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    UNIVERSITATEAHYPERIONFacultateaJurnalism

    Lector.univ.drd.SorinaGeorgescu

    LIMBAENGLEZMODULNCEPTORI

    INTRODUCERENCURSULDESINTEZ

    NV

    M

    N

    T LA

    DIS

    TAN

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    INTRODUCERE (INTRODUCTION)

    Pentru a facilita nelegerea limbii engleze i a modelelor de pres britanic i american de ctre studenii de toate nivelele de la forma de Frecven Redus, din cadrul Facultii de Jurnalism, i n special pentru a veni n ajutorul nceptorilor, cursul de fa i propune o introducere att n gramatica i vocabularul limbii engleze, n general ct i n cel cu specific de pres, structurat dup cum urmeaz: Alfabetul i simbolurile fonetice, Gramatica noiuni elementare, Vocabular general i specific-nivel elementar, Modele de pres britanic i american, Cum s scriem/gndim un eseu De la paragraf la scrierea academic.

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    CAPITOLUL 1 (FIRST CHAPTER)

    ALFABETUL SI SIMBOLURILE FONETICE (THE ALPHABET AND THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS)

    Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de fa studentul nceptor va deprinde competena de a pronuna corect suntele limbii engleze. Subcapitole: 1. Alfabetul 2. Simbolurile fonetice

    1. ALFABETUL (THE ALPHABET) A [ei] B [bi] C [si] D [di] E [i:] F [ef] G [di] H [eit] I [ai] J [dei] K [kei] L [el] M [em] N [en] O [u] P [pi:] Q [kju:] R [ar] S [es] T [ti:] U [ju:] V [vi:] W [dbl ju:] X [eks] Y [wai] Z [zed]

    2. SIMBOLURILE FONETICE (THE PHONETIC SYMBOLS) De ce ne trebuie simbolurile fonetice? Simbolurile fonetice ne trebuie pentru a nelege mai bine cum se pronun un cuvnt atunci cnd l vedem n dicionar. Aceast introducere i propune o mai bun transmitere i receptare a sunetelor limbii engleze i a simbolurilor fonetice corespunztoare, de ctre studenii nceptori, prin echivalarea aproximativ a respectivelor sunete cu cele ale limbii romne. a)Vocalele (the vowels):

    Sunetul n limba englez

    (the sound in English) Exemplu de cuvnt n limba

    englez (Example of English

    Words)

    Sunetul aproximativ n limba romn i pronunia din romn a cuvntului englezesc (the sound in

    Romanian and the Romanian pronunciation of

    the English word)

    [i:] See [si:] (= a vedea) [ii] [sii] [I] His [hIz] (= al lui) [i] [hiz]

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    [i] Twenty [twenti] (=20) [i] [tuenti] [e] Ten [ten] (= 10) [e] - [ten] [] Stamp [stmp] (= timbru) [e-a] (ntre e i a)

    [steamp] [a:] Father [fa:] (B.E*)/

    [fa:r] (A.E) (= tata) [aa] [faa+ z peltic (cu

    limba ntre dini) + + (n engl. american r retroflex

    (ndoit spre cerul gurii) [o] Hot [hot] (= fierbinte) [o] [hot] [o:] Morning [mo:ni] (B.E)/

    [morni] (A.E) (= dimineaa)

    [oo] [moo (o + r retroflex n engl. american) nin ( = ng, cu g mai degrab mut)]

    [u] Football [futbo:l] (= fotbal) [u] [futbool] [u:] You [ju:] (= tu) [uu] [iuu] [] Sun [sn] (= soare) [a] [san]

    [: ] sau [3:] Learn [l:n] (B.E)/[ lrn](A.E)sau [l3:n] (= a

    nva)

    [] [ln] / [lrn] (r retroflex)

    [] Letter [let] (B.E}/[letr] (A.E) (= liter, scrisoare)

    [] [let]/ [letr] (r retroflex)

    * - B. E, A. E = British English (engleza britanic), American English (engleza american) b) Diftongii (dou vocale mpreun) Diphthongs (two vowels together)

    Sunetul n limba englez (the sound in English)

    Exemplu de cuvnt n limba englez

    (Example of English Words)

    Sunetul aproximativ n limba romn i pronunia din romn a cuvntului englezesc (the sound in

    Romanian and the Romanian pronunciation of

    the English word) [ei] Name [neim] (= nume) [ei] [neim] [u] No [nu] (=nu) [u] [nu] [ai] My [mai] ( = al meu) [ai] [mai] [au] How [hau] (= cum) [au] [hau] [oi] Boy [boi] (= biat) [oi] [boi] [i] Hear [hi] (B.E.)/ [hir]

    (A.E) (= a auzi) [i] [hi] / [hir]

    [e] Where [we] (B.E)/ [wer] (= unde)

    [e] [ue] / [uer]

    [u] Tour [tu] (B.E)/ [tur] (A.E) (= tur)

    [u] [tu] / [tur]

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    c) Consoanele (the consonants)

    Sunetul n limba englez (the sound in English)

    Exemplu de cuvnt n limba englez

    (Example of English Words)

    Sunetul aproximativ n limba romn i pronunia din romn a cuvntului englezesc (the sound in

    Romanian and the Romanian pronunciation of

    the English word) [p] Pen [pen] (= stilou) [p] [pen] [b] Big [big] (= mare) [b] [big] [t] Tea [ti:] (= ceai) [t] [tii] [d] Do [du:] (= a face) [d] [duu] [k] Cat [kt] (=pisica) [c] [chet] [g] Go [gu] (= a merge) [g] [gu] [f] Four [fo:] (B.E)/ [fo:r] (A.E)

    (= 4) [f] [foo]/ [foor]

    [v] Very [veri] (= foarte) [v] [veri] [s] Son [sn] (= fecior, copil) [s] [san] [z] Zoo [zu:] (= gradina

    zoologic) [z] [zuu]

    [l] Live [liv] (= a tri, a locui) [l] [liv] [m] My [mai] (= al meu) [m] [mai] [n] Near [ni] (B.E)/ [nir]

    (A. E) (= lng) [n] [ni] / [nir]

    [h] Happy [hpi] (= fericit) [h] [hepi] [r] Red [red] (= rou) [r]- [red] [j] Yes [jes] (= da) [i] [ies] [w] Want [want] (= a vrea) [u] [uant] [] Thanks [ks] (=

    mulumesc) [s peltic, pronunat cu

    limba ntre dini] [encs] [] The [] (= articolul

    hotrt] [z s peltic, pronunat cu

    limba ntre dini] [] [] She [i:] (= ea) [] [ii] [3] Television [telivi3n] (=

    televiziune) [j] - [telivijn]

    [t] Child [taild](= copil) [ce/ci] [ciaild] [d3] German [d3:mn] (B.E)/

    [d3rmn] (A.E) [ge/gi] [ge-rmn]

    [] English [igli] (= Englez())

    [ni/ng] [ingli]

    Exerciiu: Scriei fonetic, n limba englez, urmtoarele cuvinte: Boy =. Paper = . Journalism = .. Girl = . Newspaper = journalist = .

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    CAPITOLUL 2 (SECOND CHAPTER)

    GRAMATICA NOIUNI ELEMENTARE (GRAMMAR BASICS)

    Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de fa studentul nceptor va deprinde competena de a conjuga corect verbele auxiliare ale limbii engleze, de a la utiliza n situaiile corespunztoare. De asemenea, va nva cum se formeaz timpurile verbale, vorbirea indirect, diateza pasiv, pronumele, ordinea adjectivelor, i pluralul substantivelor Subcapitole: 1. Verbele auxiliare to be, to do, to have 2. Reguli de formare timpurile 3. Vorbirea indirect 4. Diateza pasiv 5. Pronumele 6. Articolul 7. Pluralul substantivelor 8. Ordinea adjectivelor

    1. VERBELE AUXILIARE (THE AUXILIARY VERBS): TO BE (A FI), TO DO (A FACE) , TO HAVE (A AVEA)

    Ce sunt verbele auxiliare? Verbele auxiliare sunt verbele cu care putem construi formele de interogativ (ntrebrile) i de negativ n limba englez. n aceast introducere verbele auxiliare vor fi conjugate la prezentul simplu (present simple) i la trecut (past tense simple), att cu forma lung (long form), ct i cu forma scurt (short form), care este cea mai utilizat n limba engleza, att n cea scris ct i n cea vorbit. Se va da pentru fiecare caz in parte att transcrierea fonetic specific limbii engleze, ct i o echivalare n limba romn. a) Verbul to be (The verb to be [tu: bi:] = a fi 1. Prezentul simplu (Present Simple) a) Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba englez, forma lung

    (Present simple,

    Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba romn (Present

    simple,

    Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba englez, forma scurta

    (Present simple,

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    affirmative/statement, long form, English version)

    affirmative/statement, Romanian version)

    affirmative/statement, short form, English version)

    I am [ai m] / [ai em] (Eu) sunt (I = eu) Im [aim] You are [ju: a:r] / [iu ar] (Tu) eti (you = tu) Youre [iur]

    He is [hi: iz] / [hi iz] (El) este (he = el) Hes [hiz] She is [i: iz] / [ii iz] (Ea) este (she = ea) Shes [iz]

    It is [ it iz] / [it iz] (El/ea) este (it = el/ea cnd ne referim la obiecte, lucruri din natur sau

    bebelui)

    Its [i]

    We are [wi: a:r]/ [uii ar] (Noi) suntem (we = noi) Were [uir] You are [ju: a:r] / [iu ar] (Voi) suntei (you = tu, voi) Youre [iur]

    They are [ei a:r] / [zei ar] Ei/ele sunt (they = ei/ele) Theyre [zeir] b) Negativul (Negative) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba englez, forma lung (Present simple, negatives, long form, English version)

    Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba romn (Present

    simple, negatives, Romanian version)

    Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba englez, forma scurta (Present simple, negatives,

    short form, English version)I am not (Eu) nu sunt Im not

    You are not (Tu) nu eti You arent He is not (El) nu este He isnt She is not (Ea) nu este She isnt It is not (El/ea) (obiect) nu este It isnt

    We are not (Noi) nu suntem We arent You are not (Voi) nu suntei You arent They arent (Ei/ele) nu sunt They arent

    c) Interogativul (Interrogative/ Yes/No Questions)

    Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba englez, (Present simple, yes/no

    questions, English version)

    Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba romn (Present simple, yes/no questions, Romanian version)

    Am I..? Sunt (eu).? Are you..? Eti (tu)? Is he? Este (el).?

    Is she.? Este (ea).? Is it.? Este el/ea (obiecte)..?

    Are we..? Suntem (noi).? Are you.? Suntei (voi)? Are they.? Sunt (ei).?

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    !!! ATENIE!!!

    Dup cum observai, forma de interogativ prezent a verbului to be, se formeaz prin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, la afirmativ: I (subiect) + am (verb), pentru ca la interogativ s avem nti am (verbul) i apoi I (subiectul). Pentru a forma negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aadar I (subiect) + am (verb), la care vom aduga marca negaiei, adic not. Deci I am not. 2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple) a) Afirmativul (Affirmative/ Statements)

    Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limba englez (Past Tense Simple,

    affirmative/statments, English version)

    Timpul trecut, forma de afirmativ, limba romn (Past Tense Simple,

    affirmative/statments, Romanian version) I was [ai woz]/[wz] (forma slab) / [ai

    uz] (Eu) am fost

    You were [ju: w:r] / [iu: ur] (Tu) ai fost He was [hi: wz] / [hii uz] (El) a fost. She was [i: wz] / [ii uz] (Ea) a fost.

    It was [it wz]/ [it uz] (El/ea) (obiecte) a fost. We were [wi: w:r] / [uii ur] (Noi) am fost. You were [ju: w:r] / [iu: ur] (Voi) ai fost. They were [ei w:r]/ [zei ur] (Ei/Ele) au fost.

    b) Negativul (Negatives)

    Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, forma lung, limba englez (Past Tense Simple,

    negatives, long form, English version)

    Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, limba romn (Past

    Tense Simple, negatives, Romanian version)

    Timpul trecut, forma de negativ, forma scurt, limba englez (Past Tense Simple,

    negatives, short form, English version)

    I was not (Eu) nu am fost I wasnt You were not (Tu) nu ai fost You werent He was not (El) nu a fost. He wasnt She was not (Ea) nu a fost. She wasnt. It was not. (El/ea) (obiecte) nu a fost. It wasnt.

    We were not. (Noi) nu am fost. We werent. You were not (Voi) nu ai fost. You werent

    They were not. (Ei/ele) nu au fost. They werent. c) Interogativul (Interrogative/ Yes/No Questions) Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba englez,

    (Past tense simple, yes/no questions, Timpul trecut, interogativ, limba romn (Past tense simple, yes/no questions,

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    English version) Romanian version) Was I? Am fost (eu)?

