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MINISTERUL EDUCAIEI, CERCETRII TINERETULUII SPORTULUI

COLEGIUL TEHNIC PAUL DIMO GALAI

PROIECTPENTRU ATESTAREA COMPETENELOR PROFESIONALENIVEL 3

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CUPRINS

I. Argument pg 4

II. Prinipiu! "e #unti$n%re %! &igur%nte!$r #u'i(i!e pg )

III. M%rimi %r%teri&tie %!e &igur%nte!$r #u'i(i!e pg 12

IV. C!%&i#i%re% &igur%nte!$r #u'i(i!e "e *$%&% ten&iune pg 1+

V. Tipuri "e &igur%nte in #untie "e timpu! "e pr$"uer % t$piriiFu'i(i!u!ui pg 22

VI. S$!utii $n&truti,e &i "$menii "e uti!i'%re pg 2+

VII. -i(!i$gr%#ie pg

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ARUMENT

Un e/ip%ment e!etri repre'int0 un %n&%m(!u "e "i&p$'iti,e e!etriei me%nie "e&tin%te pentru $m%n"% pr$tei% reg!%*u! $ntr$!u!%ut$m%t &%u ne%ut$m%t %! #uni$n0rii unui iruit uti!i'%t !% rn"u! &0u5ntr6unu! "in &$puri!e "e pr$"uere tr%n&p$rt "i&tri(uie &%u uti!i'%re %energiei e!etrie. E&te un$&ut #%ptu! 0 tr%neru! "e energie e!etri0 "e !% !$u! "epr$"uere 5n entr%!% e!etri0 !% uti!i'%t$ru! in"u&tri%! &%u %&ni &e

re%!i'e%'0 prin interme"iu! !inii!$r i ree!e!$r e!etrie 5n %re &untimp!%nt%te e/ip%mente!e "e $mut%ie. Ae&te% %u r$!u! #uni$n%! "e&t%(i!i i 5ntrerupe iruite e!etrie %#!%te 5n $n"iii n$rm%!e "e#uni$n%re n" &e urm0rete "iri*%re% #!u7u!ui energeti "e !% gener%t$r !%reept$r. Une!e e/ip%mente "e $mut%ie %u i r$! #uni$n%! "e pr$teie"ei p$t #i $n&i"er%te i e/ip%mente "e pr$teie. Ae&te% p$t e#etu%"e$net0ri 85ntrerupt$%re!e "e putere &igur%ne!e #u'i(i!e9 &%u $net0ri

urm%te "e "e$net0ri 8"e&0r0t$%re!e e!etrie9 %tuni n" %p%r %,%rii"ei &itu%ii %n$rm%!e "e #uni$n%re um %r #i &upr%&%rini!e&urtiruite!e &upr%ten&iuni!e %tm$erie i &upr%ten&iuni!e interne. Pr$e&e!e "e $mut%ie &unt %r%teri'%te "e #%ptu! 0 %tt !%5n/i"ere% "%r m%i %!e& !% "e&/i"ere% unui iruit %p%re %ru! e!etri.Ae&t #en$men &e m%ni#e&t0 !% e/ip%mente!e u $mut%ie me%ni0%"i0 !% e!e % 0r$r 5n/i"ere &%u "e&/i"ere &e re%!i'e%'0 prin "ep!%&%re%

me%ni0 % unei pie&e me%nie 8$nt%tu! m$(i!9. E7i&ten% %ru!uie!etri 5n e/ip%mente!e "e $mut%ie $n"ue !% &$!iit0ri &up!iment%re"e n%tur0 termi0 i "e u'ur0 % $nt%te!$r. Se impune pentru !imit%re%%e&t$r &$!iit0ri &0 &e re"u0 !% minimum "ur%t% "e %r"ere % %ru!uie!etri.

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Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e &unt e!e m%i &imp!e %p%r%te e!etrie "epr$teti,e #$!$&ite #$%rte mu!t in in&t%!%tii!e "e *$%&% ten&iune.R$!u! !$r e&te"e % intrerupe un iruit %tuni in" urentu! prin %e&t% "ep%&e&te $%numit% ,%!$%re prin %r"ere% unui% &%u m%i mu!t$r e!emente #u'i(i!e

$nepute &i %!i(r%te in %e&t &$p.

E!e &unt %p%r%te e!etrie u intrerupere %ut$m%t% %re pr$te*e%'%iruite!e "e i!umin%t &i #$rt% imp$tri,% e#ete!$r e!etrie &i "in%miepr$"u&e "e urentii "e &upr%&%rin% &i "e &urtiruit.

Sigur%nte!e e!etrie &e %r%teri'e%'% printr6$ $n&truti,e &imp!% &ir$(u&t% %re %re in$rp$r%te % e!emente "e pr$teti,e8 #u'i(i!u!9 un #ir

r$tun" &%u $ (%n"% $n"ut$%re m$nt%te in &erie u $(ietu! "epr$te*%t..R$!u! !$r e&te "e % intrerupe un iruit %tuni in" urentu! prin%e&t% "ep%&e&te $ %numit% ,%!$%re prin %r"ere% unui% &%u m%i mu!t$re!emente #u'i(i!e $nepute &i %!i(r%te in %e&t &$p.

In %'u! urenti!$r "e &urtiruit &i % &upr%&%rini!$r m%i m%rimet%!u! "in %re e&te $n#eti$n%t #u'i(i!u! %,%n" e% m%i re"u&%&t%(i!it%te termi% "in intreg iruitu! &e t$pe&te &i intrerupe iruitu!

e!etri.Pn0 !% $ %numit0 ,%!$%re % urentu!ui "in iruit 8urentu! minim "et$pire Imt e!ementu! #u'i(i! nu ,% pr$"ue $mut%i% iruitu!ui: !%"ep0ire% %e&tei ,%!$ri #u'i(i!u! &e t$pete 5ntrerupn" %&t#e! iruitu!.Spre % pr$te*% iruitu! 5mp$tri,% primu!ui m%7im %! urentu!ui "e&urtiruit 8urentu! "e !$,itur09 #u'i(i!u! tre(uie &0 &e t$pe%&0 5ntr6untimp m%i &urt "e $ &emiperi$%"0 m0&ur%t 5n r%p$rt u m$mentu! 5neperii

