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INSTITUTUL EUROPEAN DIN ROMNIASTUDII DE STRATEGIE I POLITICI 2013 - nr. 1 STRATEGY AND POLICY STUDIES 2013 no. 1

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INSTITUTUL EUROPEAN DIN ROMNIA

STUDII DE STRATEGIE I POLITICI SPOS 2013Studiul nr. 1

LIBERALIZAREA TREPTATA PIEELOR

DE ENERGIE ELECTRICI GAZI IMPACTUL ACESTUI PROCESASUPRA ECONOMIEI ROMNETI

Autori:Aureliu LECA (coordonator)

Virgil MUATESCUVictor IONESCUFlorin TOBESCU

Eugenia GUILOV

Bucureti, 2014

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Coordonator de proiect din partea Institutului European din RomniaIulian Oneac

Institutul European din Romnia, 2014ISBN online 978 606 8202 38 9Bd. Regina Elisabeta nr. 7-9Sector 3, BucuretiE-mail: [email protected]: www.ier.roGrafici DTP: Monica DumitrescuFoto copert: http://www.sxc.hu/

Studiul exprimopinia autorilor i nu reprezintpoziia Institutului European din Romnia.
mailto:[email protected]://www.ier.ro/http://www.sxc.hu/http://www.sxc.hu/http://www.ier.ro/mailto:[email protected]

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CUVNT NAINTE

Promovarea unor politici publice riguros fundamentate, sprijinite pe analize i dezbateri prealabile,reprezint un element esenial n furnizarea unor rezultate de calitate i cu impact pozitiv asupra vieiicetenilor. Institutul European din Romnia, n calitate de instituie public cu atribuii n sprijinireaformulrii i aplicrii politicilor Guvernului, a continuat i n anul 2013 programul de cercetare-dezvoltarededicat Studiilor de strategie i politici (Strategy and Policy Studies SPOS).

Programul SPOS este menit a sprijini fundamentarea i punerea n aplicare a politicilor GuvernuluiRomniei n domeniul afacerilor europene, oferind decidenilor politici informaii, analize i opiuni de

politici.

n anul 2013, n cadrul acestui proiect au fost realizate patru studii, care au abordat arii tematicerelevante pentru evoluia Romniei n context european. Cercetrile au urmrit furnizarea unor elementede fundamentare i a unor propuneri de msuri n domenii cheie precum piaa de energie electricigaz (Liberalizarea treptat a pieelor de energie electric i gaz i impactul acestui proces asupraeconomiei romneti), politica de incluziune (Politici de incluziune a romilor n statele membre ale UE),libera circulaie a lucrtorilor (Estimarea impactului liberei circulaii a lucrtorilor romni pe teritoriulUE, ncepnd cu 01.01.2014; realiti i tendine din perspectiveconomic, ocupaionali social, lanivel naional i european) i competitivitatea pe piaa unic(Avantajele competitive aleRomniei pe

piaa internUE).

Studiul de fa, Liberalizarea treptat a pieelor de energie electrici gaz i impactul acestuiproces asupra economiei romneti, a beneficiat de contribuiile unei valoroase echipe de cercettoriformate din:

Dl Aureliu LECA este Prof. emerit dr. ing.,membru titular al Academiei de tiine Tehnice dinRomnia (din 1997); profesor i ef al catedrei UNESCO de tiine Inginereti (1992-2010) la

Universitatea Politehnica din Bucureti; autor a 34 cri i manuale i 141 lucrri publicate; Preedinte-Director General al Regiei Autonome de Electricitate-RENEL (1991-1993; 1997-1998); Preedinte,Comitetul Naional Romn al Consiliului Mondial al Energiei (1990-1993; 1997-2004); membru alSenatului Romniei (2000-2004); distins de Preedintele Romniei cu Ordinul Naional SteauaRomniei, n grad de Cavaler (2000).

Dl Virgil MUTESCU estedr. ing. idr. ec., cadru didactic al Universitii Politehnica Bucureti;autor i coautor a 27 de cri i manuale n domeniul energiei; Preedinte al Asociaiei de PoliticiEnergetice din Romnia, fost Director General Energie, Petrol si Gaze n Ministerul Economiei (1990-1995), project officer n Banca European de Reconstrucie i Dezvoltare (BERD, 1995-2000), seniorenergy advisor la US Agency for International Development (USAID, 2000-2008), consultantinternaional.

Dl Victor IONESCUeste director general al S.C. Operatorul pieei de energie electric OPCOMS.A., cadru didactic asociat la Universitatea Politehnica Bucureti, fost cercettor, autor de lucrri ndomeniile tranzacionrii energiei electrice, a strategiilor de dezvoltare i cuplare a pieelor naionale iregionale de energie electric, al dezvoltrii sistemelor electroenergetice, a strategiilor investiionale i aanalizelor de risc.

Dl Florin TOBESCU este inginer geolog i geofizician (1984), specializat n domeniul energiei,membru al Grupului de experi pentru gaze naturale al Uniunii Europene i membru al Grupului ad-hoc deexperi al CEENU/ONU pentru furnizarea i utilizarea gazelor; lucreazn cadrul Autoritii Naionale deReglementare n domeniul Energiei (din 2004); este autor i co-autor de cri, lucrri tiinifice i tehnice

pe probleme de energie; a activat n proiecte internaionale majore, furniznd asistentehnicn special cu

IPA Energy Consulting, Marea Britanie, cu Gasunie, Olanda, cu NERA Economical Research, Spania, cuSofregaz, Frana, cu USAID, Bechtel i Nexant, Inc. din SUA; Director Executiv al Asociaiei pentru

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Politici Energetice din Romnia (1999-2002), dup o activitate de succes n administraia central,Ministerul Economiei i Comerului/Ministerul Industriilor (1992-1998).

DnaEugenia GUILOV este fondatoare i Managing Director al Romnia Energy Center (ROEC);din iunie 2010 este parte a Marketing & Business Development, Umbrella Group; fost asistent de program,Harriman Institute, Columbia University; deine o diplomde Master n Afaceri Internaionale, ColumbiaUniversity, School of International si Afaceri Publice (2010).

Pe parcursul realizrii studiului, echipa de cercettori s-a bucurat de contribuia activa dlui IulianOneacn calitate de coordonator de proiect din partea Institutului European din Romnia, precum i desprijinul unui grup de lucru, alctuit din reprezentani ai principalelor instituii ale administraiei centralecu atribuii n domeniu.

n final, adresez mulumirile mele att cercettorilor, ct i tuturor celor care au sprijinit derulareaacestei cercetri.

Gabriela DrganDirector general al Institutului European din Romnia

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CUPRINS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1SINTEZA 111. INTRODUCERE 16

2. SITUAIA ECONOMIC. SITUAIA SECTORULUI ENERGETIC DIN ROMNIA 202.1. Situaia economica Romniei 202.2. Date statistice privind economia naional. Indicele produciei industriale 212.3. Evoluia preurilor i tarifelor 242.4. Creterea economicestimat 272.5. Exportul 272.6. Investiiile 282.7. Structura actual 313. CERINELE CELUI DE AL TREILEA PACHET LEGISLATIV PENTRU ENERGIE 353.1. De ce i cum? 353.2. Existdificulti n implementarea pachetului legislativ? 403.3. n loc de concluzii 42

4. LIBERALIZAREA TREPTATA PIEELOR DE ENERGIE ELECTRICI GAZE NATURALE N ROMNIA 424.1. Calendarul de liberalizare 424.2. Situaia actuala celor doupiee de energie electrici gaze naturale 44

4.2.1. Piaa energiei electrice 444.2.1.1. Piaa centralizata contractelor bilaterale de energie electric(PCCB) 464.2.1.2. Piaa centralizata contractelor bilaterale de energie electriccu negociere continu,tip forward (PCCB-NC) 464.2.1.3. Pieele de tip OTC 474.2.1.4. Piaa pentru Ziua Urmtoare (PZU) 474.2.1.5. Piaa intrazilnic 474.2.2. Piaa gazelor naturale 48

4.2.2.1. Piaa concureniali piaa reglementat 484.2.2.2. Premize, ipoteze i obiective 494.2.2.3. Situaia actuali efecte ale liberalizrii. Vulnerabilitatea consumatorilor casnicii industriali 504.2.2.4. Studiu de caz 54

5. PREGTIREA BURSELOR DE ENERGIE ELECTRIC 575.1. Situaia actual. Necesitatea adaptrii burselor la regulile comune 57

5.1.1. Modelul intal pieei interne europene de energie electric 585.1.2. Cadrul legislativ european necesar implementrii modelului intal pieei interne europenede energie electric 59

5.2. Piaa pentru Ziua Urmtoare, element al modelului int 635.3. Modelul intpentru piaa intrazilnictransfrontalier 665.4. Rolul i locul ACER n contextul realizrii pieei interne a energiei 666. ANALIZA DE SENZITIVITATE A CONSUMATORILOR LA EVOLUIAPROGNOZATA PREULUI ENERGIEI ELECTRICE I GAZELOR NATURALE 706.1. Sectoarele economiei afectate de majorarea preurilor 706.2. Prognoza evoluiei preului energiei electrice i gazelor naturale 786.3. Impactul liberalizrii preurilor energiei asupra diverselor categorii de consumatori 906.4. Recomandri 997. INFLUENA PROGRAMULUI NAIONAL DE EFICIENENERGETICASUPRALIBERALIZRII TREPTATE A PIEEI DE ENERGIE 1007.1. Definirea noiunilor principale 1007.2. Contextul utilizrii energiei n Romnia 101