    Were you? Ai fost (tu)? Was he? A fost (el)? Was she? A fost (ea)? Was it? A fost (el/ea) (obiect)?

    Were we? Am fost (noi)? Were you? Ai fost (voi)? Were they? Au fost (ei/ele)?

    !!! ATENIE!!!

    Dup cum observai, forma de interogativ trecut a verbului to be, ca i cea de interogativ prezent, se formeaz prin inversarea subiectului cu verbul. Avem deci, la afirmativ: I (subiect) + was (verb), pentru ca la interogativ s avem nti was (verbul) i apoi I (subiectul). Pentru a forma negativul, vom avea ordinea de la afirmativ, aadar I (subiect) + was (verb), la care vom aduga marca negaiei, adic not. Deci I was not. Cnd folosim verbul to be? # Cnd vrem s exprimm vrsta Carlos is eight. (Carlos are opt ani) Anna is ten. (Anna are zece ani) # Cnd vrem s exprimm naionalitatea Im English. (Sunt englez) Shes Romanian. (Ea este romnc) # Cnd vrem s spunem care este meseria cuiva. Jim is a teacher. (Jim este professor) Are you a student? (Eti student?) # Cu un adjectiv Youre right. (Ai dreptate) Im happy. (Sunt fericit) # Cu this/that [i:s]/ [t], [ziis]/[zeat] (acesta/acela) This is my book. (Aceasta este cartea mea) Is that your newspaper? (Este acela ziarul tu?)

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    # n ntrebri Is Tom here? (Este Tom aici?) Are you ten? (Ai zece ani?) Are they Spanish? (Sunt ei spanioli?) Is it easy? (E uor?) Is this your house? (Este aceasta casa ta?) # Ca verb auxiliar, pentru construirea formelor de continuu. I am learning English at the moment. (n acest moment nv limba englez) Exerciii: 1. Completai propoziiile cu forma corect de prezent a verbului to be:

    1. I..eight. 2. He..ten. 3. Youright. 4. I a student? 5. Jim.a teacher. 6. ..they Chinese? 2. Completai propoziiile cu forma corect de trecut a verbului to be: 7. I..eight. 8. He..ten. 9. Youright. 10. I a student? 11. Jim.a teacher. 12. ..they Chinese?

    b) Verbul to do [tu: du:]= a face 1. Prezentul simplu (Present Simple) a) Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba englez,

    (Present simple, affirmative/statement, English version)

    Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba romn (Present simple, affirmative/statement,

    Romanian version) I do [ai du:]/ [ai duu] (Eu) fac

    You do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] (Tu) faci He does [hi: dz] / [hii daz] (El) face She does [i: dz] / [ii daz] (Ea) face

    It does [it dz] / [it daz] (El/ea) (obiecte) face We do [wi: du:] / [uii duu] (Noi) facem You do [ju: du:] / [iuu duu] (Voi) facei They do [ei du:] / [zei duu] (Ei/ele) fac

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    !!! ATENIE!!! Observai terminaia n s la persoana a treia singular a formei de afirmativ, prezentul simplu, pentru verbul to do (does). O vom ntlni la toate verbele din limba englez cu excepia celor modale. b) Negativul (Negatives) Prezentul simplu, negativ,

    limba englez, (Present simple, negative, English

    version)

    Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba romn (Present

    simple, negatives, Romanian version)

    Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba englez, forma scurt (Present simple, negatives,

    short form, English version)I do not (= auxiliary); I do

    not do Eu nu (auxiliar); Eu nu

    fac I dont (auxiliar, rspuns

    scurt); I dont do You do not; You do not do (Tu) nu..; (Tu) nu faci You dont; you dont do

    He does not; He does not do (El) nu.; (El) nu face He doesnt; he doesnt do She does not; She does not

    do (Ea) nu.; (Ea) nu face She doesnt; She doesnt do

    It does not; It does not do (El/ea) (obiecte) nu.; (El/ea) nu face

    It doesnt; it doesnt do

    We do not; We do not do (Noi) nu.; (Noi) nu facem We dont; we dont do You do not; You do not do (Voi) nu....; (Voi) nu facei You dont; you dont do They dont; They dont do (Ei/ele) nu..; (Ei/ele) nu

    fac. They dont; they dont do

    !!! ATENIE!!! Ca verb auxiliar, to do are ca form de negativ, I do not, prescurtat I dont, el ajutnd de fapt la formarea negativului celuilalt verb de conjugat, de exemplu I do not write, sau I dont write, Eu nu scriu. Ca verb de sine stttor, cu sensul de a face, el formeaz negativul cu el nsui pe post de auxiliar, urmat de infinitivul scurt do: I dont do that, Eu nu fac asta. Dup cum se observ n tabelul de mai sus, infinitivul scurt do este valabil pentru toate persoanele de singular i de plural. c)Interogativul (Interrogative, Yes/No Questions) ca auxiliar, l vom nsoi de aceea de un verb de conjugat: write [rait] ( a scrie)

    Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba englez, (Present simple, yes/no

    questions, English version)

    Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba romn (Present simple, yes/no questions, Romanian version)

    Do I write? Scriu (eu)? Do you write? Scrii (tu)? Does he write? Scrie (el)? Does she write? Scrie (ea)? Does it write? Scrie (el/ea) (obiecte)?

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    Do we write? Scriem (noi)? Do you write? Scriei (voi)? Do they write? Scriu (ei/ele)?

    !!! ATENIE !!! Observai ordinea la interogativ: auxiliarul do + subiect I + verbul la infinitiv write. Vom ntlni aceast ordine la forma de interogativ prezent a tuturor verbelor limbii engleze cu excepia celor modale i a verbului to be, pe care l-am conjugat mai devreme. Observai, de asemenea, faptul c la persoana a treia singular, unde la afirmativ avem he/she/it writes, deci cu terminaia s, la interogativ, vom folosi doar s-ul de la persoana a treia singular a verbului auxiliar do, deci does, iar verbul de conjugat, write n cazul de fa, va rmne tot la infinitivul scurt. Aadar, avem Does he/she/it write? i NU Does he/she/it writes? 2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple) n cazul verbului to do, avem o singur form de trecut (past tense simple) pentru toate persoanele, i anume did. Afirmativ: I/He/We/You/They did the shopping.

    (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au fcut cumprturile). Negativ: I/He/We/You/They did not do (didnt do) the shopping. (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/au fcut cumprturile). Interogativ: Did I/he/we/you/they do the shopping? (Am/au fcut eu/el/noi/voi/ei cumprturile?). !!! ATENIE!!! Observai i n acest caz forma de infinitiv scurt a verbului de conjugat, n construciile did not do i did I do. Cnd folosim verbul to do? # Ca verb auxiliar (auxiliary verb):

    - n ntrebri: Do you like tennis? (Ii place tennisul?) What do you do in the evenings? (Ce faci seara?)

    - n negaii: I dont like tennis. (Nu-mi place tennisul) I dont do much in the evenings. (Nu fac prea multe

    seara) Dont go. (Nu te duce).

    - n emfaze (accentuarea unei pri a propoziiei):

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    Do sit down! (Stai jos, te rog!) I do love her. (Chiar o iubesc) - n inversiune (verb naintea subiectului):

    At no time did he lose his self-control. (Nu si-a pierdut controlul nici un moment).

    - elipsa (folosim un verb auxiliar n locul unui verb ntreg): You saw Allen, didnt you? (L-ai vzut pe Allen, nu-i

    aa?) # Ca verb cu scop general

    - activiti nedefinite ceva (something [smi] / [samsing]), nimic (nothing [ni] / [nasing]), orice (anything [enii] /[ enising]):

    Do something! (F ceva!) - pentru munc

    I do the shopping, you do the cooking. (Eu fac cumprturile, tu gtete)

    Exerciii: 1. Completai propoziiile cu forma corect de prezent a verbului to do:

    1. ......you like tennis? 2. I.............like tennis. 3. ........she like tennis? 4. ............read! 5. They............like her!

    2. Completai propoziiile cu forma corect de trecut a verbului to do:

    6. ......you like tennis? 7. I.............like tennis. 8. ........she like tennis? 9. They............like her!

    c) Verbul to have [tu: hv] = a avea

    1. Prezentul simplu (Present simple) a) Afirmativ (Affirmative / Statements) Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba englez, forma lung

    (Present simple, affirmative/statement, long

    form, English version)

    Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba romn (Present

    simple, affirmative/statement,

    Romanian version)

    Prezentul simplu, afirmativ, limba englez, forma scurt

    (Present simple, affirmative/statement, short

    form, English version) I have [ai hv] / [ai hev] (Eu) am Ive [aiv] You have [ju: hv] / [iuu

    hev] (Tu) ai Youve [iuv]

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    He has [hi: hz]/ [hii hez] (El) are Hes [hiz] She has [i: hz] / [ii hez] (Ea) are Shes [iz]

    It has [it hz] / [it hez] (El/ea) (obiecte) are. Its [i] We have [wi: hv] / [uii

    hev] (Noi) avem Weve [uiv]

    You have [ju: hv] / [iuu hev]

    (Voi) avei Youve [iuv]

    They have [ei hv]/ [zei hev]

    (Ei/ele) au Theyve [zeiv]

    !!! ATENIE!!! Observai i n cazul verbului to have terminaia s de la persoana a treia singular, pentru forma de prezent simplu. b) Negativul (Negatives) Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba englez, forma lung (Present simple, negatives, long form, English version)

    Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba romn (Present

    simple, negatives, Romanian version)

    Prezentul simplu, negativ, limba englez, forma scurt (Present simple, negatives, short form, English version)

    I have not / I do not have (Eu) nu am I havent/ I dont have You have not / You do not

    have (Tu) nu ai You havent/ You dont

    have He has not/ He does not

    have (El) nu are. He hasnt/ He doesnt have

    She has not/ She does not have

    (Ea) nu are. She hasnt/ She doesnt have

    It has not/ It does not have (El/Ea) (obiecte) nu are. It hasnt/ It doesnt have We have not / We do not

    have (Noi) nu avem. We havent/ We dont have

    You have not / You do not have

    (Voi) nu avei. You havent/ You dont have

    They have not / They do not have

    (Ei/Ele) nu au. They havent/ They dont have

    !!! ATENIE!!! Verbul to have poate fi verb auxiliar, ajutnd la formarea unor ntrebri pentru formele de perfect, caz n care forma de negativ prezent este I havent., fie ca rspuns scurt, fie ca urmat de verbul de conjugat, forma a treia: I havent written (Nu am scris). Ca verb de sine stttor, cu sensul de a avea, to have are ca form de negativ I dont have, deci l utilizeaz ca verb auxiliar pe verbul to do despre care am vorbit mai devreme.

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    Aceleai observaii sunt valabile i pentru formele de interogativ prezent , pe care le vom vedea n tabelul de mai jos. c) Interogativul (Interrogative, Yes/No Questions

    Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba englez, (Present simple, yes/no

    questions, English version)

    Prezentul simplu, interogativ, limba romn (Present simple, yes/no questions, Romanian version)

    Have I..?/ Do I have? Am..? Am (eu)? Have you..? / Do you have? Ai..? Ai (tu)? Has he..? / Does he have? A.? Are (el)?

    Has she..? / Does she have? A.? Are (ea)? Has it..? / Does it have? A.? Are (el/ea) (obiecte)?

    Have we..?/ Do we have? Am? Avem (noi)? Have you..?/ Do you have? Ai..? Avei (voi)? Have they..?/ Do they have? Au.? Au (ei/ele)?

    2. Timpul trecut (Past Tense Simple) n cazul verbului to have avem o singur form pentru timpul trecut (past tense simple) i anume had, pentru toate persoanele.

    Afirmativ : I/He/We/You/They had a car. (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ am/au avut o main). Negativ: I/He/We/You/They didnt have a car. (Eu/El/Noi/Voi/Ei/ nu am/au avut o main) Interogativ: Did I/he/we/you/they have a car? Am/au avut eu/el/noi/voi/ei/ o main?