&urtiruitu!ui 8"ei 5n rn%i puin "e !;62 & 5n ree!e!e u # < +; ='9: num%i%&t#e! &igur%n% #u'i(i!0 5i ,% m%ni#e&t% e#etu! !imit%t$r %"i0 ,%5ntrerupe iruitu! 5n%inte % &0 #ie %tin&0 ,%>!$%re% m%7im0 % urentu!ui"e &urtiruit. Prin #uni$n%re% &igur%nei #u'i(i!e &e 5ne!ege 5ntrerupere% "e 0tre

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%e%&t% % iruitu!ui 5n %re e&te m$nt%t0 % urm%re % t$pirii e!ementu!ui#u'i(i! i % &tingerii %ru!ui e!etri %p0rut 5ntre pi0turi!e "e met%!. ?up0#ie%re #uni$n%re e!ementu! #u'i(i! tre(uie 5n!$uit ee% e &e #%e&/im(5n" p%tr$nu! &igur%nei #u'i(i!e 8e!ementu! "e 5n!$uire9.

Curentu! n$min%! %! e!ementu!ui "e 5n!$uire 8In9 &e "e#inete %#iin" ,%!$%re% &t%n"%r"i'%t0 % urentu!ui g%r%nt%t "e 0tre #%(ri%$n&trut$%re !% %re e!ementu! "e 5n!$uire p$%te #uni$n% timp5n"e!ung%t. Prin %p%it%te% "e rupere % &igur%nei #u'i(i!e 8Ir9 &e "e#inete e%m%i m%re ,%!$%re % urentu!ui "e &urtiruit pe %re &igur%n% 5! p$%te5ntrerupe 5n $n"iii prei'%te 5n n$rme #0r0 % e!ementu! "e 5n!$uire &0

&e "i&trug0 5n timpu! 5ner0ri.

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Prini!i"# $% &"nti'n(r% (# )i*"r(nt%#'r &"+ii#%

Sigur%nt% #u'i(i!% %re "$u% r%*i-"ri $% &"n.i'n(r%

n" urentu! %re $ &tr%(%te e&te m%i mi "et urentu! minim "e t$pire8IBImin t$p9 &i regimu! tr%n'it$riu $n"iti$n%t "e urentii "e &urtiruit&%u "e &upr%&%rin%urenti e "ep%&e& urentu! minim "e t$pire 8I Imint$pire9.

Prinipiu! "e #unti$n%re %! &igur%ntei #u'i(i!eE#%-%n."# &"+ii# e&te 5ng!$(%t 5ntr6$ m%&% "e ni&ip "e u%rt &i &eD4

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t$pe&te!% "ep%&ire% Imin t$p %p%rn" %ru! e!etri % %rui &tingere e&te"etermin%t% "e pre!u%re% %!"urii "e %tre gr%nu!e!e "e ni&ip.?in m$mentu! 5n %re #iru! %*unge 5n &t%re !i/i"% m%&% "e !i/i" num%i p%&tre%'% #$rm% ge$metri% % #iru!ui #iin" &upu&% "e#$rm%rii %u'%te

"e #$rte!e e!etr$"in%mie 5n (u!% p%rur&% "e urent 1&i "e #$rte!eL$rent' 5n m%&% "e !i/i".Fu'i(i!u! &e t$pe&te %p$i &e e,%p$r% "in &t%re &$!i"% tree 5n &t%re!i/i"% %p$i 5n &t%re "e ,%p$ri. Pr$e&u! "e &/im(%re % %e&t$r &t%ri "i#er%e&enti%! "up% um &e e#etue%'% 5net &%u repe"e %"i% "%% #u'i(i!u!&igur%ntei &e t$pe&te !% inten&it%te mi% % urentu!ui "e &upr%&%rin% &%u !%inten&it%te m%re % unui urent "e &urtiruit.Se $n&t%t% % pe "ur%t% ;t1 %re !$ 5n%!'ire% e!ementu!ui #u'i(i!$n#$rm ur(ei "in #igur% pn% !% temper%tur% 1 $re&pun'%t$%re

1. temper%turii "e t$pire 81


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Gn %'u! unui urent mi "i&trugere% #u'i(i!u!ui 5nepe 5n %numite p$r6tiuni nu pre% m%ri. A&t#e! 5n %e&te p$rtiuni "%t$rit% t$pirii &i e,%p$r%riimet%!u!ui i% n%&tere un %r &%u m%i mu!te %ruri mii. Ae&te %ruri "i&trug#u'i(i!u! pe !ungime% t$t%!% nee&%r% &tingeri %ru!ui. ?%r met%!u!

#u'i(i!u!ui r%mne 5n '$n% un"e &e g%&e% initi%! #u'i(i!u!. ?%% %e&t% e&te5n$n*ur%t "e ni&ip met%!u! t$pit ump!e &p%tiu! "intre #ire!e "e ni&ip &i#$rme%'% un %n%! &emi$n"ut$r. Stingere% %ru!ui "up% t$pire%#u'i(i!u!ui 5n %'u! urenti!$rre"u&i e&te 5ngreun%t% "%t$rit% %e&tui #%pt.Gn %'u! unui urent m%reD+ #u'i(i!u! &e t$pe&te pr%ti &imu!t%n pe t$%t%!ungime%. E#etu! t$pirii &i e,%p$r%rii met%!u!ui %re un %r%ter "ee7p!$'ie 5n %re met%!u! #u'i(i!u!ui e&te %run%t u putere 5n !%turi &i &e$n"en&e%'% pe #ire!e "e ni&ip. L% treere "in &t%re !i/i"% 5n &t%re "e,%p$ri $n"ut%nt% "e,ine pr%ti nu!% &i urentu! &e 5ntrerupe (ru&%e%&t% "un" !% &upr%ten&iuni %prei%(i!e %re "e $(iei re& pn% !% $,%!$%re !% %re %p%re &tr%pungere% me"iu!ui &igur%ntei p!in u met%! &u(#$rm% "e ,%p$ri. ?up% &tr%pungere% me"iu!ui &e &t%(i!e&te un %r % %rui"ur%t% "e %r"ere &i %r%ter %! &tingerii "epin" "e $n&truti% "i&p$'iti,u!ui"e &tingere %! %ru!ui u %re e&te pre,%'ut &igur%nt%. V%!$%re%)"!r(.%n)i"nii %re i% n%&tere 5n &igur%nt% "up% e,%p$r%re%#u'i(i!u!ui "epin"e "e !ungime% %e&tui%. Cu t !ungime% e&te m%i m%reu %tt &upr%ten&iune% %re i% n%&tere e&te m%i 5n%!t%. Pentru re"uere%