7.3. Creterea eficienei energetice o soluie de redresare economica Romniei 1147.4. Concluzii i recomandri 1178. LIBERALIZAREA PREULUI LA ENERGIE I EFECTELE SOCIALE 1198.1. Liberalizarea graduala pieelor de energie 119

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8.2. Protecia sociala consumatorilor vulnerabili afectai de liberalizarea preurilorla energie electrici gaze naturale 1208.3. Efecte sociale probabile 1258.4. n loc de concluzii 1289. 129CONCLUZII I RECOMNDARIBibliografie 137

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Liberalizarea treptata pieelor de energie electrici gaz i impactul acestui proces asupra economiei romneti

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In the 1990s Romania had an extremely energy intensive and inefficient industry, which

excessively employed a big part of the workforce. Its market was severed from the internationalfinancial system and even COMECON, the revenues of the population were low, residential heatingwas a problem. Under these conditions, Romania has requested the help of the International MonetaryFund (IMF) and the World Bank (WB). The State Planning Committee was closed without anything

put in its stead. After an initial restructuring of the vertically integrated state monopolies, the stateowned assets in the energy sector were brought under political control with no long term vision togovern the sector. The two National Strategies of Sustainable Development (1999 and 2008) havelargely gone unnoticed with little or no effects. The 2007 Energy Strategy is now outdated and the

policy is far from the realities of this sector. After Romanias accession to the EU, the energylegislation has changed almost exclusively under the pressure of EU Directives and Regulations. Someausterity measures implemented during the crisis have led to disastrous consequences. For instance,key institutions, such as Romanias National Energy Regulatory Authority (ANRE), have lost their

autonomy and independence during 2009-2012, having been subordinated to the government in whatwas an initial cost cutting attempt to reduce an overblown public sector. More generally, after 1990,the energy sector in Romania was grossly underfinanced and key investments were not made, limitingthe ability to retire old and inefficient installations. More recently, despite expectations, the use of theEU funds for energy projects has been limited and below potential. Energy efficiency has beenignored: the energy intensity of the industry is 2.5 times higher than in the EU. Thus, the higherenergy costs - the consequence of the actions (or inactions) described above, gross mismanagement ofthe sector, and of the hard policy choices repeatedly delayed by all governments - will now fall on theconsumers. Up until now, prices have been subsidized. To make matters worse, Romania has an acutesocial problem (energy poverty) which affects over 40% of the population. Since 1990, the problem ofvulnerable energy consumers has been addressed by price regulation, which was supplemented by acomplex system of subsidies and social benefits. The current unemployment rate (7%) does not take

into account the 2.5-3 million Romanians that left the country in search for a job because they couldntfind any at home. Failed privatizations processes can worsen what is already a bad situation. Of the 20

poorest regions in the EU, 7 are in Romania, a country which also has the lowest revenue per capita inthe entire EU. Price regulation has discouraged investments in the energy sector. In addition, there aresome major imbalances in the market between prices paid by industrial vs. household consumers, onthe one hand, and the cogeneration power plant prices vs. individual consumer prices, on the otherhand. These disturbances gravely affect the economics of district heating, a sub sector which iscompletely disconnected from European practices. The support scheme for renewable energy furthercontributed to the disturbance of the proper functioning of the energy system.

The major distortions (subsidies/cross-subsidies) present on the Romanian electricity andnatural gas markets stem from the fact that energy prices have been artificially maintained at very lowlevels and used as a short term fix for pervasive social problems. Therefore, in contrast to otherEuropean countries where timely deregulation has led to more competition resulting in lower prices(both in wholesale and retail markets), in Romania the expectation is that deregulation will result inhigher prices, particularly because the measure is long overdue and has created in the meantime aseries of other problems: mainly, the low energy prices have de-capitalized the energy companies thatwere thus unable to invest in energy efficiency measures and other modernization projects - all thisdriving further up the real costs of energy supply. The social problem is compounded by the renewablesupport scheme and the cogeneration bonus. District heating is an energy sub sector with its own set of

problems with significant social impact. All these different problems accrue in the energy bill.

Moreover, Romania currently has no clear definition for the vulnerable consumer a reason

why it may face infringement procedures. The minim income assistance (currently in place) was notbased on a real technical, economical, and social analysis.

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Studii de Strategie i Politici SPOS 2013

The 3rdEnergy Package (TEP) was adopted to accelerate the creation of a common Europeanenergy market. Its central idea is the separation of competitive areas from the natural monopoly onesand regulated prices, so as to ensure an optimum use of resources. The package consists of twoDirectives (2009/72/EC on electricity and 2009/73/EC on natural gas) and three Regulations (713, 714and 715, all of 2009) which set up new EU institutions such as ACER and ENTSO-E and ENTSO-G.The intention expressed back in 2002 (at the European Council held at Barcelona) was to reach aminimum 10% interconnection capacity between the EU Member States (MS) by 2007. However, itdidnt happen: in 2011 the electricity system in Europe had an interconnection capacity of just 5% andthe European energy markets were fragmented, governed by different rules and tariffs and, remained

poorly interconnected. This energy market model promoted by TEP (when applied correctly) bringsconsumer choice and competition, strengthens the independence of national regulators and systemoperators, develops the markets through specific exchanges, and creates further advantages togovernments and societies through avoided costs. But, unbundling is not a panacea, since the market

becomes attractive only if its size and density allows active competition between many operators.Markets have their own sensitivities and, the absence of well designed rules and development

programmes can generate huge risks (see, for instance, the 2006 California crisis). The transition frommonopolies to markets requires a close monitoring of both, while it has been observed that unbundling

requires also a more sophisticated regulation. In order for this energy market model to work,indiscriminate access to the grid must be granted to all interested parties. This is ensured by gridoperators that have no interests in either production or distribution, since the commercial activities areseparated from the grid. There are three ways to achieve this:

a) Ownership Unbundling (OU);b) Independent System Operator (ISO);c) Independent Transport System Operator (TSO).

According to Law 123/2012, Romania has chosen the ISO model. Independent and effectiveoversight by market watchdogs the national energy regulators are essential in order to beable to reap the benefits of a competitive energy market. TEP provides the possibility for the consumer

to change their current supplier faster (in three weeks only).

There are also certain types of risks and difficulties with economic and social consequenceswhich should not be overlooked during the implementation of this model. Despite the lack of anyformal barriers, there have been observed delays in implementing TEP. These are due in part to theresistance of some MS to give up their national and European champions, but are also due to theinherent difficulties of the unbundling process and designation of the transmission system operators,and in some case even due to lack of funding (to build the interconnectors, for instance). Moreover, insome MS, controversies persist related to the de factoindependence of the national regulators and theregime applies to non-EU companies, active on the common energy market, particularly Russiancompanies that have applied for exemption from TEP. Other constraints on the European energymarket can stem from climate change restrictions, reluctance to use nuclear energy and difficulty to

further promote renewable energy due to its higher costs.

Romanias current economic and social context is defined by: lack of a national economic andsocial long term strategy; lack of financing to modernize the economy; persistence of old economicstructures, delayed reforms carried only under pressure from International Financial Institutions andthe European Union; delay of privatization in main branches of the economy (energy included); andexcessive political interference. The legal and regulatory framework was not attractive enough forinvestors who pointed on numerous occasions to high level of instability, corruption and lack oftransparency. The energy sector has low levels of performance, since it has not received the attentionthat a critical infrastructure should. Romania has widespread social problems characterized by lowrevenues, social protection through subsidies, regulated prices, extensive poverty that makes thequestion of vulnerable consumers a much bigger issue that in any other European country .

These local specificities are likely to raise addition difficulties to energy price deregulation.

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Romanias current economic situation as described by the IMF deputy director in summer 2013is stable, but with weak growth and risks of getting worse. The organization has recommended thecontinuation of reforms in the areas of health, fiscal, energy, transport and state-owned companies.The macro-economic balance has to be maintained in order to support development over the next

period, since economic growth is based on three major components: export, consumption andinvestments. Romania has now the lowest electricity and natural gas prices in the EU, but the presenceof a functioning regional exchange will push these prices up.

Romania should advance proposals to adopt some major implementation decisions in order tofacilitate application of EU legislation and favour its own energy sector. The country should benefitfrom the advantage of having the third lowest energy import dependency level (only 21.3%) in the EU.Any positive effect of discovering new economical reserves of conventional or unconventional gaswill be completely cancelled out if:

- the price control policy continues;- the concession system stays as it is (too easy, over long periods, and with no guaranteeswhatsoever that the new hydrocarbons will benefit the domestic market first);- the current lack of concern regarding an efficient use of energy resources continues.

In 2012 Romanian domestic electricity consumption dropped by 2.6% compared to 2011.Romanias natural gas consumption dropped by 4% in 2012 compared to the previous year. Thedeclining trend in electricity and natural gas consumption has continued in 2013, due mainly to pricederegulation which contracted demand.