    !!! ATENIE!!! Observai formarea negativului i a interogativului verbului to have ca verb de sine stttor cu past tense-ul auxiliarului do, deci did, urmat de infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat have. Aadar, avem didnt have, i did I have i NU didnt had i did I had. Observai de asemenea c n limba englez este obligatorie exprimarea/folosirea subiectului, did I have, pe cnd n limba romn el poate fi omis, Am avut (eu)? Cnd folosim verbul to have? # Ca auxiliar 1. Pentru formele de perfect (perfect verb forms):

    I have read the book. (Am citit/citii cartea) (present perfect prezent perfect)

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    I had read the book. (Citisem cartea) (past perfect mai mult ca perfectul)

    I will have read the book by this time tomorrow. (Voi fi citit cartea pn mine pe vremea asta).(future perfect viitorul perfect)

    Id like to have read this book ten years ago. (Mi-a dori s fi citit cartea asta acum zece ani) (perfect infinitive infinitivul perfect)

    Having read the book before, he knew what to expect. (Citind/ Dat fiind c citise cartea nainte, tia la ce s se atepte).

    2. ntrebri i negaii Have you read the book? (Ai citit/citii cartea?) I havent read the book. (Nu am citit/ nu citii cartea). # Cnd vorbim despre posesie, relaii i alte situaii/stri: They have three newspapers. (Ei au trei ziare). Have you got any brothers or sisters? (Ai frai sau surori?) Do you often have headaches? (Ai des dureri de cap?) # Cnd vorbim despre aciuni i experiene: Im going to have a shower. (O s fac un du) Were having a meeting next month. (Vom avea o ntrunire luna viitoare). # Cnd vorbim despre obligaii I had to read yesterday. (Ieri a trebuit s citesc). # Cnd vorbim despre cauzarea sau experimentarea unor aciuni i evenimente

    His son had everybody laughing. (Fiul su i-a fcut pe toi s rd) I must have my shoes repaired. (Trebuie s-mi repar pantofii) We had our car stolen last week. (Ni s-a furat maina sptmna trecut) Exerciii:

    1. Completai urmtoarele propoziii cu forma corect de prezent a verbului to have:

    1. I ..a book. 2. He .a car. 3. ..youa picture? 4. She .not water. 5. He..a newspaper.

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    2. Completai urmtoarele propoziii cu forma corect de trecut a verbului to have:

    6. I ..a book. 7. He .a car. 8. ..youa picture? 9. She .not water. 10. He..a newspaper.

    2. REGULI DE FORMARE (FORMATION RULES)- TIMPURILE (TENSES)

    1. Prezentul simplu (Present simple) obiceiuri, aciuni generale Afirmativ (Positive): I/You/We/They read He/She/It/ reads (to read [ri:d] / [riid] = a citi) Negative: You dont read He doesnt read Interogativ: (Questions): Do you read..? Does he read.? 2. Prezentul continuu (Present continuous): - aciuni care au loc la momentul vorbirii Afirmativ (Positive): I am reading. You/We/They are reading. He/She/It is reading. Negative: I am not reading. You arent reading. She isnt reading. Question: Am I reading? Are you reading? Is she reading? 3. Prezentul perfect (Present perfect): - aciuni din trecutul apropiat, cu consecine vizibile n prezent Afirmativ (Positive): I/You/We/they have written. He/she/it has written. (to write = a scrie) Negative (Questions): They havent written. He hasnt written. Interogativ: Have they written? Has he written? 4. Past (Trecut) Simple: aciune desfurat n trecut, cu mrci ale trecutului, ca ieri, anul trecut, etc. 1. Regulat (Regular): positive: I/You/He/She/It/We/They stopped. negative: You didnt stop. interogative: Did you stop? 2. Neregulat (Irregular): positive: I/You/He/She/It/We/They wrote. (to write wrote- written)

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    negative: You didnt write. interogativ: Did you write? 5. Past (Trecut) continuu (Past Continuous): aciune trecut ce se desfoar n timpul

    altei aciuni trecute) (Afirmative) Positive: I/He/She/It was writing. You/We/They/ were writing. Negativ: You werent writing. She wasnt writing. Interogativ: Were you writing? Was she writing? Exerciiu: Trecei verbele date la infinitiv la timpurile cerute n parantez.

    1. I .. (to read prezent simplu). 2. You. .(to go prezent continuu) 3. He . (to write prezentul perfect) 4. We (to watch TV past tense simplu) 5. They.. (to speak past tense continuu)

    3. VORBIREA INDIRECT (REPORTED SPEECH)

    Direct Reported I never eat vegetables He said (that) he never ate vegetables. (Nu mnnc niciodat legume) (El a spus c nu mnnc niciodat legume) Im reading. She said (that) she was reading. Ill write to you soon. He said (that) he would write to you soon. Ive read it. She said (that) she had read it. I took it. She said (that) she had taken it. I was reading. She said (that) she had been reading. Exerciiu: Trecei propoziiile urmtoare la vorbirea indirect:

    1. Im writing . 2. Ill talk to you soon . 3. Ive seen it 4. I ate it .. 5. I was laughing. .

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    4. DIATEZA PASIVA (PASSIVE VOICE)

    Active Passive He helps. (El ajut) He is helped. (El este ajutat) He has helped. He has been helped He helped. He was helped. He will help. He will be helped.

    5. PRONUMELE (PRONOUNS) # Pronume personale cu funcie de subiect (Subject pronouns [sbd3ekt] [prounauns]/ [sabgect pronauns]: I [ai] = eu She [i:] / [ii] = ea You [ju:] / [iuu] = tu It [it] = el/ea pentru obiecte sau elemente din natur He [hi:] / [hii] = el We [wi: ] / [uii] = noi You [ju:] / [iuu] = voi They [ei] / [zei] = ei/ele # Pronume personale cu funcie de complement (Object [obd3ekt]/ [obgect] pronouns) Me [mi: ] / [mii] = pe mine, mie Her [hr] / [hr] = pe ea, ei You [ju:] / [iuu] = pe tine, ie It [it] = pe el/ea, lui/ei Him [him] = pe el, lui Us [s] / [as] = pe noi, nou You [ju:] / [iuu] = pe voi, vou Them [em] /[zem] = pe ei/ele, lor # Pronume posesive (Possessive pronouns): Mine [main] = al meu Hers [hrz] / [hrz] = al ei Yours [jo:rz] / [iorz] = al tu its [its] / [i] = al lui/ei His [hiz] = al lui Ours [aurz] / [aurz]= al nostrum Yours [jo:rz] / [iorz] = al vostru Theirs [ez] / [zerz] = al lor # this i that Singular: this [i:s] / [ziis] = acesta that [t] / [ze-at] = acela Plural These [iz] / [ziz] = acestea those [ous ] / [zous] = acelea # one, ones [wn] / [uan] I like that one = mi place aceea. I dont like the blue ones= Nu-mi plac cele albastre.

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    Exerciiu: Completai propoziiile cu pronumele corespunztoare: 1. ..am reading a book. 2. is writing his homework. 3. are going to the cinema. 4. is my house. 5. house is ..`

    6. ARTICOLUL (THE ARTICLE)

    # Articolul hotrt (the definite article) the # Articolul nehotrt (the indefinite article) a n faa consoanelor - an - n faa vocalelor

    7. PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR (PLURAL NOUNS) n limba englez pluralul substantivelor se formeaz prin adugarea unui s la forma de singural, aa cum vom vedea mai trziu. Mai jos vom vedea doar cteva exemple de substantive neregulate. Man [mn] / [me-an] men [men] = brbat Woman [wumn] / [umn] women [wimin] / [uimin] = femeie Child [taild] / [ciaild] children [tildrn] = copil Tooth [tu:] / [tuus] teeth [ti:] / [tiis] = dinte Mouse [maus] mice [mais] = oarece Foot [fut] feet [fi:t] / [fiit] = picior (de la glezn n jos)

    8. ORDINEA ADJECTIVELOR (ORDER OF ADJECTIVES)

    n limba englez adjectivul se aaz naintea substantivului: A beautiful girl. O fat frumoas. Beautiful [bju:tful] / [biutful] = frumos Girl [grl] / [grl] = fat Cnd avem dou sau mai multe adjective (poziia 1 cel mai departe de substantiv) Poziia: 1. Unul sau mai multe din urmtoarele tipuri de adjective:

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    1a Opinie: beautiful 1b Mrime: large [lard3] / [largi] = lung 1c Vrst: old [ould] = btrn 1d Form: round [raund] = rotund 1e Temperatur: cold [kould]/ [could] = rece Poziia: 2. Culori: green [gri:n] / [griin] (verde), blue [blu:] / [bluu] (albastru) 3. Materialul (din ce este fcut): wooden [wudn] / [uudn] = din lemn; plastic 4. Scop (pentru ce este): a running shoe [ rni u:] / [ raning uu] = un pantof pentru alergat 5. Substantivul 1c 3 4 5 An old, leather, (din

    piele) football boot (bocanc)

    1c 2 3 4 5 Some new (nou),

    orange (portocaliu),

    lycra, cycling shorts

    1a 2 3 5 A beautiful, green, silk (mtase) shirt

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    CAPITOLUL 3 (CHAPTER THREE)

    VOCABULAR (VOCABULARY)

    Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de fa studentul nceptor va deprinde competena de a se prezenta corect n limba englez, ca i aceea de a utiliza corect cuvinte din cele mai frecvente i uzuale ale limbii engleze, precum i cuvinte specifice jurnalismului. Subcapitolele: 1. Vocabular general nivel elementar 2. Vocabular specific de pres

    VOCABULAR GENERAL NIVEL ELEMENTAR (GENERAL VOCABULARY ELEMENTARY LEVEL)

    # Prezentarea (Introducing ourselves) Hello, my name is Tom. = Bun, numele meu este Tom.

    hello [helou] = bun name [neim] = nume

    What is your name? = Care este numele tu? what [wot] /[uo-at] = ce, care

    Who are you? = Cine eti tu? who [hu:] / [huu] = cine

    I am from Romania = Eu sunt din Romnia.

    from [from] = din Where are you from? = De unde eti tu?

    where [wer] / [ uer] = (de) unde I live in Bucharest = Locuiesc n Bucureti.

    to live [tu: liv] / [tuu liv] = a tri, a locui Where do you live? = Unde locuieti tu?

    I am a journalist. = Sunt jurnalist.

    journalist [d3rnlist] / [girnlist] = ziarist I am working for Adevrul. = Acum lucrez pentru (ziarul) Adevrul.

    to work [tu: wrk] / [tuu urc] = a lucra, a munci What is your job? = Care este meseria ta? (slujba ta acum)

    job [d3ob] / [giob] = ocupaia, slujba, etc. What do you do (for a living)? = Ce faci/lucrezi (ca sa-ti castigi existena)?

    for [for] = pentru living [livi] / [living] = existen, trai, mod de via

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    I am 24 (years old) = Am 24 de ani. year [jir] / [iir] = an old [ould] = btrn How old are you? = Ce vrst ai? Ci ani ai? What is your age = Ce vrst ai? age [eid3] / [eigi] = vrst # Cum salutm i cum rspundem la salut (Greeting and replying to greetings) Good morning! = Bun dimineaa! good [gud] = bun, bine morning [morni] / [morning] = dimineaa Good afternoon! = Bun ziua (la prnz spre dup-amiaz) afternoon [aftrnu:n] / [aftrnuun] = dup-amiaz Good evening! = Bun seara! evening [i:vni]/ [iivning] = seara Good night! = Noapte bun! night [nait] = noapte Salut formal (Formal greeting)

    How do you do? = Bun ziua! V salut!; Srut mna!; mi pare bine! ncntat de cunotin!

    How do you do? how [hau] = cum

    Salut neoficial/ informal (Informal greeting) Hello, how are you? = Bun, ce mai faci? (Cum mai eti?) Fine, thanks. And you? = Bine, mulumesc. i (Dar) tu? fine [fain] = bine, bun, frumos, plcut, minunat to thank [tu: k]/ [tuu senc] = a mulumi thanks [ks]/ [sencs] = mulumesc - varianta scurt (= mersi) and [end] = i ntrebri despre sntate (Asking and replying about health) How are you? = Ce mai faci? Im all right, thanks = Sunt bine, mulumesc.

    Not so good = Nu chiar att de bine. all right [o:l rait] / [ool rait] = n regul so [sou] = att de How do you feel? = Cum te simi?

