sistemul de operare ubuntu 12.04

Upload: golan-trevize

Post on 04-Jun-2018

249 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    1/54

    Dijgud

    jhldl

    e`rukthr=

    ^rha.

    Loshdvget=

    Oridl

    ?>

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    2/54

    Juries

    Lr!ukget......................................................................................................................"

    Jlithdud #

    #estldlrg $ouetu

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    3/54

    Lr!ukget

    ^getru l egdgfg kli oieg jlrg gstg sjhpud `istriouigi Wouetu trgouig s aig lkietitg jtgvl`ltg isthrijg ju privirg dl arukhlsl jhkueitltg e jlrg l dult eltgrg. Prgouig `gsjris, kjlr sujjiet,jhetgxtud e jlrg sistgkud `g hpgrlrg l lprut.

    ^rie urklrg re`uridg jlrg urkgl vhr ai `g`ijltg jhkueitii !ieux"#$W. %e` dukgl

    lu`g `g !ieux sg fe`gtg `g rgfud dl !ieus Phrvld`s. ^uie dukg tig `gsprg &ij'lr` (tlddkle i`gsprg ieiiltivl sl #$W )h `geukirg rgjursiv `lt e spiritud 'lj*gridhr leidhr +-/ #$W>( $

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    4/54

    =e ++, le e jlrg Phrvld`s l prhpus jhkueitii 8$: prikl vgrsiueg l ueui sistgk `g hpgrlrgju *gregd !ieux, 'lj*gr2ud luth`i`ljt eu lvgl `gjt ?+ `g lei, aiie` stu`get e leud ld 2dgl dlspgjildilrgl ieahrkltij. ^rhfrlklthr plsihelt dui !ieus i pdjgl s sg 5hljg ju putgrgljldjudlthlrgdhr i ju dikitgdg jtrg jlrg putgl ai kpies sistgkud, `hrie` s2i egdglf jldjudlthrudkli oieg pgetru l2i koueti pgrahrklegdg. %e` l vgeit prikl `lt ju i`ggl sl, !ieus Phrvld`s'lolr eu lvgl jg vl esgkel !ieux pgetru jhkueitidg `g prhfrlklthri `ie etrglfl dukg. =e

    kgsl5ud su trikis prie g2klid pg ?F lufust ++ 7 kgsl5 `gvgeit `g5l jgdgoru 7 gd sjril/ L(ldutrituturhr jgdhr jlrg ahdhsgsj kieix. %hestruigsj ue sistgk `g hpgrlrg )frltuit0 )`hlr ue 'hooC, eu h saig dl agd `g klrg i prhagsiheist jl #$W0 pgetru jdheg ;P N-6 )A-60J. %ure`, kli prgjis dlki5dhjud dueii sgptgkorig, l lprut prikl vgrsiueg l sistgkudui, !ieux .+. ;jgstl lvgl sursgdg

    phstltg pg ietgregt. Betuiltii s2lu l`uelt e 5urud ljgstui ter i jh`uridg lu ahst `h3edhl`ltg,tgstltg, kh`iaijltg i s2lu ethrs dl !ieus. .? l lprut pg F

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    5/54

    shat3lrg2ud diogr. Wel `ietrg ljgstgl phlrt eukgdg (hat3lrg ue` (Cstgk2Bet3ij*duef i l lprut e+A. Bstg juehsjut `g puodijud dlrf jl (.W.(.B !ieux. < ldt `istriouig ikphrtlet jg l dulteltgrg pg A hjthkorig +A l ahst &g` Mlt %hkkgrjild !ieux, jrglil dui 8lrj B3ief. $ukgdg`istriouigi )&g` Mlt 7 ^drig rhig0 gstg iespirlt `g alptud j prietgdg ljgstgil purtl e vrgkglje` l ahst dl ueivgrsitltg h pdrig rhig. 8udtg ldtg `istriouii `g kli triu lu lvut jl puejt `g

    phreirg `istriouiidg kli sus kgeiheltg. !l ue khkget `lt &g` Mlt l `gjis j gstg tikpud s sjhlt

    prhait `ie ljtivitltgl sl. ^rie urklrg l jrglt `hu prhigjtg/ &g` Mlt Betgrprisg !ieux ?.+ 7 utidie`*gregdud ?.A., stloid i lve` suphrt pg tgrkge duef i Og`hrl %hrg. ^rikud prh`us grl `gstieltetrgprie`gridhr, jgddldt sg l`rgsl jhkueitii !ieux i utidilthridhr ie`ivi`uldi. (istgkud `gstieltetrgprie`gridhr grl frltuit, `lr pgetru etrgiegrgl dui jhkpleil &g` Mlt i puegl spgjilditii dl`isphiig e sj'ikoud uehr sukg `g olei. < ldt `istriouig ietgrgslet gstg i Eehppix etrujtljglstl hagrgl sistgkg !ivg%I. (g oll pg Igoile i l ahst prhpuegrgl dui Edlus Eehppgr. (istgkudfgrkleudui l ahst rgklrjloid `ie kli kudtg puejtg `g vg`grg, `lr e priejipld pgetru alptud j putgl

    ohhtl `irgjt `g pg %I. ;sti phltg j lstl plrg oleld )kudtg sistgkg !ieux lu phsioiditltgl `g l aiohhtltg `irgjt `g pg %I"I@I0, `lr dl vrgkgl lplriigi sistgkudui grl jgvl rgvhduihelrD Eehppix+.A dleslt pg N sgptgkorig ?, putgl ai ejrjlt `irgjt `g pg %I e hrijg ^% hagrie` h stligi `gdujru !ieux jhkpdgt/ ju ljjgs dl h dlrf kl5hritltg l ueitidhr 'lr`3lrg i phsioiditltgl `g

    jhegjtlrg ju l5uthrud pdjidhr `g rggl ldg vrgkii.%gdhr jlrg jritij !ieux pgetru alptud j ej eu l rguit s `gtrhegg suprgklil Kie`h3s

    dl jlpithdud jhkputgrgdhr `gs*thp, trgouig s di sg lkietglsj alptud j !ieux `hkie dl thltgjgdgdldtg jlpithdg. =e thp F supgrjldjudlthlrg 7 thp rgldilt e iueig ?+N 7 sg spgjiaij alptud jA96 )lprhxikltiv FHD0 `ie jgdg kli rlpi`g jhkputgrg `g pg ^ket rudgl !ieuxD 8li kudt `gjtltt prikgdg + supgrjhkputgrg `ie dukg lu ue sistgk `g hpgrlrg jg jheieg eujdgu !ieux. Prgouigs l5uefi loil pg dhjud AA ld thpudui pgetru l fsi ueud jlrg eu rudgl !ieux. Bstg vhrol `gsprgjhkputgrud `ie %getrud Burhpgle pgetru ^rhfehg 8gtghrhdhfijg pg rl kg`ig, jlrg auejiheglju ;:2ud jgdhr `g dl 48, ollt pg Weix. %gd kli rlpi` `ietrg supgrjhkphutgrgdg jlrg rudglKie`h3s Mif' ^grahrklejg %hkputief )M^%0 ?- gstg L%uoud 8lfijJ `g dl %getrud(upgrjhkputgrgdhr `ie ('lef'li. Bd gstg pdlslt loil pg phiil +-9D !l hrl ljtuld )leud ?+N0%'iel `gieg jgd kli rlpi` jhkputgr `ie dukg. $u trgouig s kirg pg eikgei ahlrtg tlrg ljgst alpt,

    pgetru j lrl lsiltij l `gpus gahrturi jhesi`grloidg pgetru l l5uefg `ie urk vgstud. $ukgdgklierigi `g jldjud gstg Pile'g2? )aiie` suprleukit i 8id*C KlC ? 7 %ldgl !ljtgg ?0 lve` h

    putgrg `g jldjud `g NN.-6 pgtladhp2uri"s. Bd gstg `g `hu hri kli pgrahrklet `gjt prgjg`getud)gstiklrg rgldilt dl saritud dui ehgkorig ?+?0 jgd kli rlpi` jhkputgr `ie dukg. Pile'g2? sgfsgtg dl %getrud $liheld `g (upgrjhkputgrg `ie #ulef'h, %'iel i utidigl jipuri etgd.(itulil prikgdhr trgi jhkputgrg ju vitgl `g jldjud jgl kli ri`ijlt s2l sj'ikolt al `g leud ?+?.(g\uhil 7 slu kli oieg is sistgk 48 4dug#geg"_ 7 grl prikud e jdlslkgetud `ie ?+?. Bi oieg,up juk sg phltg hosgrvl pg ehud thp F sg phltg jhestltl alptud j ljgst jldjudlthr l jut pg

    phiil l trgil, e urkl sistgkud %rlC :E9 `g dl Igplrtlkgetud `g Begrfig ld !lohrlthrudui

    $liheld `ie

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    6/54

    =etrujt isthril Wouetu eu lr ai eijih`lt jhkpdgt `lj eu s2lr vhroi i `gsprg 8lr*('uttdg3hrt' h s aig lkietitg e jhetieulrg jtgvl gvgeikgetg ahlrtg ietgrgsletg `ie vill hkudui jgl pus olgdg `istriouigi Wouetu. Bd l jrglt oudfrgdg `g pl` jlrg e jgdg `ie urk l ejgput s sgrhtglsj i s jrglsj e `ikgesiuei `uje` dl lplriil prhigjtudui Wouetu. 8lr* ('uttdg3hrt' s2lesjut e +9N )jheahrk 3i*ipg`il/ pg +9 sgptgkorig0 e hrlud Kgd*hk, ^rhviejil Orgg (tltg)(tltudui !iogr0, `ie ;arijl `g (u`. ; urklt jursuridg %hdgfiudui Iihjgsle i l hoieut `ipdhkl `g

    dijge e 1tiieg Bjhehkijg, ju spgjildilrgl aieleg i sistgkg ieahrkliheldg dl Weivgrsitltgl `ie%lpg Ph3e. =e pgrihl`l stu iidhr, gd grl plsihelt `g jhkputgrg aiie` ue kgkoru ljtiv ldjhkueitidhr `g shat3lrg diogr i ju surs dl vg`grg. (2l hjuplt `g prhigjtgdg ;plj'g i Igoile i lahst prikud jlrg l iejdus sgrvgrud ;plj'g e lr'ivl prhigjtudui Igoile. Bd l ahe`lt h jhkpleig pgeukg P'l3tg, jlrg sg hjupl `g jgrtiaijltgdg `ifitldg i sgjuritltgl pg ietgregt. =e `gjurs `g `hlrjivl lei, P'l3tg l `gvgeit h luthritltg e `hkgeiud `g jlrg sg hjupl ltrfe` ltgeil jhkpleigififlet e sgjuritltg, @iri(ife. ^rh`usgdg i sgrvijiidg P'l3tg grlu e thtlditltg olltg pg shat3lrgdiogr i hpge shurjg. @iri(ife l jukprlt e `gjgkorig + P'l3tg `g dl ('uttdg3hrt' pgetru hsuk aloudhls )`g hr`ieud sutgdhr `g kidihleg `g `hdlri lkgrijlei0. %u sukl jtiflt lstagd lr ai

    putut s `uj h vil dipsit `g hrijg fri5i. =e sj'iko gd grl ue hk ju `hrieg eldtg. ;l j l aieleltju sukl `g ? `g kidihleg `g `hdlri prhfrlkud splild ld &usigi pgetru l ai ueud `ietrg puieii turiti

    splildi li idgdhr ehlstrg. ^getru l2i kpdiei visud `g l kgrfg e spliu gd l trgouit s il plrtg dl ueprhfrlk `g prgftirg ietges `g lprhlpg ue le, iejdue` liji jgdg lptg duei pgtrgjutg e L