&upr%ten&iunii %re i% n%&tere 5n &igur%nt% !% &urtiruit &e 5ne%r%re"uere% !ungimi #u'i(i!u!ui. ?e e7emp!u 5n &igur%nte!e tu(u!%re "up%t$pire% #u'i(i!u!ui &i #$rm%re% %ru!ui unu! "intre e!etr$'i e&te tr%& "in%n%!u! "e &tingere %&t#e! &upr%ten&iuni!e &unt pr%ti imp$&i(i!e.L% &igur%nte!e ump!ute u ni&ip un"e nu &e p$%te m%rii "i&t%nt% "intree!etr$'i &e #$!$&e& #u'i(i!e 5n trepte. Fu'i(i!u! e&te $n&truit "in &rme"e "i#erite &etiuni. Gn %'u! unui %&t#e! "e #u'i(i! t$pire% &i e,%p$r%re% &epr$"u 5nti 5n p$rtiune% "e &etiune% minim%. ?up% e e&te &tr%pun&%

%e%&t% &etiune urme%'% e% u &etiune m%i m%re %ru! &e &t%(i!e&te pet$%t% !ungime%. E&te !%r % 5n %'u! &tr%pungeri!$r 5n trepte&upr%ten&iuni!e tre(uie &% %i(% ,%!$ri m%i mii "et &igur%nt% %re nu %re#u'i(i!u! 5n trepte "e$%ree !ungimi!e "i#erite!$r &etiuni &e mi&$re%'%.

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E#etu! "e !imit%re % urentu!ui prin &igur%nt% #u'i(i!%.%9Regim &inu&$i"%! (9 Regim %peri$"i

Ar"# %re i% n%&tere 5ntr6$ &igur%nt% "up% t$pire% &i e,%p$r%re%#u'i(i!u!ui tre(uie &tin& 5ntr6un timp t m%i &urt. Gn #untie "e$n"itii!e "e #unti$n%re % &igur%ntei "e putere% &urtiruitu!ui &i "e,%!$%re% ten&iunii "e &er,iiu &e #$!$&e& "i#erite met$"e "e &tingere% %ru!ui 5nepn" "e !% 5ntrerupere% &imp!% 5n %er &i terminn" u"i&p$'iti,e $mp!i%te. Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e !imit%t$%re "e urent &unt&igur%nte!e %re "up% t$pire% #u'i(i!u!ui re"u repe"e urentu! !%'er$ 5n%inte &% %ting% ,%!$%re% m%7im%. T$%te $n&trutii!e "e

&igur%nte &e p$t 5mp%rti 5n19 u !imit%re "e urent:29 #%r% !imit%re "e urent.

Gn #igur% 3.2. &6%u repre'ent%t m%rimi!e &t%n"%r"i'%te &i n$t%te$n#$rm re$m%n"%ri!$r CEI

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6ip urentu! pre'um%t "e#init % %e! urent %re %r tree prin iruit"%% &igur%nt% #u'i(i!% %r #i 5n!$uit% u un $n"ut$r "e impe"%nt%nu!%: ipt urentu! pre'um%t t%i%t "e#init % ,%!$%re% in&t%nt%nee % ip 5n

m$mentu! %p%ritiei %ru!ui e!etri: i! urentu! !imit%t e&te urentu! %re tree prin &igur%nt% #u'i(i!%"up% %m$r&%re% %ru!ui e!etri: i!t urentu! !imit%t t%i%t e&te ,%!$%re% in&t%nt%nee m%7im% %urentu!ui !imit%t: tp% e&te "ur%t% "e pre%r: t% e&te "ur%t% "e %r"ere % %ru!ui e!etri.Re'u!t% % "ur%t% "e %r"ere % %ru!ui e!etri e&te tp% J t%. ?in #igur% 3.2. &e $n&t%t% % 5n regim %peri$"i e#etu! "e !imit%ree&te m%i pr$nunt%t "%r "ur%t% "e %r"ere % %ru!ui e!etri e&te m%im%re.Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e !imit%t$%re "e urent &unt &igur%nte!e %re "up%t$pire% #u'i(i!u!ui re"u repe"e urentu! !% 'er$ 5n%inte &% %ting%,%!$%re% m%7im%. L% urentu! i #u'i(i!u! &e e,%p$r% &i %u !$&tr%pungere% inter,%!u!ui &i %m$r&%re% %ru!ui. Gn &igur%nte!e!imit%t$%re "e urent urentu! "in iruit nu %tinge ,%!$%re% m%7im%Im i "imp$tri,% 5nepn" "e !% ,%!$%re% I &%"e tin'n" %tre 'er$.

A&t#e! "e pr$priet%ti rem%r%(i!e %u "e e7emp!u &igur%nte!e ump!uteu $ &u(&t%nt% u gr%nu!%tie mi%. Gn %'u! %e&t% %ru! &e g%&e&te 5n%&t#e! "e $n"itii 5nt re'i&tent% &% %p%t% "intr6$ "%t% $ ,%!$%rem%re %re %p$i re&te repe"e. Pr$priet%te &igur%nte!$r ump!ute u&u(&t%nte gr%nu!$%&e "e % re"ue #$rt%t urentu! !% 'er$ 5n%inte "etreere% &% n$rm%!% prin 'er$ in"i% p$&i(i!it%te% uti!i'%rii %e&tui #e!"e &igur%nte &i 5n urent $ntinuu !uru $n#irm%t 5n pr%ti%.Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e #%r% !imit%re "e urent %pr$%pe % nu re"u

urentu! "up% e,%p$r%re% #u'i(i!u!ui. Gn %e&t %' urentu! "in %r"up% e,%p$r%re% #u'i(i!u!ui tree prin m%7im &i 5n %'u! e! m%i (un&e 5ntrerupe !% prim% treere prin 'er$ 5n&% p$%te &% &e 5ntrerup% &i"up% treere% t$r,% &emiperi$%"e. M%*$rit%te% &igur%nte!$r #u'i(i!enu &unt &igur%nte !imit%t$%re "e urent.