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    I feel fine/ great/ awful = Ma simt bine/ minunat/ groaznic. to feel [fi:l ]/ [fiil] = a (se) simi great [greit] = minunat awful [o:ful] / [ooful] = groaznic

    S spunem La revedere (Saying goodbye) Goodbye [gud bai] = la revedere Bye! [bai] = Pa Bye for now = Pa, pe curnd. now [nau] = acum See you tomorrow = Pe mine to see [tu: si:] / [tuu sii] = a vedea tomorrow [tmorou] / [tmorou] = mine See you soon! = Pa, pe curnd. soon [su:n] / [suun] = curnd See you! = Pa (ne vedem) # Cum ne cerem scuze (Apologizing, Making excuses) Im (very) sorry. mi pare (foarte) ru. mi cer scuze. sorry [sori]= scuzai, ntristat, mhnit very [veri] = foarte Sorry, it was my fault. = Scuzai, a fost vina mea. fault [fo:lt] / [foolt] = vin

    Excuse me = M scuzai (cnd vrem s trecem de cineva care st n drum; la nceputul ntrebrilor adresate persoanelor necunoscute)

    to excuse [ tu: ikskju:s] / [tuu icschiuus] = a (se) scuza Im sorry Im late. = mi cer scuze c am ntrziat. to be late [tu: bi: leit] / [tuu bii leit] = a ntrzia Never mind = Nu conteaz. Nu are nimic. Las. never [nevr] / [nevr] = nu, niciodat mind [maind] = minte, suflet, raiune, importan. Thats all right = E n regul. Dont worry = Nu-i f probleme. Nu te ngrijora. to worry [tu: wri] / [tuu uari] = a se ngrijora # Cum aprobm sau dezaprobm (Agreeing and disagreeing) I agree = Sunt de acord. to agree [tu: gri:] / [tuu grii] = a fi de accord. Thats right = Aa este. Corect. I like this film. So do I. = mi place acest film. i mie. to like [tu: laik] / [tuu laic] = a(-i) plcea

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    I dont like this film. Neither do I. = Nu-mi place acest film. Nici mie. neither [nair] / [naizr] = nici (unul din doi) I dont agree. = Nu sunt de acord. I dont think so = Nu cred asta. Nu cred c este aa. Nu prea cred to think [tu: ik] / [tuu sinc] = a crede

    # Cum cerem informaii (Asking for information) Do you know the time? (informal) = tii ct e ceasul? (neoficial, informal) to know [tu: nou]/ [tuu nou] = a ti the time [ taim] / [z taim] = timpul, ora

    Excuse me, could you tell me the time? = Fii amabil, ai putea s-mi spunei ct este ceasul? (formal, oficial)

    could [kud] /[cud] = forma de condiional a verbului can = a putea to tell [tu: tel] / [tuu tel] = a spune What does this mean, please? = Ce nseamn asta, v rog? to mean [tu: mi:n] / [tuu miin] = a nsemna please [pli:z] / [pliiz] = a ruga How do you say (..) in English? = Cum spui (se spune) () n englez? to say [ tu: sei] / [tuu sei] = a spune

    # Cum cerem i cum dm sfaturi? (Asking and giving advice) What do you think I should do? = Ce crezi c ar trebui s fac?

    should [ud]/ [ud] = forma de condiional prezent a lui shall, cu sensul de ar trebui

    What would you do? = Tu ce ai face? would [wud] / [uud] = forma de condiional prezent a lui will, cu sensul

    ai (ai face) I think you should (go.....) = Cred c ar trebui s (te duci.) to go [tu: gou] / [tuu g-ou] = a merge, a se duce If I were you, I would (go.....) = Dac a fi n locul tu, a (merge.) if [if]= dac Why dont you (go..)? = Ce-ar fi s te duci? De ce nu te duci....? why [wai]/ [uai]= de ce What about (going.....)? = Ce-ar fi s te duci? Ce-ai zice despre mersul....? about [baut] / [baut] = despre How about (going.....)? = Ce-ar fi s te duci? Cum ar fi s te duci/mersul.? Shall we (go for a walk)? = Mergem (la plimbare)? walk [wo:k] / [uooc] = plimbare Lets (go for a walk) = Hai/ S mergem. (la plimbare).

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    # Cum cerem, cum acordm i cum refuzm permisiune? (Asking for, giving and refusing permission) Can I (leave early?) (informal)= Pot (pleca devreme)? can [kn] / [chen] = a putea to leave [tu: li:v] / [tuu liiv] = a pleca early [rli] / [rli] = devreme Yes, you can.= Da, poi. No, you cant. = Nu, nu poi. Is it alright if I (leave early)? (informal) = E n regul dac (plec devreme)? Sure. Thats OK. = Sigur. E ok (n regul). sure [ur] / [ur] = sigur Sorry, no. = mi pare ru, nu. May I (leave early)? (formal)= A putea (pleca devreme?) may [mei]= a putea, a avea voie, a-i fi permis Yes, you may. Da, ai putea. No, you may not. = Nu, nu ai putea.

    Do you mind if I (open the window)? (formal) = Te superi dac (deschid fereastra?)

    to open [tu: oupn] / [tuu oupn] = a deschide the window [ windou] / [z uindou] = fereastra Thats fine. = E ok. Go ahead = D-i drumul. ahead [hed] / [hed] = nainte All right = n regul. No problem = Nici o problem. Sorry, but (Im cold) = mi pare ru, dar (mi-e frig). but [bt] / [bat] = dar, ns cold [kould] / [could] = frig, rece

    # Cum invitm i cum rspundem la invitaii (Inviting and replying to invitations) Do you want to (go to the cinema)? (informal) = Vrei s (mergi la cinema?) to want [tu: wont] / [tuu uo-ant] = a vrea

    Do you feel like (going to the cinema)? (informal) = Ai chef s (mergi la cinema?)

    Would you like to (go to the cinema)? (formal) = Ai vrea s (mergi la cinema?) Thanks, Id love to (go) = Mersi, mi-ar face mare plcere s (merg). to love [tu: lv] / [tuu lav] = a iubi Im sorry but (Im going to a party). = Scuze dar (merg la o petrecere). party [parti]= petrecere Im afraid I cant = Mi-e team c nu pot.

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    to be afraid [tu: bi: freid] / [tuu bii freid] = a-i fi team # Cum oferim (Making an offer) Can I help (you)?= Pot s (te) ajut? to help [tu: help]/ [tuu help] = a ajuta Shall I help (you) = S te ajut? Do you want (some tea)? (informal) = Vrei (nite ceai)? some [sm] / [sam] = nite tea [ti: ] / [tii] = ceai Would you like (some tea)? (formal) = Ai vrea (nite ceai)? # Cum promitem (Promises) Ill be home at 8.30. = Voi fi acas la 8.30 home [houm] = cas (acas) I wont be late again! = Noi voi mai ntarzia! to be late [tu: bi: leit] / [tuu bii leit] = a intarsia late [leit] = trziu again [gein] / [ghein] = din nou # Cum cerem ceva i cum rspundem la cereri (Making requests, replying to requests)

    Can you (open the window), please? (informal) = Poi (s deschizi fereastra), te rog?

    Could you (open the window), please? (informal) = Ai putea (s deschizi fereastra), te rog?

    Would you mind (opening the window), please? (formal) = Ai putea (s deschizi fereastra), te rog?

    Can you....? Could you...? Of course. Sure. (Bineneles. Sigur) of course [of kors] / [of cors] = bineneles Would you mind.? Nu prin rspuns, ci prin aciune.

    # Cum exprimm preferinele (Preferences) I prefer (tea) to (coffee) = Prefer (ceaiul) (cafelei)

    Id rather have (tea) than (coffee) = A vrea/bea mai degrab (ceai) n loc de (cafea)

    rather [ra:r] / [raazr] = mai degrab than [n] / [zen] = n loc de, dect

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    # Cum reamintim (Reminders)

    Dont forget to (bring your dictionary on Wednesday). = Nu uita s (i aduci dicionarul miercuri).

    to forget [tu: frget] / [tuu frghet] = a uita to bring [tu: bri] / [tuu bring] = a adduce Wednesday[wenzdi] / [uenzdi] = miercuri Remember to (bring your dictionary on Wednesday) = Amintete-i s (i aduci

    dicionarul miercuri). to remember [tu: rimembr] / [tuu rimembr] = a-i aminti

    # Cum descriem pe cineva? (Asking for a description and replying)

    Whats George like? (Cum este George) Hes very friendly (Este foarte prietenos)

    Whats George like? (Cum este Cairo)- Its big city (Este un ora mare) big [big] = mare city [siti] = ora What does Tina look like? (Cum arat Tina?) Shes tall and shes got long hair

    (Este nalt i are prul lung) to look [tu: luk] / [tuu luc] = a privi, a arta (look like) tall [to:l] / [tool] = nalt has got = has = are long [lo] / [long] = lung hair [he] /[her] = pr (din cap)

    # Cum avertizm (Warning) Be careful! = Ai grij! careful [keful] / [cherful] = grijuliu Careful! = Grij! Watch out! = Atenie! to watch [ tu: wot] / [tuu uo-aci] = a privi Look out! = Atenie! Mind out! = Atenie! Ferete! # Urri (Greetings) Happy birthday! = La muli ani! happy [hpi] / [hepi] = fericit birthday [brdei] / [brsdei] = zi de natere, aniversare Many happy returns of the day! = Muli nainte! many [mni] / [meni] = mult returns [ritrn] / [ritrn] = reveniri We wish you a Merry/Happy Christmas! = V dorim Crciun fericit! wish [wi] / [ui] = a dori, a vrea

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    merry [meri] = vessel, voios Christmas [krisms] / [crisms] = Crciun We wish you a Happy New Year! = V dorim un An Nou fericit! new [nju:] / [niuu] = nou Happy Anniversary! = Aniversare fericit!

    Happy Fourth of July! = La muli ani cu ocazia zilei de 4 iulie! (ziua naional in cazul Statelor Unite)

    # Calendarul (Calendar) a) n scris (Writing) British English: 2/ 08/ 10 2(nd) August 2nd Aug Thursday 2nd August, 2010 American English: 08/ 2/ 10 August 2(nd) Aug 2nd Thursday August 2nd 2010 n limba vorbit (Speaking): B.E

    the second of August, 2010; August the second, 2010 A. E - August second b) Anii (Years): 1997 (lba scris) = nineteen ninety-seven (lba vorbit) 2010 (lba scris) = two thousand and ten (lba vorbit) c) Zilele (Days): Monday [mndi] / [mandi] = luni Tuesday [tju:zdi]/ [tiuuzdi] = mari Wednesday [wenzdi] / [uenzdi] = miercuri Thursday [:zdi] / [szdi] = joi Friday [fraidi] = vineri Saturday [strdi] / [se-atrdi] = smbt Sunday [sndi] / [sandi] = duminic Ill visit you on Sunday. (Te vizitez duminic) tomorrow [tmorou] / [t-morou] = mine the day after tomorrow =poimine after [a:ftr] / [aaftr] = dup next week [nekst wi:k] / [necst uiic] = saptmna viitoare week [wi:k]/ [uiic] = saptmna next Sunday [nekst sndi] / [necst sandi] = dumica viitoare yesterday [jestdi] / [iestrdi] = ieri the day before yesterday = alaltieri before [bifo:r] / [bifoor]= nainte last week = saptmna trecut last [la:st] / [laast] = ultimo, cel din urm last Sunday = duminica trecut

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    d) Lunile (Months): January [d3njuri] / [geaniuri], February [februri] / [februri] , March [ma:t] / [marci], April [eiprl] / [eiprl] , May [mei], June [d3u:n]/ [giuun], July [d3u:lai] / [giuulai], August [o:gst] / [oogst], September [septembr] / [septembr], October[oktoubr] / [octoubr], November [nouvembr] / [nouvembr], December [disembr] / [disembr]

    - formele prescurtate short forms Jan Feb Mar Apr Aug Sept Oct Nov

    Dec Ill be back in June. = M voi ntoarce n iunie. back [bk] / [bec] = napoi next month [mn] /[ mans] = luna viitoare last month = luna trecut e) Anotimpurile (seasons): spring = primvara; summer [smr] / [samr] = vara autumn [o:tm] / [ootm] = toamna winter [wintr] / [uintr] = iarna Im going to Portugal in the winter. next summer = vara viitoare last winter = iarna trecut # Timpul (Time) a) Momentele zilei (Parts of the day) in the morning [in mo:ni] / [in z morning] = dimineaa in the afternoon [in i a:ftnu:n] / [in zi aaftrnuun] = dup-amiaza in the evening [in i i:vni] / [in zi iivning] = seara at night [t nait] / [et nait] = noaptea, seara at midday (noon) [t middei] / [et middei] = la prnz at midnight [t midnait] / [et midnait] = la miezul nopii b) a.m i p.m midnight to midday = a.m 1.00 a.m midnight = 12.00 a.m. midday to midnight = p.m 4,45 p.m midday = 12.00 p.m c) Sistemul de 24 de ore (24-hour clock) hour [aur] / [aur] = ora clock [klok] / [cloc] = ceas 13.50 thirteen fifty [:ti:n fifti] / [srtiin fifti] = treisprezece cincizeci d) Cum spunem ora (Telling the time)

