schimbare paduri

8/12/2019 schimbare paduri

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Narration:Thispresentationisanoverviewoftheissueofclimatechangeforforestryprograms.T eo jectivesaretopresentt e in s etweenc imatec angean orestsan toi enti yways

toaddressclimatechangeissueswithinexistingforestryprograms.Wealsodevelopaconceptual

frameworkabout

the

linkages

between

forestry

and

climate

change.

This

conceptual

framework

willhelptoanalyse thepossiblewaystointegrateclimatechangerelatedactivitiesintoforestry

programs.

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Narration:Thepresentationconsistsofsixparts.Presentationoftheoutline.

1Brief

introduction

to

the

difference

between

adaptation

to

and

mitigation

of

climate

change

2and3.Linksbetweenforestryandmitigation/adaptation

4.Policies

5.Conceptualframework

6.Groupwork

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Narration:Bothforestedandagriculturallandscapesprovideavarietyofecosystemserviceswhichcaneitherbeenhancedandprotectedbymanagementorcanbedegraded. Ecosystemscanstorecarbonintreesandotherbiomassaswellasinthesoil. Inclimatechangeterms,thisiscalledmitigationbecausebettermanagementresultsinloweremissionsorinincreasedremovalofcarbonfromtheatmosphere,thusloweringtheCO2intheatmosphere.Atthesametime,thesesamelandscapescanprovidebenefitsthatincreaseresiliencytoclimatechange.Suchadaptation

benefitsinclude

improved

storage

and

release

of

water,

maintained

local

and

regional

rainfall

patternsanddiversifiedeconomicopportunitiesthroughagriculturalproducts,timber,nontimberproductsandtourism. Thesesamelandscapescanalsoprovideservicessuchasbiodiversitymaintenanceandplaceswherelocalpeopleupholdculturalorreligiousvalues.Theservicesandlandscapesarethemselvesvulnerabletoclimatevariabilityandchange,suchasincreasedriskofforestfires.Thusforestoragriculturalmanagementitselfneedstobeadaptedto

.

Bothforestedandagriculturallandscapesprovideavarietyofecosystemserviceswhichcaneitherbeenhancedandprotectedbymanagementorcanbedegraded. Ecosystemscanstorecarbonintreesandotherbiomassaswellasinthesoil. Inclimatechangeterms,thisiscalledmitigation

becausebetter

management

results

in

lower

emissions

or

in

increased

removal

of

carbon

from

the

atmosphere,thusloweringtheCO2intheatmosphere. Atthesametime,thesesamelandscapescanprovidebenefitsthatincreaseresiliencytoclimatechange.Suchadaptationbenefitsincludeimprovedstorageandreleaseofwater,maintainedlocalandregionalrainfallpatternsanddiversifiedeconomicopportunitiesthroughagriculturalproducts,timber,nontimber productsandtourism. Thesesamelandscapescanalsoprovideservicessuchasbiodiversitymaintenanceandplaceswherelocalpeopleupholdculturalorreligiousvalues.Theservicesandlandscapesarethemselvesvulnerabletoclimatevariabilityandchange,suchasincreasedriskofforestfires.Thusforestoragriculturalmanagementitselfneedstobeadaptedtobecomemoreresilient.Intherestofthispresentation,wewillreviewmitigationandadaptationasitrelatesto

, .thepresentation,ourmainmessageisthatontheground,thesamemanagementaction,like

settingup

local

community

fire

patrols,

will

both

provide

mitigation

benefits

through

reduced

emissionsfromdeforestation,andwillbringadaptationbenefitsthroughgreaterclimateresiliencytolocalcommunitiesfromcontinuedregulationoflocalwatersupplies.

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Narration:First,youwilllearnaboutthecarboncycleattheglobalscalebeforedownscalingtot e orestsca e.To ay,t euseo ossi ue sisresponsi e oranemissiono 7.2 i iontonneso

carbonperyear;4.1billiontonnesaccumulateintheatmosphere.Theunaccumulated carbon

2.2billion

tonnes

per

yearis

absorbed

by

the

oceans.