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Gn &igur%nte!e #u'i(i!e &e #$!$&e&te pe &%r% !%rg% &tingere% %ru!ui u%*ut$ru! "e&$mpunerii unei &u(&t%nte &$!i"e "e &tingere. A&t#e! "e&igur%nte &unt "e e7emp!u &unt &igur%nte!e tu(u!%re !% %re &tingere%%re !$ 5ntr6un urent "e g%' !$ngitu"in%! e i% n%&tere 5n tu(u!

e7eut%t "in m%teri%! gener%t$r "e g%'. A&t#e! "e &igur%nte "e 5n%!t%ten&iune "e urent %!tern%ti, &unt uti!i'%te 5n &pei%! 5n in&t%!%tiie7teri$%re. O r%&pn"ire &i m%i m%re % %p%t%t met$"% "e &tingere %%ru!ui e!etri 5n &igur%nte!e #u'i(i!e u %*ut$ru! unei &u(&t%nte "eump!utur% u gr%nu!%tie mi%. Ae&t prinipiu "e &tingere % %ru!uie&te #$!$&it pe &%r% !%rg% %tt !% &igur%nte!e "e 5n%!t% ten&iune pentruin&t%!%tii interi$%re 8pn% !% 3+ KV9 t &i !% &igur%nte!e "e *$%&%ten&iune. Sigur%nte!e u ump!utur% gr%nu!$%&% %u e#et !imit%t$r "eurent &i p$t #i uti!i'%te pentru 5ntrerupere% urenti!$r m%ri "e&urtiruit.

M%ri-i#% (r(.%ri).i% (#% )i*"r(nt%#'r &"+ii#%

Pr'!ri%.(.i#% )i !%r&'r-(n.%#% )i*"r(n.%#'r &"+ii#% )"n. $%&ini.%!rin -(i -"#.% -(ri-i (r(.%ri).i% *%n%r(# (%!.(.%, "- (r &i:

"r%n."# n'-in(# (# 01 )'#"#"i2 "r%n."# n'-in(# (# %#%-%n."#"i&"+ii#2 &r%/%n.( .%n)i"nii2 !".%r%( n'-in(#( $% r"!%r%2 (r(.%ri).i(.%-!'r(#( $% "r%n.2 "r%n."# #i-i.( $% .'!ir%2 &(.'r"# $% .'!ir%2(r(.%ri).i( $% #i-i.(r%2 .i!"# 'n).r".i/2 'n)"-"# !r'!ri", %.3A!.i."$in%( "n%i )i*"r(n.% &"+ii#% $% ( 4n.r%r"!% "n (n"-i. "r%n. $%)"r.ir"i. )% !'(.% %5!ri-( !rin:

6 "r%n."# $% r"!%r% 7(!(i.(.%( $% r"!%r%8 Ir (# )i*"r(n.%i,in$i(. !rin /(#'(r%( -(5i-( ( "r%n."#"i $% )"r.ir"i., !%

(r% 4# !'(.% 4n.r%r"!% )i*"r(n.(, 4n 'n$i.ii $% 4n%r(r% !r%i+(.% $%n'r-%, (%().( r(-9n9n$ &(r( $%.%ri'r(ri26 !".%r%( $% r"!%r% Pr ( )i*"r(n.%i #( )"r.ir"i. % )% !'(.%$%.%r-in( !%n.r" ir"i.% $% "r%n. (#.%rn(.i/ $in r%#(.i(:

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&(r( '-!'n%n.( 'n.in"(8, 4n (+"# 4n (r% )i*"r(n.( (r &i )'()($in ir"i. !rin )"n.(r%3 C(r(.%ri).i( .i-!>"r%n. 7$% !r'.%.i%8. F7i8, r%!r%+%n.(.( !rin /(ri(.i( .i-!"#"i $% (r$%r% ()i*"r(n.%#'r &"+ii#% 4n &"n.i% $% )"!r("r%n., )% !'(.% %5!ri-(

4n $'"( /(ri(n.% $% (r(.%ri).ii .%-!'r(#%:6(r(.%ri).i( $% .'!ir% ( %#%-%n."#"i &"+ii#, (r% %5!ri-?$%!%n$%n?( $in.r% .i!"# $% #( 4n%!"."# )"r.ir"i."#"i !9n( 4n-'-%n."# .'!irii &"+ii#"#"i 7(!(ri.i( (r"#"i8, )i /(#'(r%(!r%+"-(.( ( "r%n."#"i $% )"r.ir"i., !r%)"!") 'n).(n.2

6(r(.%ri).i( $% 4n.r%r"!%r% ( %#%-%n."#"i &"+ii# (r% %5!ri-($%!%n$%n.( $in.r% $"r(.( .'.(#( !9n( #( 4n.r%r"!%r% 7.i-!"# $%#( 4n%!"."# )"r.ir"i."#"i !9n( #( 4n%!"."# .'!irii &"+ii#"#"i,!#") $"r(.( $% (r$%r% ( (r"#"i8 )i (%#()i "r%n. $% )"r.ir"i.!r%+"-(.3 D"r(.( $% (r$%r% ( (r"#"i 7@=>;)8 )% n%*#i%(+(, i(r!%n.r" $"r(.% $% .'!ir% -(i -(ri $% =>, %#% $'"((r(.%ri).ii )% !'. 'n)i$%r( i$%n.i% 4n +'n( $% )"r.ir"i.3Din (%().( ("+( 4n !r')!%.% )% in$i( n"-(i (r(.%ri).i( $%.'!ir%3 Prin %5!ri-(r%( "r%n."#"i $% )"r.ir"i. !r%+"-(., (-"#.i!#" (# "r%n."#"i n'-in(# 7&i*"r;3;38 )>( r%")i.r%!r%+%n.(r%( !rin.r>' )in*"r( "r( ( ."."r'r (r(.%ri).ii#'r$% !r'.%.i% ( )i*"r(n.%#'r $% (%%()i 'n).r".i% $(r $% "r%n.i