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    7/54

    ljgdl jheahrk jruil sistgkud ljgstl eu ikpdij eijiue jhstD ;stl oiegegdgs `lj eu sg ldgfg h`istriouig jlrg hagr sistgkud frltuit, `lr pgetru jgi ietgrgsli hagr suphrt jhetrl jhst. Ilr liji gstgvhrol `gsprg jhkpleii klri i sgrihlsg, jlrg hrijuk lr lefl5l pg jiegvl s etrgie sistgkud `gjldjud. =e eijiue jl `g utidilthrii jlseiji. ;d jiejidgl lrfukget e alvhlrgl !ieux gstg stloiditltglsistgkudui, jlrg eu vl lvgl plrtg `g Ljrls'2uriJ i eiji eu vl `ujg dl pigr`grgl `g `ltg `ie jlulljgsthrl. =etrujt sistgkgdg !ieux tie` s ahdhsglsj rgsursg kli puieg, ue lstagd `g sistgk vl ai kli

    rlpi` j'ilr i pg lr'itgjturi 'lr`3lrg kli vgj'i. Wegdg `istriouii j'ilr lu jl sjhp jrglrgl ueuisistgk kieikldist. !ieux gstg ue sistgk sifur. ^riejipldl iet l jrglthridhr `g viruidhr ieahrkltiji ikld3lrg2udui gstg Kie`h3s, kli ldgs j dl hrl ljtuld gstg jgd kli phpudlr sistgk pgetrujldjudlthlrg `gs*thp. 4iegegdgs, eu gxist sgjuritltg +H e dukgl ieahrkltij, es gxist`istriouii jlrg pue ljjget pg ljglst jlrljtgristij pgetru jgi kli gxifgei `ietrg utidilthriD ^g sitg2ud 'h32th2fgg*.jhk sg pht fsi trgi khtivg pgetru jlrg ue sistgk !ieux gstg kli agrit `g ieagjtlrglju virui ieahrkltiji al `g Kie`h3s. ;stl pg def alptud j suet kli puiei virui pgetru !ieuxLe sdotijigJ. ^getru l iestldl ue ehu prhfrlk pg Kie`h3s `g kudtg hri utidilthrii d `gsjlrj `g

    pg ietgregt `ie sursg eu etht`gluel sifurg. ^g !ieux ldtagd stlu dujruridg. %e` `hrgti s iestldgi hlpdijlig pg !ieux, vgi `gsj'i`g klelfgrud `g plj'gtg i vgi `gsjrjl lpdijlil `ietr2ue `gphitshat3lrg ld `istriouigi !ieux ld jrgi sistgk d ahdhsgti. ;iji sg fsgtg shat3lrg `g ejrg`grg,

    vgriaijlt `g rgprggetleii `istriouigi 7 e ljgst kh` utidilthrii eu suet e situlil `g l `gsjrjl dlvhil etkpdrii prhfrlkg. ^e dl ietrh`ujgrgl W;% )Wsgr ;jjhuet %hetrhd 7 %hetrhdgr2ud%heturidhr `g Wtidilthr0 pg Kie`h3s @istl 7 utidilthrii `g Kie`h3s ahdhsglu jhetud `g;`kieistrlthr tht tikpud. ^g !ieux utidilthrii lu e kh` ehrkld ljjgs `iagrit dl jhetud `gl`kieistrlthr )rhht usgr0. ;jgstl g utidilt `hlr je` gstg loshdut egjgslr. Ig lsgkgegl, pgetru!ieux gxist sistgkg ietgdifgetg `g sgjuritltg/ `hu `ietrg gdg aiie` ;pp;rkhr i (B!ieux. !ieux llvut e isthrig h jht `g pil kli kij. Ig lsgkgegl, l ahst ue sistgk ld LthjidlridhrJ, jlrg lvglujuehtieg sgrihlsg e `hkgeiud jldjudlthlrgdhr. (prg `ghsgoirg `g Kie`h3s, eu g eiji h iet ahlrtguhlr i eiji uel ikphrtlet. ^g def lfukgetgdg `g kli sus sg kli phltg vhroi i `gsprgsusiegrgl `g jlrg ogegaijil utidilthrii. %e` gi etkpie `iaijudti pht lpgdl dl jhkueitltgl`istriouigi slu j'ilr dl jhkueitltgl !ieux ue`g vhr fsi shduii dl prhodgkgdg pg jlrg dg lu. Bxisteukgrhlsg ahrukuri slu frupuri `g `isjuig e ljgst sges. Ig lsgkgegl, jhkpleiidg pht ldgfgsuphrtud jhetrl jhst hagrit `g jtrg jgi jlrg lu jrglt h leukg `istriouig. !ieux g kouetit ejhetieuu. kg`ilt jg jhkueitltgl `gsjhpgr h leukg vudegrloiditltg slu vrgue LoufJ, prhfrlklthriisg pue pg trglo i viuldigl jh`ud surs pgetru l2d kouetiD Wtidilthrii eu trgouig s ltgptgduei `g idg pgetru plj'gtg jlrg ljhpgr furidg `ie sistgkud `g hpgrlrg, juk sg etkpd e jludsistgkgdhr prhprigtltg. Ig lsgkgegl, hrijieg phltg jhetrioui dl ljgstg kouetiri. Wdtikudlrfukget e alvhlrgl sistgkgdhr `gsprg jlrg sg `isjut gstg ljgdl j !ieux g jhkpltioid justle`lr`gdg ietgreliheldg e `hkgeiu. 1i sg phltg spueg j eu `hlr hagr shduii oueg pgetru egvhidgutidilthridhr, `lr tie`g j'ilr s aig ue sistgk jlrg prgiet h kli klrg ietgrhpgrltivitltg `gjtsistgkgdg prhprigtltg.

    !ujrlrgl `g al gstg strujturlt pg trgi jlpithdg. ^rikud jlpithd gstg `gstielt iestldriisistgkudui `g hpgrlrg Wouetu +?.A. ^rljtij plrtgl ljglstl l dujrrii gstg ue f'i` pls2ju2pls, eshit`g jlpturidg `g gjrle rgldiltg `g2l duefud prhjgsudui `g iestldlrg. estldlrg Wouetu +?.A gstg uelsikpd i phltg ai rgldilt `g jtrg hrijieg. %'ilr i `g jtrg jgi jlrg eu lu ahlrtg kudtg juehtieg`gsprg !ieux.

    ;d `hidgl jlpithd i prhpueg s `gsjrig e lkeuet sistgkud Wouetu. =ejgpg ju h puegrg eletitg l `hu sistgkg `g hpgrlrg Wouetu +?.A i Kie`h3s -, `up jlrg jhetieu ju prggetlrgl`ivgrsgdhr lspgjtg `ie Wouetu/ `g dl ietgrall frlaij pe dl ahdhsirgl jhkgeidhr e Pgrkield.;jgst jlpithd gxpdij kh`ud e jlrg gstg lslkodlt sistgkud `g hpgrlrg i auejiidg sldg slu jukleukg phltg ai kh`iaijlt i l`us dl ahrkl lprhpilt `g jgriegdg utidilthridhr.

    Wdtikud jlpithd gstg ueud l`iiheld. Bd sg rgagr dl ehrkgdg `g prhtgjig l kuejii e

    `hkgeiud ieahrkltij. 8li prgjis prgiet jtgvl rgfudi )egikphrtletg0 `g lkgel5lrg l ueui dhj `gkuej.

    9

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    8/54

    Jlithdud ##estldlrg $ouetu

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    9/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    10/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    11/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    12/54

    =e jlud `g kli sus gxist h ueitltg MII"((I `g 6.A #4, jhkpdgt diogr. =e ldtg jluri, edhj `g Largg spljgJ, pht gxistl kli kudtg plrtiii. ^getru l tgrfg h plrtiig vl trgoui s sg ldglf

    plrtiil prie jdij* stefl lsuprl gi, `up jlrg sg aljg jdij* pg jhkle`l LIgdgtgJ. Ilj gxist uesistgk `g hpgrlrg pg h leukg plrtiig i sg `hrgtg pstrlrgl dui, utidilthrud trgouig s sg lsifurg j

    eu aljg hpgrliuegl `g kli sus lsuprl ljgstgi plrtiii. ;r ai egpdjut `g jhestltlt alptud j l `isprutsistgkud `g hpgrlrg Kie`h3s slu 8lj

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    13/54

    ^getru l jrgl h plrtiig (K;^ e jkpud LWsg lsJ sg ahdhsgtg kgeiud `grudlet i sg ldgfghpiuegl L(K;^ ;rglJ. (g jheairk aigjlrg sgtlrg prie jdij* pg

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    14/54

    ;juk utidilthrud gstg pg puejtud `g l ejgpg gagjtiv iestldlrgl sistgkudui Wouetu +?.A. (gldgfg plrtiil pg jlrg trgouig iestldlt Wouetu i lphi sg aljg jdij* pg Lestldd $h3J.

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    15/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    16/54

    (g tlstgl eukgdg jgidui jlrg `gtieg jhkputgrud e jkpud Lhur elkgJG sg tlstgleukgdg jhkputgrudui e jkpud Lhur jhkputgr>s elkgJ. !ujruridg lstgl eu suet ahlrtg ikphrtletg.%ggl jg g ikphrtlet g s aig ldgsg ue eukg `g utidilthr i h plrhdl. 8li ldgs plrhdl jlrg trgouigieut kietg uhr. @l ai utid i e khkgetudg e jlrg sg alj ljtuldiri ldg sistgkudui `g hpgrlrg, `lri e khkgetud e jlrg vl ai iestldlt ue ehu prhfrlk. (g jheairk plrhdl e jkpud lagrget. Ilj eusg `hrgtg utidilrgl usgrelkg2ud i l plrhdgi `g aigjlrg `lt je` sg ejlrj Wouetu, sg phltg ldgfg

    hpiuegl L!hf ie luthkltijlddCJ. (g aljg jdij* pg L%hetieugJ pgetru l kgrfg dl udtikl gtlp lprhjgsudui `g iestldlrg.

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    17/54

    8li sus utidilthrud g ieahrklt `gsprg %getrud `g (hat3lrg Wouetu. %heieg eukgrhlsglpdijlii utidg i uhr `g iestldlt.

    +9

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    18/54

    Iup jg s2l ajut ieahrklrgl ju privirg dl alptud j sg pht plrtl5l ahlrtg uhr iklfiei jul5uthrud ('ht3gdd, pg gjrle lplr ehui `gsprg Wouetu

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    19/54

    ^getru jgi ietgrgsli `g kuij, Wouetu +?.A vieg ju prhfrlkud &'Ct'kohx prgiestldlt.;jgstl gstg h lpdijlig ju hpiuei lvlesltg privie` rg`lrgl kuijii.