However,

aterrestrial

sink

of

1billion

tonnes isstillmissing.Deforestation,mainlytropical,emits1.6billiontonnes.Thismeansthat

2.6billiontonnesofcarbonareabsorbedbythebiosphereeveryyear.

Thisabsorptionistheresultofexpandingforestsindevelopedcountries,theenhancementof

ecosystemproductivitybyhigheratmosphericCO2concentrations,andalongergrowingseason

innorthernlatitudes.

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Narration:TogiveaclearerideaofwhatatonofCO2is,herearesomeexamplesofemissionsrom ai y i e.

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Narration:Attheforestscale,forestsaffectthecarboncycleintwoways.First,aforest,likeany, . , .

waytovisualizeastockofcarbonistothinkofthebiomassstoredintheecosystem.Almost50%

ofthe

dry

biomass

is

carbon.

If

the

dry

biomass

of

atree

is

2tonnes,

then

it

contains

around

1tonne ofcarbon.Atropicalwetforestcanstoreupto430tonnes ofcarbonperhectareinthe

abovegroundbiomass.

Second,aforestisasetofcarbonfluxes.Usingsunlightasasourceofenergy,theleavesabsorb

carbondioxidefromtheatmosphereandtransformitthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesis.The

whenbranchesorleavesfalldownanddecompose.OtherfluxesarereturningCO2tothe

atmospherethroughrespirationandsoilmineralisation.Productsexportedfromtheecosystem

alsoaffectcarbonfluxes.Amongthesefluxes,thosethatinterestusmostaretheonesbetween

theatmosphereandthebiosphere.Thedifferencebetweeninbound,photosynthesis,and

outboundfluxes,respirationandmineralisation,isthenetabsorptionflux.

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Narration:Whenanecosystemabsorbscarbondioxide,thecarbonstockincreasesandclimatec angeisre uce .W encar on ioxi eisre ease intot eatmosp eret ecar onstoc

decreasesandclimatechangeincreases.

Stockandfluxaretwoimportantvariables,buthowaretheylinked?Ifthestockincreases,it

meansthattheecosystemabsorbscarbon.Thisfactcomesfromthemassconservationlaw.As

anexample,ifyourbankaccountisgrowing,itmeansthereismoremoneyenteringthangoing

out.Inthecaseofagrowingecosystem,thenetbalanceoffluxisaninboundflux.Itmeansthat

CO2isremovedfromtheatmosphere,theatmosphericconcentrationofgreenhousegas

emissionsisdecreasedandclimatechangeisreduced.Inthatcase,theprocessiscalledcarbon

fixation,absorptionorremovalandtheecosystemiscalledacarbonsink.Conversely,ifthestock

decreases(forinstanceinadecayingorburningforest),anoutboundfluxwillincrease

atmosphericgreenhousegasemissionsconcentrationsandincreaseclimatechange.Theprocess

iscalled

carbon

emission

and

the

ecosystem

is

called

acarbon

source.

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Narration:Afterthesebasicdefinitionsofstocksandfluxes,youcanimaginetheevo ut ono car onstoc un er erentmanagement. arts to representt eevolutionofabovegroundcarbonstocksindifferentecosystems.Matcheachcarbon

stockgraph

with

its

description

to

the

right.

Then

share

your

answers.

Quizanswers:First,themostsimpleones.Nonforestedlandhasconstantlevelsoflowcarboncontent:6.

Conservedprimaryforesthasconstantlevelsofhighcarboncontent:2.

Whenforestisconvertedtononforestedlandusethecarboncontentabruptlychanges,

fromhigh

carbon

content

before

the

conversion

to

low

carbon

content

after:

5.

Whenaforestisconvertedtoa lantation thehi hcarboncontentbeforetheconversionabruptlydropsthenbuildsupagain:3.(Notethatthecarboncontentattheendcouldbehigherorlowerthanthelevelbeforeconversion)

Plantationestablishedonnonforestedlandandharvestedregularlyhaslowcarboncontentatthebeginningthencycles:1.

Unsustainablymanagedforestbeginswithhighcarboncontentthatgraduallydecreases:.