n'-in(#i $i&%ri.i3 Pr'.%.i( in).(#(.ii#'r %#%.ri% !rin )i*"r(n.%&"+ii#% )% &(% 'n&r"n.9n$ (r(.%ri).i( .%r-i( ( 'i%."#"i!r'.%(. " (r(.%ri).i( $% !r'.%.i% ( )i*"r(n%i &"+ii#%3C(r(.%ri).i( .%r-i( ( "n"i 'i%. $in in).(#(.i( %#%.ri( %).% '"r( (r% r%!r%+in.( $%!%n$%n. $in.r% .i-!"# in "r)"# (r"i(.%-!%r(."r( !(r.ii %#%i -(i in(#+i.% ( 'i%."#"i (.in*% /(#'(r%(#i-i.( ($-i)ii#( )i /(#'(r%( )"!r("r%n."#"i3F(.( $%in.r%r"!.'(r%#% 'i)n"i.% )i*"r(n.%#% &"+ii#% " -(r% !".%r% $%

r"!%r%, (/(n$ "n .i-! $% '-".(.i%&'(r.% -i,(" -(r%#%(/(n.(,( !'. #i-i.( 'n)i$%r(i# /(#'(r%( "n"i "r%n. $%)"r.ir"i.,r%(#i+(n$ r"!%r%( (%)."i( in(in.% ( %# )( &i ("n) #(/(#'(r%( -(5i-(3A%().( (!.i."$in% )% i#").r%(+( !rin(r(.%ri).i( $% #i-i.(r% (r% r%!r%+in.( /(#'(r%( $% /(r& (.in)($% "r%n."# $% )"r.ir"i.,#i-i.(. !rin !r%+%n.( )i*"r(n.%i in

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&"n.i% $% /(#'(r%( %&%.i/( ( "r%n."#"i $% )"r.ir"i.!r%+"-(.3In r%*i- ).(i#i. $% in(#+ir% in.r%(*( %n%r*i%'n)"-(.( $% &"+ii# %).% '-!#%. %$(.( -%$i"#"iin'n"r(.'r3C"r%n."# -(5i-,(r% 'r%)!"n$% (%)."i r%*i- $%

in(#+ir% ( &"+ii#"#"i,)% n"-%).% "r%n. -ini- $%.'!ir%3T%'r%.i,.i-!"# $% .'! ir% )" (.i"n%( "r%n."#"i -ini-$% .'! ir% %).% in&ini.3C" r%).%r%( in.%n)i.(.ii "r%n."#"i (r%.r%% !rin )i*"r(n.(,.i-!"# $% .'! ir% ( &"+ii#"#"i )% r%$"% )i$%/in% &'(r.% -i #( )"r.ir"i.%3C"r( . &7I8 .in$% ()-!.'.i )!r% /(#'(r%( -ini-( ("r%n."#"i $% .'!ir% I-in,!%n.r" .3In.%n)i.(.%( (%)."i "r%n.$%!()%).% $% 'i%i,>@ in.%n)i.(.%( "r%n."#"i n'-in(# (#&"+ii#"#"i3Din !"n $% /%$%r% (# in(#+irii in.r%*ii)i*"r(n.%,($i( ( !(.r'n"#"i )i ( 'n.(.%#'r )(#%,%# -(i *r%"%).% r%*i-"# "r%n."#"i -ini- $% .'!ir%3

C%r%teri&ti% temp$r%!% "e pr$tetie % &igur%nte!$r #u'i(i!e

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15/27

C#()i&i(r%( )i*"r(n%#'r &"+ii#% $% '() .%n)i"n%

Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e &unt %p%r%te u 5ntrerupere %ut$m%t% %repr$te*e%'% iruite!e "e i!umin%t &i "e #$rt% 5mp$tri,% e#ete!$r

termie &i "in%mie pr$"u&e "e urentii "e &upr%&%rin% &i&urtiruit. Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e &e %r%teri'e%'% printr6$ $n&trutie#$%rte &imp!% &i r$(u&t% %re %u 5n$rp$r%t % e!ement "e pr$tetie un#ir r$tun" &%u $ (%n"% $n"ut$%re m$nt%te 5n &erie u $(ietu! "epr$te*%t. Gn %'u! urenti!$r "e &urtiruit &i !% &upr%&%rini m%rimet%!u! "in %re e&te $n#eti$n%t #u'i(i!u! %,n" e% m%i re"u&%&t%(i!it%te termi% "in 5ntreg iruitu! &e t$pe&te &i 5ntrerupe iruitu!re%!i'n" pr$teti%. ?in punt "e ,e"ere $n&truti,&igur%nte!e "e *$%&% ten&iune &e !%&i#i% 5n &igur%nte #u'i(i!e "em%re putere "e rupere uti!i'%te 5n in&t%!%tii in"u&tri%!e u ten&iunin$min%!e "e pn% !% 1;;; V &i urenti n$min%!i 5ntre1;; &i 1;;; A: &igur%nte #u'i(i!e u #i!et uti!i'%te 5n in&t%!%tii in"u&tri%!e &i %&nie!% ten&iuni pn% !% 1;;; V &i urenti n$min%!i 5ntre @ &i 1;; A &i &igur%nte #u'i(i!e mini%tur% uti!i'%te !% re"re&$%re %p%r%te "e r%"i$&i te!e,i'iune in&t%!%tii e!etr$nie !% ten&iuni pn% !% +;; V &iurenti n$min%!i 5ntre ;1 &i @ A. Repre'ent%re% t%(e!%r% %prinip%!e!$r tipuri "e &igur%nte #u'i(i!e "e *$%&% ten&iune &i %

p%r%metri!$r !$r e&te "%t% 5n t%(e!u! 3.1.

1+


16/27

T(%#"# ;3=. C!%&i#i%re% &igur%nte!$r #u'i(i!e "e *$%&% ten&iune

Nr.Crt.