Given Romanias fragile social and economic situation, the uncertainties of the next period, itsobligations towards the EU 2020 and beyond, the actions to revitalize industry and agriculture, thenecessity to assure that the energy bill remains affordable to residential consumers, it is imperative toset up a National Institute for Strategic Planning that can harmonize and reconcile all thesedifferent factors. One of the key reasons why Romanian economy and society has developed so

chaotic, a process that unfortunately has gotten worse since 2009 and has deepened the economicand social decline, is the absence of such an institution (essential to a free market economy) on apermanent basis. Decision making in energy was subject to ad-hoc measures and shaped by politicalgoverning programmes (which are short term) and compliance to European regulations. Specificsector strategies did not have a common national support basisin the medium and long term, whichcould ensure a certain degree of continuity and direction for a sustainable development model. Thishas put Romania at a visible disadvantage compared to its regional peers with similar economicsituations back in 1990. There are however two notable exceptions: Romanias National Economic

Development Strategy for the medium term (2000-2004) a document demanded by the EU - and theNational Plan for Sustainable Development for 2007-2013. Both documents had a limited effect whilethe second one overlapped with many failures: reduced absorption of EU funds, malfunctions in theenergy sector, low attraction of foreign investments, a dramatic state of affairs in agriculture, failed

privatizations, increase of the foreign debt, a significant decrease in the standard of living, etc.). Therole of such an Institute would be to draft proposals and monitor the implementation of strategies inclose correlation with Romanias natural capital and European policies, coordinate interdependent

programmes and ensure coherence between governmental, national and EU programmes. Such aspecialized institution, non-political and subordinated to the Parliament, would be of greatassistance in helping Romania find the right balance between national interest, high mandatory EUstandards and the hurdles of the economic and financial crisis that the country is going through. Theutility of such an institution is highly dependent on thequality and professionalism of its staff(whoshould be carefully selected and properly motivated). The absence of such an institution (on a

permanent basis) generates losses to Romania as a country that far exceed any costs associated with itsfunctioning.

Romanias energy strategy should be passed as a law by the Parliament, in order to bestowon it greater authority, stability and predictability. The government should merge the energy andenvironment strategy in one document. Moreover, since energy and environment are national priorities

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and have no political colour, the joint strategy should be accompanied by an agreement of support,signed by all political parties. The principles of the national energy strategymust be those of the EUenergy policy: sustainable development, legal stability and regulatory predictability, development ofEuropean energy markets based on European principles, and consumer protection. The strategy should

be accompanied by a clear action plan, concrete public projects and means of supporting private ones,with deadlines and responsibilities. The keys to success are having one national coordinator withreporting role, and unconditional support from all stakeholders. The competent Ministries will monitorthe implementation of the part they are responsible for in the national programme.

The liberalization process has to be accompanied by the creation of new pricing mechanismsfor trading electricity: from spot to day ahead, daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, annually and multi-annually delivery. Regulation 1227/2011 states the importance of assuring the consumers and market

participants that they can trust the integrity of the electricity and natural gas markets and that thewholesale prices reflect the balanced and competitive interaction between demand and supply andthat profits cannot be made through market abuse.For electricity trading, these instruments are quiteadvanced:

1) Centralized Market for Bilateral Power Contracts (PCCB), launched in 2005, offers thepossibility of open auctions based on non-standardized offers for delivery over periods inexcess of one month.

2) Centralized Market for Bilateral Power Contracts with ongoing negotiation forwardmarket (PCCB-NC). Launched in 2007, the market allows electronic trading on OPCOMstrading platform, based on simple price-quantity offers for standardized tools listed onOPCOM, for delivery periods in excess of one week. At all time, market participants have attheir disposal 12 types of standard instruments for 29 different delivery periods. The initiator

proposes a price at the start of the tender session, which is negotiated continuously during thesession (with all the information on other quantities and prices updated in real time for all

participants).3) Day Ahead Market (PZU) was launched in 2005. It offers the participants the possibility to

balance their portfolio one day-ahead of the delivery and to take advantage of the marketopportunities close to the delivery date. Trading is conducted in a closed tender, where theprice is set at market closure at the point where aggregate demand meets aggregate supply foreach of the 24 hour intervals of the day ahead. Since 2008, OPCOM is the counterparty foreach transaction on the day-ahead market. This market will be coupled with the neighbouring

power markets meaning that cross-border capacity allocation will be conducted throughtransactions on OPCOM.

4) Adjustment Market was commercially launched in 2011. This market is part of thewholesale day ahead market, but it opens only after transactions are confirmed on the Day-Ahead Market. Trading is conducted electronically through open tender. OPCOM is thecounterparty for each transaction on this market as well. The adjustment market represents thefirst stage of developing the intra-day market. The target model for the intra-day cross

border market is that of continuing implicit allocation. OPCOM will be involved in thisprocess that is to be decided by European regulations, most likely through the NetworkCode for capacity allocation and congestion management.

For natural gas, according to the provisions of Law 123/2012 there are currently two segments:

1) Competitive market which functions based on a) bilateral contracts between natural gasoperators; b) transactions on centralized markets administered by the natural gas marketoperator or by the balancing market operator; c) other types of transactions or contracts.

2) Regulated market- there were 41 suppliers in this market last year, servicing a total numberof 3,198,686 consumers, which received a total of 52,562.52 GWh in 2012.

There is another element - the centralized voluntary market which is gradually taking shape.The natural gas exchange will be a key step in bringing more transparency to these transactions andensuring that consumers pay a fair price.

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The role of the power and natural gas exchanges is essential in the creation of regionalmarkets - themselves intermediary steps towards the common energy market. The European Councilheld in February 2011 set the deadline for completing the internal market for electricity andnatural gas in 2014. TEP lays the foundation upon which the pan-European energy target model will

be defined. After the general characteristics of the electricity target model are established, thefollowing steps are taken: drafting binding European regulations (framework guidelines, networkcodes); setting the market mechanisms; implementing progressively by using the existent intra andinter-regional initiatives. The target model supplies a medium term vision meant to facilitate

progressive implementation of the European market model for an efficient allocation of theinterconnection capacities and congestion management with the help of market mechanisms. Thismodel contains elements which refer to:

- Day-Ahead Market: market coupling through price by 1) using the same algorithm to set theprice; 2) harmonizing the closing hours; 3) good communication of bidding data between thepower exchanges; 4) product compatibility.

- Cross Border Intra Day Market: ensuring the possibility to trade continuously with blockbids;

-

Forward Market: two alternative models are taken into account: 1) physical transport rightsbased on the use it or sell it principle (UIOSI); 2) financial transport rights (issued bytransport and system operators). The model envisages the creation of a secondary market fortrading transport capacity rights;

- Balancing Market;- Calculations of Cross Border capacities.

To date, the following framework guidelines have been issued or are under preparation: forconnection to the transport network, function of the power system, balancing, and function of the day-ahead market in a coupled system.

The network codes target the harmonization of the following areas: i) capacity allocation and

congestion management; ii) balancing; iii) connecting industrial consumers and operators ofdistribution systems to the grid; iv) requirements for connecting producers to the grid; v) adjustment offrequencies and reserves; vi) operational planning and programming; vii) operational safety; viii)demands of the forward markets; ix) direct connection to high voltage grid.

Parallel to the top-down integration approach of TEP, there is also a bottom-up approachrepresented by the regional integration initiatives such as the trilateral coupling of the Dutch, Belgian,and French markets. Another example is the Nord Pool Spot (Norway, Sweden, Finland andDenmark). EPEX Spot was set up in 2009. The same year, market coupling though price waschosen as the European target model. In 2010, Poland joined Nord Pool Spot. In 2011, Italy andSlovenia achieved market coupling, followed by Netherlands and Norway (NorNed cable),

Netherlands and UK (BritNed cable). The current regional situation looks like this:

- North zone: Denmark, Germany, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Finland (final border integration:Q4, 2014);

- Baltic zone: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (Q4, 2014)- Central-West zone: Belgium, France, Germany, Netherlands, Luxembourg (Q4, 2012);- South-West zone: France, Portugal, Spain (Q2, 2013);- Central-East zone: Germany, Austria, Poland, Slovakia, Czech republic, Hungary, Slovenia

(Q4, 2013);- Central-South zone: Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Slovenia (Q1, 2014);- FUI: France, UK, Ireland (Q4, 2014).

At the moment, Romanian authorities seem unwilling to make the full extent of the

liberalization process and impact known to the wider public, engaging instead (under pressurefrom unions, employers organization and various associations) in attempts to delay thederegulation calendar. To such a request, Romanian authorities have received in May the answer of

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the Energy Commissioner which recommended sticking to the deregulation calendar whilestressing that ANRE is the competent institution in deciding over the price of domestically producedgas as well as in matters related to the price deregulation calendar. The aim of the European internalmarket is to create a basis for effective competition. To that extent, price regulation will be graduallyabandoned. For electricity, the regulated prices are gradually eliminated starting with September 1,2012 until January 1, 2014 (for industrial consumers), and between July 1, 2013 until December 31,2017 (for residential consumers). For natural gas, industrial consumers will see the prices increase

between Dec. 1, 2012 to Oct.1, 2014 while for household consumers between July 1, 2013 and Oct. 1,2018. Because Romania has currently the lowest energy prices (by 30% cheaper than the EUaverage for electricity and by 150% cheaper for natural gas), price deregulation equals tosignificant price hikes. But, compared to the low purchasing power per capita, energy is expensiveeven now for most Romanians. Further price increases (which are certain) will pose a significant

problem for a growing number of the population. Measures to counteract the projected effects of pricederegulation should receive full and immediate attention of all stakeholders.

As to the industrial consumers, in the EU context, Romanian companies that are competitivedue to cheap energy prices can be accused of dumping practices or benefiting from illegal state aid.

That is why the big price differential has to be narrowed. This is done through the liberalizationprocess, which is faster for the industry and slower for household consumers. For each individualcompany, the critical point depends on its business performance, size, restructuring measures and theirimplementation stage, working capital and internal funds available for the companys development,the market circumstances it operates in, the support of the unions and federations it is part of, and thespecific social problems it faces. Ultimately, price liberalization in Romania could boil down to thequestion of low revenues, which is the responsibility of the government and has to do first andforemost with economic growth.