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Narration:Inthisexample,GraphArepresentsa degradedpasturewithlowandconstantcar onstoc .Grap Brepresentsa orestp antation,w ic is estroye or urntregu ar y.

ComparingthecarbonstocksunderthetwoscenariosshowsthatthereismorecarboninB.The

differencewith

A

is

the

amount

of

carbon

that

does

not

contribute

to

climate

change

if

we

choosetocreateaplantationinadegradedpasture.

Tounderstandhowlandusecontributestoclimatechangemitigation,youcancomparethese

scenarios.Inthisexample,GraphAisa degradedpasturewithalowandconstantcarbonstock.

GraphBisaforestplantationthatisdestroyedorburntregularly.Thecomparisonofcarbon

stocksunderthetwoscenariosshowsthatthereismorecarboninB.Thedifferencewith(A)is

theamountofcarbonthatdoesnotcontributetoclimatechangeifwechoosetocreatea

plantationinadegradedpasture.Thefactthatthestorageintheplantationisnotpermanent

doesnotmeanthatthereisnocontributiontoclimatechangemitigation.Temporarystorage

canreduce

the

concentrations

of

greenhouse

gases

during

afixed

period

of

time.

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Narration:Althoughscientistsdebatewhetherornotundisturbedforestsarecarbonsinks,theyagreet att ese orestss ou econserve rat ert anconverte toot eruses.

Wehaveseenthatagrowingecosystemisacarbonsink.Undisturbedforestsaremoreorlessin

equilibrium,astheirbiomasscannotgrowindefinitely.Ifthecarbonstockisfairlyconstant,the

ecosystemisnotasinkanymore.Thisisasimplifiedview,andmanyscientificdebatesrevolve

aroundthispoint.Infact,currentfluxmeasurementsshowthatundisturbedforestsaresinks,

mainlybecauseofCO fertilisation,recuperationfrompastdisturbances,orproblemsofspatial

sampling.Thefutureofthesesinksisalsohighlydebated:Withclimatechangeimpacts,will

undisturbedforestsbecomeasource?Inanycase,evenifanundisturbedforestdoesnotabsorb

greenhousegasesfromtheatmosphere,itisbettertoconserveitthantoconvertittoother

uses(seenextslide).

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Narration:Aprimaryforeststoreslargequantitiesofcarbonandshouldbeconservedrathert anconverte toa orestp antation.

Wehaveseenthataprimaryforestusuallyhasalargercarbonstockthanaplantation,although

itmaynotabsorbasmuchcarbonfromtheatmosphereastheplantationdoes.Primaryforest

hasalargecarbonpoolandalowsequestrationrate.Aplantationhasasmallercarbonpooland

ahighsequestrationrate.Doesthismeanthataprimaryforestisuselessforclimatechange

mitigation,andabetteroptionwouldbetoreplaceitbyagrowingplantationthatabsorbs

carbon?Theansweris,no.Theimportantfactisthatprimaryforestsstoreagreatquantityof

carbon,sodestroyingthemforotheruseswillreleasealotofcarbondioxideintothe

atmosphere.ComparingalternativesA(primaryforest)andB(conversionofaprimaryforesttoa

plantation)showsthatBwouldreleasemorecarbonintotheatmosphere,makingagreater

contributiontoclimatechange.

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Narration:Forestproductsstorecarbonoveralongperiodoftime.Buttheirmaincontributiontoc imatec angemitigationist roug su stitution.Forestpro uctscansu stitute orot er

materialssuchassteeloraluminium,whoseproductionemitsalargequantitiesofgreenhouse

gases.Forest

products

can

also

substitute

for

other

energy

sources

such

as

oil,

coal

or

gas.

Fuelwood emitsfewergreenhousegasesthanfossilfuelsdo,aslongasthefuelwood is

sustainablymanagedandthetechnologyfortransformingitintoenergyisefficient.

Wementionedpreviouslythatforestproductsstorecarbon.Infact,forestproductscanstore

carbonoveralongperiodoftimeforexample,inabuildingmadefromwoodbuttheirmain

contributionisthroughsubstitution.Forestproductscansubstituteforothermaterialsuchas

steeloraluminum,whoseproductionemitsalargequantitiesofgreenhousegases,orusesother

energysourcessuchasoil,coalorgas.