?enumire Ten&iunen$min%!% V

Curentn$min%! A

Curentu!pre'um%tinterrupt A

F$!$&ire

1 Sigur%nt%#u'i(i!% "em%re putere

B1;;; V 1;;1;;; +; In&t%!%tiiin"u&tri%!e

2 Sigur%nt%#u'i(i!% u#i!et

B1;;; V 1@1;; B33 In&t%!%tiiin"u&tri%!e&i %&nie

3 Sigur%nt%#u'i(i!%mini%tur%

B++; V ;.11; B2 Ap%r%tee!etrie8re"re&$%re%p%r%te"e r%"i$&iTV9

Se nume& &igur%nte #u'i(i!e "e u' in"u&tri%! &igur%nte!e !% %ree!ementu! 5n!$uit$r nu e&te %e&i(i! &i nu p$%te #i 5n!$uit "et "eper&$%ne %!i#i%te: &igur%nte!e #u'i(i!e "e u' %&ni e!e e &euti!i'e%'% 5n in&t%!%tii!e %&nie !% er e!ementu! 5n!$uit$r e&te%e&i(i!. ?in punt "e ,e"ere 'n).r".i/ &igur%nte!e #u'i(i!e "e*$%&% ten&iune &e pre'int% &u( numer$%&e ,%ri%nte. Gn #igur% 3.4. e&tepre'ent%t% e,$!uti% ,%ri%nte!$r $n&truti,e "e &igur%nte #u'i(i!e "e

!% ,%ri%nte!e primiti,e "e&/i&e n" %ru! e!etri er% &tin& 5n %er!i(er !% ,%ri%nte!e 5n/i&e n" %ru! e&te &tin& 5ntr6un tu( "e &ti!%&%u p$rte!%n 5n/i& !% %pete u &%u #%r% ump!utur% "e ni&ip.Pentru % $(tine puteri "e rupere m%ri 5n timpu! %r"erii #u'i(i!u!uitre(uie &% "e re"u% !% minim %ntit%te% "e ,%p$ri met%!ii. Uti!i'%re%upru!ui &i %rgintu!ui %re $mp%r%ti, u p!um(u! %u $ #$%rte (un%

1@


17/27

$n"uti(i!it%te e!etri% #u'i(i! &i $(tinere% un$r &etiuni m%ire"u&e re"un"u6&e %&t#e! &i punt "e t$pire ri"i%t % permi&mrire% "en&it%tii "e urent 5n ,$!umu! "e met%! %re &e ,%p$ri'e%'%.Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e ump!ute u ni)i! !"r &i ")(. 8!


18/27


19/27

1D


20/27

Sigur%nte #u'i(i!e u m%re putere "e rupere MPR

Intr$"uere% &i &$%tere% p%tr$nu!ui "in #uri &e re%!i'e%'% prininterme"iu! unui mner i'$!%nt "et%&%(i!. Ae%&t% $per%tie m%nu%!%&e #%e n" prin (%re!e iruitu!ui nu e7i&t% urent. A&t#e! &ere%!i'e%'% &igur%nte #u'i(i!e u m%re putere "e rupere tip MPRpentru urent %!tern%ti, "e 1;; 12+ 1@; 2;; 2+; 31+ 4;; +;;

@3; A &i pentru urent $ntinuu "e 2+; 4;; A.

Si*"r(nt% &"+ii#% $% -%$i% &i 4n(#.% .%n)i"n%

Pentru in&t%!%tii interi$%re !% ten&iune% "e 363+ KV e!e m%ir%&pn"ite &unt &igur%nte!e u ump!utur% "e mi% gr%nu!%tie 8ni&ipu%rt$& u $ntinut "e &i!iiu "e pn% !% DD+9. Putere% "e ruperem%7im% % %e&t$r &igur%nte repre'int%3;; MVA pentru t$%te

ten&iuni!e menti$n%te. Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e "e me"ie &i 5n%!t% ten&iune&e !%&i#i% "up% m%i mu!te riterii %&t#e!19 ?up% #e!u! m$nt%*u!ui%9 "e interi$r:(9 "e e7teri$r:29 ?up% ten&iune% n$min%!%

2;


21/27

)2: 12: 24: 42 KV:39 ?up% "e&tin%tie 8#e!u! iruitu!ui96 pentru iruite prinip%!e:6 pentru iruite "e m%&ur% 8tr%n$rm%t$%re "e m%&ur%9:

49 ?up num%ru! "e pere/i "e p$!i%9 m$n$p$!%re:(9 (ip$!%re:9 trip$!%re:

Tipuri "e &igur%ne 5n #unie "e timpu! "e pr$"uere % t$piriiFu'i(i!u!ui

In m$" n$rm%!&igur%nte!e #u'i(i!e &e %r%teri'e%'% printr6$#unti$n%re #$%rte r%pi"%8miimi "e &eun"%9.E7i&t% in&% &itu%tii %%prin"ere%unui grup "e !%mpi u #i!%ment "e putere m%re &%up$rnire% m$t$%re!$r e!etrie u r$t$ru! in &urtiruitin %re %p%r&upr%inten&it%ti e nu p$t #i e,it%te &i %re#iin" "e &urt% "ur%t%nupr$,$%% in%!'iri e7%ger%te %!e e!emente!$r iruitu!uipr$te*%t.Pentru % pute% #$!$&i $mp!et p$&i(i!it%ti!e $n"ut$%re!$r"in in&t%!%tii!e e!etrie "e % &up$rt% #%r% "eteri$r%ri &upr%urenti "e&urt% "ur%t% e&te nee&%rin %&t#e! "e %'uri% e!ementu! #u'i(i! &%&up$rte #%r% t$pire &upr%inten&it%ti!e tre%t$%re.Leg%t "e %e&tenee&it%ti pr%tie&6%u "i#erenti%t "$u% %teg$rii "e &igur%nte #u'i(i!e"e *$%&% ten&iune

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22/27

6&igur%nte #u'i(i!e r%pi"e!% %re timpu! p%n% !% t$pire e&te #$%rte&urt/i%r &i in %'u! un$r &upr%inten&it%ti %re "%p%&e& u putinurentu! nimin%! %! #u'i(i!u!ui:6&igur%nte #u'i(i!e inerte%re &up$rt% un timp re!%ti, !ung 8&eun"e

&%u minute9&upr%inten&it%ti "e %te,% $ri m%i m%ri "e%t urentu! !$rn$min%!.Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e inerte %u $ #unti$n%re int%r'i%t% num%i!% &upr%inten&it%ti mii:!% &urtiruite e!e %ti$ne%'% pr%ti t$t %t%t"e repe"e % &i &igur%nte!e r%pi"e.

Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e r%pi"e

Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e r%pi"e &unt %r%teri'%te "in punt "e ,e"ere

$n&truti,e prin %ee% % #iru! #u'i(i! e&te re%!i'%t "intr6un &ingur met%!8upru &%u %rgint9.E!e repre'int% tipu! e! m%i #$!$&it "e&igur%nte#u'i(i!e%,%n" $ $n&truti,e re!%ti,e &imp!% &i $ putere m%re "erupere.Sigur%nte!e r%pi"e pre'int% in&% &i une!e ne%*un&uriprintre %re e!em%i imp$rt%nte &unt urm%t$%re!e

6%rgintu! &i upru8met%!e #$!$&ite pentru re%!i'%re% #iru!ui #u'i(i!9 %u$ temper%ture "e t$pire #$%rte ri"i%t% ee% ein %'u! un$r urenti "e&er,iiu #$%rte %pr$pi%ti "e e! n$min%!"etermin% in%!'iri imp$rt%nte %!e

($rne!$r &i %!e $ntut$%re!$r "e re$r":6temper%tur% ri"i%t% % #iru!ui #u'i(i! #%,$ri'e%'% $7i"%re% trept%t% %

#iru!ui #u'i(i! 8in"e$&e(i !% #u'i(i!e!e "in upru9ee% e "etermin%re"uere% &etiunii %ti,e % %e&tui% &i pr$,$%%"up% un timp re!%ti,e&urt "e e7p!$%t%ret$pire% &% /i%r !% urenti m%i mii "e%t urentu!n$min%!:6in %'u! $n&um%t$ri!$r %r%teri'%ti prin &upr%urenti ine,it%(i!i"e &urt%"ur%t%!% punere% &u( ten&iune8% e7emp!um$t$%re!e e!etrie u r$t$ru!

in &urtiruitin&t%!%tii!e m%ri "e i!umin%tin%n"e&enttr%n$rm%t$%re!e9%e&te &igur%nte nu p$t re%!i'% $ pr$teti,ee#i%e"e$%ree"%% &unt "imen&i$n%te%&t#e! in%t &% nu &et$pe%&% !%%e&ti &upr%urentie!e nu m%i re%!i'e%'% $ pr$teti,e &u##iient "e r%pi"% !%urenti "e &urtiruit.

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Sigur%nte!e #u'i(i!e inerte

Pentru % &e in!%tur% ne%*un&uri!e &igur%nte!$r r%pi"e&6% %ut%t &% &e $(tin%&igur%nte #u'i(i!e %re &% re%!i'e'e

6in%!'iri m%i re"u&e in &er,iiu "e "ur%t% 6p$&i(i!it%ti "e &upr%in%r%re temp$r%r% 6e!imin%re% m%ni#e&t%ri!$r "e im(%trinireS$!utii!e pr%tie "%te %e&t$r pr$(!em &e grupe%'% in *uri! % trei prinipi%$n&truti,e &i %nume 6&igur%nte #u#i(i!e u &ep%r%re me%ni%

6&igur%nte #u'i(i!e u t$p ire prin e##et met%!!urgi 6&igur%nte #u'i(i!e u t$p ire prin re%tii /imie%.Sigurante fuzibile cu separare mecanica.Ae&te% %u #iru! #u'i(i! re%!i'%t"in "$u% p$rtiuni!ipite intre e!e u un %!i%* %,%n" puntu%! "e t$p ire$($r%t.Funti$n%re% !$r e&te urm%t$%re% 6e!ementu! #u'i(i! 1 e&te %&t#e! "imen&i$n%tin%t !% &upr%&%rini "e!ung% "ur%t% temper%ture %tin&% &% "etermine t$pire% %!i%*u!ui "e t$p ire2:in %e&t m$ment re&$rtu! 3 in"ep%rte%'% un% "in p$rtiuni!e #iru!ui#u'i(i!"etermin%n"prin &ep%r%re% me%ni%#$rm%re% %ru!ui e!etri "eintrerupere:

6!% &upr%&%rini re!%ti,e m%ri "%r "e &urt% "ur%t%um &unt "e e7emp!ue!e e %p%r !% p$rnire% m$t$%re!$r %&inr$ne'$n% "e !ipirepre,%'ut%e,entu%! u $ &etiune m%rit%"e met%!m%ni#e&t% $ %numit% inertietermi%%&t#e! in%t %e&te &upr%&%rini 8inerente in &er,iiu9&unt &up$rt%te#%r% %r"ere% #u'i(i!u!ui: 6!% &urtiruite'$n% "e !ipire pre'int% "e %&emene%$ %numit% inertietermi%i%r e!ement%! &e t$pe&te pe p$rtiuni!e &u(tiri 1$mp$rt%n"u6&e % $&igur%nt% r%pi"%:

6in regim n$rm%! &i !% &upr%&%rini miitemper%tur% #ire!$r e&te mu!tm%i mi% "e%t e% pe %re $ %ting in %e!%&i $n"itii &igur%nte!er%pi"e$(tin%n"u6&e in #e!u! %e&t% $ in%!'ire m%i re"u&% % $nt%te!$r.

(.Sigurante fuzibile cu topire prin efect metalurgic.Funti$n%re% %e&t$r&igur%nte &e (%'e%'% pe pr$piet%te% un$r %!i%*e "e &t%niu6p!um( "e % #$rm%

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"e !% $ %numit% temper%tureu %rgintu! &i upru!%!i%*e u re'i&tent%e!etri% m%re &i punt "e t$p ire $($r%t.S$!uti% $n&truti,e $n&t% in%!pi%re% unei mii %ntit%ti "intr6un %&t#e! "e %!i%* &t%niu6p!um( pe!%me!%#u'i(i!% "in upru &%u %rgintin puntu%! e! m%i %!" &%u in