  • 30

    ora 3 fix = three oclock [ri:] / [srii] 3 i 5 = five past three [faiv] 3 i 10 = ten past three 3 i un sfert = a quarter past three 3 i 20 =twenty past three [twenty] / [ tuenti] 3 i 25 = twenty-five past three 3 i jumtate = half past three [ha:f]/ [haaf[ 4 fr 25 = twenty-five to four [fo:r] / [foor] 4 fr 20 = twenty to four 4 fr un sfert =a quarter to four 4 fr 10 = ten to four 4 fr 5 = five to four 3.12 =twelve minutes past three 3.43 = seventeen minutes to four - Sistemul digital (Digital system) 2.10 two ten 1.15 one fifteen 4. 26 four twenty-six 5.30 five thirty 6. 40 six forty 7. 45 seven forty-five Cum ntrebm ct e ceasul (Asking the time) Whats the time? Its five oclock. (E ora cinci) What time is it? Its twenty to nine (E nou fr douzeci) Nu se poate spune: They are seven oclock! # Numerele (Numbers) Numeralul cardinal (Cardinal numbers) 1 = one [wn] / [uan] 16 = sixteen [siksti:n] / [sicstiin] 2 = two [tu:] / [tuu] 17 = seventeen [sevnti:n] / [sevntiin] 3 = three [ri:] / [srii] 18 = eighteen [eiti:n] / [eitiin] 4 = four [fo:r] / [foor] 19 = nineteen [nainti:n] / [naintiin] 5 = five [faiv] 20 = twenty [twenti] / [tuenti] 6 = six [siks] / [sics] 21 = twenty-one [twenti wn]/ [tuenti-uan] 7 = seven [sevn] / [sevn] 22 = twenty-two [twenti tu:] / [tuenti-tuu] 8 = eight [eit] 30 = thirty [rti] / [srti] 9 = nine [nain] 40 = forty [forti] 10 = ten [ten] 50 = fifty [fifti] 11 = eleven [ilevn] / [ilevn] 60 = sixty [siksti] / [sicsti] 12 = twelve [twelv] / [tuelv] 70 = seventy [sevnti] / [sevnti] 13 = thirteen [rti:n] / [srtiin] 80 = eighty [eiti] 14 = fourteen [forti:n] / [fortiin] 90 = ninety [nainti]

  • 31

    15 = fifteen [fifti:n] / [fiftiin] 100 = a/one hundred [hndrd] / [handrd] 0 = nought [no:t] / [noot] sau zero [zirou] / [zirou] = pentru numerele de telefon l pronunm ca pe litera o. La fotbal spunem

    nil. La tennis spunem love 101 = a hundred and one 200 = two hundred (hundred nu este la plural) 300 = three hundred 999 = nine hundred and ninety-nine 1,000 = a thousand / one thousand [auznd] / [sauznd] 1,001 = a thousand and one 2,250 = two thousand, two hundred and fifty (thousand nu este plural) 999,999 = nine hundred and ninety-nine thousand, nine hundred and ninety-nine 1,000,000 = a million/ one million 5,000,000 = five million (million is not plural) Numeralul ordinal (Ordinal numbers) 1st = first 9th = ninth 17th = seventeenth 25th = twenty-fifth 2nd = second 10th = tenth 18th = eighteenth 26th = twenty-sixth 3rd = third 11th = eleventh 19th = nineteenth 27th = twenty-seventh 4th = fourth 12th = twelfth 20th = twentieth 28th = twenty-eigth 5th = fifth 13th = thirteenth 21st = twenty-first 29th = twenty-ninth 6th = sixth 14th = fourteenth 22nd = twenty-second 30th = thirtieth 7th = seventh 15th = fifteenth 23rd = twenty-third 31st = thirty-first 8th = eighth 16th = sixteenth 24th = twenty-fourth Fracii i zecimale (Fractions and decimals) = a half (o jumtate) 3 = three and a half 1.5 = one point five = a quarter (un sfert) 1 = one and a quarter 1.25 = one point two five = three quarters 4 = four and three quarters 4.75 = four point seven five # Culori (Colours) white [wait] / [uait] = alb black [blk] / [blec] = negru yellow [jelou] = galben orange [orind3] /[oringi] = portocaliu pink [pik] / [pinc] = roz red [red] = rou mauve [muv] / [muv] = mov green [gri:n] / [griin] = verde blue [blu:] / [bluu] = albastru

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    # Figuri geometrice (Geometrical figures) square [skwer]/ [schuer] = ptrat circle [srkl]/ [srcl] = cerc rectangle [rectgl] / [recteangl ] = dreptunghi rhombus [rombs]/[rombs] = romb triangle[traigl]/[traieangl] =triunghi # Flori, fructe, legume (Flowers, fruit, vegetables) rose [ruz] / [ruz] = trandafir tulip [tjulip] / [tiulip] = lalea carnation[karnein] / [carnein] = garoaf trifoi [trefoil] = trifoi geranium [d3irnim]/ [gireanim] = mucat lily [lili] = crin hyacinth [haisin] / [haisins] = zambil dandelion [dndlain] / [deandlain] = ppdie apple [pl] = mr pear [per] = par plum [plm] / [plam] = prun apricot [eiprikot] / [eipricot] = cais peach [pi:t] / [piici] = piersic grape [greip ] = strugure (sweet) cherry [(swi:t) teri] / [suiit ceri] = cirea blackberry [blk~]/ [blec~] = mur (sour) cherry [(sau) teri] / [(sau) ceri] = viin nut [nt] = nuc strawberry [strobri] / [strobri] = cpun (hazel)nut [heizl ~] = alun raspberry [ra:sberi] / [raasberi] = zmeur lemon [lemn] / [lemn] = lmie lemon [lemn] / [lemn] = lmie orange [orind3] / [oringi] = portocal carrot [krt] / [cheart] = morcov potato [pteitu] / [pteitu] = cartof tomato [tma:tu] / [tmaatu] = roie marrow [mru] / [mearu] =

    dovlecel parsley [parsli] = ptrunjel eggplant [egpla:nt] / [egplaant] = vnta dill [dil] = mrar cucumber [kju:kmbr] / [chiuucambr] celery [selri] / [selri] = elin

    = castravete parsnip [parsnip] = pstrnac pumpkin [pmpkin] /[pampchin] = dovleac pepper [pepr] = ardei bean [bi:n] / [biin] = fasole peas [pi:z] / [piiz] = mazre # Detalii personale (Personal details) name [neim] = nume old [ould] = btrn age [eid3] / [eigi] = vrst to stay [stei] = a sta to live [liv] = a tri, a locui house [haus] = cas address [dres] / [dres] = adres to come [km] / [cam] = a veni birthday [brdei] / [brsdei] = zi de natere birth [br] / [brs] = natere to pass [pa:s]/ [paas] = a trece to work [wrk] / [urc] = a munci job [d3ob] / [giob] = ocupaie boy [boi] = biat girl [grl] / [grl] = fat child [taild] / [ciaild] = copil friend [frend] = prieten woman [wumn] /[uumn] = femeie teenager [ti:n eid3r] / [tiin eiger] = adolescent high [hai] = nalt tall [to:l] / [tool] = nalt big [big] = mare to use [ju:s] / [iuus] = a folosi to carry [kri] / [cheari] = a duce

  • 33

    to wear [wer] / [uer] = a purta young [j]/ [iang] = tnr modern [modrn/ [modrn] = modern new [nju:] / [niuu] = nou to describe [diskraib] / [discraib] = a descrie to look [luk] / [luc] = a privi to appear [pir] / [pir] = a aprea to study [stdi] / [staid] = a studia student [stju:dnt] / [stiuudnt] = student double [dbl] / [dabl] = dublu to marry [mri] / [meri] = a se cstori married [mrid] / [merid] = cstorit marriage [mrid3] / [merigi] = cstorie to get[ get] / [ghet] = a obine, a lua what [wot] / [uo-at] = ce? where [wer] / [uer] = unde? after [a:ftr] / [aaftr] = dup alike [laik] / [laic] = asemenea like [laik] / [laic] = ca, a plcea # Familia (Family matters) family [fmili] / [femili] = familie child [taild] / [ciaild] = copil children [tildrn] / [cildrn] = copii parent [pernt] / [pernt] = printe daughter [do:tr] / [dootr] = fiic son [sn][san] = fiu brother [brr] / [brazr] = frate sister [sistr] / [sistr] = sor husband [hzbnd] / [hazbnd] = so wife [waif] / [uaif] = soie father [fa:r] / [fazr] = tat mother [mr] / [mazr] = mam grandfather [grnd~] / [grend~] =bunic grandmother = bunic grand son = nepot grand daughter = nepoat aunt [a:nt] / [aant] =mtu uncle [kl] / [ancl] = unchi niece [niis] = nepoat (de mtu) nephew[ nevju:] / [neviuu] = nepot relatives [reltiv] / [reltiv] = rude people [pi:pl] / [piipl] = lume person [prsn] / [prsn] = persoan know [nou] = a cunoate stranger [streind3r] / [streinger] = necunoscut meet [mi:t] / [miit] = a ntlni foreigner [forinr] / [forinr] = strin, din alt twins[twin] / [tuin] = gemeni ar eldest [eldst] / [eldst] = cel mai n vrst dintre frai # Timpul liber (Free time) vacuum cleaner [vkjum kli:nr] / [ve-achium cliinr] = aspirator to do the housework [hauswrk] / [haus urc] = treburile gospodreti alarm clock [larm klok] / [larm cloc] = ceas detepttor to wake up [weik p] / [ueic ap] = a se trezi shampoo [mpu:] /[empuu] = ampon to wash your hair [wo] / [uo-] = a te spla pe cap compact disk (CD) [sidi] = CD (video) cassette = caset (video) to listen to music [ lisn] / [lisn], [mju:zik]/ [miuuzic] = a asculta muzic camera [kmr] / [cheamr] = aparat de fotografiat, camer de televiziune to take photos [teik foutous] / [teic foutous] = a face poze piano [pja:nou] / [piaanou] = pian to play the piano [plei] = a cnta la pian

  • 34

    television [telivi3n] / [telivijn] = televiziune television set = televizor to watch television [wot] / [uo-ci] = a privi , a se uita la TV brush [br] / [bra] = pensul to paint a picture = a picta un tablou to paint [peint] = a picta picture [ piktr] / [piccir] = tablou book [buk] / [buc] = carte best [best] = cel/cea mai bun() favourite [feivrit] / [feivrit ] = favorit to make [meik] / [meic] = a face to join [d3oin] / [gioin] = a se altura to spend [spend] = a petrece (timpul liber) fun [fn] / [fan] = haz, glum, distracie to have fun = a se distra hobby [hobi] = hobi, pasiune empty [empti ] = gol member [membr] / [membr] = membru spare [sper] / [sper] = liber team [ti:m] / [tiim] = echip

    (spare time- timp liber) the cinema [sinim] / [sinim] = cinema to walk [wo:k] / [uooc] = a se plimba to travel [trvl] / [trevl] = a cltori to enjoy [ind3oi] / [ingioi] = a se bucura de to draw [dro:] / [droo] = a desena danger [deind3r] / [deinger] = pericol dangerous = periculos stamp [stmp] / [stemp] = timbru song [so] / [song] = cntec to sing [si] / [sing] = a cnta game [geim] / [gheim] = joc # Camerele (Rooms) ceiling [si:li] / [siiling] = tavan door [do:r] / [door] = u floor [flo:r] / [floor] = podeaua wall [wo:l] / [uo-ll] = zid light [lait] = lumin chair [ter] / [cer] = scaun armchair = fotoliu window [windou] / [uindou] = fereastr radiator [reidieitr] / [reidieitr] = radiator kitchen [kitin] / [chicin] = buctria dining room [daini ru:m] / [daining ruum] bedroom [bedru:m] / [bedruum] = pat

    = sufragerie bathroom [ba: ~] [baas ~] = baie living-room [livi ru:m] / [living ~] study [stdi]/ [staid] = camer de studiu

    = camer de zi to turn off [trn] / [trn] = a stinge (lumina) to close [klouz] / [clo-uz] = a nchide to shut [t] / [at] = a nchide, a zavor to stop [stop] = a opri lunch [lnt] / [lanci] = prnz breakfast [brekfst] / [brecfst] = mic dejun dinner [dinr] / [dinr] = cin to hit [hit] = a lovi to knock [nok] / [noc] = a bate (la u) to put [put] = a pune to open [oupn] / [oupn] = a deschide to turn on = a porni desk [desk] / [desc] = birou furniture [frnitr] / [frnicir] = mobil upstairs [psterz] / [apsterz] = la etaj place [pleis] = loc space [speis] = spaiu area [eri] / [eri] = suprafa bedsit [bedsit] = garsonier cottage [kotid3] / [cotogi] = vil saloon [slu:n] / [sluun] = salon cas mirror [mirr]/ [mirr]= oglinda curtain[krtn] / [crtn] = perdea office [ofis] = birou bookcase [buk keis] / [buc cheis] library [laibrri] / [laibrri]= bibliotec

