sistem electoral franta

7/29/2019 sistem electoral franta

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Electoral Systems


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Electoral System

Many forms but we can use a simple classification SMD/plurality systems

PR systems Mixed systems

Impacts: Party system: numbers & competition

Proportionality: votes to seats

Returning single-party/ coalition governments

Style of representation (agency v. trusteeship)


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SMD/plurality systems

How the system works: District Magnitude (DM) = 1

Candidate names listed next to party on the ballot Votes apply directly to candidate totals

Candidate with the most votes wins seat

Tends to create two-party competition based onstrategic choices of voters and party officials Social cleavage structure may produce exceptions

Political culture may produce exceptions


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Political Party System in the UK

Political party: an organization that seeks to place theirdesignated representatives in public office

Number of parties: (2005) 58 parties gained access to the ballot

13 parties gained seats

Labour Party received 55% seats with 35% of the vote

US (2008) Democrats won 59 % seats with 53% of the vote

Number of effective parties: Number that have significant impact on public policy

In UK, 2-3 historically (depending on the election)


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US Presidential Elections

Electoral College:Electors = US representatives for the state

Must return a majority decisionOtherwise, Congress decides

Intention was to produce a state-based,citizen-derived nomination system that

would be decided in the Congress


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Two-round majoritarian system

DM = 1 but if a candidate does not receive

a majority mandate in the first round of

voting, a second round is held

Tends to build electoral alliances within a

multi-party system

French party system began coalescing

around the two-round system


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PR systems (with party list)

DM greater than one

Parties (without candidate names) listed on ballot

Seats distributed in district according to the

relative proportion of votes received

many formulas available (commonly DHonte or Hare) some countries use layered districts so that remainder

votes bump up to a higher district level (e.g. Hungary)


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Assume an Election Produces the

Following Results in a District% of Vote Seats Seats

Liberal Party 46% 5 (4.6) 9 (9.2)

Social Democrat 34% 3 (3.4) 7 (6.8)

Green Party 16% 2 (1.6) 3 (3.2)

National Party 4% 0 (0.4) 1 (0.8)DM = 10 20


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PR systems (with party list)

As the DM increases, results become more

proportional (votes to seats more closely aligned)

It is possible to have only one national district Israel: DM = 120; Netherlands: DM = 150

PR electoral systems tend to produce multiple

parties in the system

Voters perceive opportunity to win a seat

Parties remain more independent of one another


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German Mixed Electoral System

for the Bundestag Voters are presented with two ballots

One ballot contains candidates for the SMD

One ballot contains party names (list voting)

Voters have no control over slating (no primary

elections)


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Votes to Seats for the Bundestag

The SMD/plurality votes are counted first

Seats are awarded for SMD through plurality

Then all ballots (SMD/plurality and PR list) are

combined and counted

SMD candidates are associated with their party

PR system distributes seats accordingly

The SMD seats already won are the first counted out

through the PR system


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Votes to Seats for the Bundestag

If a party wins more seats from SMD seats

than can be awarded from the PR count,

they keep these overhang seats

2002: 4 SPD & 1 CDU overhang seats

(603 total seats in 2002)

2005: 9 SPD & 6 CDU overhang seats

(613 total seats in 2005)


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Mixed Electoral System Outcomes

System builds incentives for two large anchoringparties to emerge

System grants incentives for small parties to gainrepresentation Smaller parties focus on PR campaign

Voters tend to split their votes (ballots)

Normal electoral outcomes forced coalitions oneither the left or right


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Example of Overhang Seat

PR district = Lander with DM = 6030 SMD seats and 30 PR seats

Party X (a larger anchoring party)Wins 22 of 30 SMD seats (42% of SMD vote)

Combined with PR ballots = 35% of total vote

Should receive 21 seats total but gets to keep its22 SMD seats (and wins no PR seats)


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Example of Smaller Party

Party Y in same Lande as above

Wins 3 of 30 SMD seats with 16% vote

Combined with PR ballots = 20% total vote

Should receive 12 total seats from Lander

9 of these seats will be PR


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2005 German Election Results

CDU = 180 seats: 106 / 74 (7 overhang)

CSU = 46 seats: 44/ 2

SDP = 222 seats: 145 / 77 (9 overhang)

FDP = 61 seats: 0 / 61

LP = 54 seats: 3 / 51

Green = 51 seats: 1 / 50

Total seats in Bundestag = 614

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