It is imperative for Romania to decide upon a model of economic development, setting up apriority list, asking for derogations so that these priority sectors can benefit from state aid according tothe EU legislation. Without a basis, Romania risks to develop disorderly, its resources will be

inefficiently allocated and those most in need of financing shall not obtain it. Mineral resources,energy, transport infrastructure should be used as a basis for attracting investments in the industriesof the futureand allow for the development of a knowledge based economy that would increaseexports of products with higher added value. This requires integrated strategic thinking, planningand management. Industry should be strongly encouraged to take the necessary measures to increaseits immunity to energy costs through innovation, use of alternative resources and higher efficiency.The most vulnerable industries to the price increases are the energy intensive ones: steel, aluminium,fertilizers, auto making, construction, cement. Efforts should be made to disseminate the best availabletechnologies and successful practices applied elsewhere (including use of substitute materials) that can

be replicated by Romanian companies. Both energy efficiency methods have to be applied: end-of-pipe technology (in the short term) and radically innovative technologies, processes and substitutematerials (in the long term). Administrative measures that can be taken (and were also recommended

by the European Commission in June 2013) include the introduction of a mechanism to monitor theimpact of higher energy prices on residential consumers, on the competitiveness of economic agentsand on energy intensive industry. Small and medium size consumers have to be supported by specificmeasures. Both household and non-household consumers have to be encouraged to adopt the latest

best available technology for energy efficiency. The vulnerable consumers should receive adequatesocial protection measures. A key step towards that is the creation of a separate independentstructure that shall have full control and bear full responsibility over the national assistanceprogramme for the vulnerable consumers: create the national database for electricity and,separately, for the natural gas consumers, according to a set of well defined criteria that take intoaccount the Romanian specificities, and manage these databases and the resources set aside for thevulnerable consumers. Having a sole organization responsible in order to avoid overlapping authorities(implication of several Ministries with equal rights), ease the administrative burden on the institutions

involved (ANRE, Labour Ministry, Finance Ministry), and setting a clear line of responsibility iscrucial.

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However, liberalization of the energy prices is conducted amidst a grossly unsustainable energysector which incurs huge losses. Due to its great delay, price deregulation will put a significant strainon all the consumers. Measures to soften this shock will have to target a reduction of both energyconsumption (through energy efficiency) and energy losses (through modernization of the antiquatedinfrastructure). Studies show that energy efficiency can be improved by 16-24%.

The current modest performance, to say the least, of the Romanian energy sector has manycauses: the poor quality of the technical and economic assets inherited from the communist regime,inefficient production capacities that were kept in function (way over their designed lifetime, butunder pressure from the unions and out of political reasons) instead of being retired and replaced withhighly efficient new units; and the permanent political control over the energy sector by people whooftentimes lacked competence in this area.

Before and after Romanias accession, the privatization process in the energy sector unfoldedhaphazardly, no investments were made to modernize the thermal power plants and the district heatingsystem which is now in a very precarious situation, threatening the heat supply in 32 cities. Before1989, Romania had and continues to have a very high energy intensity, which results in a wasteful useof resources. In 2010, Romanias economy ranked the third most energy wasteful in the EU, afterBulgaria and Estonia. A similar situation is observed in the residential heating, where Romania ranksthe 6th in terms of annual consumption. Further neglect of these major energy inefficiencies willnegatively affect the countrys economic growth. In fact, the country registered a 10% decrease intotal energy consumption in 2010 compared to 2005, but this was not due to any measures taken, butto the crisis related drop in industrial activity. Moreover, industrial energy audit activities in Romaniawere unsuccessful, because they were optional and did not carry any real penalty system.

A country traditionally rich in energy resources, Romania has a very poor understanding of theconcept of energy saving and no culture in this respect at all. Energy efficiency was recognized as a

priority only in 2000, by Law 199/2000, itself adopted with great delay. While the discussions aboutprice are endless, there is little to no focus on the other component of the energy bill: quantity. Thus,

energy efficiency should become the governments number one priorityover the next period, allthe more so since Romanias potential in this respect is quite untapped. A 2002 estimation by theEnergy Charter Secretariat placed Romanias national energy saving potential at 30-35%, distributedas follows: 20-25% in industry, 40-50% in buildings, and 35-40% in transportation. Directive2010/31/EU found that buildings account for 40% of the total energy consumed in the EU. Accordingto the 2011 census, Romania has approx. 5 million buildings (equivalent to 8.5 million individualhomes), 54.4% of which are located in urban areas. Romania has 83,799 multi storey apartment blocksthat house 7.821.169 residents (37% of Romanias population). The energy losses in this buildingstock are 2 to 3 times higher than the average in developed European countries. That is due to the lowquality of construction materials and interior installations, inefficient thermal insulation, inadequateexecution and consumer behaviour. Most of these standardized blocks were built in the 1960s-1980sduring the construction of industrial platforms on the outskirts of cities that required accommodation

for a rising number of people brought from the countryside to work in the huge industrial complexes.Most of these buildings have reached or already passed half of their projected lifetime. Thermalrehabilitation of the blocks constructed before 1989 can reduce the final thermal energy consumption

by 30-50% and significantly diminish the effects and spread of energy poverty in the context of theprojected price increase for energy. Romanian consumers paid in 2011 the 5thlowest price for heating(63 Euro/MWh), but when the PPP is factored in, it turns out that Romanians pay the highest price inEurope (235% higher compared to their actual revenues, using Finland as benchmark). In Romania,the price for thermal energy and heat supply is overblown (unjustifiably) by conflicting regulationsissued by ANRE, on the one hand, and ANRSC, on the other. ANREs use of the one-tier tariff systeminstead of the two-tier tariff for natural gas and heat (which is being used in other countries) is to thedisadvantage of the consumer.

The indifference of central and local authorities to find financing solutions to upgrade theenergy performance of multi-storey apartment blocks (which have energy losses as high as 40-50%),will be the one that will push people into poverty, not the price deregulation process. The already

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inflated energy bills look that way also because the present energy losses have gone unaddressed forfar too long. For instance, of the 83,000 apartment blocks, only 5-6% of them currently have thermalinsulation. In the absence of decisive action to properly address the topic urban and rural energysystems (by tackling the problem simultaneously with different solutions - social assistance measures,fiscal and financial incentive packages to accelerate the process of upgrading the old buildings andattract private capital in addition to making use of the EU funds), the price deregulation can bringsignificant social unrest.

Two concepts have been developed in relation to social protection in the EU: that of publicserviceand that of universal service. The two are not the same because the first refers to a service inthe general interest that falls under the responsibility of an authority (such as the secure supply ofwater, energy, heat), while the second term refers to accessibility to all potential clients in a certainterritory. Unfortunately, Law 123/2012 increases the confusion because the electricity sectionmentions the universal service, but not the public service, while the natural gas section has a publicservice provision, but not a universal service one.

Generally, the public service obligation requires: i) a physical possibility (access to adistribution grid, a coal or petroleum products market, etc) and ii) a financial possibility to cover thecost of such a service. While the first is in place, the second is not. Hence, we have the notion of thevulnerable consumers and, in close connection to it, the concepts of energy poverty/prcaritnergtique and fuel poverty. Law 123/2012 defines the concept of vulnerable client (notconsumer) as a household client who, due to age, health, low revenues, is at risk of being sociallymarginalized and therefore benefits of social (financial and other) protection measures. According toGovernment Emergency Ordinance (GEO) 42/2013, these social benefits are established for a limited

period and the revenue level which triggers them is adjusted with each price increase for electricityand natural gas through subsequent GEOs. The social system currently in place has someshortcomings: it is a short term fix devised under time pressure that takes into account mainly thehousehold revenue criteria; the beneficiaries of the minimum income guarantee and of the familyallocations do not qualify for it according to the vulnerable client definition in the law; there is a

weak connection between social assistance and the principles that should define the vulnerableconsumer; plus the Social assistance strategy lacks a reference to fuel poverty. The assistance forthermal energy does not address the underlying problem of energy inefficient homes. Finally,Romania has no quantitative indicators in place to measure the magnitude of energy poverty or itsdepth (the fuel poverty gap). It is extremely difficult to appreciate the consumers degree ofvulnerability in the absence of any metrics to measure the fuel poverty gap. These elements point tothe need to rethink the social assistance system to make it address and differentiate energy povertyfrom other types of poverty and tackle it accordingly.

Key recommendations:

1. Improve the institutional framework by:

- setting up a National Authority for Energy Efficiency (NAEE);- setting up a Department for Urban and Rural Energy Systems within the Ministry ofRegional Development and Public Administration;

- ANRE to take over key activities (e. g.: thermal energy from ANRSC).2. Improve the legal framework by adapting the necessary provisions for the Energy

Performance Contracts that will enable the use of the Energy Services Companies (ESCO).3. National Energy Efficiency Strategy has to set real objectives for 2020 and intermediary

targets as benchmarks to help us get there.4. Create a framework that should enable companies to work based on voluntary agreements.5. The competent authorities should consult with industry on the best ways to reach the energy

efficiency target, after a careful cost-benefit analysis and taking into account the experience ofother EU states. A mechanism to recoup the costs for the parties under obligation should be

established.6. The distortions present on the market (natural gas, renewable, as well as the ethical aspects in

concluding contracts) should be eliminated.

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7. An energy efficiency culture should be created and developed through media informationcampaigns, subjects taught in school, etc.

8. The number one priority should be to use the EU funds to increase energy efficiency in theareas where the savings potential is the highest (public and residential buildings, 40-50%).

9. Implement integrated energy management systems at all big industrial consumers.10. Identify and promote the use of energy efficiency methods for industrial consumers: end-of-

pipe technology (in the short term) and radically innovative technologies, processes andsubstitute materials (in the long term).

11. Disseminate best available technologies and successful practices applied elsewhere (includinguse of substitute materials), which could be replicated by Romanian companies.