    8li sus sg fsgsj ieahrklii `gsprg LWouetu 8gssfg e`ijlthrJ jlrg l5ut utidilthrud s aig

    kgrgu etiielt ju privirg dl kgsl5gdg `g pg rggdgdg `g shjildilrg, g2klid2uridg prikitg slu e jlude jlrg ahdhsgtg prhfrlkg lsgkethlrg ju l'hh 8gssgefgr )fge ^i`fie0.

    +

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    20/54

    Wouetu +?.A vieg ju orh3sgrud 8hiddl Oirgahx prgiestldlt. ;jgstl gstg sifur, rlpi` isuaijiget `g ietgdifget ejt s l5utl dl elviflrgl pg ietgregt. Ig lsgkgegl, g uhr `g utidilt.

    !l ejgput Wouetu vgegl ju suitl

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    21/54

    Ogrglstrl LWouetu %usthkigJ etiiegl utidilthrud j e jl`rud sistgkudui `g hpgrlrggxist phsioiditltgl pgrsheldirii LeailrglJ ljgstuil `up prgagriegdg prhprii.

    ^getru etrgori privie` prhjgsud `g iestldlrg gxist phsioiditltgl jhesudtrii `hjukgetligiladltg hedieg. (g l5uefg ljhdh ljjgse` die*2ud uouetu.jhk"supphrt ll juk sg phltg hosgrvl i klisus.

    ?+

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    22/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    23/54

    Jlithdud ##)lkidilri*lrgl ju $ouetu

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    24/54

    sglkl j airkl %leheijld j'ilr i2l ajut tgkgdg je` vieg vhrol s2i l5utg pg utidilthri s2iahdhsglsj gaijiget jldjudlthlrgdg. (j'ikolrgl eu gstg eijih`lt uhlr. ^getru kudi hlkgei gahlrtg frgu s sj'ikog jgvl, rlte` plsud sprg uegdg prhfrgsg uikithlrg. WeitC gstg ue lstagd `g

    prhfrgsJ.Iup jg utidilthrud s2l lutgetiaijlt pgetru l ahdhsi Wouetu +?.A, ljgstl vl ai etkpielt `g

    ue gjrle lsgkethr ju jgd `g kli 5hs/

    %ggl jg slrg pgetru prikl `lt e hj'i gstg alptud j `g pg `gs*thp 7 sprg `ghsgoirg `gldtg sistgkg `g hpgrlrg 7 dipsgsj ju `gsvrirg pijthfrlkgdg. Bxist e sj'ikol, e stefl, hLaigJ )lsgkethlrg uegi rifdg0 pg jlrg suet eirltg lpdijliidg. 1i eu eukli. ;jglstl phlrteukgdg `g L!leslthr `g lpdijliiJ )!luej'gr0. $u thltg prhfrlkgdg sg fsgsj ljhdh. ^getru lfsi ldtg lpdijlii trgouig s sg `gl jdij* pg Ils', jlrg gstg klrjlt prie pijthfrlkl `g sus )jgljlrg phlrt sifdl Wouetu0D

    ^getru l fsi h lpdijlig trgouig ahdhsit tlstlturl, sjriie`u2sg e jkpud diogr `g sus)ljhdh ue`g gstg phiihelt e stefl h dup sikidlr ju jgl l dui ('grdhj* Mhdkgs0 eukgdglpdijligi `hritg. Wtidilthrud eu trgouig s tig ju gxljtitltg eukgdg lpdijligi, etrujt vl airgldilt h jutlrg i e auejig `g ldtg jritgrii/ lprhpigrgl `ietrg eukgdg tlstlt i eukgdglpdijligi, dgfturl `ietrg eukgdg tlstlt i jkpud sgkletij ld lpdijligi )sprg gxgkpdu, `ljjiegvl jlut ue leukg 5hj 7 `lr eu kli tig juk sg j'glk 7 phltg tlstl LflkgsJ `up jg l`gsj'is Ils'2ud Wouetu, ilr rgudtltgdg lailtg vhr ai e alpt thltg 5hjuridg iestldltg dl vrgkglrgspgjtiv0.

    kg`ilt suo Ils'2ud Wouetu sg fsgtg `hslrud LMhkg Ohd`grJ. Bstg dhjud e jlrgthlrg aiigrgdg i `hslrgdg pgrsheldg lr trgoui s aig.

    We ldt gdgkget jg sg fsgtg pg !luej'gr gstg %getrud `g (hat3lrg Wouetu )Wouetu(hat3lrg %getgr0. ^ijthfrlkl jg d `gaiegtg lrlt prgjuk h trlist `g jukprturi. Ie`jdij* pg ljglstl sg `gsj'i`g h agrglstr e jlrg gxist phsioiditltg jutrii ehidhr lpdijlii)uegdg `ietrg gdg frltuitg, ldtgdg jhetrl jhst0. ;phi, ljgstgl pht ai iestldltg.

    Bdgkgetud pg jlrg eu d2lk etdeit pg Kie`h3s eijih`lt gstg Khr*pdljg (3itj'gr2ud.^getru l lpgdl dl ljgstl sg aljg jdij* pg pgeudtikl pijthfrlk `ie !luej'gr. Khr*pdljg(3itj'gr2ud l5ut dl jhkutlrgl etrg `iagritg gjrleg pg jlrg dg ahdhsgtg utidilthrud dl ue

    ?A

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    25/54

    khkget `lt. ;stl g utid pgetru jdipgdg e jlrg sg dujrgl ju kli kudtg lpdijlii, aigjlrg pg jtg uegjrle, ar s sg odhj'gg uel pg ldtl.

    Wdtikud gdgkget ld !leslthrudui `g lpdijlii gstg Prls'2ud )jhud `g fuehi0. =e iklfiegl `gkli sus gstg rgprggetlt prie pijthfrlkl `g 5hs l !luej'gr2udui. ;rlt kli `gfrlo jl ue pl'lrtrlsplrget je` eu sg fsgtg eikij e `esud. Bstg sikidlr ju &gjCjdg 4ie2ud `ie Kie`h3s. ;iji sgrgfsgsj aiigrgdg tgrsg. ^hltg ai fhdit pgrih`ij. Ig lsgkgegl, aiigrgdg tgrsg pht ai rgstlurltg `lj

    eu l ahst fhdit Prls'2ud.8li 5hs vl ai prggetlt h jlptur `g gjrle ju privirg dl jutlrgl ju l5uthrud Ils'2udui/

    Ig lsgkgegl, pgetru leukitg jutri pht ai utidiltg aidtrg, ll juk sg phltg vg`gl e jlpturl`g gjrle urkthlrg/

    ?F

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    26/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    27/54

    Ohd`grud Igs*thp 7 jheieg aiigrgdg i `hslrgdg jg sg pht vg`gl i pg `gs*thp. Ilj gstg l`usue aiigr pg `gs*thp ljgstl vl ai viioid i e Ohd`grud Igs*thp. Ilj gstg tgrs slu kutlt ueaiigr"`hslr `g pg `gs*thp ltueji ljgstl vl `isprgl i `ie Ohd`grud Igs*thp.

    Ohd`grud Ihjukgets 7 l ahst jhejgput s pstrgg aiigrgdg 3hr` slu hrijg ldtg aiigrg pg jlrgdg jrggl ue utidilthr.

    Ohd`grud Ih3edhl`s 7 e ljgst `hslr sg vhr `ujg thltg aiigrgdg `gsjrjltg `g pg ietgregt. Ohd`grud 8usij 7 l ahst jhejgput s jheie aiigrgdg kuijldg ).kpN, .3lv, .hff, .kAl, .llj

    gtj.0. Ohd`grud ^ijturgs 7 l ahst jhejgput s jheie iklfieidg ajutg ju h jlkgr `ifitld i

    trlesagrltg lphi pg jhkputgr. Ohd`grud ^uodij 7 sikidlr ju ahd`grud ('lrg `ie Kie`h3s, jheieg ljgdg aiigrg pg jlrg

    utidilthrud `hrgtg s dg plrtl5gg ju jgidldi jlrg ahdhsgsj ljgdli jhkputgr slu ju jgi `ie rgglul`ie jlrg aljg plrtg. #rl`ud `g pgrkisiueg lsuprl aiigrgdhr `g liji phltg ai sgtlt `iagrit. =e kh`ikpdijit `hlr l`kieistrlthrud lrg ljjgs dl jgdgdldtg aiigrg i `hslrg.

    Ohd`grud Pgkpdltgs 7 jheieg aiigrg lodhe pgetru `iagritgdg tipuri `g lpdijlii prgjukprhjgshrud `g tgxt.

    Ohd`grud @i gh 7 g jhejgput s jheie thltg aiigrgdg vi`gh `ie jhkputgr.=e stefl klelfgrudui `g aiigrg i ahd`grg sg fsgtg ue kgeiu jg jheieg jtgvl hpiei.

    8l5hritltgl suet sjurtturi jtrg `hslrgdg `g5l leldiltg. =e pdus al `g jggl jg l ahst prggetlt klisus lvgk/

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    28/54

    ^getru l lvgl ljjgs dl hel `g ehtiaijlrg i jgls 7 utidilthrud jhe`ujg jurshrud khusg2uduijtrg hel `ie `rglptl sus. Zhel `g ehtiaijlrg )$htiaijltihe ;rgl0 gstg sikidlr ju sCstgk trlC2ud `ieKie`h3s. ;iji sg pht aljg l5ustri privie` `ltl i hrl, hel e jlrg sg lad jhkputgrud, sg pht aljgl5ustri ldg suegtudui )prie ietgrkg`iud ljgdgi pijthfrlkg jlrg sglke ju h phrtlvhjg0 i eu `hlrltt. =e ljglst plrtg l `gs*thp2ud Wouetu sg fsgsj leukitg uegdgtg ikphrtletg ldg sistgkudui/

    8lelfgrud `g rggl )$gt3hr* 8lelfgr0 gstg h ietgal `g rggl, jlrg l5ut dl klelfgrigrgl

    `isphitivgdhr `g rggl i l jhegxiueidhr gxistgetg. (jhpud lppdgt2udui `g rggl gstg s alj ahlrtguhlr jhegjtlrgl dl h rggl j'ilr i pgetru jgi jlrg eu lu ahlrtg kudtg juehtieg `gsprg rggdg.Ie` jdij* pg lppdgt2ud `g rggl )jl e iklfiegl `g kli 5hs0 utidilthrud phltg vg`gl jhegxiueidggxistgetg, i phltg jheaifurl h rggl virtuld privlt )@^$ 7 virtuld privltg egt3hr*0, phltg sgtlrgglul jl aiie` ljjgsioid slu iejjgsioid )ltt rggdgdg ju air, jt i jgdg ar air0, phltg ahdhsijhkle`l `g g`itlrg l jhegxiueii.

    %glsud )P'g %dhj*0 sg lad lprhlpg `g 8lelfgrud `g rggl. Oje` jdij* pg lppdgt2udjglsudui sg phltg vg`gl jldge`lrud. Ig lsgkgegl, `lj gstg ahdhsit prhfrlkud Bvhdutihe pht aiklrjltg e jldge`lr leukitg gvgeikgetg )`g fgeud prhfrlklrg dl `getist0. Ilr auejihelrgllpdijligi Bvhdutihe eu aljg hoigjtud ljgstgi dujrri.

