scintillating crystals for new frontier physics · dafinei_tim-diasp2016 ioan dafinei infn sezione...

Dafinei_TIM-Diasp2016

Ioan Dafinei

INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY

Scintillating crystalsfor new frontier physics

I. Dafinei

INFN Sezione di Roma

ITALY

Disapora si prietenii săi 2016

25 – 28 April 2016 Timişoara, Romania


Ioan Dafinei


scurtă istorie a peregrinărilor mele

în loc de prefață

Disapora si prietenii săi 2016

25 – 28 April 2016 Timişoara, Romania


Ioan Dafinei


la început a fost IFTM

Institutul National de

Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru

Fizica Materialelor (INCDFM)acum:

• growth of large crystals (Φ = 20mm) for infrared optical components• growth of crystals of Bi12GeO20 and Bi12SiO20components for SAW (Surface Acoustic Waves)• preparation of transparent objects for infrared optics using the Hot Pressing technique• design and implementation of an installation for the growth of crystals in controlled atmosphere• preparation of monochromator crystals (LiF) for X-ray spectrofluorimeters• growth of Bi4Ge3O12 crystals for scintillator application• growth of Bi12(Si,Ti,Ge)O20 crystals for applications in holography• study of the electrical and optical properties of the grown crystals (formation and properties of colloids of Cu in the crystals KCl, NaCl and KBr, measures of ionic conductivity in alkali halide crystals, measurements of elastic constants in piezoelectric crystals, etc.).• study of cross-sensitivity to CO and CO2 in gas analyzers• thickness measurement of molten copper containers

Laboratorul Cristale Optice si Piezoelectrice

condus de Dr. Vladimir Țopa†atunci:


Ioan Dafinei


a urmat apoi CMS

contribuții în toate fazele :

1992-1996 R&D

1996-2007 construcție

2007-2009 punere in funcțiune 2010 - survey&upgrade

peste 100 articole,

comunicări, rapoarte

interne CMS, etc


Ioan Dafinei


câteva detaliiRegional Centre

ECAL-CMS

Italy

capacitate atinsă în faza finală:

50 cristale/zi(adică 50 subunități, 5 submodule, etc.)

ECAL Barrel-61 200 cristale-61 200 capsule APD-6120 alveole-6120 tablete-6120 SubModule-144 Module

CMS: 75848 Xtals PbWO4~78000 kg


Ioan Dafinei


de la CMS la CUORE~80tons PbWO4

~1ton TeO2

CUORE(TeO2 crystal ready-to-use)

238U < 3*10-13 g/g232Th < 3*10-13 g/g210Pb < 10-5 Bq/kg60Co < 10-6 Bq/kg

final product

(bolometer)

energy resolution < 15 keV at 2615 keV

signal intensity > 60 μV/MeV

below D

C ~ (T/D)3

(dielectric, diamagnetic

materials are preferred)

detected

particle (E)thermometer

energy

absorber

thermal coupling

(G 4 pW/mK)

heat sink(T 10mK)

ΔEFWHM : 5 keV @ 2615 keV

NTD Ge

detectoare bolometrice

Background: 0.01 c/keV/kg/y (baseline)

contribuție:

2004-2007 R&D

2007-2013 prod. cristalli

2013-2014 montaggio

2015 - commissioning, survey, etc

doar 2-3% din cristale puteau fi "fuly certified"

principio di massima precauzione: materii prime, materiale, produse intermediare, procese și proceduri

-dimensioni-perfezione cristallina-radio-purezza

protocoale de producție și certificare dedicate-condizioni ambientali-utensili e attrezzature-manipolazione materiali

producția cristalelor pentru experimentul CUORE


Ioan Dafinei


aventura continuă...(cristale pentru fizica evenimentelor rare)

ZnSe pentru bolometre scintilatoare

LNGS

SICCAS Jiading

ISMA Harkovscintilatoare NaI:Tl ultra radio-pure

storage & pilot prod.

production unit (crystals and

special materials)

bulk screening:ICP-MS&OS, HPGe, etc

chemistry unit:purification &

synthesis

planuri de viitor (???)


Ioan Dafinei


questions still to be answered

High energy physics/Particle physics

Is the recently discovered massive boson the Higgs boson?Are there more than three generations of quarks and leptons?What is the mass of neutrinos?Do neutrinos follow Dirac or Majorana statistics?Is mass hierarchy normal or inverted?….

Cosmology, and general relativity

What is dark matter?Is it related to supersymmetry?What is the dark energy?…..

fizica evenimentelor rare


Ioan Dafinei


clamorous cases

DM puzzle

neutrino mass

expected distribution of dark matter in the Milky Way

… so what?

neutrino has

a mass!


Ioan Dafinei


detection challenge

detection channels

cryogenic

semiconductor

detectors

Ionization

• semiconductor detectors

• drift chambers

scintillating

bolometers

Phonons

superheated

liquids

Light

• single phase noble liquids

• inorganic scintillators

2 phase noble

liquids

• indirect detection:

detect SM particles

produced by DM

annihilation

• collider detection:

DM particles produced

at colliders by

interaction of SM

particles and identified

by the transverse

missing energy

• direct detection:

detect DM-induced

nuclear recoils in a

underground detector

how?