  • 35

    = bibliotec, dulap pt cri carpet [ka:rpit] / [carpit] = covor cupboard [kbd] / [cabd] = buffet to share [er] [ er] = a mpri wardrobe [wordroub] / [uordroub] hostel [hostl / [hostl] = cmin = garderob, ifonier home [houm] = (a)cas college [kolid3] / [coligi] = colegiu accommodations[komdein]/ [comdein] = locuin # Locuri (Places) greengrocer [gri:n grousr] / greengrocers = la aprozar [griingrousr] = zarzavagiu market [markit] / [marchit] = pia bank [bk] / [benc] = banc chemist [kemist] / [chemist] = farmacist chemists = la farmacie baker [beikr] / [beicr] = brutar butcher [butr] / [bacer] = mcelar post office [poust ofis]= pot newsagent [nju:z eid3nt] / [niuuz eigent] city [siti] = ora

    = agent de pres, vnztor de ziare country [kntri] / [cantri] = (la) ar field [fi:ld]/ [fiild] = cmpie capital [kpitl] / [cheapitl] = capitala centre [sentr] / [sentr] = centru town [taun] = ora village [vilid3] / [viligi] = sat villa [vil]/ [vil] = cas de vacan land [lnd] / [lend] = pmnt earth [r] / [rs] = planeta pmnt mountain [mauntin]= munte world [wrld] / [urld] = lume to find [faind] = a gsi to leave [li:v]/ [liiv] = a pleca road [roud] = drum, cale, osea way [wei] /[uei] = drum, cale direction [direkn] / [direcn] far [fa:r] / [faar] = departe = direcie, sens distance [distns] / [distns] = distan journey [d3rni] / [girni] = cltorie over [ouvr] / [ouvr] = peste straight on [ streit] = drept nainte through [ru:]/ [sruu] = prin on = pe at [t] / [et] = la by [bai] = pe la, de ctre station [stein] / [stein] = staie, gar block of flats [blok of flt] / hotel [houtel] = hotel [bloc of flet] = bloc de apartamente restaurant [restr] / [restrn] = restaurant police station[pli:s]/ [pliis] = secie de theatre [itr] / [sitr] = teatru poliie # Ocupaii, meserii (Jobs) job [d3ob] / [giob] = ocupaie, meserie company [kmpni] / [campni] = firm typewriter [taipraitr] / [taipraitr] typist [taipist] = dactilograf main de scris doctor [doctr] / [doctr] = doctor dentist [dentist] = dentist electric [ilektrik] / [ilectric]= = electric electrician [ilektrin] / [ilectrin] cook [kuk] / [cuc] = buctar = electrician cooker [~r] / [~r] = cuptor teacher [ti:tr] / [tiicir] = nvtor, professor [prfesr] / [prfesr] = prof univ profesor de liceu vet [vet] = medic veterinar journalist [d3rnlist] / [girnlist] judge [d3d3] / [geagi] = judector

  • 36

    = jurnalist tailor [teilr] /[teilr] = croitor mechanic [miknik] / [micheanic] plumber [plmr]/ [plamr] = instalator = mechanic farmer [farmr] / [farmr] = fermier carpenter [karpintr] / [carpintr] actor [ktr] / [e-actr] = actor

    = dulgher, templar sailor [seilr] / [seilr] = marinar plumber [plmr]/ [plamr] = instalator soldier [sould3r] / [souldger] = soldat architect [arkitekt] / [architect] = arhitect gardener[gardnr] / [gardnr ] = grdinar steward [stjurd] / [stiurd] = administrator lawyer [lo:jr] / [lo:ir] = avocat de moie, intendent nurse [nrs] / [nrs] = asistent musician [mju:zin]/[miuuzin] scientist [saintist] / [saintist]

    = musician student [stju:dnt]/ [stiuudnt] = student scientist [saintist] / [saintist] waiter [weitr] / [ueitr] = chelner

    = om de tiin writer [raitr] / [raitr] = scriitor sale assistant [seil sistnt] / [seil sistnt] builder [bildr] / [bildr] = constructor = vnztor sign [sain] = semn employment [imploimnt] / [imploimnt] notice [noutis] = aviz, ntiinare = serviciu, slujba previous [pri:vis] / [priivis] = anterior advertisement [ dvrtismnt] / manager [mnid3r]/[meniger] = manager [dvrtismnt] = reclam, anun review[rivju:]/ [riviuu] = revist, bilan experience [ikspirins] / [icspirins] to offer [ofr] / [ofr] = a oferi, ofert = experien referee [refri] / [refri] = arbitru, persoan interview[intvju:]/ [intviuu] = interviu care d referine references [refrns] / [refrns] = raport, referin, trimitere # n cas (Inside the house) poster [poustr] / [poustr] = afi shelf [elf] / [elf] = raft lamp [lmp] /[lemp] = lamp table [teibl] / [teibl] = mas sofa [souf]/ [souf] = canapea fridge [frid3] / [frigid] = frigider blanket [blkit] / [blenchit] = cuvertur, dustbin [dstbin] / [dustbin]= ptur lad de gunoi pillow [pilou] = pern shower [aur]/ [aur]= du bookshelf [bukelf] / [bucelf] = bibliotec, stove [stouv] = sob, cuptor rafturi de cri seat [si:t]/[siit] = loc de ezut central heating [sentrl hi:ti] / [sentrl hiiting] chimney [timni] / [cimni] = emineu = nclzire central fireplace [fair pleis] / [fair pleis] = basin [beisn] = lighean, chiuvet = cmin, emineu tap [tp] / [tep] = robinet # Mncare i butur (Food and drink) biscuits [biskits] / [bischits] = biscuii chips [tips] / [cips] = cartofi tiai salad [sld] / [se-ald] = salat felii subiri sausage [sosid3] / [sosigi] = crnat, salam chicken [tikin]/ [cichin] = pui fruit [fru:t] / [fruut] = fruct bread [bred] = pine

  • 37

    food [fu:d] / [fuud] = mncare meal [mi:l]/ [miil] = mas, mncare menu[ menju:] / [meniuu] = meniu picnic [piknik] / [picnic] = picnic snack [snk] / [snec] = aperitiv, gustare course[kors] / [cors] = fel de mncare to boil [boil]= a fierbe cook [kuk]/ [cuc] = a gti water [wo:tr] / [uootr] = ap to pour [po:r] / [poor] = a turna cup [cp]/ [cap] = can to bake [beik] / [beic] = a coace to fry [frai] = a prji, a frige fish [fi] / [fi] = pete oil [oil] = ulei, petrol bill [bil] = nota de plat fresh[ fre] / [fre] = proaspt frozen [frouzn] / [frouzn] = meat [mi:t]/ [miit] = carne ngheat vegetable [ved3tbl] / [vegetbl] = legum oven [vn] / [avn]= cuptor vegetarian [ved3iterin] / [vegiterin]= loaf [louf] = franzel = vegetarian jug [d3g]/ [geag] =ulcior fork [fork] / [forc] = furculi knife [naif] = cuit plate [pleit] = farfurie spoon [spu:n] / [spuun] = lingur straw [stro:] / [stroo] = pai tray [trei] = tav # Animale (Animals) horse [hors] = cal dog [dog] = cne cat [kt] / [chet] = pisic bird [brd] / [brd] = pasre monkey [mki] / [manchi] = maimu lizard [lizrd] / [lizrd] = oprl pet [pet] = copil, animal favorit toy [toi] = jucrie to shout [aut] / [aut] = a striga to bark [bark] / [barc] =a ltra to run [rn] / [ran] = a alerga to fly [flai] = a zbura lion [lain] / [lain]= leu tiger [taigr] / [taigr] = tigru wild [waild]/ [uaild] = slbatic ride [raid] = a clri to feed [fi:d] / [fiid] = a hrni to climb [klaim] / [claim] = a se to eat [i:t] = a mnca cra low [lou] =jos deep [di:p]/ [diip] = adnc deep [di:p]/ [diip] = adnc sea [si:] / [sii] = mare (litoral) tail [teil] = coad to bite [bait] = a muca to jump [d3mp] / [geamp] = a sri to bite [bait] = a muca snake [sneik] / [sneic] = arpe parrot [prt] / [pert] = papagal sleep [sli:p]/ [sliip] = a dormi to hunt [hnt] = a vna mouse [maus] = oarece duck [dk] / [dac] = ra hen [hen] = gin goose [gu:s] /[guus] = gsc cock[kok] / [coc] = coco #Hainele (Clothes) skirt [skrt] / [scrt]= fust beard [bird] / [bird] = barb long [lo] / [long] =lung hair [her] / [her] =pr glasses[gla:sis] / [glaasis] = ochelari jeans [d3i:ns] / [giins] = blugi pullover [pulouver] = pullover tracksuit [trksu:t]/[trecsuut] suit [su:t] / [suut] = costum =trening

  • 38

    ear-rings [ir- ri] / [ir-ring] = cercei hat [ht] / [het] = plrie belt [belt] = curea, centur glove [glv]/ [glav] = mnu costume [kostju:m] / [costiuum] = costum sock [sok] / [soc] = oset overcoat [ovrkout] / [ovrcout] = palton to dress [dres] = a se mbrca underwear [ndwer] / [andruer] = izmene blouse [blauz] = bluz shirt [rt] / [rt] =cma trouser [trauzr]/[trauzr] = pantalon size [saiz] = mrime, dimensiune large [lard3]/ [largi] = larg, mare label [leibl] / [leibl] = etichet bargain [bargin] / [barghin] = trg #Vremea (Weather) its hot [hot] =foarte cald its cold [kould] = rece its snowing [snoui] /[snouing] = ninge its windy[windi]/ [uindi] = bate vnt its raining [reini] / [reining] = plou its cloudy [klaudi] / [claudi]= nor sky[ skai] / [scai] = cer cloud [ klaud]/ [claud] = nor rain [rein] = ploaie dark [dark] / [darc] = ntuneric storm [storm] = furtun thunder [ndr] / [sandr] = tunet shower [aur] / [aur] = avers wind [wind] / [uind]= vnt to blow [blou] = a sulfa, a bate wet [wet] / [uet] = ud sunshine [snain] / [sanain] = lumina soarelui sunny [sni] / [sani] = nsorit lightning [laitni] / [laitning] = fulger to freeze [fri:z] / [friiz] = a nghea heavy [hevi] = greu (ploaie mult) watery [wo:tri] / [uootri] = apos sunburn [snbrn] / [sanbrn] = bronzare # Corpul (The body) eye [ ai] = ochi mouth [mau] / [maus] = gur arm [arm] = bra hand [hnd] / [hend] = mn leg [leg] = picior (de la old la glezn) foot [fut] =picior (de la glezn n jos) finger [figr] / [fingr] = deget (mn) nose [nouz] = nas ear [ir] / [ir] = ureche back [bk] / [bec] = spinare head [hed] = cap knee [ni:] / [nii] = genunchi nose [nouz] = nas toe [tou] = deget de la picior neck [nek] / [nec]= gt waist [weist] / [ueist] = talie to laugh [la:f] / [laaf] = a rde to kick [kik]/[chic] = a da din picior to bite [bait] = a muca to smell [smel] = a mirosi to wink [wik] / [uinc] = a clipi, a face cu ochiul to blink [blik] / [blinc] = a clipi to kiss [ kis] / [chis] = a sruta to shout [aut] / [aut] = a striga # S ne meninem sntoi (Staying healthy) soap [soup] = spun to wash [wo] / [uo] = a (se) spla operation [oprein] / [oprein] = operaie a cold [ kould] / [ could] = rceal ill [il] = bolnav pain [pein] = durere hospital [hospitl] / [hospitl] = spital medicine [medisin] = medicament] accident [ksidnt] / [ecsidnt] = accident heat [hi:t] / [hiit] = cldur