12. Make permanent the tax on excess profits from liberalization put in place at the beginning of2012. This will ensure collection of sufficient revenues to support the vulnerable consumers

beyond the 2017-18 horizon and will ensure a smooth transition until such time when theeconomy grows at rates that can lift the income of Romanians to a level where higher pricesfor energy will be affordable (without social assistance) for the majority of the population.

13. Put in place a mechanism to monitor the impact of higher energy prices on residentialconsumers, on the competitiveness of economic agents and on energy intensive industry.

14.

Create an expert task force that would look in depth at the particular situation of householdconsumers, would work out quantitative metrics to measure the full extent of vulnerabilitytowards higher energy prices, would run different scenarios, would seek to differentiate thehousehold consumers according to better defined criteria and would propose targetedsolutions. This task force could precede the creation of a separate independent structure thatshall have full control and bear full responsibility over the national assistance programme forthe vulnerable consumers.

15. It is a given that energy price liberalization will bring an additional number of consumers inthe vulnerable segment. However, social protection through price has to end, and adequatesocial assistance from central and local budgets should be put in its place. The market has to

be free. The consumers unable to pay for the public service should be supported by welltargeted social measures.

The analysis shows that the number one priority for the state should be to channel all its effortsto assist the vulnerable consumers. This category will increase numerically for two reasons:

a) The energy bill will go up, most likely higher and faster than the individual revenues;b) The number of vulnerable consumers will increase because the price hike shall push new

consumer categories (currently unaffected) into energy poverty.

Fortunately, there are measures that can be taken to address this: efficient energy consumption,a re-thinking of the local district heating systems and promoting high efficiency technologies systemscan reduce the number of vulnerable consumers, as can the application of a more consumer friendlytariff system. Despite these measures (provided they are implemented), the number of vulnerableconsumers can still remain quite big. Hence, the major solution would be to stimulate economic

growth that would result in increased family revenues. The social support system should be based onan accurate assessment of energy poverty in Romania and target those who needed it. Any measure to

protect the population from the shock of the future price increases will have to be correlated withinvestments in building upgrades.

*

The methodology that was used in preparing this study relies primarily on desk research,literature review, and analysis of the main EU Directives and Regulations that shape the currentevolution of the energy sector. It relies on previously written Romanian and European studies, but alsointegrates information from EU institutions, studies and publicly available databases and maps, as wellas market monitoring reports published by Romanias National Energy Regulator (ANRE). Foreign

journals and local newspapers were also consulted during the research that was conducted. Companyand institutional press releases have been used as a source of information. Several in person interviewshave been conducted with Romanian experts that helped understand the subtleties of the Romanian

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electricity and natural gas markets. A scenario analysis has been used for the household consumerssensitivity to natural gas prices, utilizing a price projection in line with the agreed deregulationcalendar. The weighted average method was used for calculating the end price for the final residentialconsumer, assuming first a gas basket structure of 90/10 (domestic/imported) and then of 70/30. Theanalysis tested consumer sensitivity against a different basket structure and then against thefluctuations in the price of the import gas, first at a flat import price of 143 lei/MWh and then at aconstant price of 125 lei/MWh. While the price Romania is paying for the imported gas matters and,

provided it goes down, can ease the impact on the Romanian residential consumers, the analysis ismore focused on what happens to the domestic price that is being deregulated. The fact of the matter isthat even if the final residential consumers can be shielded by manipulating other price componentsand by spreading in time the price increases, this can only provide a partial and temporary cushion.Given the current low price level, the projected increases (+150%) are likely to have a dramaticimpact, especially on the household consumers. That is why price deregulation in the natural gassector has to be accompanied by a nationwide energy efficiency program as well as a moresophisticated social assistance program.

Last but not least, the study benefited from the rich professional and academic experience of its

authors, extremely well known industry experts, whose in depth understanding of the Romanianenergy market is based on firsthand knowledge of Romanias energy systems and regulations. Theteam was constantly supported by the designated colleagues from the Romania European Institute inBucharest which provided feedback on earlier versions and guidance through the entire process.

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SINTEZA

n vederea realizrii unei piee interne a energiei competitive funcionale, ComisiaEuropeani Parlamentul au emis al treilea pachet legislativ pentru construc ia cadrului legal al uneiasemenea piee. Ideea centralo reprezintdesprirea zonelor de concurenfade cele ce constituiemonopol natural i preuri reglementate i folosirea avantajelor pe care primele le pot aduce printr-ofolosire optim a resurselor. Pachetul, alctuit din dou Directive: Directiva 2009/72/CE, dedicat

pieei de energie electric, i Directiva 2009/73/CE pentru piaa de gaze naturale i trei Regulamente(713, 714 i 715), stabilete nfiinarea unor noi entiti instituionale la nivelul Uniunii (ACER,ENSO-E i ENTSO-G) necesare pentru o mai bun coordonare a reglementatorilor i, respectiv, aoperatorilor de transport din sistem.

Modelul propus poartcu sine avantaje evidente prin puterea de a alege a consumatorului, prinexploatarea potenialului concurenial, prin ntrirea statutului de independen a reglementatorilor

naionali i a operatorilor de reea, prin dezvoltarea unor burse specifice. Nu trebuie ns trecut cuvederea cexisti unele riscuri i dificulti care trebuie luate n seamn procesul de implementarei care pot avea consecine economice i sociale deosebite.

Scopul prezentei lucrril constituie nelegerea procesului de liberalizare a pieelor de energieelectrici gaze naturale (i, n egalmsur, a pieelor de nclzire centralizat) i impactul acestui

proces asupra economiei i societii romneti, prezentndu-se n final concluziile i un numr depropuneri de msuri.

Lucrarea este alctuit din nou capitole, care prezint succesiv: situaia economic, situaiasectorului energetic i contextul social al etapei prezente n Romnia (structura economiei,disfuncionaliti economice i sociale, decizia de eliminare treptat a preurilor reglementate la

energie, nivelul standardului de viaa); cerinele celui de Al Treilea Pachet legislativ pentru Energie iobligaiile Romniei n cadrul acestui proces; particularitile i efectele economice ale liberalizrii

pieelor de energie asupra dezvoltrii economice a rii; pregtirea burselor de energie pentruintegrarea regional i n piaa intern european; efectele procesului de liberalizare asupra tuturorcategoriilor de consumatori finali de energie; realizarea programului naional de eficienenergeticca

principala soluie de eficientizare a consumului i de reducere a pierderilor energetice, asigurnd astfelo mai bunsuportabilitate a facturilor energetice; efectele sociale ale liberalizrii pieelor de energie,respectiv propuneri de msuri pentru rezolvarea problemelor consumatorilor vulnerabili.

Se prezintsintetic n continuare principalele concluzii i recomandri:

1.

Realizarea unei piee interne funcionale i competitive a energiei, conform prevederilorlegislative ale celui de Al Treilea Pachet al Energiei este un proces deosebit de complex.Modelul propus poartcu sine avantaje evidente prin puterea de a alege a consumatorului, prinexploatarea potenialului concurenial, prin ntrirea statutului de independen areglementatorilor naionali i a operatorilor de reea, prin dezvoltarea unor burse specifice. Nutrebuie ns trecut cu vederea cexist i unele riscuri i dificulti care trebuie luate nseam n procesul de implementare i care pot avea consecine economice i socialedeosebite, n special n cazul Romniei, tocmai datorit disfunciunilor existente de ordininstituional, legislativ, economic i social.

2. Pentru desfurarea procesului de liberalizare a pieelor de energie electrici gaze naturale(i, n egalmsur, a pieelor de nclzire centralizat) i a impactului acestui proces asupra

economiei i societii romneti este important de neles elementele principale alecontextului economic i social din Romnia, n care se desfoar acest proces, pentru aputea evalua n mod corect consecinele acestuia asupra economiei i societii i msurile

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care trebuie luate. ntre acestea se menioneaz: inexistena unei strategii economice i socialenaionale pe termen lung; lipsa acuta surselor de finanare a investiiilor pentru modernizareaeconomiei; meninerea structurilor economice nvechite i restructurri i reforme fcute cuntrziere; amnarea privatizrii n ramurile economice principale, ntre care energia, imeninerea deciziilor guvernamentale i a ingerinei politice; cadrul legislativ i dereglementare insuficient de atractiv pentru investitorii strini, care au reclamat caracterulinstabil, netransparent i nepredictibil, precum i nivelul ridicat al corupiei; sectorul energeticnu a primit atenia necesarunei infrastructuri vitale, avnd performane economice coborte;

problemele sociale au fost caracterizate de venituri sczute, protecie social prin subveniibugetare i preuri reglementate la energie, srcie peste media european, avnd dreptconsecincreterea grupurilor vulnerabile de consumatori. Existena acestor deficiene suntde naturscreeze dificulti suplimentare n reducerea impactului negativ al retrageriipreurilor reglementate ale energiei ca urmare a liberalizrii pieei energiei.

3.