Thefigureshowsthatthegreenhousegasbalanceoffuelwood isbetterthanfossilfuelbecause

carbondioxide

absorption

occurs

when

the

wood

is

produced.

However,

some

conditions

must

befulfilledforfuelwood toaidinmitigatingclimatechange.First,theforestresourcemustbe

, . ,

technologyfortransformingwoodintoenergymustbeefficient.

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Narration:Manyforestactivitiescontributetoclimatechangemitigation.Carbonstockscanbeincrease t roug p antationsoragro orestry.Existingstoc scan econserve t roug re ucing

deforestation.Thesetwoactivitiesrelatetocarbonsequestrationintheecosystem.Emissions

causedby

forest

activities

can

be

reduced,

for

example,

by

using

less

energy

or

fertiliser

in

forest

operations.Biomaterialsandbioenergy canbeproducedtosubstitutematerialsorenergythat

generategreenhousegases.Thelasttwoactivitiesrefertoenergyrelatedemissions.

Thebenefitoftheseactivitiesisthedifferencebetweenthegrowingstockandthebaseline,as

showonthegraph.

Inthiscase,thebenefitofconservingisestimatedwithreferencetothedegradationor

deforestationscenario.3.Emissionscausedbyforestactivitiescanbereduced,forexample,by

usinglessenergyorfertilisersinforestoperations.4.Biomaterialsandbioenergy canbe

producedtosubstitutematerialsorenergythatgenerategreenhousegases.

Thefirst

two

activities

refer

to

carbon

sequestration

in

the

ecosystem,

while

the

last

two

refer

to

energyrelatedemissions.

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Narration:Sofartheinternationaldiscussionsaboutclimatechangeandforesthavedealtmostlywit mitigation.T e in s etweena aptationan orestsareun erestimate .W y

First,adaptation

has

received

less

attention

than

mitigation

because

it

is

more

alocal

or

national

issuewhilemitigationisaglobalone.Ifaforestprojectreducesdeforestation,itwillbebeneficial

tothewholeworld.Ifaforestprojectincreasesincomeforvulnerablecommunitiesorprotects

waterquality,itwillproducelocalbenefits.Forthisreason,mitigationhasbeenaddressed

extensivelyattheinternationallevel,andfinancialmechanismsthatpromotemitigationare

beingcreated.

Otherreasonswhyadaptationisneglectedrelativetomitigationarerelatedtothedifficultyof

measuringtheimpactsofanadaptationproject. Thereisawaytomeasuremitigation:by

comparingthetonnes ofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere.Withadaptationeffortsthereare

alsouncertaintiesaboutunderlyingvulnerabilityandimpacts.

However,therearetworeasonswhichjustifyconsideringforestsinadaptation:1.Forestsprovide

,

2.Adaptationisimportantforforestsbecausetheyarevulnerabletoclimateimpactsthemselves.

Youwilllearnmoreaboutthesetworeasons.

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Narration:Forestsareimportantforadaptation:theyprovidegoodsandecosystemservicesthatarecrucia or oca an g o apopu ations,especia yint econtexto c imatec ange.

Thefirst

reason

for

including

forests

into

adaptation

is

that

forests

are

important

for

adaptation.

Forestsproducegoodsandecosystemservicesthatarecrucialforlocalandglobalpopulations,

especiallyinthecontextofclimatechange.

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Narration:AUSAIDprogramme implementedintheharshenvironmentofNigerresultedingreener an scapest at ave ooste t e iversityo oo sourcesan ive i oo s,re uce

povertyandincreasedresilience.