    8geiud %heturidhr `g Wtidilthr )Wsgr ;jjhuet 8geu0 jlrg sg lad ikg`ilt def jglsud `ieWouetu. Igsprg ljgstl sg vl `isjutl ltueji je` sg vl vhroi `gsprg jrglrgl i gdikielrgl uehrjheturi `g utidilthr. ;jgst kgeiu l5ut usgrud s alj sj'ikoud etrg `ivgrsgdg jheturi `g utidilthr`g jlrg `ispueg sistgkud ar l rgstlrtl jhkputgrud. Ig lsgkgegl, sg phltg trgjg e kh`udud #ugst(gssihe, jlrg g ue tip `g jhet ju pgrkisiuei rg`usg lsuprl rgsursgdhr sistgkudui. B ue iestrukget utid

    pgetru prigtgeii vgeii e viit jlrg vhr s2i vgriaijg g2klid2uri i vhr s elvif'gg pg ietgregtpgetru l jiti tiri slu `ivgrsg ieahrklii `g pg rggdgdg `g shjildilrg.

    ?-

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    29/54

    8geiud #glr )gxgkpdiaijlt e iklfiegl `g kli 5hs0 7 sg lad jgd kli e `rglptl sus l`gs*thp2udui Wouetu. ^rie jdij* pg ljgstl sg `gsj'i`g ue kgeiu ju urkthlrgdg hpiei/

    h (gtridg sistgkudui )(Cstgk (gttiefs0 7 jlrg `gsj'i`g h agrglstr e jlrg sg pht aljg l5ustrildg sistgkudui jheahrk prgagriegdhr utidilthrudui )hpiuei privie` dikol tlstlturii, iklfiegl `g pg`gs*thp slu sgtri `g lailrg, l`uflrgl `g ikprikletg, l5ustlrgl suegtudui i eu `hlr ltt0. ^getru lljjgsl ljglst hpiueg sg phltg ahdhsi i pijthfrlkl `ie !luej'gr )`gsprg jlrg s2l ajut vhroirg kli

    `gvrgkg0.h

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    30/54

    ?.? L`u!lrgl `g ehi usgri8udtg `ie jhkputgrgdg `g li suet ahdhsitg `g kli kudt `g h siefur pgrshle. B kli oieg

    prie urklrg s aig jrglt pgetru aigjlrg pgrshle jtg ue jhet. ;stl lr rg`ujg i risjud jl sistgkud s`gvie ahlrtg vudegrloid ltueji je` thlt dukgl lrg ljjgs dl sgtridg l`kieistrlthrudui. ;stagd,aigjlrg utidilthr phltg ahdhsi jhkputgrud `up oueud pdlj, puee` s2i jheaifurgg lspgjtudsistgkudui ll juk jrg`g `g juviie 7 ar l ietrl e jheadijt ju jgidldi utidilthri. Ig lsgkgegl, sg

    phltg jrgl h dist l jgdhr jlrg vhr putgl lvgl ljjgs dl sgtridg l`kieistrlthrudui pgetru l gvitlegpdjgridg.^getru l aljg ljglst hpgrliueg trgouig jl l`kieistrlthrud s utidigg jurshrud khusg2udui,

    `uje`u2d jtrg plrtgl `rglpt sus l `gs*thp2udui Wouetu. ;jhdh ue`g gstg eukgdg `g utidilthr. (galjg jdij* pg ljgl he, ilr `ie kgeiud jlsjl` sg ldgfg LWsgr ;jjhuets...J. ;jglst ljiueg vl `ujgdl `gsj'i`grgl uegi agrglstrg sikidlrg ju ljggl `g kli 5hs.

    (g ahdhsgtg jhkle`l Wedhj* )`ie `rglptl sus e agrglstrl ehu `gs'is0 7 sg ietrh`ujg plrhdli l`kieistrlthrud g fltl `g jrglrgl ueui ehu jhet `g utidilthr. %dij* pg sgkeud pdus )LYJ0 `iestefl 5hs. =e agrglstrl ehu `gsj'is sg ldgfg tipud `g jhet )(tle`lr` slu ;`kieistrlthr0, sg ehtgleukgdg jhkpdgt ld utidilthrudui i usgrelkg2ud )eukgdg `g lutgetiaijlrg0. %dij* pg jhkle`lL%rgltgJ i l ahst prljtij jrglt ue ehu jhet. ;jgstl vl lprgl e stefl suo prikud jhet `gl`kieistrlthr. (g aljg jdij* pg ljgst ehu jhet i e `rglptl sg ldgfg jhkle`l L;jjhuet `islodg`J `ie`rgptud jkpudui L^lss3hr`J. =e agdud ljgstl sg phltg sgtl h plrhd `g lutgetiaijlrg. Ig lsgkgegl,sg phltg ldgfg etrg `hu hpiuei. ^rikl `ietrg ljgstgl spueg j sistgkud jgrg plrhdl pgetrulutgetiaijlrgl ueui utidilthr, jgdldldt spueg j sistgkud sg vl ejrjl `irgjt ar l kli shdijitltlstlrgl plrhdgi. %e` g jrglt ue jhet stle`lr` pgetru ue jhpid g pe dl urk utid s eu aig egjgslrjl ue jhkputgr s shdijitg plrhdl dl aigjlrg ejrjlrg l sistgkudui. 8li ldgs j ljgstl eu lrg ljjgs dlsgtridg g l`kieistrlthr.

    ^getru l gdikiel ue leukg jhet sg `gsj'i`g agrglstrl LWsgr ;jjhuets...J, sg ldgfg jhkle`lLWedhj*J, sg tlsgl plrhdl `up jlrg sg ldgfg jhetud jlrg trgouig gdikielt i sg aljg jdij* pg kieus2ud `ie stefl 5hs.

    Bxist phsioiditltgl `g l jrgl ue jhet ju `rgpturi `g l`kieistrlthr prie ietgrkg`iud uegi

    jhkgei sjrisg e Pgrkield. ^getru l2d `gsj'i`g )`lj eu gstg `g5l e !luej'gr 7 e ljgst jl sg aljg`irgjt jdij* pg ljgstl0 sg `gsj'i`g Ils'2ud Wouetu i sg tlstgl juvetud LtgrkieldJ. %dij* lsuprlpijthfrlkgi spgjiaijg i `up `gsj'i`grgl agrgstrgi Pgrkieldudui sg tlstgl jhkle`l/su`h l``usgr

    N

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    31/54

    jhrgy. =e ljgst kh` l ahst jrglt ue jhet ju `rgpturi `g l`kieistrlthr pg eukg jhrg. 4iegegdgs,`up jg l ahst ietrh`us plrhdl i s2l rspues dl jtgvl etrgori e dgftur ju ehud jhet `gl`kieistrlthr. ^getru l aljg plsud ievgrs, l`ij tgrfgrgl ueui jhet prie ietgrkg`iud tgrkieldudui/`up gsj'i`grgl ljgstuil sg tlstgl jhkle`lsu`h `gdusgr jhrgy.

    ?." $tidi*lrgl $ouetu e dikol rhrig

    Weud `ietrg puejtgdg ikphrtletg je` vieg vhrol `g aidhshail Wouetu gstg ljgdl jlrgspgjiaij alptud j ljgil jlrg lu jrglt sistgkud `hrgsj gdikielrgl olrigrgdhr privie` dikol e jlrggstg ahdhsit ljgstl.

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    32/54

    (g vl `gsj'i`g h agrglstr )prgjuk jgl `g kli 5hs0 ju l5uthrud jrgil sg pht l`ufl slugdikiel ikprikletg slu `isphitivg `g tip kudtiauejiheld.

    !l urkthrud pls sg aljg jdij* pg jhkle`l ;``. ;jgst ljt vl `gsj'i`g h ehu agrglstr)sikidlr jgdgi `g kli 5hs0.

    =e agrglstrl ljglstl sg phltg jheaifurl ikprikletl jhegjtlt dl jhkputgr slu ikprikletl `ierggl. Ig rgfud, eukgdg ikprikletgi i `rivgrud egjgslr ljgstgli vhr ai viioidg e jkpuridglagrgetg e ehul agrglstr. Ilj es eu gxist ue `rivgr `ispheioid, ltueji utidilthrud lrg

    phsioiditltgl s ldglf `ie distl lailt ue `rivgr pgetru h ikpriklet sikidlr )`g dl ljgglijhkpleig0 i s alj tgstg pgetru l vg`gl jlrg sg phtrivgtg kli oieg. ;jgstgl suet `g rgfud `rivgrgprhprigtltg i eu etht`gluel suet sjrisg s auejihegg oieg ju ue sistgk `g hpgrlrg !ieux. Iup jg

    N?

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    33/54

    lu ahst ajutg ldgfgridg egjgslrg sg aljg jdij* pg Ohr3lr` i lphi )jl e agrglstrl `g kli 5hs0 pg;ppdC. 1i l ahst iestldlt h ehu ikpriklet pgetru jhkputgr.

    ^getru l utidil h ikpriklet `ie rggl jhegjtlt dl ue sistgk Kie`h3s vl trgoui s aig

    jheaifurlt prhfrlkud (lkol 7 jlrg l5ut dl jhkueijlrgl etr2h rggl etrg !ieux i Kie`h3s.

    NN

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    34/54

    ?.' #estldlrgl `g ehi rh!rlkgWouetu +?.A vieg dl plj'gt ju h sgrig ikphrtlet `g prhfrlkg. =es, eu etht`gluel

    suaijigetg.

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    35/54

    Bxgkpdu `g jutlrg prie ietgrkg`iud %getrudui `g (hat3lrg Wouetu )kli 5hs gstg jutlt ueprhjgshr `g tgxt0/

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    36/54

    Ilj prhfrlkud eu gstg frltuit, ji trgouig s aig pdtit h tlx pgetru l2d putgl utidil, ltuejie `rglptl vl lprgl hpiuegl 4uC, ilr e stefl gstg lailt jhstud prh`usudui )prgjuk e iklfiegl `gkli 5hs0/

    ; `hul kh`lditltg `g iestldlrg l ueui shat3lrg pg Wouetu +?.A gstg ahdhsirgl lpdijligi(Celptij. (Celptij )`geukirgl prhvieg `g dl sielpsgdg `ie jrgigr )e gefrg sCelpsgs0 i juvetud;^P0 gstg ue iestrukget frlaij ahlrtg putgreij `g klelfgrigrg l plj'gtgdhr shat3lrg. $u g iestldlte kh` ikpdijit e Wouetu +?.A. Ilj %getrud `g (hat3lrg Wouetu sg hjup `hlr `g plj'gtgdgspgjiaijg lpdijliidhr, (Celptgj gstg ue iestrukget jgvl kli lvleslt/ gd privgtg ltt plj'gtgdg `glpdijlii, oiodihtgjidg slu ldtg iestrukgetg pgetru lpdijlii. ( kh`iaiji sistgkud dl ljgst eivgd g hj'gstiueg jhkpdijlt, es pgetru juehsjthri g ue iestrukget jlrg hagr ue jhetrhd kli klrg. (prggxgkpdu, liji sg phltg iestldl h leukg oiodihtgj pgetru h lpdijlig jlrg eu sg lad e ahrkltud ueui

    plj'gt.< oiodihtgj gstg h jhdgjig `g auejii ikphrtletg jlrg suet utidg kli kudthr prhfrlkg.