Situaia economic prezent a Romniei, precum i a sectorului energetic pot ficaracterizate prin urmtoarele: economia s-a stabilizat, dar creterea este modest, existndriscuri de nrutire a situaiei; echilibrul macro-economic obinut trebuie meninut pentru a

avea o dezvoltare n perioada urmtoare;creterea economicse bazeazpe trei componentemajore: export, consum i investiii, elemente n funcie de care se obin efecte benefice deordin social; Guvernul trebuie s continue reformele n domenii precum sntatea,impozitarea, energia, transporturile i companiile de stat; Romnia are printre cele mai mici

preuri la gaze i electricitate din Uniunea European, dar tranzacionarea pe bursa regionalva face ca aceste preuri screasc, existnd anse de redresare a sectorului energetic, dar cuefecte contrare asupra consumatorilor casnici i industriali. Ca Stat Membru al UniuniiEuropene, Romnia trebuie srespecte n totalitate prevederile privind liniile directoare pentruinfrastructurile energetice transeuropene, armoniznd disfunciile existente i prioritiledomeniului cu toate elementele legislaiei europene. Mai mult, Romnia trebuie s-i

promoveze propriile interese i sfacpropuneri de adoptare a unor decizii de implementarecare s faciliteze aplicarea i s favorizeze din punct de vedere economic propriul sector

energetic.

n lipsa unei strategii naionale pentru sectorul energetic, disfunciunile existente, capacitileneperformante, lipsa investiiilor i ntrzierile n aplicarea i respectarea prevederilorlegislative interne i europene pot conduce la rezultate economice net inferioare celor actuale.Romnia a fost n anul de referin2012 importator net de energie. La energie electrici lagaze naturale, consumul a nregistrat o scdere de 2,6%, respectiv 4% n anul 2012 fa deanul 2011, pe fondul unei scderi a consumului clienilor finali. n anul 2013, procesul descdere a consumului de energie electrici gaze naturale continu, n mare msurdatoritretragerii preurilor reglementate. Comparativ, Romnia a avut una dintre cele mai mariscderi ale consumului de energie n acest interval, dublu fade media UE.

4.

Avnd n vedere contextul prezent economic i social fragil al Romniei, incertitudinileperioadei urmtoare, obligaiile rii noastre n cadrul Uniunii Europene pentru Orizont 2020i n continuare, aciunile de revitalizare a industriei i agriculturii, creterea suportabilitiifacturii de energie la consumatorii rezideniali, consolidarea sectorului energetic se apreciaznecesitatea nfiinrii urgent a unui institut naional de planificare strategic, care sarmonizeze influena i ponderea tuturor acestor factori.

Se propune astfel, nfiinarea unui Institut Naional de Planificare Strategic, ca instituienon-politic, n subordinea Parlamentului Romniei, al crui rol principal va fi elaborarea

propunerilor i urmrirea strategiilor de dezvoltare economic i social a Romniei, ncorelare cu capacitatea de suport a capitalului natural pe termen mediu i lung i cu politicileeuropene, coordonarea programelor sectoriale interdependente i asigurarea coerenei

programelor guvernamentale i a celor cu finanare naionali comunitar. Complexitatea idificultile perioadei curente i, mai ales, viitoare, perioad crucial pentru ncadrarea

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sustenabila Romniei n rndul Statelor Membre ale UE, reclamn mod categoric creareaunei instituii specializate de planificare strategic naional, specific economiei libere,capabil s gseasc un echilibru ntre interesul naional, standardele ridicate obligatorii aleUniunii Europene i obstacolele crizei economice i financiare pe care nco traversm. Sesubliniaz, c utilitatea acestei instituii depinde direct de calitatea i profesionalismulpersonalului angajat.

5.

Strategia energetica Romniei trebuie aprobatca lege n Parlament.Aceasta va trebuis rspund cu soluii concrete tuturor obiectivelor asumate de Romnia n calitate de StatMembru al Uniunii Europene. Pornind de la constatarea evident c domeniile energie imediu reprezintprioriti naionale i cnu au culoare politic, strategia trebuie aprobatcalege n Parlamentul Romniei, pentru a i se putea conferi mai mult autoritate, stabilitate i

predictibilitate i nsoit de un acord de susinere pe termen lung, acceptat de toatepartidele politice parlamentare (a se vedea, n acest sens, exemplul Danemarcei).Principiile strategiei energetice naionale trebuie s fie cele ale politicii energeticecomunitare: dezvoltare durabil, stabilitate i predictibilitate legislativ i de reglementare,dezvoltarea pieelor de energie pe principii europene i protejarea consumatorului. Se

apreciazcaceaststrategie complextrebuie nsoitde un plan clar de aciune, cu proiecten sectorul public i modaliti de sprijin al proiectelor din sectorul privat, cu termene iresponsabiliti.

6.

Este absolut necesar definirea unui model de dezvoltare economic pentru Romnia,stabilirea sectoarelor prioritare, solicitarea de derogri pentru aceste sectoare prioritarepentru ca acestea spoatbeneficia de ajutor de stat.Acesta este principalul aspect asupracruia trebuie ajuns la un consens. Fr acest lucru, Romnia risc se dezvolte haotic,resursele s fie alocate ineficient, iar cei care au nevoia cea mai mare de finan are s nu o

primeasc. Exploatarea resurselor minerale, energia, transporturile, agricultura trebuiefolosite pentru a pune bazele unui sistem capabil satraginvestiii n industriile viitorului iscontribuie la dezvoltarea unei economii bazate pe cunoatere i pentru a crete exportul de

produse cu valoare adugat. Trebuie diseminate informaii despre cele mai bune practicin domeniul eficienei resurselor, despre cele mai noi tehnologii disponibile care pot seficientizeze consumul, despre modelele de business care au experimentat cu succesfolosirea de materie prim de substituie. Guvernul trebuie s stimuleze cercetarea idezvoltarea de modele de business verzii ssprijine cercetarea i inovarea industrial.

Pentru atenuarea impactului liberalizrii preurilor la electricitate i gaze n industrie, aceastatrebuie ncurajat s ia msurile necesare pentru a-i crete imunitatea fa de costulenergiei. Acest lucru poatefi atins prin inovaie, folosirea resurselor energetice alternative icreterea eficienei energetice. Comisia Europeanrecomandintroducerea unui mecanism demonitorizare a impactului preurilor mari la energie asupra consumatorilor casnici iasupra competitivitii agenilor economici i a industriilor energointensive.

Consumatorii mici i mijlocii trebuie sprijinii prin msuri de susinere a IMM-urilor,principalele motoare ale creterii economice. Consumatorii rezideniali i ne-rezidenialitrebuie stimulai sadopte cele mai noi msuri i tehnologii disponibile pe piapentrueficientizarea consumului, iar consumatorii vulnerabili, prin msuri de protecie social.

7. Consiliul European a decis ca piaa intern european de energie electric i de gazenaturale sfie implementatpnla sfritul anului 2014.

n Romnia se regsesc unele din cele mai mici preuri la electricitate i gaze din UE, dar nprocesul de aliniere a preurilor trebuie sse innsseama de puterea redusde cumprarecare caracterizeazpractic toatpopulaia, conducnd la un grad de vulnerabilitate alarmant deridicat. n prezent, electricitatea este mai ieftincu peste 30% dect media UE, iar gazul

cu circa 150%. Astfel, companiile productoare din Romnia beneficiaz de o energie cumult mai ieftindect cele din restul UE, ceea ce le conferun avantaj competitiv, care poatefi interpretat n unele cazuri ca ajutor de stat, iar n altele ca dumping. Ca urmare, diferen a

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mare de predintre Romnia i media UE trebuie sfie micoratprin procesul de liberalizare,proces care este mai lent pentru populaie (2012-2018) i mai rapid pentru industrie (2012-2014). n mod special, n cazul gazelor naturale, preul gazelor interne va trebui sajunglamedia preurilor practicate n regiune, ceea ce nseamno majorare de circa 160%.

Pentru fiecare agent economic momentul corespunztor punctului critic depinde deeficiena economic, de performanele sale, de mrimea afacerii pe care o administreaz, demsurile de restructurare adoptate i de stadiul implementrii lor, de disponibilitilefinanciare i de posibilitile reale de reluare a fluxului de capital i constituire a fondurilorinterne necesare dezvoltrii companiei, de sprijinul acordat de organizaiile sindicale i defederaiile din care acestea fac parte, de problemele de natursocialcu care se confrunti,nu n ultimul rnd, de piaa pe care opereaz.

8.

Liberalizarea treptat a pieei de energie electric i gaze naturale n Romnia se face ncontextul unui sector energetic nesustenabil, care se confrunt cu o diversitate dedificulti, ntre care pierderile energetice foarte mari. Pe termen mediu, procesul deliberalizare a pieei de energie conduce la o cretere a preurilor energiei electrice, dar mai alesa gazelor naturale i cldurii, proces care se desfoarcu mare ntrziere i care va pune o

presiune ridicatpe capacitatea tuturor consumatorilor de energie (industriali, rezideniali inon-rezideniali) de a plti facturile energetice. O soluie evident, dar deloc comod, esteaceea de a micora consumul de energie prin creterea eficienei energetice, respectivprin reducerea pierderilor energetice. Studiile efectuate aratun potenial valorificabil dembuntire a eficienei energetice de 16-24%. Valoarea economica acestui potenial poatesusine o cretere a PIB pnn 2020 de 4-6%, respectiv 4,9-7,4 miliarde euro, frun consumsuplimentar de energie.

Ca principale concluzii i recomandri se menioneaz: nfiinarea Autoritii Naionale ndomeniul Eficienei Energetice (ANEE), a Departamentului pentru EnergeticUrbaniRural n cadrul Ministerului Dezvoltrii Regionale i Administraiei Publice i prin

preluarea n cadrul ANRE a activitilor privind energia termic de la ANRSC; adoptareacadrului legal pentru contractele de performan energetic (CPE), care s permit totodatpunerea n valoare a potenialului companiilor de servicii energetice (ESCO); utilizareaacordurilor voluntare ntre industrie i autoritile statului pentru eficientizarea consumurilorenergetice; trebuie eliminate distorsiunile din piaa energiei (din domeniul gazelor naturale,surselor regenerabile, eticii ncheierii contractelor etc.); folosirea mai bun a fonduriloreuropene pentru eficienenergetic trebuie sfie o prioritate principal, odatcu reducerea

procedurilor birocratice; trebuie implementat un cadru legal care s promoveze finanareaprivata eficienei energetice de ctre instituii financiare private; promovarea sistemelor demanagement energetic la marii consumatori industriali de energie.