A15yearcommitmentbyUSAIDinNigersupportedaprocessofreforminlandmanagement

thatresultedinover4millionhectaresofNigerbeingvisiblygreenerandcoveredwithmore

treesnowthaninthe1970s. Byenablingincreaseddiversityoffoodsourcesandlivelihoods,

thesetreeshelpedfarmersmoveoutofpovertyaswellassurviveregularlyoccurringdroughts

andlocustswarms,suchastheonethatdevastatedNigerin2005.Thetreesprovideanalternate

sourceoflivelihoodduringsuchdifficulttimesthroughthesaleoffirewood,buildingmaterials,

rope,dye,andmedicines.Treesalsoprovidefooddirectlysuchaspodsandfruitsaswellas

fodder.Thetreesalsomayhelpprotectcropsfromhightemperaturesandhighwindsduring

droughts.

Thisfarmerled,selfsustaining,landscapelevelinvestmentintreecoverwasaccomplishedby

reformin the le al framework to ive farmers ri hts and access over trees combined with

promotionoflowcost,effectivetechnologies. Overtime,theGovernmentofNigersforesterto

farmerrelationshipwaschangedfromoneofenforcementtooneofexpertiseandservice

delivery. Theapproachwasbasedonnaturalregenerationwhichischeaper,moresustainable,

andmoreusefultofarmersthanlargereplantingprograms.

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Narration:In additiontotheimportanceofforestsforadaptation,anotherpointisaboutoftheimportanceo a aptation or orests.In ee , orestsarevu nera etot eimpactso c imate

change.Theyarevulnerabletodirectandindirectstresses,withconsequencesonproductivity,

biodiversity,carbon,

soil

protection

(i.e.

loss

of

goods

and

ecosystem

services).

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Narration:Thesetwomodelsshowthatclimatechangecouldaffectvegetationdistributionandincreaset eris o iresinsomeregionso t eUnite States.

ExampleofsomepotentialimpactsofclimatechangeonecosystemsintheUS.

Left:predictionofchangesinvegetationdistributionunderdifferentclimatechangescenarios.

FortheUKMOglobalcirculationmodel,thereisastrongreductionintheareacoveredby

southeastmixedforestsandtemperatedeciduousforestsandanincreaseofgrasslandarea.

Right:increaseinfireprobabilityinCalifornia.

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Narration: Forestsandlandscapescanbemademoreresilientthroughavarietyofchangesinmanagementpractices.Atthelowestscaleandinmanagedsystems,wecanchoosespeciesorvarietiesthatarebetterabletodealwithincreasedtemperatures,orperiodsoffloodingor

periodsofdrought.Atthestandlevel,wecanimplementpracticesthatreducerisksoffire,insectoutbreaksorwindfallsthreatsthatareincreasingduetoclimatechange.Actionsatthislevelcouldincludethinning,prescribedburns,adjustingharvestingschedulesandincreasedpatrolling.These

changes

may

require

adaptations

to

the

associated

processing

ifthe

species

or

the

size

of

woodproductshavechanged.Atthelandscapelevelandparticularlyfornaturalecosystemswithhighbiodiversity,wemayneedtochangethebordersofourparksormanagementareastoallow

forspeciestochangetheirrangesandtomoveseasonally. Corridorsbetweennaturalareascanalsoallowthisflexibility. Inparticular,inlocationswherethereareareasofhigheraltitudeweneedtocreatewaysforspeciestomoveupinaltitudetoavoidtemperaturechanges.Finally,

ecosystems. Theeffectivenessofthesemeasures,particularlyconsideringtheriskandexpense,makesthemcontroversial.

Atthelowestscaleandinmanagedsystems,wecanchoosespeciesorvarietiesthatarebetter

able

to

deal

with

increased

temperatures,

or

periods

of

flooding

or

periods

of

drought.

Atthestandlevel,wecanimplementpracticesthatreducerisksoffire,floodsandinsectoutbreaksthreatsthatareincreasingduetoclimatechange. Actionsatthislevelcouldincludethinning,prescribedburns,adjustingharvestingschedulesandincreasedpatrolling. Thesechangesmayrequireadaptationstotheassociatedprocessingifthespeciesorthesizeofwoodproductshavechanged.