    ;jgstg auejii suet l`ueltg e plj'gtg sgplrltg pgetru l sldvl spliud `ispheioid pg `isj. Ilj klikudtg lpdijlii ahdhsgsj auejiidg rgspgjtivg, sg phltg aljg rgagrirg dl gdg e ietgrihrud jh`udui

    prhfrlkgdhr rgspgjtivg i lstl l5ut ue leukg prhfrlk s ahdhsgsj ljgdg auejii. Ig lsgkgegl, g ih j'gstig `g sgjuritltg dl ki5dhj e ljglst klegvr. Ilj sg aljg h ljtuldilrg l uegi oiodihtgji`gsprg jlrg sg tig j lrg leukitg prhodgkg, ilr ljgl ljtuldilrg rghdv prhodgkgdg rgspgjtivg,ltueji thltg prhfrlkgdg jlrg ahdhsgsj oiodihtgjl vhr ogegaijil `g kouetiridg pg jlrg dg jlptljglstl.

    N6

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    37/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    38/54

    Iup jg utidilthrud gstg kudukit `g ldgfgridg ajutg eu trgouig `gjt s `gl jdij* pghpiuegl ;ppdC `ie olrl `g iestrukgetg pgetru l ejgpg iestldlrgl.

    ^getru l edturl leukitg plj'gtg `ie sistgk sg `gsj'i`g prhfrlkud, sg aljg jdij* pg eukgdgplj'gtgdhr `g5l iestldltg i sg ldgfg hpiuegl 8lr* ahr &gkhvld. %l i e jlud iestldrii utidilthrudphltg ai etiielt ju privirg dl gpge`gegdg `ietrg plj'gtg )dl agd jl e agrglstrl idustrlt kli 5hs0.

    (g phltg ldgfg i hpiuegl 8lr* ahr %hkpdgtg &gkhvld. Iup jg s2lu ajut ldgfgridgegjgslrg sg ahdhsgtg g lsgkgei jhkle`l ;ppdC ie olrl g iestrukgetg.

    Wegdg shat3lrg eu pht ai fsitg ju eijiue j'ip e plj'gtg prgjhkpidltg )aig gdg ^^;2uri, aiggdg plj'gtg ;^P slu Igoile0. Ig ljggl, hlkgeii trgouig s `gsjlrjg sursgdg `g pg ietgregt i s dgjhkpidgg gi pgetru l putgl ahdhsi h leukg lpdijlig. Ig rgfud, sursgdg vie eshitg `g iestrujiueidg

    egjgslrg jhkpidrii. ;dtghri, eu. =e jgdg kli kudtg jluri jhkpidlrgl uegi sursg auejihegllsgkethr ju strujturl `g pli prggetlt kli 5hs.=elietg `g l iestldl ue leukg prhfrlk, ljgstl trgouig jhevgrtit e sistgk oielr pgetru l putgl

    ai egdgs `g jtrg sistgkud `g jldjud. ^rhfrlkud jlrg aljg ljgst dujru sg eukgtg jhkpidlthr. ^getrul putgl jhkpidl leukitg sursg g egjgslr s aig iestldlt e prgldloid ue plj'gt jlrg eu vieg h`lt jusistgk g hpgrlrg. ;jgst plj'gt sg eukgtg ouid`-gssgetild. ^getru l2d iestldl sg `gsj'i`g Pgrkieldudi sg ahdhsgtg jhkle`l/ su`h lpt-fgt iestldd ouid`-gssgetild. Iup ietrh`ujgrgl plrhdgi vl phreigagjtiv prhjgsud g iestldlrg.

    Wrkthrud pls gstg jutlrgl plj'gtgdhr `g sursg `gsjrjltg. =e jgdg kli kudtg jluri suetaiigrg ju gxtgesil .tlr.f slu .tlr.o?. ;jgstgl trgouigsj `glr'ivltg. Igji sg vl sjrig e tgrkield hjhkle` `g ahrkl/ tlr -!a aidg.tlr.fzslu tlr -!a aidg.tlr.oz". =e auejig `g gxtgesil pg jlrg h lrg

    aiigrud sg vl ldgfg tipud `g jhkle` phtrivit.;phi, sg vl ahdhsi jhkle`l kl#g. ;jglst jhkle` vl trlesahrkl jh`ud surs e jgvliestldloid. Ig lsgkgegl, jhkle`l vgriaij kli eti `lj gxist plj'gtg jlrg lu dgftur ju lpdijliljlrg sg `hrgtg l ai iestldlt i `lj ljgstgl suet iestldltg. Ilj eu suet iestldltg vl etiiel usgrudj trgouig s dg iestldgg. Wrkthrud pls gstg iestldlrgl prhpriu2is. Prl`iiheld lstl sg rgldiglutidie` jhkle`l/su`h kl#g iestldd.

    Bxist i h kgth` kli oue. ;jglstl prggetlt letgrihr vl iestldl plj'gtud, ar l ahdhsies klelfgrud `g plj'gtg `ie sistgk. Ilj vrgh`lt jiegvl vl `hri s gdikieg ue leukg shat3lrgiestldlt e agdud ljgstl sg vl etrgouiel ahlrtg tlrg.

    =e sj'iko sg phltg iestldl ue ldt plj'gt/ su`h lpt-fgt iestldd jbgj#iestldd. ;phi/ su`hjbgj#iestldd.

    N-

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    39/54

    8gth`l ljglstl gstg utid i pgetru jgi jlrg eu lu ljjgs dl ietgregt. Ilr lu prigtgei jlrg phtaljg rhst `g sursgdg prhfrlkgdhr pg jlrg `hrgsj s dg ahdhsglsj. ^rigtgeii dg hagr sursgdg egjgslrg,ilr gi ogegaijil `g lpdijliidg pg jlrg i dg `hrgsj.

    ?.( Ljtuldi*lrgl sistgkudui$ijiue shat3lrg eu gstg pgragjt. Ilr pgragjtioid ju sifurle j `l. Ig ljggl pht ai ajutg

    kgrgu l`ufiri lsuprl uegi lpdijlii i j'ilr lsuprl sistgkudui `g hpgrlrg. Igvhdtlthrii Wouetu aljlstagd `g kouetiri ldg sistgkudui `g hpgrlrg prh`us `g gi pgrih`ij. ;jtuldiridg suet iejdusg elr'ivg i suet ahlrtg uhr `g iestldlt.

    %uk gstg `gsjhpgrit h prhodgk `g sgjuritltg slu vrgh grhlrg `g prhfrlklrg )ouf0jhkueitltgl Wouetu ejglrj s rgkg`igg jt kli rgpg`g prhodgklD ^getru l kijhrl phsioiditltgljl sistgkud Wouetu s eu auejihegg thjkli juk sg ltglpt hlkgeii, `gvhdtlthrii sistgkudui lu h

    phditij ahlrtg strijt e jggl jg privgtg lpdijliidg pg jlrg dg iejdu` e sistgkud dhr. Ilj vrgh ehuvgrsiueg l ueui prhfrlk eu l ahst tgstlt suaijiget pg Wouetu, ltueji utidilthrii vhr ahdhsi hvgrsiueg kli vgj'g )`g gxgkpdu, prhfrlkud %h`g//4dhj*s0, jlrg auejihegl `g5l oieg.

    Wouetu jlut ideij pgetru l vg`gl `lj gxist vrgh ehu vgrsiueg l ueui shat3lrg iestldltpg jhkputgr, lphi aljg ue rlphrt etiiee` utidilthrud lsuprl ljtuldiridhr. (g vl `gsj'i`g h

    agrglstr php2up jlrg vl sufgrl jgdui `ie all jldjudlthrudui s alj ue up`ltg. %gi jlrg vhr svgriaijg siefuri `lj gxist ljtuldiri pgetru sistgkud pg jlrg2d `gie pht ahdhsi 8geiud #glr i `gljhdh pht ldgfg Wp`ltgs ;vlidlodgs. =e agrglstrl ehu `gsj'is sg ` jdij* pg %'gj* )jl e agrglstrl`g kli 5hs0. @hr lprgl ljtuldiridg shat3lrg, ilr ue jdij* pg estldd Wp`ltgs vl dg vl iestldl.

    N

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    40/54

    ^getru j Wouetu +?.A gstg ue sistgk !P( )l`ij lrg susiegrgl jhkueitii pg tgrkge duef0utidilthrud eu vl ai etiielt lsuprl alptudui j gxist h ldt vgrsiueg l sistgkudui pe e lpridig?+A, je` lr trgoui s lplr ehul vlrilet !P(. ;jgst dujru phltg ai sj'ikolt pgetru jgi jlrg j'ilr`hrgsj s tgstgg i vgrsiuegdg Wouetu jlrg eu suet !P( ju l5uthrud jhkgeii (gttiefs.

    ?.1 Olj4 uud

    %gi jlrg ahdhsgsj jhkputgrud `g ahlrtg kudt vrgkg lu luit `g egeukrltg hri `g saltud LOue olj* up pgrih`ijJ. 8udi `lu jurs ljgstui salt, es ldii pur i sikpdu d ifehr risje` pg prhprilrspue`grg s pilr` `ltg ikphrtletg )aiigrg, ahd`grg, iklfiei, aidkg, kuij gtj.0.

    ;iji eu vl ai ajut ue f'i` pls ju pls ju privirg dl kh`ud e jlrg trgouig s aig rgldiltljiuegl `g olj*up pgetru sistgkud Wouetu. Bxist kli kudtg kgth`g. Weii jukpr ue ehu`isphitiv `g sthjlrg l `ltgdhr e ljgst sjhp, ldii jhesi`gr j gxist i kgth`g kli gaijigetg 7 klildgs j ueghri etrgfud lefrgel5 `g aiigrg eu sg kh`iaij rl`ijld `g dl h vrgkg dl ldtl. lr pgetru laljg ue olj*up iejrlkgetld )l`ij ueud jlrg sldvgl `hlr kh`iaijridg rgldiltg dl jtgvl aiigrg0 gahlrtg oieg s sg ldglf kgth`l jgl kli oue.

    Wouetu `ispueg ej `g dl iestldlrg `g ue iestrukget jlrg l5ut utidilthrud s alj ueolj*up. Ihlr utidie` Ils'2ud i tlste` ljhdh juvetud Lolj*upJ pht aljg lpgd dl ljgst utiditlr

    )jlrg g gxgkpdiaijlt e iklfiegl `g kli 5hs0.

    %u l5uthrud ljgstui shat3lrg prgiestldlt sg phltg aljg ue olj*up thtld, ueud iejrgkgetld, sgphltg aljg h sgtlrg pgetru ue olj*up luthklt, sg pht stloidi leukitg pgrihl`g `g tikp e jlrg sg vlrgldil olj*up2udG lpdijlil ljglstl phltg l5utl dl rgstlurlrgl leukithr aiigrg `ie olj*up. B ueiestrukget usgrarige`dC, ietuitiv i uhr `g klegvrlt.