9.

Liberalizarea preurilor de pe pieele de energie va vulnerabiliza un numr suplimentar

de consumatori, prin renunarea la protecia socialprin preuri reglementate. Principiul estesimplu: piaa trebuie lsatliber, iar acolo unde serviciul public nu poate fi suportat de uniiconsumatori, acetia trebuie s primeasc ajutoare corespunztoare din bugetul central,eventual i din cel local. Dintr-o analiz simpl, rezulto cretere importanta efortuluistatului pentru susinerea consumatorilor vulnerabili. Creterea se datoreaz celor doucauze: a) creterea valorii facturii ntr-o dinamic superioar creterii probabile a venitului

prin indexare i b) mrirea numrului de consumatori vulnerabili prin ajungerea n situaia desrcie energetica unor noi categorii de consumatori.

Din fericire, existsoluii pentru ameliorarea acestei situaii. n primul rnd, orice msurde eficientizare a utilizrii energiei la nivelul consumatorului final este bineveniti duce lareducerea facturii. Apoi, la nivel local, o regndire a sistemelor centralizate de alimentare cu

cldur i promovarea unor sisteme bazate pe tehnologii de nalt eficien poate reducecosturile gospodriilor i, implicit, numrul de consumatori vulnerabili. Tot la nivel local,aplicarea unor sisteme de tarifare prietenoase pentru consumatori poate ajuta de asemenea.

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Chiar n aceste condiii este probabil ca numrul de consumatori vulnerabili screasci, dinaceast cauz, mrirea veniturilor familiale datorat unei dezvoltri economice acceleratermne unul din factorii importani de echilibrare a situaiei. n sfrit, este necesar oregndire a sistemului de ajutor social actual, n sensul folosirii unei metodologii deapreciere corect a srciei energetice i de dimensionare corect a necesarului de ajutoaresociale. Aceasta ar trebui s scoat n eviden legtura dintre avantajele investiiilor nmodernizarea cldirilor/apartamentelor i bugetul pentru ajutoare, respectiv, cel pentrusntate.

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1. INTRODUCERE

Energia este un produs cu o mare valoare economic, social, strategic i politic. Esteindispensabil pentru ntreaga economie a unei ri, respectiv pentru industrie, servicii i activitisociale. Lipsa accesului la energie are consecine mari, iar rolul strategic i politic al energiei a fost nmod clar evideniat n ultimii 30-40 de ani de diferitele crize petroliere, conflicte regionale, care audegenerat n rzboaie, avarii energetice grave, tensiuni sociale sau erori n politica energetica uneiri.

Energiaeste astzi o resursmult prea preioas pentru a putea fi tratatntr-un mod facil,superficial sau pentru a fi irosit; ea este un bun public(necesitnd o protecie special) i, totodat, omarf (pe piaa energetic concurenial); energia face parte din modul de via cotidian(industrial, economic, casnic, informaional); sporete standardele de viaa miliarde de oameni i,

nu n ultimul rnd, este principalul mijloc de aciune mpotriva schimbrilor climatice.

Ca particulariti specifice ale sectorului energetic se menioneaz, n mod special, patrudintre acestea: n primul rnd, este caracterizat de o inerie mare, cu o diferende timp ntre decizie irealizare practic, de ordinul a 4-15 ani; n al doilea rnd, alturi de sectorul transporturilor, este

principalul contributor la poluarea ambiental i schimbrile climatice; n al treilea rnd, necesitinvestiii considerabile, de multe ori foarte greu de obinut; n al patrulea rnd, este absolut necesarexistena unui cadru instituional i legislativ adecvat, precum i a unei strategii energetice pe termenmediu i lung, nsoite de politici energetice naionale i instrumente specifice economiei libere [1.1].

Scopul acestei lucrri l constituie nelegerea procesului de liberalizare a pieelor de energieelectrici gaze naturale (i, n egalmsur, a pieelor de nclzire centralizat) i impactul acestui

proces asupra economiei i societii romneti.

n acest scop, este important de prezentat elementele principale ale contextului economic isocial din Romnia, n care se desfoaracest proces de liberalizare, pentru a putea evalua impactulacestuia asupra economiei i societii [1.2].

n 1990, Romnia avea datoriile externe pltite, dar o industrie n mare majoritatenemodernizat, ineficient, puternic energointensiv, ca arera autodeconectatde la piaa financiarinternaional i la fosta pia CAER. Veniturile populaiei erau sczute i erau nc prezente lipsacldurii pentru nclzire i alimentarea sporadiccu energie electric. n aceastsituaie, Romnia asolicitat sprijinul financiar al FMI i Bncii Mondiale.

Sectorul energetic, n ansamblu, dispunea de capaciti neperformante, tehnologii vechi, personal

numeros, organizat n monopoluri integrate, cu structuri sindicale, devenite n scurt timp puternice.Datoritrecesiunii industriei, consumul de energie electrica sczut n mod considerabil. A aprut operioad lung caracterizat prin ncasarea redus a facturilor energetice, blocaj financiar i lipsaacutde finanare a investiiilor pentru modernizare, repercutatpnn prezent.

n 1990 a fost desfiinat Comitetul de Stat al Planificrii, ca fiind o structur socialist deplanificare centralizat, fra fi nlocuitcu nimic pnn prezent, respectiv o entitate de planificarestrategic naional pe termen mediu i lung. Au fost realizate numeroase strategii sectoriale,nearmonizate ntre ele i, n mare majoritate, fr efecte practice. Au existat totui doudocumenteaprobate de Guvern (Strategia Naionalpentru Dezvoltare Durabil, 1999 i Strategia Naionalpentru Dezvoltare Durabil a Romniei. Orizonturi 2013-2020-2030, 2008), dar care au trecutneobservate sub aspectul utilitii lor. Dezvoltarea economic a Romniei s-a bazat exclusiv peprogramele de guvernarerezultate din alegerile generale.

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Restructurarea monopolurilor integrate (RENEL i ROMGAZ) s-a fcut dup 1998, lainsistena FMI i, n mod special, a Bncii Mondiale. Toate structurile deinute de stat din sectorulenergiei au fost controlate politic, conform algoritmului alegerilor generale, de foarte multe ori

personalul de conducere neavnd pregtirea profesional adecvat. Dup nfiinarea autoritii dereglementare ANRE i deschiderea competiiei la producere, s-au ncheiat cu companiile care

produceau energie electric ieftin (n special, Hidroelectrica), cu suport politic, contracteconfideniale pe termen lung, extrem de pguboase, n final, la nivel naional. Existena acestorcontracte oneroase (n curs de lichidare, dar prin insolvenHidroelectrica) a reprezentat principalacauza absenei privatizrilor la producerea de energie electric.

Sectorul energetic nu are o Strategie naional efectiv; documentul aprobat de Guvern caStrategie pentru perioada 2007-2020 nu a produs efectele scontate i este departe de realitile acestuisector. De altfel, dupintrarea Romniei n Uniunea European, legislaia energetics-a modificat, din

pcate, de multe ori cu mari ntrzieri, numai sub influena directivelor i reglementrilor europene.

n perioada 2009-2012, datoritdeciziei de reducere a numrului de agenii i autoriti, ANRE s-a gsit n subordinea Guvernului, frautonomia i independenanecesare, cu consecine privind

pierderea unei mari pri din personalul specializat. Aceasta situaie s-a remediat la sfritul anului2012, datoritprevederilor exprese ale directivelor Pachetului 3-Energie [1.3, 1.4].

n toat perioada de dup 1990, sectorul energetic a fost puternic subfinanat. Cu excepiacompaniilor privatizate, companiile de stat din extracia crbunelui, producerea energiei, cogenerare isisteme de termoficare, au dus lipsa de surse de finan are, absolut necesare modernizrii i nlocuiriiinstalaiilor vechi i ineficiente. Fondurile europene pentru energie au fost folosite doar n foarte micmsur. Bugetul de stat a fost afectat negativ de rata ridicata economiei subterane. Investitorii ausolicitat crearea unui climat stabil i predictibil n ceea ce privete cadrul legislativ i dereglementare favorabil investiiilor(reglementri ct mai reduse, nediscriminatorii, care sasigureatragerea investiiilor n sector), competiie transparent, viziune pe termen lung, vizibilitate n

privina strategiei, stabilitate a mediului, cu precdere n domeniul reglementrii, precum i o

transparena relaiilor parteneriale, garantarea remunerrii/recuperrii investiiilor n perioade de 10pn la 15 ani, putnd crea efectul unei prghii majore pentru relansarea altor sectoare economice,respectarea angajamentelor referitoare la actualizarea preurilor i tarifelor la gaze naturale ielectricitate, precum i transparena mecanismelor pe piaa energiei, climat propice dezvoltrii

proiectelor pentru obinerea fondurilor europene [1.5].

Eficiena energeticnu a reprezentat o direcie de aciune principaln reducerea pierderilormari de energie, pierderi care sunt pltite de utilizatorii finali sau prin diverse tipuri de subven ii

bugetare. Este cazul consumurilor energetice mari ale cldirilor, ineficienei sistemelor de nclzirecentralizat, aflate ntr-un proces avansat de desfiinare, intensitatea energeticridicata industriei decirca 2,5 ori mai mare dect media UE. Unele creteri de eficiena energeticnu s-au datorat msurilorluate, ci regresului activitilor industriale. Marii consumatori industriali energointensivi au solicitat cu

precdere alimentarea preferenial cu gaze naturale i electricitate ieftine, n afara pieeiconcureniale, aceasta n contextul n care Romnia are cel mai sczut preal gazelor naturale din UE(65% din preul mediu al UE la consumatorii industriali i 38% din preul mediu al UE la consumatoriicasnici). n ceea ce privete preul energiei electrice, acesta este de 70% din preul mediu al UE laconsumatorii industriali i de 55% la consumatorii casnici [1.6].