Atthelandscapelevelandparticularlyfornaturalecosystemswithhighbiodiversity,wemayneedtochangethebordersofourparksormanagementareastoallowforspeciestochangetheirrangesandtomoveseasonally. Corridorsbetweennaturalareascanalsoallowthisflexibility. Inparticular,inlocationswherethereareareasofhigheraltitudeweneedtocreatewaysforspeciestomoveupinaltitudetoavoidtemperaturechanges.

Finally,ecologists

are

exploring

the

possibilities

of

relocating

natural

species

or

creating

new

ecosystems. Theeffectivenessofthesemeasures,particularlyconsideringtheriskandexpense,makesthemcontroversial.

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Narration:Asyouconsideractionstoreduceclimatevulnerabilities,youneedtoconsiderhowt eyintegratewit actionstoincreaseormaintaincar onstorage.Anintegrate an scape

managementapproachrecognises thelinkagesbetweenagricultureandforestsandbetween

mitigationand

adaptation.

Improvingagriculturalproductivitycanreducepressuresfordeforestation,thusloweringcarbon

dioxideemissions. Inadditiononeofthekeywaystoincreaseagriculturalproductivityis

throughsoilconservationandincorporationoftreesthroughagroforestry practices. Onereason

t esepract ces ncreasepro uct v ty st att ey ncreasewater n trat onan o nga tyo

soilswhichisitselfanadaptationtofutureclimateimpacts.

Andhowdowepayforallthis? Manypeopleareexcitedaboutthepotentialofcarbonmarkets,

thesubjectofthenextpartofthispresentation.

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Narration: Internationalagreementsemphasise mitigationratherthanadaptation.Letsexaminet ewaysinw ic orestsareconsi ere un ert eseagreements.

Inthissectionwelookathowforests,especiallytropicalforests,havebeenincludedinclimate

changepolicies.ThemaininternationalagreementsonclimatechangearetheUNFCCC,adopted

in1992,andtheKyotoProtocol,elaboratedin1997.TheProtocolwascomplementedbyother

decisionstakenbytheConferenceoftheParties(CoP),e.g.theCoP7inMarrakeshin2001.

Comparedtomitigation,adaptationisnotwelladdressedininternationalagreements.

AdaptationismentionedintheFrameworkConvention,specificallyregardingthenational

communicationswhichmustincludesectionsonimpactsandadaptation.LeastDeveloped

CountriesmustalsodevelopNationalAdaptationProgrammes ofActions(NAPAs)toassesstheir

vulnerabilityandproposeadaptationprojectideas.

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Narration:UndertheKyotoProtocol,industrialised countriescommittedtoreducetheirgreen ousegasemissionstoanaverage95%o t eir1990emissions, etween2008an 2012.

Underthetreaty,countriesmustmeettheirtargetsprimarilythroughnationalmeasures.

However,the

Kyoto

Protocol

offers

them

additional

means

of

meeting

their

targets

by

way

of

threemarketbasedflexiblemechanisms:EmissionsTrading,JointImplementationandtheClean

DevelopmentMechanism.

ThebasicprinciplesoftheKyotoProtocolaresummarised inthisslide.

First,developedcountriesthathaveratifiedtheKyotoProtocol(orAnnexIcountries)are

committedtoreducetheirgreenhousegasemissionsin20082012to95%oftheir1990

emissions.Commitmentsarenotallthesame(e.g.8%reductionfortheEuropeanUnion).

Second,three

flexibility

mechanisms

were

defined:

Emission

Trading

(trade

of

excess

allowances

betweenAnnexIcountries),JointImplementation(JI,tradeofcarboncreditsbetweenanAnnex

,

(CDM,tradeofcarboncreditsbetweenanAnnexIcountryandaprojectlocatedinanonAnnexI

country,inotherwords,adevelopingcountry).Forestsareincludedinthenationaleffortsof

AnnexIcountries.Projectbasedmechanisms(JIandCDM)involveenergyandforestryprojects.

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Narration:UndertheCleanDevelopmentMechanism,theonlyeligibleforestryprojectsare . ,

projecthasbeenaccepted.

