezvoltat- granule de secreţie: 160-200 nm

- axoni lungi nemielinizaţi:* se termină asinaptic → conexiuni de tip neurovascular * pe traseu dilataţii (corpii Herring)* ajung în: - lobul posterior → tractul supraoptico-hipofizar 

  → tractul paraventriculo-hipofizar   - eminenţa mediană (o parte din nc.SO)

Hormoni hipotalamici efectori:

1. argininvasopresina (ADH)2. ocitocina

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ADH

Ocitocina

Rinichi

Uter 

Glanda mamara

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NEURONIINEURONII PARVOCELULARIPARVOCELULARI• Localizare: aria hipofiziotropăaria hipofiziotropă (1962, Halaz):  

→ nuclei hipotalamici * nc.arcuat* nc.ventromedial* nc.periventricular * nc.paraventricular 

→ neuroni diseminaţi

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NEURONIINEURONII PARVOCELULARIPARVOCELULARI• Localizare: aria hipofiziotropăaria hipofiziotropă (1962, Halaz):  

→ nuclei hipotalamici * nc.arcuat* nc.ventromediali* nc.periventriculari* nc.paraventricular 

→ neuroni diseminaţi• Particularităţi structurale: φ 15 µm

  - aparat de sinteză proteică mai slab dezvoltat- granule de secreţie: 100-110 nm

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NEURONIINEURONII PARVOCELULARIPARVOCELULARI

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NEURONIINEURONII PARVOCELULARIPARVOCELULARI• Localizare: aria hipofiziotropăaria hipofiziotropă (1962, Halaz):  

→ nuclei hipotalamici * nc.arcuat* nc.ventromediali* nc.periventriculari* nc.paraventricular 

→ neuroni diseminaţi• Particularităţi structurale: φ 15 µm

  - aparat de sinteză proteică mai slab dezvoltat- granule de secreţie: 100-110 nm

- axoni scurţi:* se termină asinaptic → conexiuni de tip neurovascular * ajung: - în eminenţa mediană ( plex capilar primar )

→ tractul tubero-infundibular 

  - în peretele ventriculului III

•Neurhormoni de eliberare

şi de inhibare:

GH-RH GH-IHTRH Dopamina

CRHGnRH

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REGLREA SECREŢIEI ENDOCRINE

A HIPOTALAMUSULUI – mecanism de feed-back negativ – sistemul monoaminergic

- axoni dopaminergici → substanţa neagră

- axoni noradrenergici → locus ceruleus

- axoni serotoninergici → nucleul raphe

 –

sistemul limbic

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GLANDA HIPOFIZĂGLANDA HIPOFIZĂ

(PITUITARA)(PITUITARA)

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GLANDA HIPOFIZĂGLANDA HIPOFIZĂ(PITUITARA)(PITUITARA)

Galen(Pergamon)

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Ă

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Eminenţa mediană

Tija pituitară

Lob anterior hipofizar 

Lob tuberal

Lobposterior hipofizar 

Lobintermediar 

hipofizar 

GLANDA HIPOFIZĂGLANDA HIPOFIZĂ(PITUITARA)(PITUITARA)

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III

III

H

H

LT TP

LA LPLI

GLANDA HIPOFIZĂ (PITUITARA)GLANDA HIPOFIZĂ (PITUITARA)

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GLANDA HIPOFIZĂ (PITUITARA)GLANDA HIPOFIZĂ (PITUITARA)

Tija pituitară

Lob posterior hipofizar 

Fantă

Lob anterior hipofizar 

Lobintermediar hipofizar 

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ORIGINE EMBRIOLOGICĂORIGINE EMBRIOLOGICĂ

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VASCULARIZAŢIA COMPLEXULUIVASCULARIZAŢIA COMPLEXULUI

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VASCULARIZAŢIA COMPLEXULUIVASCULARIZAŢIA COMPLEXULUIHIPOTALAMO-HIPOFIZARHIPOTALAMO-HIPOFIZAR

Arterahipofizarăsuperioară

ramuraanterioară

ramuraposterioară Plex capilar primar al sistemuluiport lung

Arteratrabeculară

Vene portalelungi

Vene portalescurte

Plex capilar primar alsistemului port scurt

Plexadenohipofizar 

secundar 

Artera hipofizarăinferioară

Reţea capilară

G.Harris, J.D.Green (1935)Gr.T.Popa, Fielding U.(1930)

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Murakami

GLANDA HIPOFIZĂ (PITUITARAGLANDA HIPOFIZĂ (PITUITARA))

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GLANDA HIPOFIZĂ (PITUITARAGLANDA HIPOFIZĂ (PITUITARA))