    ^getru jgi kli jurl5hi slu `hlr pgetru juehsjthri gxist prhfrlkg jlrg alj olj*up2udrlpi`, es utidilthrud trgouig s sjrig jhkgeidg `g dl tlstltur. %l e Pgrkieldud Wouetu. ;stl lr

    putgl s spgrig pg ejgpthri. %gi jlrg eu s2lu spgrilt `g5l `g ljglst prggetlrg i prgagrprhvhjridg pht ahdhsi prhfrlkg prgjuk rlr slu rsyej. Iup jg suet iestldltg prhfrlkgdg,

    utidilthrud phltg sjrig e Pgrkield uel `ietrg jhkgeidg kle rlr slu kle rsyej pgetru l jiti pg

    A

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    41/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    42/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    43/54

    Iilfrlkl `g kli 5hs vl hagri h i`gg lsuprl kh`udui e jlrg suet strujturltg `irgjthlrgdg pgue sistgk !ieux/

    (us `g tht sg fsgtg ahd`grud r`jie/ i`getiaijloid prie ljgd sdls' ". =e ietgrihrud ljgstuiahd`gr sg fsgsj aiigrgdg sistgkudui, aigjlrg lve` ue rhd lplrtg. Ig gxgkpdu ahd`grud "'hkg vl

    jheieg `irgjthlrgdg Mhkg ldg `ivgridhr usgri li ueui jhkputgr. ^getru utidilthrud kltt'g3 lr aiahd`grud/ "'hkg"kltt'g3.

    (trujturl kh`gre l `istriouiidhr !ieux )prgjuk Wouetu0 gstg iespirlt `g strujturlsistgkgdhr W$:, jlrg l ahst jrglt `g jtrg Lie`ivii ju oroi klriJ. =e jgl kli klrg plrtg ltikpudui eu g eglprlt egvhig s sg tig ju gxljtitltg jg alj leukitg ahd`grg, es pgetru jgiietgrgsli vhr ai prggetltg kli 5hs sujjiet `iagritgdg ahd`grg `ie !ieux.

    "gtj gstg `gsjris jl aiie` `irgjthrud e jlrg sg fsgsj aiirgdg `g jheaifurlrg pgetru etrgfudsistgk. ;iji suet eklflieltg ljgdg sgtri jlrg lagjtgl thi utidilthrii, es gxist i aiigrg jlrgsuet spgjiaijg `hlr pgetru aigjlrg usgr e plrtg. %e` jiegvl i2l rgldilt h leukit jheaifurlrg )i2lsj'ikolt iklfiegl `g pg `gs*thp, l sgtlt !luej'gr2ud s rke pgrkleget lailt gtj0 ljgstgkh`iaijri sg lpdij `hlr jhetudui su. ^getru ldtg jheturi pht ai ajutg ldtg sgtri. We`g suet sthjltgljgstg kh`iaijri] =e ietgrihrud `irgjthrudui 'hkg sg fsgsj leukitg ahd`grg l jrhr `geukirg ejgpgju ue puejt ).0 )`g gxgkpdu/ .jheaif slu .diorghaaijg0. ;jgstg ahd`grg jheie sgtridg spgjiaijgaigjrui usgr e plrtg pgetru h leukg lpdijlig slu pgetru etrgfud sistgk. =e kh` ikpdijit ljgstgaiigrg eu suet viioidg, etrujt eu thlt dukgl `hrgtg s vl` ljgstg aiigrg. =es, pgetru jgiietgrgsli gxist `hu phsioiditi/ `gsj'i` ahd`grud Mhkg, kgeiud @ig3 i jdij* pg hpiuegl/ ('h3Mi``ge Oidgs slu lpls sikudtle tlstgdg %P&! i M.

    Iirgjthlrgdg !ieux i utidilrgl dhr

    Iirgjthr Wtidilrg"%heieut

    "ohht ;jgst ahd`gr jheieg sgtri ikphrtletg pgetru ohhtlrgl jhkpgrudui/ iejdusivjheaifurlil ohhtdhl`grudui i *gregdud !ieux."`gv Oigjlrg isphitiv ie jhkputgr )pdljl `g suegt, jlkgrl 3go gtj0 lrg h ietrlrg e

    ljgst ahd`gr. Oigjlrg lpdijlig jlrg utidigl ue leukg `isphitiv vl lpgdl dl itgkiiikphrtlei `ie `irgjthrud ljgstl.

    "gtj (gtridg etrgfudui sistgk slu ldg lpdijliidhr iestldltg suet sthjltg liji."'hkg Oigjlrg usgr lrg ue jhet, ldg jrui aiigrg `g jheaifurlrg sg fsgsj liji."dio 4iodihtgjidg ikphrtletg pgetru lpdijliidg iestldltg slu ldg sistgkudui suet sthjltg

    liji. Puriskud prie he eu gstg rgjhkle`lt jgdhr jlrg eu lu juehtieg shdi`g`gsprg !ieux.

    "kg`il Iisphitivgdg 8g`il 7 prgjuk %I2uridg slu stij*2uridg W(4 7 lu ietrri liji ltueji

    je` suet jhegjtltg dl jhkputgr."ket ;iji sg fsgsj ietrridg pgetru isphitivgdg khetltg )ldtg plrtiii gtj0.

    AN

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    44/54

    "hpt %heieg aiigrg ju shat3lrg hpiheld. Ig rgfud, gstg ahdhsit `g jgi jlrg jrglprhpriidg lpdijlii slu shat3lrg. Ilj eu sg e`gdgteijgsj ju lstagd `g ljtiviti,utidilthrii pht ifehrl `irgjthrud.

    "prhj"sCs Bstg ahd grud jlrg jheieg ieahrklii ju privirg dl stltusud jurget ld sistgkudui jlrgrudgl.

    "rhht Bstg irgjthrud 'hkg pgetru priejipldud l`kieistrlthr ld sistgkudui.

    "oie %heieg shat3lrg vitld pgetru sistgk je` vieg vhrol g ohhtlrg."soie %heieg shat3lrg jlrg lr trgoui s aig utidilt `hlr `g jtrg l`kieistrlthrud priejipld

    )supgrusgr2ud0."usr %heieg lpdijliidg fgegrldg iestldltg pg jhkputgr."vlr %heieg aiigrg g kheithrilrg l lpdijliidhr ietldltg pg jhkputgr.

    ?.

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    45/54

    ;l juk l ahst lkietit i kli `gvrgkg jhkgeidg sjrisg `g dl tlstltur pht ai jhkoieltg jul5uthrud jlrljtgrudui S. ;l sg jrgl jgdgorgdgpipgdiegs. ^getru ejgput vl ai dult `rgpt gxgkpdujhkle`l jlt. Ohdhsit sikpdu laigl ue tgxt pg gjrle. ^getru l putgl elvifl e ietgrihrud tgxtuduiju l5uthrud tlstgdhr sfgi vl trgoui jhkoielt ju h ldt jhkle`/ dgss. !ieil `ie Pgrkield lr trgouis lrltg jlk ll/usgrelkg$jhkputgr%&' jlt ahh.tt ) dgss. 8gjleiskud `g jrglrg ljgsthrpipgdiegsgstg urkthrud/ prikl `ietrg gdg gstg uel `g lailrg )tip hut0, jgldldt gstg uel `g ietrh`ujgrg l uegi

    jhkgei `g dl tlstltur )tip ie0.;jgstg tipuri `g jhkgei pht l5utl dl vgriaijlrgl leukithr lspgjtg ju privirg dl sistgkudprhpriu. ^getru l vg`gl jtg prhjgsg suet rudltg dl ue khkget `lt `g jtrg sistgk sg phltg ahdhsiurkthlrgl jhkoielig `g jhkgei/ usgrelkg$jhkputgr%&' ps l ) frgp fgtty ) wj -d. ;stagd sg

    phltg ladl jtg prhjgsg `g tipfgtty)prhjgsg jg rudgl e jheshd0 suet rudltg e ljgdli tikp. ^rikljhkle`ps ldistgl prhjgsgdg jlrg rudgl etrg2ue sistgk. ;phi,frgpi`getiaij `hlr ljgdg dieiijlrg jheie tgxtud fgtty. Phtud g prgdult `g jtrg jhkle`l wj. ;iji lvgk `g2l aljg ju ue jhethr ldjuvietgdhr slu dieiidhr. lr udtikud plrlkgtru ld jhkgeii -d spgjiaij alptud j trgouig jhethrilteukrud `g dieii, eu jgd `g juvietg. etgrgslet, eu]

    %e` gstg ejrjlt sistgkud `g hpgrlrg Wouetu, ilr utidilthrud sg lutgetiaij gd vl ogegaijil`g thltg iestrukgetgdg `g jlrg ogegaijil ue utidilthr stle`lr`. (istgkud gstg lstagd jhejgput ejt

    rudgl e kh` ehrkld `hlr ljgdg prhjgsg egjgslrg ueui utidilthr hoieuit. Ihlr e jluri ahlrtgikphrtletg sg lpgdgl dl jlpljitidg `g l`kieistrlthr. ;stl pgetru l prgvgei iestldlrgl `g lpdijliieg`hritg slu ldtg j'gstiuei lsgkethlrg.

    ^getru l ogegaijil `g lptitu`ieidg `g l`kieistrlthr e Pgrkield, elietgl uegi jhkgei sgsjrigsu`h. (g pht ahdhsi `rgpturi `g l`kieistrlthr pgetru l rgphrei rgglu. < jhkle` sjris `g uel`kieistrlthr lr lrtl e agdud urkthr/ usgrelkg$jhkputgr%&' su`h lpt-fgt iestldd oyhou.

    %e` g ejgput sjrigrgl uegi jhkgei jusu`hgstg spgjiaijlt alptud j ue utidilthr `hrgtgs ahdhsglsj ljgl jhk`le` jl l`kieistrlthr. Igi gd g `hlr ue sikpdu usgr. %hkputgrud vl shdijitl`g ljggl plrhdl l`kieistrlthrudui. ;jglstl gstg `g alpt plrhdl prikudui utidilthr 7 ljggl jlrg l ahststloidit dl iestldlrgl sistgkudui `g hpgrlrg. ^getru kli kudtg `gtldii sg phltg rgvgei dl jlpithdud lddujrrii `g al. Ilj `g5l g ahdhsit jhetud `g l`kieistrlthr sg tlstgl plrhdl i sg kgrfg kli`gplrtg. !ieil `g kli sus iestldgl ue shat3lrg jlrg aljg kuejl e jl`rud Pgrkieldudui kli sikpd.

    Pgrkgeud oyhoulrg hrifiei 5lphegg i sg rgagr dl ljgdg plehuri `gjhrltivg )`ie pe slu'rtig0, jhestruitg `ie kli kudtg pri i utidiltg jl sgplrlthlrg `g jlkgrg. =e dukgl #$W, prhigjtudoyhoualjg rgagrirg dl ljgd shat3lrg jlrg lrg jl sjhp sikpdiaijlrg ljtivitii `g2l duefud ueui gjrle!ieux. Iup iestldlrgl oyhouPgrkieldud lr trgouig s lrltg prgjuk e agrglstrl idustrlt kli 5hs/

    AF

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    46/54

    Iup jg l ahst ahdhsit h jhkle` e Pgrkield jlrg l ejgput ju su`h, utidilthrudui eu i sgvl kli jgrg s ietrh`uj plrhdl tikp `g +F kieutg.