UndertheCleanDevelopmentMechanism(CDM),theonlyeligibleforestryprojectsareafforestation andreforestationprojects.TheseprojectsmustimplementaforestonlandthathasnotbeenforestedsinceDecember31,1989forreforestationorfor50yearsforafforestation.Asetofwelldefinedyetcomplexrulesmustbefollowedbytheprojects.Amongotherissues,therulesconcern:Additionally:onlyprojectsthatwouldnothavebeenimplementedwithouttheCDMareeligible.Baseline:onlythedifferenceofcarbonbetweentheprojectandthebaselineorbusinessasusualiscredited.Methodologies:aprojectmustfollowanapprovedmethodologyforassessingitsbaseline,calculatingitscarbonstorage,etc.

Permanence

and

temporary

credits:

as

the

carbon

stored

in

aproject

may

be

released

back

to

theatmosphereincaseoflandusechangeorfire,asafeguardhadbeendefined:CDMforestpro ec scanon y ra e emporarycre s. re scanexp re,an car ons oragecan sappear.TheCDMisquitecomplex,especiallyforforestryprojectswhichfacemorebarriersthanenergyprojects.Duetotransactioncosts,smallprojectswillprobablynotbenefitfromtheCDM,evenwithspecificsimplifiedapproacheshavebeendefinedforsmallscaleactivities.Sofar,fifteenforestryprojects(in12differentcountries)havebeenregisteredundertheCDM.Intotal,therearemorethanregistered2000projectsforemissionsreduction(energy,industry,transportation,waste)undertheCDM.Atthemoment,17methodologiesforforestryprojectshavebeenapproved.Theyhavebeensubmittedbyprojectsunderdesign.Moreprojectsarecurrentl under re aration,sonew ro ectsshouldbeacce tedsoon.

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Narration:REDDmechanismsusemarketorfinancialincentivestoreducetheemissionofgreen ousegases rom e orestationan orest egra ation.REDDactivitiesareun erta en y

nationalorlocalgovernments,NGOs,theprivatesector,oranycombinationofthese.

Theconservationoftropicalforestsisnotcurrentlyconsideredininternationalagreementson

climatechange,eventhoughtropicaldeforestationrepresentsbetween15and20%ofglobal

emissions.In2005,somecountriesaskedtostartnegotiationsonhowtoincludeavoided

deforestationintheglobalclimateregime.UndertheUNFCCCnegotiations,thisissueisformally

calledreducingemissionsfromdeforestationandorest degradation,orREDDforshort.

Mainissuesunderdiscussionarethelinkswithcapandtradeagreementsandcarbonmarkets,

whattoreward(efforts,reductionscomparedtoabaseline),impactsonsustainable

development,redistributionofbenefitsandtechnicalaspectsofmonitoring.In2007inBali,an

agreementwas

reached

on

the

implementation

of

pilot

actions.

The

World

Bank

has

created

a

fundforfundingREDDpilotactivities(FCPF).Manybilateralinitiativeshavebeendevelopedand

.

Recentlyinthenegotiations,REDDhasbeenbroadenedtoREDD+whichconsidersnotjustthe

reductionofemissionsfromdeforestationandforestdegradation,butratheradoptsaholistic

approachwherebothsourcesofemissionsfromforestsandsequestrationofcarbonintreesand

soilsshouldbetakenintoaccount.REDD+includesforestconservation,sustainableforest

management,enhancementofforestcarbonsinks,afforestation andreforestation,

deforestationandforestdegradation.

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Narration:Therearetwobasictypesofcarbonmarkets:complianceandvoluntary. Complianceparticularamount. Onewaytheycandothisistobuyoffsetcreditsthatrepresentemissions

reductionsachieved

by

somebody

else.

Voluntary

markets

also

provide

away

to

buy

offsets,

but

thecreditscannotbeusedbycompaniestomeettheirrequirementsundergovernmentemissionsregulations.Someofthesecarbonmarketsworkforforestryprojectsindevelopingcountries,suchastheCleanDevelopmentMechanismorvoluntarymarkets.