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ADENOHIPOFIZAADENOHIPOFIZA

structură

predominantcelulară

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Lobul anterior Lobul anterior 

• celule organizate sub formă de cuiburi 

şi cordoane înconjurate de reţea fină de

fibre de reticulină

• bogată reţea de capilare sinusoide (plexulcapilar secundar)

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TTipuri de celule înipuri de celule în

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TTipuri de celule înipuri de celule înlobul anterior hipofizar lobul anterior hipofizar 

A. Celule granulare (endocrine):• celule somatotrope (acidofile, PAS negative) – 50%→ somatotrop (STH, GH)

• celule lactotrope (acidofile, PAS negative) – 10-20%→prolactină (PRL)

• celule corticotrope (bazofile, PAS pozitive) – 20%→proopiomelanocortina (POMC)

• celule tireotrope (bazofile, PAS pozitive) – 5%→ tireotropina (TSH)

• celule gonadotrope (bazofile, PAS pozitive) – 10%→FSH şi LH

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Proopiomelanocortina (POMC)Proopiomelanocortina (POMC)

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TTipuri de celuleipuri de celule

 în lobul anterior hipofizar  în lobul anterior hipofizar 

B. Celule agranulare:

 – celule foliculostelate (celule nule) → bazofile→ în culturi: gonadotropi sau subunităţi α

 – celule stem (precursoare) → cromofobe

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Peptide sintetizate în lobul anterior Peptide sintetizate în lobul anterior 

• Factori de creştere

• Citokine• Proteine de legare• Neurotransmiţători

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Celule acidofile

Celule bazofile

Celulă cromofobă

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Celule somatotrope (GH)Celule somatotrope (GH)

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Celule lactotrope (PRL)Celule lactotrope (PRL)

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Celule secretoare de ACTH

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Celule somatotrope (GH)

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Celule secretoare de ACTH

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STHSTH350-400 nm

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PRLPRL550-600 nm

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ACTHACTH200-250 nm

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Lob intermediar Lob intermediar 

•

localizat în şaua turcească: – separat de lobul anterior prin fanta Rathke

 – alipit de lobul posterior  → infiltrarea bazofilă

• celule organizate în cordoane sau foliculi 

cu coloid 

• tipuri celulare: – celule bazofile –

celule cromofobe• rol: pozitive pentru subunităţi ale POMC 

(β lipotropina, α MSH, ACTH )

Lob intermediarLob intermediar

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Lob intermediar Lob intermediar 

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Lob tuberalLob tuberal

• lamă subţire de ţesut glandular →  înconjurăincomplet tija pituitară

• zonă foarte bine vascularizată → vase portale• celule organizate în cuiburi sau cordoane • tipuri celulare → celule bazofile

• rol: pozitive pentru Gn şi ACTH 

L b t b lLob tuberal

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Lob tuberalLob tuberal

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NEUROHIPOFIZANEUROHIPOFIZA

structură

predominantfibrilară

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NEUROHIPOFIZANEUROHIPOFIZA

•  în toate componentele sale este formatădin:

- axoni ai neuronilor din nc. SO şi PV▪ fibre nervoase amielinice bogate înmicrotubuli

▪ direcţie paralelă cu axul lung al tijei

- fibre catecolaminergice

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Lobul posterior Lobul posterior 

• pituicite → astrocite protoplasmatice• microglii

- conţinut mare în lizozomi- rol: - fagocitoză

• bogată reţea de capilare fenestrate

L b l t iL b l t i

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Lobul posterior Lobul posterior 

L b l t iLobul posterior

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Lobul posterior Lobul posterior 

Corpi Herring

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PITUICITEPITUICITE

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MICROGLIIMICROGLII

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Tija pituitarăTija pituitară

- artere mici

- capilare glomerulare

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EEminenţa medianăminenţa mediană –

structură:1. strat ependimar → tanicite (Hortsmann, 1954)2. strat mijlociu → fibre nervoase3. strat palisadic → plex capilar primar din sistemul

port lung – la nivelul ei ajung:

- axonii neuronilor secretori de peptide hipofiziotrope

- unii axoni ai neuronilor secretori din nc. SOP- fibre cu originea în trunchiul cerebral

NEUROHIPOFIZANEUROHIPOFIZA

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 Bibliografie selectivă:

xBerman I. Color Atlas of Basic Histology, 1993

xGartner LP, Hiatt JL. Color Atlas of Histology, 2000

x Junqueira LC, Carneiro J.  Basic Histology, 2003

xKierszenbaum AL.  Histology and Cell Biology, 2002

x Pollard TD, Earnshaw WC. Cell Biology, 2002

xRoss MH, Romrell LJ.  Histology A Text and Atlas, 1993

x Stevens A, Lowe J. Histology, 1992