    ^getru l ladl uegdg ieahrklii `gsprg jhkgeidg pgetru !ieux sg phltg ahdhsi kleuldudjhkgeii `ie ietgrihrud sistgkudui. Oigjlrg jhkle` lrg ueud. ^getru lstl sg ahdhsgtg jhkle`lkle. Ilj sg `hrgtg ladlrgl uehr ieahrklii `gsprg jhkle`l dssg vl ahdhsi jgvl lsgkethr juurkthlrgl dieig/ usgrelkg$jhkputgr%&' kle ds. =e ljgstg kleuldg suet `gsjrisg kli kudt

    kh`lditidg `g ahdhsirg l jhkgeii. Ilr utidilthrud lrg dl `isphiig i jutlrgl pg otreud #hhfdgpgetru ieahrklii ju privirg dl leukitg jhkgei.^lfiel kleuld l jhkgeidhr lrg dl re`ud gi leukitg hpiuei. ^getru l dg ladl sg phltg ahdhsi

    jhkle`l/ kle kle. 8leuldud kleuldudui 7 juk s2lr ijg. %gl kli ikphrtlet hpiueg gstg/ 2*.;jglstl l5ut utidilthrud s jlutg e plfiel kleuld `up ue leukg tgrkge. Ilj utidilthrud l uitltjhkle`l, `lr tig j lrg dgftur ju ue prhjgs, gd phltg ahdhsi urkthlrgl dieig e tgrkield pgetru llail thltg jhkgeidg jlrg lu dgftur ju ljgst tgrkge/ usgrelkg$jhkputgr%&' kle -# prhjgssgs.

    =e jhetieulrg vhr ai leldiltg jtgvl jhkgei utidg e dukgl !ieux.%hkgei pgetru elviflrgl etrg ahd`grg/

    pw`laigl eukgdg ahd`grudui jurget. j` `g5l l ahst leldilt. Bl sj'iko `irgjthrud e jlrg sg ladl jurshrud etr2ue leukg

    khkget. %hkle`l phltg ai ahdhsit lstagd/h j` &/(gsdthp7 `ujg usgrud `ie `irgjthrud Mhkg, e `irgjthrud Igs*thp.h j` / kututidilthrud jtrg `irgjthrud r`jie )rhht0.h j` `ujg usgrud jtrg `irgjthrud 'hkg.h j`.. `ujg utidilthrud ju ue eivgd kli sus e ietgrihrud `irgjthrudui.h j` * `ujg usgrud e `irgjthrud prgjge`get )ue agd `g olj*0.h Ilj sg `hrgtg elviflrgl jtrg ue ahd`gr spgjiaij, ltueji sg phltg sjrig etrglfl jldg `up

    j`. Ilj ue utidilthr vrgl s l5uef e suo`irgjthrud /www, ladlt e `irgjthrud/!lrvl ai sjrisjhkle`l/ j` /!lr/www.

    ^getru l dujrl ju `irgjthlrg i aiigrg sg vhr ahdhsi jhkgeidg/ jpaljg h jhpig l ueui aiigr. Ig gxgkpdu/ jp aidg ahhvl aljg h jhpig l aiigrudui pg jlrg h

    `geukgtgahh, `lr pstrgl ietljt aiigrud hrifieldD k! kut slu rg`geukgtg ue aiigr. Bxgkpdu/ k! aidg ahh. ;jglst jhkle` rg`geukgtg

    aiigrud hrifield ju eukgdg ahh. Ilj g ahdhsit jhkle`l/ k! ahh &/(gs#thpvl ai kutlt pg Igs*thpaiigrudahh`ie Mhkg. ;jgstl eu sg vl kli fsi e ahd`grud e jlrg sg fsgl.

    ^getru l eu sg kli pigr`g vrgkgl ju sjrigrgl uegi ji sg phltg ahdhsi sikohdud U. ;stl pgetrul spgjiaijl oiegegdgs `irgjthrud Mhkg. Ilj sg `hrgtg jhkutlrgl jtrg `irgjthrud ^ijturgs `ieMhkg jldgl lr ai/ "'hkg"usgrelkg"pijturgs. 8li sikpdu sg phltg tlstl/ U"^ijturgs. Ilj g ahdhsitjhkle`l k!kprgue jusu`h, dujru egjgslr pgetru ahdhsirgl jhkgeii e lalrl ahd`grudui Mhkg,ltueji trgouig s aig spgjiaijlt etrglfl jldg. $u sg kli phltg ahdhsi sikohdud U.

    rk g utidilt pgetru l tgrfg ue aiigr slu ue ahd`gr. Bxgkpdu/ rk aidg.tt. %hkle`l euauejihegl je` vieg vhrol `g `irgjthlrg jg jheie `g5l aiigrg. ;jgstgl trgouigsj kli eti fhditg,

    `up jlrg sg ahdhsgtg jhkle`l rk`ir. ds `gsprg jlrg s2l kli `isjutlt. Bl distgl aiigrgdg `ie `irgjthrud jurget. %u leukii

    plrlkgtri sg pht distl i leukitg `gtldii ju privirg dl aiigrgdg distltg )`ltl jrgrii, `ikgesiuegl,pgrkisiueidg lsuprl aiigrudui gtj.0.

    k#`irl5ut dl jrglrgl ueui ahd`gr. Bxgkpdu/ k#`irkusijvl jrgl ue ahd`gr ju `geukirglkusij.

    jbkh` sj'iko pgrkisiueidg lsuprl aiigrgdhr distltg. 8h`gdud pgrkisiueidhr gstg ahlrtgsikpdu. (g pht sgtl pgrkisiuei lsuprl ueui ahd`gr pgetru ue utidilthr, pgetru ue frup slu pgetruetrglfl dukg. ;jgstg pgrkisiuei vhr spgjiaijl jieg phltg jiti, kh`iaijl slu gxgjutl ue aiigr. Iggxgkpdu, `lj sg `hrgtg l sg sgtl urkthlrgl pgrkisiueg/ thlt dukgl phltg jiti, `lr `hlr usgrud

    phltg kh`iaijl aiigrud vl ai sjris urkthlrgl gxprgsig/ rwr-r-. ^getru l l`ufl h pgrkisiueg sg

    A6

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    47/54

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    48/54

    ;kogdg jhkgei prggetltg kli sus suet ahlrtg putgreijg. ^getru l putgl ai ahdhsitg etr2uekh` gaijiget hlkgeii pht jutl pg ietgregt tuturildg ju privie` jhkgeidg e jlu.

    A-

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    49/54

    jlt )`gsprg jlrg s2l kli `isjutlt 7 eukgdg jhkgeii prhvieg `g dl juvetud LjhejltgeltgJ0gstg h jhkle` jlrg l5ut utidilthrud s viuldigg tgxtud ueui aiigr i s l`ufg tgxt ljgduiliaiigr. %hkle`l sikpd jlt ADG>

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    50/54

    kle kle`ujg utidilthrud dl plfiel `g stlrt l jhkgeii kle. B ue oue ejgput pgetru jgijlrg vhr s evgg juk s sg `gsjurjg ju Pgrkieldud Wouetu.

    kle ietrh gstg ahlrtg utid. ;aigl plfiel etrh`ujgrg 6e utidizlrgl jhkgezidhr)etrh`ujtihe th 2sgr 9hkkle`s0, jlrg gstg ahlrtg oieg sjris, aiie` sjurt i dl hoigjt.

    Bxist i plfiei `g ieahrklii ju privirg dl jhkgei kudt kli lxltg pg suoigjt. ^lfiei pgetrulvlesli. %gi jlrg vhr s egdglf kli kudtg pht ejgpg ju/ ieah ieahpgetru l vg`gl `gsprg jg gstg

    vhrol.Ilj utidilthrii eu suet sifuri `g jg jhkle` slu `g jg lpdijlig lu egvhig pht lpgdl dl

    aiigrgdg kleuldudui pgetru l ladl leukitg dujruri/ kle *# ahhjlut aiigrgdg kleuld ldg jhkgeiiahh. ^getru gxgkpdu, sg phltg ldgfg/ kle *#

    elutiduspgetru l vg`gl juk auejihegl i`ggl. kle * a ahhjlut `hlr e titduridg `ie sistgkud prhpriu ldg aiigrgdg kleuld. (g phltg ldgfg

    pgetru ejgrjlrg/ kle *a ueity.Weghri utidilthrii lu egvhig s sg jlut `up kli kudtg aiigrg e ljgdli tikp. ^hltg j vhr

    s tglrf thltg aiigrg .rlr `ie sistgk slu phltg vhr s kutg thltg aiigrgdg .h`t etr2ue leukgahd`gr.8udukit 3id`jlr`2uridhr ljuk ljiuegl ljglstl gstg kudt kli dl e`gke/

    jlrljtgrud lstgrisj )n0 jl i e Kie`h3s edhjuigtg ue ir `g jlrljtgrg egdikitlt. (prggxgkpdu, `lj sg aljg jutlrg pgetru thltg aiigrgdg .rlr vl ai tlstlt n.rlr. sgkeud `g etrgolrg )]0 edhjuigtg ue siefur jlrljtgr. Bxgkpdu/ ].rlr vl jutl aiigrgdg `g tip

    l.rlr, `lr eu i pg jgdg lo.rlr. QjlrljtgrgR jlut `up aiigrgdg l jrhr `geukirg sg phtrivgtg ju jlrljtgrgdg `ietrg

    plrletgg. (prg gxgkpdu/ QloR.rlr fsgtg `hlr aiigrg `g tipud l.rlr i o.rlr, lr eu i aiigrg j.rlr. QDjlrljtgrgR jlut `up aiigrg jlrg lu `geukiri l jrhr ditgrg eu suet distltg etrg plrletgg.

    Bxgkpdu/ QDloR.rlr vl fsi aiigrg `g tip j.rlr, `lr eu i aiigrg l.rlr slu o.rlr.

    ?.

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    51/54

    rgjijdgl jhkputgrg slu `g jtrg jgi jlrg prgagr s ahdhsglsj kli gaijiget rgsursgdgjldjudlthlrgdhr g jlrg ispue.

    $ouetu tu`ihgstg h `istriouig `grivlt `ie Wouetu jrglt i hptikilt pgetru prh`ujiidgkudtikg`il. (istgkud iejdu`g h klrg vlrigtltg `g lpdijlii ikphrtletg pgetru jgi jlrg rgldiglergfistrri vi`gh i lu`ih, pgetru jgi jlrg kixgl, pgetru jgi jlrg ahdhsgsj sietgtilthlrg `g suegtslu g`itri `g iklfieg. %heieg ue eujdgu kh`iaijlt lstagd ejt s rg`uj dltgel sistgkudui al `g

    ergfistrlrgl lu`ih, jggl jg kouetgtg etr2ue kh` `rlkltij pgrahrklel jldjudlthrudui je`vieg vhrol `g ergfistrlrgl i g`itlrgl suegtudui, `lr ue lstagd `g eujdgu s2lr putgl s eu aig ahlrtg

    oue e ldtg kg ii. ^rikud sistgk Wouetu (tu ih s2l ollt pg sistgkud Wouetu 9.A. 3t6uouetugstg h pigs ahlrtg phpudlr pgetru jgi jlrg vhr ue sistgk tip jgetru kg`il,

    lve` rgputlil `g uegdt uhr `g jheaifurlt. Bstg `gstielt utidilthridhr jlrg eu lu ahlrtg klrijuehtieg shat3lrg e `hkgeiu. !l agd jl i :uouetu, 8Ct'uouetu ahdhsgtg ietgrall frlaij :ajg,`giee` ue %getru `g %hetrhd 8Ct'uouetu )8Ct'ouetu %hetrhd %getgr0 jlrg phltg ai pgrsheldilt.^hltg ai, `g lsgkgegl, tgstlt sistgkud !ivg%I. ^rikl vgrsiueg l 8Ct'uouetu l ahst ollt pgWouetu 9.+.