Therearetwobasictypesofcarbonmarkets:complianceandvoluntary. Compliancemarketsareestablishedbygovernmentsandrequirecompaniestoreducetheiremissionsbyaparticularamount. Onewaytheycandothisistobuyoffsetcreditsthatrepresentemissionsreductionsachievedbysomebodyelse. Voluntarymarketsalsoprovideawaytobuyoffsets,butthecreditscannotbeusedbycompaniestomeettheirrequirementsundergovernmentemissionsregulations.

TheKyotoProtocoldefinedthreeflexibilitymechanismsthatinvolvemarkettransactionsunderman a orygovernmen regu a ons. eseare m ss ons ra ng, o n mp emen a onan CleanDevelopmentMechanism.TomeettheircommitmentsundertheKyotoProtocol,theEuropeanUnioncreatedaninternalcarbonmarket,theEUETS(EmissionTradingSystem)thatallowsEUcountriestotradetheiremissions,anditallowsalimitedamountofoffsetstobepurchasedfromdevelopingcountriesthroughtheCDM.Othercapandtradeinitiatives(RGGItheRegionalGreenhouseGasInitiativeintheNortheasternUnitedStates,WRCAItheWesternRegionalClimateActionInitiative,theOregonPowerPlantOffsetProgram,)havedevelopedcarbonmarketsaswell.

DespitethefactthattheCDMdoesallowforestryprojects,theEuropeanETShasnotallowed

forestryCDM

credits

to

be

used

as

offsets,

greatly

reducing

demand

for

forestry

credits

in

the

compliancemarketsandshiftingmostforestandagricultureprojectsovertovoluntarymarkets.

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Narration:Theshareofforestryprojectswithinthecarbonmarketisverylow.

Incarbon

markets,

transactions

with

projects

are

growing

fast.

The

CDM

is

the

most

important

mechanismintermoftradedvolumes.However,theshareofforestryprojectsoverallisvery

low:lessthan1%ofthetotalinthecaseoftheCDM.Theshareishigherforvoluntarymarkets

(around50%),butvoluntarymarketsrepresentasmallvolumecomparedtotheCDM.

Therearemanyreasonsforhavingalowtransactionvolumewithforestryprojectsincarbon

markets:theabsenceofconnectionbetweentheCDMandtheEuropeanUnionEmissionTrading

System;thedelayinforestrelatedCDMdecisions,whichwastakentwoyearsafterthosefor

energyprojects;thelackofawarenessofmarketsforforestryprojects;andthecomplexityof

forestryprojectsforcarbonestimation,monitoring,andimpactsonsustainabledevelopment.

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Narration:Voluntarymarketscouldoffergoodopportunitiesforforestryprojects,especiallyift osemar etsusestan ar stoassessan emonstratet equa ityo t eirprojects.

AlthoughvoluntarymarketsrepresentalowertransactionvolumethantheCDM,theycould

offergoodopportunitiesforforestryprojects,whichseemmoreattractivetobuyersinthese

markets.

Anotheradvantageofvoluntarymarketsisthatactivitiesarenotrestrictedtoafforestation and

reforestationasintheCDM.Themodalitiesarenotwelldefinedandmaybesimplerthaninthe

CDM.However,somevoluntarymarketshavebeencriticised forlackofstringencyandfor

sellingairtobuyers.Thatswhymanyorganisations areusingstandardstoassessand

demonstratethequalityoftheirprojects.ExamplesofstandardsaretheClimate,Community,

BiodiversityStandard(CCB)andtheVoluntaryCarbonStandard(VCS).

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Narration:Sohowdoyoubringthisalltogetheranddesignprogramstoaddressclimatechangean an scapes Int enexts i eweproposeasimp e ramewor t at aysoutmanyo t e

factorsinvolvedinachievingchange.

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Narration:Hereisasimpleframework.(Walkthemthroughtheframework)

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Objectivesandspecificquestionstobeaddressed.

Groupswillchoosearealprojectthatpreferablyallgroupmembersknow.Ifpossible,agroup

memberwill

present

the

project

to

the

others.

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Narration:Hereisanexample.Caseexampletobeshownifthegroupshavedifficultystartingtheexercise

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Groupsharetheresultofdiscussion.Iftimeisavailable,prepareashortpresentationofthe

in ings.

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