  • 39

    temperature [tempritr] / [tempricer] earache [ireik] / [ireic] = durere = temperatur de ureche thermometer [rmomitr] / [srmomitr] patient [peint] / [peint] = pacient = termometru to fell [fel] = a cdea to sneeze [sni:z] / [sniiz] = a strnuta to bleed [bli:d] / [bliid] = a sngera wound [wu:nd] / [uund] = ran plaster [pla:str] / [plastr] = plasture to smoke [smouk] / [smouc] = a fuma to fit [fit] = a se potrivi dangerous [deind3rs] / [deingers] = periculos healthy [heli] / [helzi] = sntos injured [ind3d] [ingerd] = rnit sore [so:r] / [soor] = dureros headache [hedeik] / [hedeic] = durere de cap fever [fi:vr]/ [fiivr] = febr sore throat [so:r rout] / [soor srout] = durere de gt dizzy [dizi] = ameit back ache [bk eik] / [bec eic] = durere de spate stomach ache [stmk ~]/ [stamc ~] = durere de stomac broken arm [broukn arm]/ [broucn arm] = bra rupt # Lumea din jurul nostru (The world around us) bush [bu] / [bu] = tufi fence [fens] = gard field [fi:ld] / [fiild] = camp flower [flaur] / [flaur] = floare lake [leik]/ [leic] = lac hill [hil] = deal stream [stri:m]/ [striim] = ru, uvoi tree [tri:] / [trii] = pom river [rivr]/ [rivr] = ru garden [gardn]/ [gardn] = grdin island [ailnd] / [ailnd] = insul land [lnd] / [lend] = pmnt lake [leik] / [leic] = lac ocean [oun] / [oun] = ocean beach [bi:t] / [biici] = plaj seaside [si:said] / [siisaid] = litoral outside [autsaid] = afar country [kntri] / [cantri] = (la) ar coast [koust] / [coust] = coast side [said] = parte, latur castle [ka:sl] / [caasl] = castel forest [forist] = pdure bridge [brid3] / [brigi] = pod # Transportul (Transport) bus [bs] / [bas] = autobus station [stein]/ [stein] = staie stop [stop] = staie de autobus car [ka:r] / [caar] = main to drive [draiv] = a conduce (maina) trip [trip] = excursie on foot [on fut] = pe jos to arrive [raiv] /[raiv] = a sosi return ticket [ritrn tikit]/ [ritrn tichit] = to leave [li:v] / [liiv] = a pleca billet dus-ntors to lose [lu:z] / [luuz] = a pierde to miss [mis] = a pierde (autobuzul), a-i fi dor to hurry [hri] / [hari] = a se grbi airport [erporrt] / [erport] = aeroport train [trein] = tren welcome [welkm]/ [uelcm] = bine ai venit to fly [flai] = a zbura voyage [voiid3] / [voiigi] = cltorie, voiaj journey [d3rni]/ [gerni] = cltorie to run [rn] / [ran] = a alerga to lead [li:d] / [liid] = a ndruma, a

  • 40

    to reach [ri:t] / [riici] = a ajunge pn la, conduce (pe cineva) a atinge street [stri:t] / [striit] = strad path [pa:] / [paas] = potec way [wei] / [uei] = drum plane [plein] = avion to fine [fain] = amenda flight [flait] = zbor bike [baik] / [baic] = biciclet boat [bout] = barc ship [ip] / [ip] = vapor to take off [teik] / [teic] = a decola to row [rou] = a vsli motorway [moutrwei] / [moutruei] = autostrad double-decker bus [dbl dekr] / [dabl decr] = autobus cu dou etaje # Lucruri utile (Useful things) tin opener [tin oupnr] / [tin oupnr] camera [kmr] / [cheamr] = deschiztor de conserve = aparat foto dishwasher [di wor] / [di uor] = maina de kettle [ketl] / [chetl] = ceainic splat vase phone [foun] = telefon mobile phone [moubail ~] = telefon mobil can [kn] / [chen] = conserv pencil [pensl] / [pensl] = creion pen [pen] = stilou sharpener [arpnr] / [arpnr] = ascuitoare to lock [lok] / [loc] = a ncuia scissors [sizr] / [sizr] = foarfec key [ki:] / [chii] = cheie light [lait] = lumin tissue [tisju:] / [tiiuu] = stof, washing machine [woi mi:n]/ [uoing min] batist = maina de splat rufe ruler [ru:lr] / [rulr] = linie, rigl envelope [envloup] / [envloup] = plic bowl [boul] = castron frying pan [frain pn] / [fraing pe-an] = tigaie bulb [blb]/ [balb] = bec candle [kndl] / [cheandl] = lumnare mug [mg] / [mag] = can, pahar saucepan [so:s pn] / [soos pe-an] = oal, crati # Alte ri (Other countries) passport [pa:sport] /[paasport] = paaport country [kntri] / [cantri] = ar continent [kontinnt] / [continnt] = continent map [mp] / [meap] = hart Europe [jurp]/[iurp] = Europa abroad [bro:d]/ [brood] = n strintate Anthem [nm]/ [ensm] = imn dish [di] / [di] = fel de mncare national [nnl] / [nenl] =naional South [sau]/ [saus] = Sud the Alps [lps] [ealps] = Alpii range [reind3] / [reingi] = lan Turkey [trki] / [trchi]= Turcia Turkish [trki]/ [trchi] = turc(esc) Italian [itljn] / [ite-alin] = italian Italy [itli] / [itli] = Italia Spanish [spni] / [speni] = spaniol(esc) Spain [spein] = Spania Germany [d3rmni] / [germni] = Germania German [d3rmn] / [germn] = neam, nemesc, german French [frent]/ [frenci] = francez, franuzesc France [fra:ns] / [fraans] = Frana Greek [gri:k] / [griik] = grec, grecesc Greece [gri:s]/ [griis] = Grecia Brazilian [brzilin] / [brzilin] = brazilian Brazil [brzil] / [brzil] = Brazilia

  • 41

    Swiss [swis] / [suis] = elveian Switzerland[switsrlnd]/ [suitsrlnd] = Elveia

    Polish [poli] / [poli] = polonez Poland[poulnd]/[poulnd] = Polonia Argentinian [ard3ntinjn]/[argentinin] Argentina [ard3nti:n] /[argentiin]

    = argentinian = Argentina Norwegian [norwi:d3n] / [noruiigen] = Norway[norwei]/ [noruei] = Norvegia norvegian Hungarian [hgerin] / [hangherin] Hungary [hgri] / [hangri] = ungur(esc) = Ungaria Mexican [meksikn] / [mecsicn] = mexican Mexico [meksikou] / mecsicou] = Mexic Dutch [dt] / [daci] = olandez Holland [holnd] / [holnd] = Olanda Irish [airi] / [airi] = irlandez Ireland [airlnd]/[airlnd] = Irlanda Swede [swi:d] / [suiid] = suedez Sweden [swi:dn]/[suiidn] = Suedia Egyptian [i:d3ipn] / [iigipn] = egiptean Egypt [i:d3ipt] / [iigipt] = Egipt Scot [skot] / [scot] = scoian Scotland [skotlnd] / [scotlnd] = Scoia Warsaw [worso:] / [uorsoo] = Varovia Budapest [bju:dpest] / [biuudpest] = Budapesta Lisbon [lizbn] / [lizbn] = Lisabona London [lndn]/ [landn] = Londra Athens [inz] / [easinz] = Atena Japan [d3pn] /[gepen] = Japonia Austria [ostri] / [ostri] = Austria England[iglnd]/[inglnd] = Anglia # In clas (In the clasroom) to read [ri:d]/ [riid] = a citi to study [stdi] / [stadi] = a studia test [test] = test hard [hard] = din greu dictionary [diknri] / [dicnri] = dicionar absent [bsnt] / [ebsnt] = absent exercise [ekssaiz] / [ecssaiz] = exerciiu to fail [feil] = a eua, a pica

    un examen homework [houmwrk] / [houmurc] = tem to teach [ti:t] / [tiici] = a preda to learn [lrn] / [lrn] = a nva lesson [lesn] / [lesn] = lecie geography [d3iogrfi] / [giogrfi]= geografie maths [ms] / [meas] = mate biology [baiold3i] / [baiolgi] = biologie history [histri] / [histri] = istorie chemistry [kemistri] / [chemistry] = chimie physics [fiziks] / [fizics] = fizic to mean [mi:n] / [miin] = a nsemna word [wrd] / [urd] = cuvnt to answer [a:nsr] / [aansr] = a rspunde to guess [ges] / [ghes] = a ghici meaning [mi:ni] / [miining] = sens to ask [a:sk] / [aasc] = a ntreba knowledge [nolid3] / [noligi] = cunoatere model [modl] / [modl] = model attention [tenn] / [tenn] = atenie sample[sa:mpl] /[saampl] = mostr example [igza:mpl]/ [igzaampl] = exemplu to behave [biheiv] = a se purta behaviour [biheivjr] / [biheivir] = purtare to hear [hir] / [hir] = a auzi to realize [rilaiz] / [rilaiz] = a nelege to attend [tend] = a fi prezent to repeat [ripi:t] / [ripiit] = a repeat to retell [ri:tel] / [riitel] = a repovesti to explain [iksplein] / [icsplein] = a explica to copy [kopi] / [copi] = a copia

  • 42

    to practise [prktis] / [prectis] = a exersa exam [igzm] / [igzem] = examen to underline [ndrlain]/[andrlain] = a sublinia break [break] / [breic] = pauz attendance [tendns] / [tendns] = prezen class [kla:s] / [claas] = clas timetable [taim teibl] = orar, program note [nout] = noti project [prod3ekt]/[ progect] = proiect term [trm] / [trm] = semestru uniform [ju:niform] / [iuuniform] = uniform report [riport] = raport subject [sbd3ikt] ] / [sabgict] = subiect, materie chapter [tptr] / [ceaptr] = capitol information [infrmein] / [infrmein] school [sku:l] / [scuul ] = coal

    = informaie # S ieim afar (Going out) to record [riko:d] / [ricord] = a nregistra tape [teip] = band to swim [swim] / [suim] = a nota singer [sir] / [singr]= cntre cartoon [kartu:n] / [cartuun] = desen animat to win [win] / [uin] = a ctiga party[parti] = petrecere keen on [ki:n] / [kiin] = mort dup to discuss [disks] / [discas] = a discuta to find [faind ]= a gsi to change [teind3] [ceingi] = a schimba to hate [heit] = a ur to admire [dmair] / [dmair]= a admira club [klb] / [clab] = club stadium [steidim] / [steidim] = stadion court [kort] / [cort] = curte pool [pu:l]/ [puul] = iaz, piscin trak [trk] / [trec] = pist competition [kompitin] / [compitin] diving[daivi]/[daiving] = scufundri

    = competiie cup [kp]/[cap] = cupa marathon [mrn]/ [marsn] = maraton final [fainl] / [fainl] = finala doubles [dbls] / [dabls] = la dublu match [mt] / [meci] = meci # La cumprturi (Shopping around) to buy [bai] = a cumpra shoe [u:] / [uu] = pantof receipt [risi:t] / [risiit] = chitan to cost [kost] / [cost] = a costa money [mni] / [mani] = bani cash [k] / [che] = bani ghea to try [trai] = a ncerca shop [op] / [op] = magazine to close [klouz] / [clouz] = a nchide to sign [sain] = a semna bag [bg] / [beg] = sac, geant sack [sk] / [se-ac] = sac (de pnz) price [prais] = pre cheque [tek] / [cec] = cec to spend [spend] = a cheltui parcel [parsl] / [parsl] = pachet to book [buk] / [buc] = a nregistra bottle [botl] = sticl bunch [bnt] / [banci] = buchet pile [pail] = grmad crowd [kraud] / [craud] = mulime box [boks] / [bocs] = cutie packet [pkit] / [pechit] = pachet (de igri) tube [tju:b] / [tiuub] = tub lump [lmp] = bulgre, calup bar [bar] = lingou, bucat cube [kju:b] / [chiuub] = cub kilo [ki:lou] / [chiilou] = kg container [konteinr] / [conteinr] = recipient trolley [troli] = crucior vagonet customer [kstmr] / [castmr] = client sale [seil] = vnzare pocket [pokit] / [pochit] = buzunar cheap [ti:p] / [ciip] = ieftin

  • 43

    various [veris] / [veris] = divers, variat often [ofn] / [ofn] = adesea expensive [ikspensiv] / [icspensiv] = scump square [skwer] / [scuer] = pia, ptrat market [markit] / [marchit] = pia, trg 2. VOCABULAR SPECIFIC DE PRES