    F+

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    52/54

    Jlithdud ###+hrkg `g setltg ,i sgjuritltg dl dhjud `g kuej

    ".< Lkgellrgl dhjudui `g kuejl;kgel5lrgl dhjudui `g kuejl trgouig lstagd rgldilt ejlt s hagrg utidilthridhr jheahrt i

    diogrtltg `g kijlrg i s `ikieugg e klrg ksur phsioidgdg risjuri `g eltur viuld, kgetld iphsturld.

    ^hsturidg `g kuej trgouig jhejgputg i lkgel5ltg lstagd ejlt s pgrkit uehr pgrshleg`iagritg s rglddigg h flk `ivgrs `g slrjiei `g kuej, etr2ue kh` jheahrtloid i gaijljg, +leivgdud `g pgrahrkle jgrut.

    ;kgel5lrgl phsturidhr `g kuej trgouig s pgrkit l`lptlrgl ljgsthrl dl sj'ikori `gjgrieg i situlii.

    !hjud `g kuej trgouig s pgrkit h oue jhrgdlrg etrg jlrljtgristijidg letrhphauejtiheldgldg utidilthridhr i kuejl dhr prie lsifurlrgl phsioiditidhr `g rgfdlrg l `iagritgdhr gdgkgetgjhkphegetg ldg ljgstuil.

    Wtidilthrii trgouig s lio phsioiditi `g kh`iaijlrg l phiigi `g dujru, e tikpud ljtivitii.

    Ilj utidilthrii sg `gpdlsgl `g dl ue puejt `g dujru dl ldtud, gstg ie`ijlt s sg prgvl`gdgkgetg `g prie`grg suo pdleud `g dujru, pgetru l uurl kijlrgl.Iistlegdg i uef'iuridg `g vg`grg trgouig s aig e rlphrt ju jgriegdg slrjieii `g kuejl i e

    jheahrkitltg ju phiil `g dujru stle`lr`.^getru l pstrl h phiig `g dujru jheahrtloid i pgetru l gvitl rgadgxiidg i gagjtud `g hroirg,

    utidilthrud trgouig s iejdieg, s olsjudgg slu s rhtglsj gjrleud, hrijlrg lr ai eldikgl hj'idhr`glsuprl pdleudui `g dujru.

    =eldtikgl hptik l jgetrudui gjrleudui trgouig s jhrgspue` uegi `irgjii `g privirg ejdieltgetrg + i ? suo pdleud hrihetld jlrg trgjg dl eivgdud hj'idhr.

    =eldtikgl tlstlturii trgouig s lsifurg e tikpud utidirii ue uef'i etrg orl i letgorl `gkieikuk .

    =e phiig lglt, `istlel `ietrg pdleud `g dujru i, suprlall `g g`grg trgouig s aig jupriesetrg ? si ?6 kk.Bjrleud, suphrtud `g `hjukgetg i tlstlturl trgouig lkpdlsltg dl `istleg lprhxikltiv gfldg

    al `g hj'ii utidilthrudui, rgspgjtiv 6 Y"2 +F kk.@i`ghtgrkieldgdg vhr ai lstagd lkpdlsltg ejlt `irgjil `g privirg s aig plrldgd ju sursgdg `g

    dukie.^hsturidg `g kuej dl vi`ghtgrkieldg vhr ai lkpdlsltg etrg iruridg `g jhrpuri `g idukielt

    `ie ejlpgrgl `g dujru.@i ghtgrkieldgdg vhr ai lkpdlsltg dl `istle al `g agrgstrg.=e jlud e jlrg vi`ghtgrkieldgdg suet lkpdlsltg e ejlpgri e jlrg sg `gsalhlr i ldtg

    ljtivitli, e lprhpigrgl agrgstrgdhr vhr ai lkpdlsltg phsturidg `g dujru jg eu egjgsit ljtivitltg dl

    gjrle.(uprlaggdg vitrltg eu trgouig s aig situltg e al slu e spltgdg utidilthrudui.(g vl gvitl, pg jt phsioid lkpdlslrgl vi`ghtgrkieldgdhr e ejlpgri ju suprlagg vitrltg `g

    klri `ikgusiuei. Ilj ljgst dujru eu gstg phsioid, e jlud ejlpgridhr klri, ju suprlagg vitrltgikphrtletg, `ispusg pg kli kudi pgrgi, sg vhr dul klsuri l`gjvltg pgetru klsjlrgl hegdhr judukieletl ri`ijlt.

    ^getru lsifurlrgl jgriegdhr `g sgjuritltg i stloiditltg, dl dhjud `g kuej trgouig/ s sg rg`uj dl kieikuk viorliidg iegrgetg slu trleskisgG s sg gdikieg phsioiditltgl olsjudrii pdleudui `g dujruG s aig phsioid rgfdlrgl eldtikii kgsgi ar risj `g jhohrrg orusj i `gji `g rleirgG

    s eu sg utidigg hoigjtg ikprhviltg pgetru aixlrgl gj'iplkgetudui `g jldjud.

    F?

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    53/54

    ;kgel5lrgl phsturidhr `g kuej etr2h ejlpgrg trgouig rgldilt lstagd ejlt s sg lsifurg/ ljjgsud uhr i rlpi` ld utidilthridhr dl dhjud dhr `g kuejlG ljjgsud uhr i rlpi` ld pgrsheldudui `g ietrgiegrg dl thltg plridg gj'iplkgetudui, dl phiiidg

    jloduridhr i dl prigdg gdgjtrijg, ar etrgrupgrgl ljtivitii e `gsalurlrg slu ju h etrgrupgrgkieikG

    ue spliu `g dujru jlrg s rspue` egvhidhr `g spliu pgrsheld, `g jhkueijlrg etrg ie`ivii

    i `g ietikitltg.%he`ujthrii gdgjtriji i jloduridg trgouig s rgspgjtg urklthlrgdg jhe`iii/

    s eu prgietg risj `g gdgjtrhjutlrg dl trgjgrgl pg pdleu+ `g dujru slu pg shdG s lio h duefikg suaijiget pgetru l sg l`lptl +l egvhidg rgldg i prgviioidg ldg

    utidilthridhr, iejdusiv e jlud uegi rglkgel5ri l ejpgriiG s lsifurg ljjgsud uhr, ilr etrgiegrgl s sg gagjtugg ar etrgrupgrgl ljtivitiiG jlodl5ud trgouig s jhrgspue` etrgfudui `hkgeiu `g rgfdlrg l pdleuridhr `g dujru.

    %he`ujthrii gdgjtriji eu vhr trlvgrsl jidg `g ljjgs ar l ai prhtg5li kphtrivl `gtgrihrridhrkgjleijg.

    FN

  • 8/13/2019 Sistemul de operare Ubuntu 12.04

    54/54

    Oiodih!rlaig

    Lrtijhdg `ie rgvistg8

    +. ;rtijhdud Hpge shurjg`ie rgvistl ^% ^rljtij, Igjgkorig ?-G?. ;rtijhdud Phtud `gsprg Dieu`ie&gvistl %hkputgr 4id`, $r. N )N0, 8lrtig ?-G

    N. ;rtijhdud 2ouetu`ie &gvistl ^% ^rljtij, ;ufust ?-.

    ri8

    +. %'risthp'gr $gfus 7 Dieu =iodg, B`iturl KidgC ^uodis'ief, ej., e`ilelphdis, e`ilel,(W;, ?+G

    ?. Irlfh ;jhstj'ihligi 7 2tidizlrg Dieu, B`iturl ^hdirhk, 4ujurgti, ?AGN. Egir P'hkls 7 4gfieeief Wouetu !ieux, B`iturl ;prgss, 4gr*gdgC, %ldiahreil, (W;, ?9GA. Egir P'hkls 7 Wouetu Euef Ou, B`iturl ^rlfkltij 4hh*s'gda, (W;, ?-GF. Egir P'hkls 7 Wouetu ^hj*gt #ui`g le` &gagrgejg, (W;, ?G6. 8lr* (hogdd 7 ; prljtijld fui`g th Wouetu !ieux, B`iturl rgetijg Mldd, !he rl, ?-G9. 8ltt'g3 Mgdk*g 7 Pbg Haaijild 2ouetu =hh#, B`iturl ^rgetijg Mldd, !he`rl, ?+?G-. 8ltt'g3 Mgdk*g 7 Wouetu Wedgls'g , B`iturl (;8(, e`ilelphdis, e`ilel, (W;, ?+?G. 8ij'lgd (j'3lr 7estrukgetg Dieu, B`iturl $ijudgsju, 4ujurgti, ?FG+. #gttief (tlrtg` 3it' Wouetu +?.A 7 8leuld haijild ld `istriouigi, sjris j'ilr `g jtrg gj'ipl

    WouetuG sg phltg fsi pg ietgregt dl l`rgsl/ 'ttp/""333.sjrio`.jhk"`hj"+F66-AF"#gttief2(tlrtg`2Kit'2Wouetu2+?2A]ieXjhddgjtiheAN?6N-N.

    $ursg g(8

    +. 'ttp/""ge.3i*ipg`il.hrf"3i*i"MisthrCXhaX!ieux?. 'ttp/""ge.3i*ipg`il.hrf"3i*i"8%%XetgrikX!ieuxN. 'ttp/""ge.3i*ipg`il.hrf"3i*i"Pgrl#ri`A. 'ttp/""hpgeshurjg.hrf"'isthrCF. 'ttp/""rh.3i*ipg`il.hrf"3i*i";e`rg3XPlegeoluk6. 'ttp/""rh.3i*ipg`il.hrf"3i*i"8lr*X('uttdg3hrt'9. 'ttp/""rh.3i*ipg`il.hrf"3i*i"Wouetu-. 'ttp/""uouetu.rh"`gsprg2prhigjt". 'ttp/""uouetu.rh"plrtijipl"+. 'ttp/""uouetu.rh"plrtijipl"jh`ud2`g2jhe`uitl"++. 'ttp/""3i*i.kle`rivlusgrs.rh"dieux"isthrig"isthrilXdieuxudui+?. 'ttp/""333.'h3thfgg*.jhk"+N?6?A"'tf2gxpdlies23'lts2l2dieux2`istrh2le`2'h32lrg2t'gC2

    `iaagrget"+N. 'ttp/""333.'h3thfgg*.jhk"+NFN?"'tf2gxpdlies23'C2Chu2`het2egg`2le2letivirus2he2dieux2le`23'ge2Chu2`h"

    +A. 'ttp/""333.pjprh.jh.u*"aglturgs"N-??--"ogst2dieux2`istrhs2ahr2?+N+F. 'ttp/""333.pj3hrd`.jhk"lrtijdg"?A6-66"+XrglshesXthXs3itj'XthXdieuxXieX?+?.'tkd+6. 'ttp/""333.tgj'rl`lr.jhk"eg3s"shat3lrg"hpgrltief2sCstgks"t'g2'isthrC2ha2dieux2'h32tikg2

    'ls2s'lpg`2t'g2pgefuie2+++N+A+9. 'ttp/""333.thpF.hrf"odhf"dists"?+N"6"prgss2rgdglsg"+- 'ttp/""333 `egt jhk"odhf"hpge2shurjg"alst2alstgr2alstgst2dieux2rudgs2