Dark Mater


Ioan Dafinei


mß

ß(e

V)

100-1000 counts/y/ton~300meV

0.5-5 counts/y/ton20meV

0.001-0.01 counts/y/ton1meV

CUORICINO

mßß < 0.3 ÷ 0.7 eV

CUORE (optimistic)

mßß < 20 ÷ 47 meV

detection challenge

0νDBD


Ioan Dafinei


new materials are needed to built increasingly

sophisticated detectors

- extremely low interaction with known matter- experimental constraints:

- very low background- extremely high sensitivity

- new detectors are needed- main (technological) constraint:

- radio-purity of materials used

satisfying these two

conditions is not enough

de ce sunt necesare cristale dedicate


Ioan Dafinei


Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso (LNGS)

… și laboratoare subterane

• largest underground laboratory in the world for experiments in particle physics, particle astrophysics and nuclear astrophysics

• experiments that require a low background environment• current main research topics: neutrino physics, dark matter

search, nuclear reactions of astrophysical interest• used as a worldwide facility by scientists from 22 different

countries• over 20 experiments on the way


Ioan Dafinei


phonon mediated particle detectors

bolometric technique

bolometer


Ioan Dafinei


dedicated clean room SICCAS/INFN @ Jiading

dedicated crystal growth facility @ SICCAS Jiading

dedicated TeO2 synthesis facility@ Kunshan Chemical Plant

dedicated measurement protocols-dimensions-crystal perfection-radio-purity

only 2-3% crystals can be measured

precautionary principle: raw materials, reagents, intermediary products, processes and procedures

dedicated production protocols-environment conditions-equipment and infrastructures-materials handling

large scale production problems

CUORE case


Ioan Dafinei


•supply:•raw materials•reagents•ancillary

•certification:•on-site controls•laboratory analysis•improvements

•transports coordination

large scale production problems

Te metal

99.999%

clean storage

sample sent to

certification lab.

NO

TeO2 powder

synthesis

YES

TeO2 powder

calcination

radio-

purity

TeO2 crystal

growth (1)crystal milling

and purification

“ready to use”

crystals

manufacturing continue

production

CCVR

YES

2 crystals

(randomly selected)

TeO2 crystal

growth (2)

NO

reagents

clean storage

NOradio-

purity

radio-

purity

radio-

purityNO

YES

YES

YES

STOP

NO

sample sent to

certification lab.

sample sent to

certification lab.

clean storage

clean storage

sample sent to

certification lab.

CUORE crystals production database- LabView GUIs generating .txt files

- crystal production data are further

stored in a global CUORE database


Ioan Dafinei

INFN Sezione di Roma, ITALY18

CUORE towers assembling

TeO2 crystals used for CUORE

(Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events)


Ioan Dafinei


Laboratori Nazionali del

Gran Sasso - Assergi,

L’Aquila (Italy)

A natural shield of 1500 m of

rock (3650 meters of water

equivalent)

Muon Flux:

(2.58±0.3)x10-8 μ/(s cm2)

Neutron Flux below 10 MeV:

~4x10-6 n/(s cm2)

Gamma Flux:

~0.73 γ/(s cm2)

CUORE

Hut

Cuoricino

Hut

CUORE experiment site

(more about) CUORE


Ioan Dafinei


next generation experiments

Zn82Se synthesis

Zn82Se crystal

growth

recovery

and

recycling

Zn elemental8

14

16

11

Zn82Se samples

processing

package and

storage

15

17

certification

certification

raw (elemental) Se1SeF6 synthesis

SeF6 enrichment

2 certification

SeF6 conversion to Se

82Se beads production 6

5

4

3

10

Zn82Se conditioning12

13

82Se purification7

Zn purification9

generația următoare de experimente de 0νDBD ridică probleme tehnologice suplimentare:• bolometri scintilatori• materiale imbogățite

Zn82Se case


Ioan Dafinei


what about DM ?

we have DAMA/LIBRA results but…… is this really DM?new NaI experiment with lower background is needed to elucidate it…

… and


Ioan Dafinei


“cursa” a început deja de câțiva ani pentru:

• low background NaI:Tl crystals:

• K ≤ 1 ppb; U, Th ≤ 1 ppt

• low-background photodetectors

• Hamamatsu PM? SiPM, else?

• low temperature operation

• LN or lower? cryogenic?

• active shielding?

• deep underground site(s)


Ioan Dafinei


concluding remarks

semantics...

the search for crystals to be used in the rare events physics (REP)

R&D for the synthesis of new crystals or the improvement

of the performance of existing crystals or the

adaptation of some performance to the specific needs of the experiments of

DM and 0νDBD

search of a reliable production facility able to produce the crystals under the direct control of the final user


Ioan Dafinei


concluding remarks

solution:

storage & pilot prod.

production unit (crystals and special materials)

bulk screening:ICP-MS&OS, HPGe,

etc

chemistry unit:purification &

synthesis

nimic în autarhie, totul în colaborare

scintillating crystals for new frontier physics · dafinei_tim-diasp2016 ioan dafinei infn sezione...

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