Un element de o importan deosebit l reprezint problemele sociale: srcia relativ,srcia energetic care afecteaz peste 40% din populaie, grupurile vulnerabile deconsumatori. Protecia socialprivind consumul de energie a preocupat toate guvernele, ncepnd din1990, prin introducerea unor preuri la energie (electricitate, gaze naturale, cldura) ct mai sczute,aa-numitele preuri reglementate, stabilite politic, completate cu un sistem complex de subven ii iajutoare sociale. La acestea se adaugomajul de circa 7%, dar, probabil, va trebui luat n considerarei situaia forei de muncdin sectorul agricol, precum i cele 2,5-3 milioane de persoane plecate dinarn cutarea unui loc de munc. Creterea omajului s-ar putea datora n viitor i proceselor dificilede privatizare euate. Ar trebui menionat c din cele 20 de regiuni srace ale UE, 7 se gsesc n

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Romnia. Aspectele sociale au devenit cu att mai grave cu ct, n statisticile UE privind venitul pepersoan, Romnia ocup ultimul loc, cu 48% din venitul mediu UE. Un element de ngrijorare lreprezintraportul ridicat de 1,2 pensionari la un salariat.

Meninerea sistemului de preuri reglementateo perioadprea lungde timp a produs pierderifinanciare mari companiilor energetice i a descurajat investiiile n sistemul energetic. Au fostatenionri clare adresate Guvernului Romniei (Raportul FMI din 2003 asupra reformei sectoruluienergetic din Romnia, precum i Studiul REP3 pentru Guvernul Romniei, din 2007, finanat deUSAID) [1.7, 1.8], prin care s-a solicitat ca tarifele la gaze i electricitate sfie stabilite la un nivelcare sacopere costurile pe termen lung, iar atribuiile ANRE sfie separate de cele ale MinisteruluiMuncii i Proteciei Sociale. Din pcate, un program de eliminare a preurilor reglementate laelectricitate i gaze naturale nu a fost adoptat dect recent, n iunie 2012, printr-un Memorandum alGuvernului, ca urmare a negocierilor Romniei cu FMI, Banca Mondiali UE din 2011.

ANRE, care din 2007 cuprinde i autoritatea pentru gaze naturale ANRGN, este responsabilpentru reglementarea pieei de energie electric, gaze naturale i cogenerare, n conformitate cudirectivele i reglementrile europene transpuse n legislaia romn. n plus fade eliminarea treptat

a preurilor reglementate, exist n piaa de gaze naturale unele disfuncionaliti importante ntrepreurile la consumatorii industriali (noncasnici) i consumatorii casnici, ca i ntre preurile lacentralele de cogenerare i la consumatorii individuali, total diferite fade practicile europene. Acestedisfuncionaliti afecteaz grav, ntre altele, economicitatea sistemelor de nclzire centralizat. O

perturbare gravatt a funcionarii sistemului energetic n ansamblu, ct i a preurilor electricitii laconsumatori a fost produsde existena unei scheme suport pentru promovarea producerii de energieelectricdin surse regenerabile.

n acest context, Romnia, atenionat insistent n mai multe rnduri, nc din anul 2000, selimine preurile reglementate la energie, ca formde protecie social, a fost recent sever determinatprin reglementrile Uniunii Europene i de ctre instituiile financiare internaionale (Fondul MonetarInternaional i Banca Mondial) srealizeze ct mai urgent acest lucru. Folosirea unei perioade mult

prea lungi de timp a preurilor reglementate la energie a creat perturbri economice i sociale deamploare, a accentuat dificultile n gsirea unor soluii eficiente i a creat o stare general deinsatisfacie i nemulumire la declanarea tardiva procesului de retragere a acestora, att n rndulconsumatorilor industriali ct i casnici.

Al treilea pachet legislativ al energiei, privind pieele interne europene de energie electric igaze naturale, aprobat de Uniunea European n anul 2009 [1.3], continu primele dou pachetelegislative realizate n 1996, respectiv 2003, prin Directivele 96/92 i 2003/54. El urmrete mai multeobiective nscrise n dezideratul cunoscut al liberalizrii acestor piee interne pentru o adevrataducere la sincronism (prin aceleai reguli), a pieelor naionale i transformarea acestora ntr-o real

piainterneuropean. n acest scop se impune:

1) Separarea produciei i furnizrii energiei de reelele de transport al energiei;2) Facilitarea comerului transfrontalier de energie;3) Eficientizarea reglementatorilor naionali i o mai buncolaborare ntre acetia;4) Promovarea colaborrii transfrontaliere i a investiiilor n sector;5) O mai mare transparena pieei privind operaiile din reele i din furnizare;6) Solidaritate crescutntre rile UE.

Cerinele impuse de al treilea pachet legislativ prin cele doudirective i cele trei regulamente,precum i modul n care toate acestea vor fi implementate n situaia Romniei, vor fi analizate ncadrul studiului prezent. De asemenea, se va face o analizcritica Legii energiei 123/2010, care letranspune n legislaia romneasc, identificndu-se elementele care trebuie revzute sau completate.n plus, se va prezenta n mod critic i modul n care trebuie adaptate structura i instrumentele celor

doupiee naionale de energie electrici gaze naturale, n scopul integrrii regionale, respectiv cupiaa interneuropean. Colaborarea transfrontalier, ca i necesarul de investiii aferent acesteia nnoile condiii vor fi i ele analizate.

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n mod special, se va avea n vedere faptul cimpactul liberalizrii celor doupiee de energieeste diferit n ara noastr fa de ceea ce s-a ntmplat n ri care au aplicat deja aceste principii,deoarece nci n prezent, prin existena pieelor reglementate, se observdistorsiuni importante lanivelul pieelor naionale de electricitate i gaze naturale.

Situaia se datoreaz, n principal, faptului csectorul energiei a fost folosit pentru rezolvareasau amnarea rezolvrii unor probleme sociale. De aceea, dac n cazul altor ri europene,liberalizarea s-a materializat, n general, prin intensificarea concurenei att n zona de piaa en gros,ct i n cea en detail, cu o consecin direct n scderea preurilor, n cazul rii noastre, prinnlturarea cu ntrziere a distorsiunilor (subvenii directe i/sau ncruciate) se ateapto cretere aacestora. De aceea, soluia propus este o liberalizare gradual pe cele dou segmente importante:consumatori casnici i non-casnici i, respectiv, industriali cu termene diferite. Studiul va face oanaliz a acestei situaii i va evalua consecinele economice i sociale ale acestor schimbri nintervalul 20132017. Impactul economic se va resimi asupra dezvoltrii economice ulterioare a rii

prin influena directasupra ramurilor energointensive, dar i prin semnalele date asupra proiectelor deeficiena energetic, ca i asupra emisiilor de gaze cu efect de ser ale sectorului energiei, lucrufavorabil n lumina ndeplinirii intelor propuse pentru pachetul energie-schimbri climatice, inclusiv

noua Directiv privind eficiena energetic (Directiva 2012/27/UE), care promoveaz mai alesreducerea consumului de energie n cldiri i cogenerarea eficient. Efecte vor fi i asupra sectoruluienergiei n sine, deoarece pn acum politica de meninere artificial a preurilor a fcut ca multecompanii din domeniu sfie decapitalizate.

Cealalt problem, i anume cea social, este probabil i mai acut. O cretere a preuluienergiei datorat liberalizrii pieei se adaug celorlalte dou influene majore la nivelulconsumatorilor: mrirea datorat proporiei crescute a contribuiei surselor regenerabile n mixulenergetic, la care se adaugbonusul acordat prin schema de sprijin producerii de energie electric

prin cogenerarea de nalt eficien. De altfel, cogenerarea i alimentarea centralizat cu cldur alocalitilor reprezint astzi, n primul rnd, o problem social grav, datorit disfuncionalitilordin acest subsector energetic. Aceste efecte ncep s se reflecte nc de acum n factura

consumatorilor. Pentru rezolvarea acestor probleme se propun o serie de soluii, bazate pe o analiztransparenta avantajelor i dezavantajelor pe care le incumb. Studiul va ncerca sacopere acestelacune prin recomandri i propuneri concrete.

Chiar n aceast situaie, rmne ncproblema aa numiilor consumatori vulnerabili, carevor trebui asistai ntr-un anume mod, astfel nct sse obinacest serviciu public la un nivel decent,existnd i posibilitatea material de a-l plti corect. La o analiz simpl, se constat c n situaiaRomniei, n prezent, nu existo definiie clara acestui tip de consumatori (fiind, de altfel, motivulunei actuale ameninri de infringementpentru ara noastr), iar modul n care acetia beneficiaz, nmomentul de fa, de ajutor nu este bazat pe o adevratanaliztehnic, economici social. Studiuli propune s realizeze o asemenea analiz, plecnd de la experiena altor ri europene, n modspecial, Marea Britanie, i se va concretiza prin sugestii de modificare a reglementrilor romneti

existente.

Recent ANRE a aprobat Metodologia de monitorizare a pie ei reglementate de energieelectric [1.9], care are drept scop stabilirea indicatorilor utiliza i de ANRE n vederea monitorizrii,datele i informaiile necesare, obligaiile de raportare a datelor i informaiilor necesare care revin

productorilor i furnizorilor de energie electric ce activeaz pe piaa reglementat, precum iprincipiile referitoare la a

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