%pr$piere% %e&tui%.M$"u! "e #unti$n%re e&te urm%t$ru! 6in regim n$rm%! temper%ture #iru!ui #u'i(i! &e %#!% &u( pr%gu! "e %!iere&i e&te mu!t in#eri$%r% e!ei % &igur%nte!$r r%pi"e: 6!% &upr%&%rini "e !ung% "ur%t% temper%ture %tin&% "etermin% t$pire%%!i%*u!ui &t%niu6p!um(%re inepe &% "i#u'e'e in !%me!!% &up$rt#$rm%n"un %!i%* u re'i&tent% e!etri% m%re &i temper%ture "e t$p ire$($r%t%:pr$e&u! $ "%t% ineput e,$!ue%'% in %,%!%n&e8#$rm%re% %!i%*u!uim%re&te in%!'ire% !$%!%i%r %e%&t% #%,$ri'e%'% "i#u'iune% $mp$nente!$r&tr%ine in m%&% #u'i(i!u!ui9ee% e "etermin% t$pire% r%pi"% % #iru!ui#u'i(i!: 6!% &urtiruit &e pr$"ue $ intrerupere r%pi"% prin t$pire% unui i&tmpr%ti%t in %!t% p$rtiune % !%me!ei #u'i(i!e.Se $(tin in #e!u! %e&t%&igur%nte u int%r'iere%re permit 8#%r% &% intrerup% iruitu!9 &upr%&%rinire!%ti,e m%ri "%r "e &urt% "ur%t%.. Sigurante fuzibile cu topire prin reactii chimice.Ae&te% &e (%'e%'% pe#$!$&ire%in !$u! %!i%*u!ui "e &t%niu6p!um(% un$r &u(&t%nte /imie%re !%temper%ture "e $r"in%! % 2+;6+;; intr% in re%ti,e u %rgintu! &%u upru!

"in %re e&te #$rm%t% !%me!!% #u'i(i!%"etermin%n" #$rm%re% un$r $mpu&ir%u $n"u%t$ri "e e!etriit%te.A&t#e!!% %tingere% temper%turii "e re%ti,e!%me!% #u'i(i!% e&te %t%%t% /imire"u%n"u6i6&e &etiune% uti!%ee% em%re&te in%!'ire% !$%!% &i %e!ere%'% re%ti%:&e $(tine $ intreruperer%pi"% % iruitu!ui#%r% in%!'iri e7%gger%te.

S$!utii $n&truti,e &i "$menii "e uti!i'%re

?up% me"iu! in %re &e re%!i'e%'% intrerupere% &i "$p% &$!uti%$n&truti,%"i#erite!e tipuri "e &igur%nte #u'i(i!e "e *$%&% ten&iune &egrupe%'% in 6&igur%nte u intrerupere in %er 6&igur%nte u intrerupere in ni&ip

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Sigurantele fuzibile deschise&unt %e!e &igur%nte !% %re #iru! #u'i(i! e&teintin& intre "$u% $nt%tein %er !i(ernepr$te*%t &unt #$!$&ite "in e in em%i putin "e$%ree %u putere "e rupere re"u&% &i p$t pr$,$% %i"ente &i&uriruite prin impr$&%re% u m%teri%! t$pit.Pentru %e&t u!tim

m$ti,#$!$&ire% !$r in utii %p&u!%te e&te inter'i&%. Sigurantele fuzibile cu maner&unt &igur%nte "e&/i&e !% %re pentru % &epute% in!$ui #u'i(i!u! &u( ten&iune:%e&t% e&te m$nt%t pe un m%ner i'$!%nt"in (%/e!it% &%u "in p$rte!%n:intr$"uere% !$r in iruit &e #%e u %*ut$ru!un$r utite &%u #uri "e $nt%t #i7%te pe m%ner.Sunt #$!$&ite in"e$&e(i inutii "e "i&tri(utiein iruite u inten&it%ti n$min%!e "e @;.@;;A.Pre'int% t$%te ne%*un&uri!e &igur%nte!$r "e&/i&e.C% e!ement #u'i(i! &e#$!$&e&te $ !%me!!% "e 'in u &etiune &tr%ngu!%te in '$n% entr%!. Sigurante tubulare.Pentru % &e e,it% %i"ente!e pr$,$%te "eimpr%&tiere% met%!u!ui t$pit &%u "e %tingere% int%mp!%t$%re %#u'i(i!u!ui%e&t% &e in/i"e intr6un tu( m%teri%! i'$!%nt.?e$%ree &i %iiintrerupere% %ru!ui e!etri %re !$ in %er !i(erputere% "e rupere r%m%nere"u&%.Sigurante cu intrerupere in nisip.Ae&te% p$t #iu #i!et &i u m%re putere"e rupere. Sigurante cu filet&unt e!e m%i &imp!e &i m%i #$!$&ite &igur%nte "e *$%&%ten&iune u &tingere in ni&ip.E!e &e uti!i'e%'% in in&t%!%tiipentru pr$teti%

iruite!$r "e !umin% &i #$rt% "e inten&it%ti mi*!$ii.Sunt #$rm%te "in p%true!emente 6&$!u "i p$rte!%n pre,%'ut u ($rne!e "e !eg%re !% iruitu! e7teri$r: 6p%tr$nu! #u'i(i!%!%tuit "intr6un tu( "e p$rte!%n "e %numit%#$rm%ump!ut u ni&i p&i in/i& !% %pete u %p%e!e "e $nt%t 6pie&e!e "e $nt%t u "i%metru! interi$r %!i(r%t %,%n" r$!u! "e %permite intr$"uere% num%i % p%tr$%ne!$r p%n% !% $ %numit%inten&it%te$re&pun'%t$%re iruitu!ui pr$te*%t&i "e % impie"i%

intr$"uere% un$r p%tr$%ne "e inten&it%te n$min%! m%i m%re. 6%p%u! #i!et%t u r$!u! "e % in/i"e p%tr$n%!re%!i'%n" t$t$"%t%pre&iune% nee&%r% "e $nt%t. Sigur%nte "e *$%&% ten&iune u m%re putere "e rupere &unt &igur%nte#u'i(i!e "e $n&truti,e &pei%!%put%n" intrerupe urenti "e &igur%nte

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#u'i(i!e "e $n&truti,e &pei%!%put%n" intrerupe urenti "e &urtiruit "e$r"in%! 'ei!$r "e Ki!$%mperi.

-i(!i$gr%#ie

P$pe&u Li'et% E/ip%mente e!etrie ,$!umu! II E"itur% A!m% M%ter Si(iu 2;;H

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