    # Presa, ziarele, televiziunea, radioul (Press, Newspapers, Tv, Radio) news [nju:s]/ [niuuz] = tire news agency [~ eid3nsi] / [~ eigensi] = agenie de tiri news agent [~ eid3nt] / [~ eigent] = agent de pres, vnztor de ziare newsboy [~boi] = vnztor de ziare (biat sau tnr) newscast [~ka:st] / [~ caast] = (rad, telev) buletin de tiri; radiojurnal sau telejurnal newscaster [~r] / [~r] = (rad, tv), crainic (care transmite tirile) news conference [~ konfrns] / [~ confrns] = conferin de pres newsman [~mn] / [~mn] = reporter, corespondent; vnztor de ziare news media [~mi:di] / [~miidi] = mass media news monger [~ mgr] / [ ~ mangr] = colportor, brfitor newsmongering [~mgri] / [~mangring] = tiri necontrolate, zvonuri newspaper [~peipr] / [~peipr] = ziar, gazet newspaper man [~~ mn] / [~~mn] = ziarist, gazetar newsprint [~print] = hrtie de ziar news reel [~ ri:l] / [~ riil] = (rad, cin, telev) (jurnal de ) actualiti news room [~ ru:m] / [~ruum] = sal de lectur a periodicelor; redacie de actualiti, tiri news sheet [~ i:t] / [~iit] = foaie de ziar news stall [~ sto:l] / [~ stool] = chioc de ziare news stand [~ stnd] / [~ steand] = chioc de ziare (A.English) news vendor [~ vendr] / [~ vendr] = vnztor de ziare newsworthy [~ w:i] / [~ ursi] = important, care merit s fie publicat newsy [~zi] = plin de nouti Whats the latest news? = Care sunt ultimele tiri? Here is the news = Iat tirile. Thats no news to me = Asta nu e o noutate pentru mine No news (is) good news. = Lipsa de veti nseamn veti bune Ill news flies fast/apace = vestea rea alearg repede He is in the news = se vorbete despre el n ziare; e n centrul ateniei press [pres] = pres, publicitate press agency [~eid3nsi] / [~ eigensi] = agenie de tiri/ pres press agent [~eid3nt] / [eigent]= agent de publicitate press conference [~konfrns]/ [confrns] = conferint de pres press officer [~ofisr]/ [ofisr] = ataat de pres

  • 44

    press release [~rili:s]/ [riliis] = declaraie de pres press review [~rivju:] / [riviuu] = revista presei press room [~ru:m] / [ruum] = camera (rezervat) ziaritilor radio [reidiou] = radio (difuziune), aparat de radio, a transmite prin radio radio announcer [~naunsr] / [~ naunsr] = crainic (de radio) radio broadcasting [~bro:dka:sti]/ [~broodcaasting] = radiodifuziune radio communication [~ kmju:nikein] = radiocomunicaie radio drama [~dra:ma] [~draama] = teatru radiofonic radioreceiver [~risi:vr] / [~risiivr] = (radio)receptor television [telivi3n]/ [telivijin] = televiziune teleprompter [~promtr] / [~promtr] = teleprompter telerecord [~riko:d]/ [~ricord] = a nregistra pe band video telethon [telon]/ [telson] = program Tv foarte lung teleview [~vju:]/ [~viuu] = a viziona, a urmri (un program televizat) televiewer [~vju:r] / [~viuur] = telespectator television set [telivi3n set] / [telivijin set] = televizor televisional [~l]/ [~l] = televizat, transmis prin televiziune television buff [~bf] = telespectator pasionat, maniac televisor [telivaizr] / [telivaizr] = televizor bulletin [ bulitin] = buletin (de tiri) forecast [forka:st] / [forcaast] = prevdere (meteo) actuality [ktjuliti] / [eactuealiti] = nregistrarea unui eveniment actual sau a a cuiva

    care vorbete ad [d] / [ead] = prescurtare pentru advertisment ( = reclam) audio[o:dio] / [oodio] = material sonor broadsheet [bro:di:t] / [broodiit] = foaie de ziar (23 inchi/16inchi) pres de calitate bulletin [bulitin] = program de tiri (UK); tire (US) byline [bailain] = numele reporterului care apare cu un articol classified [klsifaid (ad) ] / [cleasifaid (ad)] = mica publicitate copy [kopi] / [copi] = materialul scris produs de jurnalitii de la ziare; uneori folosit i de

    cei din radio copy flow [~ flou] = drumul parcurs de material correspondent = 1. jurnalist care acoper un anumit loc sau o anumit regiune (ex:

    corespondent la Paris, sau ntr-un sat) 2. jurnalist specialist (corespondent politic, de afaceri, etc) deadline [dedlain] = termenul limit pn la care trebuie scris articolul display [displei] = reclamele mari dub [db] / [dab] = un articol nregistrat de pe o caset pe alta edit = a edita, a pregti pentru tipar, a publica, a redacta editing = mbuntirea i verificarea unui articol sau a unei nregistrri; munca unui

    editor

  • 45

    editor = responsabil, din punct de vedere legal, la un ziar, pentru ntregul coninut al ziarului; editor de carte; redactor ef

    edition [idin] / [idin] = ediie editorial = articol de fond, editorial editorial board = comitet de redacie editorialize = A.E. a-i exprima prerile n articole de fond; informaii tendenioase (n

    ziare) editorial office = redacie de ziar editorial staff = personal de redacie editor-in-chief = redactor ef; redactor responsabil editorship = conducere redacional edit out = a elimina cuvinte editress = editoare de carte, responsabil de ediie; redactoare ef embargo = interzicerea de a publica naintea unei perioade de timp specificate;

    declaraiile de pres sunt adesea distribuite n avans si supuse embargoului

    feature = articol dintr-un ziar care nu este tire feature writer = jurnalist care scrie astfel de articole, deci nu tiri (scrise de reporteri) freelance = jurnalist care nu aparine personalului de redacie, liber profesionist headline = titlul unui text inside back = penultima pagin layout = desingn-ul unei pagini de ziar middle-market = presa dintre ziarele de calitate i tabloide: Daily Mail newsprint = hrtia pe care sunt tiparite ziarele nib = paragrafe ale tirilor scrie de obicei ntr-o coloane (< news in brief) package = raport fcut din contribuia unui jurnalist i dintr-un eveniment de actualitate pagination = numr de pagini pictures = fotografii producer = persoan din radio responsabil cu transmiterea buletinului de tiri quality = ziare serioade (broadsheet, up-market) reporter = jurnalist preocupat n principal de colectarea tirilor script = exemplarul jurnalistului din radio story = articol, sau potenial articol sub-editor = jurnalist care verific, corecteaz i pregtete exemplarul pentru tiprit tabloid = dimensiunea paginii (jumtate din broadsheet), folosit pentru a descrie presa de

    slab calitate text = principalul material tiprit ntr-un ziar, ca diferit de titluri, grafice, fotografii, etc.

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    Exerciiu: Completai urmtoarele texte: A. My nameJohn. Who .you? B. I..Maria. I..20 years old. And you? A. I.22 years old. B. How..you do! Nice to meet . A. Nice to meet you, too. How.you? B. I am .thanks! Hello, everybody! I..Maria, and I .20 years old.

    Ifrom Deva and right now I..living in Bucharest. I am a, so I interview people.

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    CAPITOLUL 4 (CHAPTER 4)

    MODELE DE PRES ANGLO-AMERICAN

    Obiective specifice: Prin capitolul de fa studentul nceptor va deprinde competena de a nelege corect prima pagin, titlul, i lumea presei anglo-americane. Subcapitole: 1. Prima pagin a unui ziar 2. Titlurile de ziare 3. Tipuri de ziare n lumea anglo-saxon

    1. PRIMA PAGIN A UNUI ZIAR (= FRONT PAGE)

    Avei n imagine prima pagin din ziarul american The New York Times varianta online, cci pe acest tip de variant se va baza tot restul cursului. (www.nytimes.com). masthead [ma:sthed] / [maasthed] = numele primei pagini (numele ziarului)

    = cutia de pe pagina editorial cu numele celor mai importan redactori = cutia cu numele, numerele de telefoane si adrese de pe primele pagini ale ziarului

    headline [hedlain] = titlul unui articol de ziar crosshead [kroshed] / [croshed] = cteva cuvinte folosite pentru a despri fragmente mari

    de text, i care sunt, n mod normal, luate din textul principal. Acestea se folosesc adesea n interviuri

    byline [bailain] = numele jurnalistului la nceputul articolului dateline [deitlain] = un rnd la nceputul articolului indicnd locaia povestirii caption [kpn] / [cheapn] = un text tiprit folosit sub o poz pentru a o descrie (=

    cutline) infographics [infou grfiks] / [infou greafics] = reprezentaii vizuale ale informaiei,

    datelor sau cunotiinelor (ex: a hart a metroului) diagram [daigrm] / [daigream] = desen sechematic sau tehnic box [boks]/ [bocs] = material ncadrat, complet sau parial, de un dreptunghi lead-story [li:d sto:ri] / [liid stoori] = tire de importan major subhead [sb hed] / [sabhed] = un titlul mai scurt/mic, de un rnd, pentru un articol subheading [sbhedi]/ [sabheding] = subtitlu

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    2. TITLURILE DE (ARTICOLE) DE ZIARE ( = HEADLINES)

    a. Titlurile de ziare nu sunt ntotdeauna propoziii complete. Multe titluri const

    din expresii substantivale fr verbe: ex: More Wage Cuts = Mai multe reduceri la salarii more = mai multe wage = salarii cuts = reduceri b. Titlurile conin adesea iruri de trei, patru, sau mai multe substantive;

    substantivele de la nceputul irului le modific pe cele care urmeaz: ex: Furniture Factory Pay Cut Row = a row ( = un dezacord) despre o

    cut (= reducere) n ce privete plata (pay) la o fabric factory de mobil (furniture) furniture = mobil factory = fabric (to) pay = a plti (to) cut = a tia row = dezacord c. Adesea, titlurile las la o parte articolele i verbul to be ex: Woman Walks on Moon = O femeie / Femeia merge pe Lun (n mod

    normal the moon) woman = femeie (to) walk = a se plimba, a merge, a pi (the) moon = luna de pe cer d. n titlurile de ziare, timpurile simple sunt adesea folosite n locul formelor

    progresive sau continue. Prezentul simplu este folosit att pentru evenimentele prezente ct i pentru cele trecute:

    Ex: Blind Girl Climbs Everest = .has climbed. = O fat oarb s-a crat pe Everest. blind = orb girl = fat (to) climb = a se cra Students Fight For Course Changes = are fighting. = Studenii lupt pentru schimbarea cursurilor (to) fight = a (se) lupta course = curs changes = schimbri Prezentul continuu poate fi folosit, n special pentru a vorbi despre schimbri. De

    obicei nu folosim i be. Britain Getting Warmer, Say Scientists = is getting

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    = Marea Britanie se nclzete (devine mai) cald, spun oamenii de tiin.

    Warm = cald warmer = mai cald (to) say = a spune scientists = oamenii de tiin e. Multe cuvinte din titluri sunt folosite fie ca substantive, fie ca verbe, iar

    substantivele sunt adesea folosite pentru a modifica alte substantive (a se vedea paragraful b de mai sus). Aadar, nu este ntotdeauna uor s ne dm seama de structura unei propoziii sau fraze. Comparai:

    U.S. CUTS AID TO THIRD WORLD ( = The U.S. reduces its help..CUTS este verb, AID este substantiv) = [S.U.A reduce ajutorul dat lumii a treia]

    (to) cut = a tia, a reduce aid = ajutor third = a(l) treia/treilea world = lume AID CUTS ROW ( There has been a disagreement about the reduction in

    aid AID i CUTS sunt ambele substantive) = [A fost a nenelegere n ce privete reducerea ajutorului acordat)

    Aid = ajutor (to) cut = a tia, a reduce row = dezacord, nenelegere CUTS AID REBELS (= The reduction is helping the revolutionaries.

    CUTS este substantiv, AID este verb) = [Reducerea i ajut pe revoluionari] (to) cut = a tia, a reduce

    aid = ajutor rebels = rebeli, revoluionari f. Titlurile folosesc adesea infinitivul pentru a se referi la viitor. HOSPITALS TO TAKE FEWER PATIENTS. (Spitalele vor lua/primi mai puini pacieni) Hospital = spital To take = a lua (primi) sens de viitor Fewer < few = puini = mai puini Patient = pacient Putem folosi for pentru a ne referi la aciuni sau planuri viitoare: TROOPS FOR GLASGOW? ( = Vor fi soldai trimii la Glasgow?) g. n ce privete structurile pasive, de regul nu sunt folosite verbele auxiliare, ci doar participiile trecute. SIX KILLED IN EXPLOSION ( = Six people have been killed in explosion) = (6 persoane au fost ucise n explozie) Six = 6 Killed

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    Observai c forme ca held (a fi deinut), killed (a fi ucis), attacked (a fi atacat), sunt de obicei participii trecute cu sens pasiv, nu timpuri trecute (acestea fiind rare n titlurile de ziare) Comparai: AID ROW: PRESIDENT ATTACKED ( = the President has been attacked) = (Preedintele a fost atacat) AID ROW: PRESIDENT ATTACKS CRITICS (= the President has attacked his/her critic