partea i - cadrul natural al romaniei

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C C A A D D R R U U L L N N A A T T U U R R A A L L A A L L R R O O M M Â Â N N I I E E I I

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Page 1: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

CCAADDRRUULL NNAATTUURRAALL

AALL RROOMMÂÂNNIIEEII

Page 2: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

11

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Page 3: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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Page 4: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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Page 5: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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Page 7: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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Page 8: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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Page 16: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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Page 25: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

II. Dealurile Vestice

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&kPSLLOH�RFXS �úL�VXGXO� ULL��(OH�V-au format prin depunerHD�GH�VHGLPHQWH�vQ�P ULOH�FDUH�DX� DFRSHULW� SkQ � OD� VIkUúLWXO� FXDWHUQDUXOXL� LQXWXULOH� DFHVWHD� GH� VFXIXQGDUH�� 'XS � UHWUDJHUHD�DSHORU�ODFXVWUH��UkXULOH�DX�DúWHUQXW�vQ�DOELLOH�ORU�VFKLPE WRDUH�DOXYLXQL�úL�SLHWULúXUL��'HDVXSUD�V-a DG XJDW�R�PDQWLH�GH�ORHVV��SHste care s-DX�IRUPDW�VROXULOH�URGLWRDUH��ÌQWUH�Y L�úL�FkPSLL��GLIHUHQ D�de altitudine nu trece de 30-40 m.6

I. Câmpia de Vest

) FkQG�SDUWH�GLQ�PDUHD�&kPSLH�3DQRQLF ��&kPSLD�GH�9HVW�RFXS �vQ� DUD�QRDVWU �R�IkúLH�vQJXVW � �GH���-60 km). Ea are o înclinare�IRDUWH�VODED��GLQ�FDUH�FDX] �DSHOH�UkXULORU�DX�FXUVXUL�PHDQGUDWH��FX�DOELLOH�DELD�VFKL DWH��SXWkQG� LHúL�GLQ�PDWF � OD�FHOH�PDL�PLFL�FUHúWHUL�� IDSW�SHQWUX�care ele au fost îndiguite.

6 Idem, pg.50-53

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7UHEXLH�WRWXúL�GHRVHELWH�GRX �IHOXUL�GH� LQXWXUL�vQ�FXSULQVXO�&kPSLHL�GH�Vest: unele ceva PDL�vQDOWH��WUHFkQG�OD����P���DFRSHULWH�FX�R�PDQWD�GH�ORHVV��FDUH�U PkQ�IHULWH�GH�LQXQGD LL��DOWHOH�joase (80-���P���SULPRUGLDO�PO úWLQRDVH��FX�DSH�GLYDJDQWH��FDUH-úL�VFKLPEDX�SH�YUHPXUL�DOELLOH�úL�vúL�VWU PXWDX�JXULOH�GH�Y UVDUH��&DQDOL]DWH�úL�GUHQDWH��HOH�DX�IRVW�WUDQVIRUPDWH�vQ�WHUHQXUL�DJULFROH�GH�SULP�RUGLQ��DX�vQV �DSD�IUHDWLF �IRDUWH�DSURDSH�GH�VXSUDID ��FHHD�FH�FRQGXFH�OD�vQPO úWLQLUL�úL��V U WXU UL�

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&��&kPSLD�9O VLHL�GLQ�vPSUHMXULPLOH�%XFXUHúWLORU�DUH�R�UH HD�KLGURJUDILF �PDL�GHQV ��3H�YUHPXUL�erD�DFRSHULW �GH�FRGUL�XULDúL��FRGULL�9O VLHL��� OD�DG SRVWXO�F URUD�V-D�GH]YROWDW�RUDúXO�%XFXUHúWL��8OWHULRU��S GXULOH�DX�IRVW�GHIULúDWH��DVW ]L�U PkQkQG�GRDU�SkOFXUL�UHVWUkQVH��FDUH�FUHHD] �WRWXúL�XQ�cadru pitoresc la nordul capitalei, cu locuri de agrement� úL� SXQFWH� WXULVWLFH� �6QDJRY��& OG UXúDQL��

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&D� úL� vQ� &kPSLD� GH� 9HVW�� DLFL� VH� vQWkOQHVF� úL IkúLL� GH� GXQH�� vQ� SDUWHD�HVWLF � D�&kPSLHL�Române: la sud de Tecuci (la Hanu-&RQDFKL��� OD�YHVW�GH�%U LOD��GH-a� OXQJXO�& OP XLXOXL� úL�D�,DORPL HL��FkW�úL�vQ�SDUWHD�HL�DSXVHDQ ��vQ�VXGXO�&kPSLHL�2OWHQLHL���0XOWH�GLQWUH�QLVLSXULOH�DFHVWHD�HUDX�SkQ �QX�GH�PXOW�QHIL[DWH��FRDPHOH�GXQHORU�vQDLQWkQG�OD�ILHFDUH�YkQW�PDL�WDUH��FD�vQWU-un mic SXVWLX��3ODQWD LLOH�VDX�FXOWXULle agricole specifice au fixat aceste nisipuri pe cea mai mare parte GLQ�VXSUDIH H��ÌQ�XOWLPD�SHULRDG �V-D�WUHFXW�SH�DORFXUL��2OWHQLD�VXGLF ��FKLDU�OD�QLYHODUHD�GXQHORU�úL�LQWURGXFHUHD�LULJD LLORU�

Caracteristice sunt, de asemenea, crovurile, mici depresiuni de tasare în loess, care se vQWkOQHVF�PDL�SUHWXWLQGHQL�SH�FkPSXULOH�GLQWUH�Y L��vQ�FXSULQVXO�ORU�SHUVLVWkQG�vQGHOXQJ�DSHOH�GLQ�SORL�úL�GLQ�WRSLUHD�] SH]LORU��6ROXULOH�GH�FURYXUL�DMXQJ�GLQ�DFHDVWD�FDX] �GH�IHUWLOLWDWH�VF ]XW ��ÌQ�prezent ele sunt drenate prin scurgerea apelor stagnante.

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III. Luncile

3H�Y LOH�SULQFLSDOHORU�UkXUL��SUHFXP�úL�GH-D�OXQJXO�'XQ ULL��SH�R�EXQ �SDUWH�D�FXUVXOXL�V X�GLQ� DUD�QRDVWU ��VH�DIO �GRPHQLXO�OXQFLORU��6XQW�S PkQWXUL�QRL��FO GLWH�GLQ�DOXYLXQLOH�GHSXVH�GH�UkXUL�OD�ILHFDUH�UHY UVDUH��6ROXULOH�Y LORU�VXQW�vQ�JHQHUH�URGLWRDUH��/D�DFHVWD�DMXW �PXOW�XPH]HDOD��FDUH�VH�PHQ LQH�PDL�WRW�WLPSXO�DQXOXL��FKLDU�vQ�SHULRDGHOH�GH�VHFHW ��/XQFLOH�VXQW��GH�RELFHL��FkQG�nu sunt prea QLVLSRDVH���EXQH�SHQWUX�DJULFXOWXU �úL�GDX�UHFROWH�GHRVHELWH�

&HOH�PDL� vQWLQVH� OXQFL� VH� DIO �GH-D� OXQJXO�Y LORU�'XQ ULL��6RPHúXOXL��0XUHúXOXL�� -LXOXL��2OWXOXL�� $UJHúXOXL�� ,DORPL HL�� 6LUHWXOXL� úL� 3UXWXOXL�� 0XOWH� GLQWUH� HOH� VXQW� IRORVLWH� GLQ� YUHPXUL�GHS UWDWH�SHQWUX�FXOWXULOH�GH�SRUXPE��]DU]DYDWXUL�HWF���GkQG�SURGXF LH�ULGLFDW ��)LLQG�vQV �H[SXVH�LQXQGD LORU�� OXQFLOH� VH� DUDX� úL� VH� VHP QDX� vQ� WUHFXW� PDL� WkU]LX�� GXS � SORLOH� GH� OD� VIkUúLWXO�SULP YHULL�� FDUH� SURGXFHDX� UHY UV UL�� 'HúL� PDL� vQWkU]LDWH�� UHFROWHOH� HUau bogate, deoarece XPH]HDOD�OXQFLL�vQO WXUD�SULPHMGLD�VHFHWHORU�GH�YDU �

ÌPSRWULYD�UHY UV ULORU�FDUH�SULFLQXLDX�PDUL�SDJXEH�DSURDSH� vQ�ILHFDUH�DQ�V-a acordat, în XOWLPXO�GHFHQLX��R�GHRVHELW �DWHQ LH�OXFU ULORU�GH�vQGLJXLUH�úL�GHVHF UL�DOH�]RQHORU�LQXQGDEile. S-DX� vQGLJXLW� VXSUDIH H�PDUL�GH� WHUHQ� vQ� OXQFD� LQXQGDELO � D�'XQ ULL��D� -LXOXL��2OWXOXL��0XUHúXOXL��6LUHWXOXL��3ORLOH�H[FHS LRQDOH�GLQ�DQLL������úL������DX�DU WDW�vQV �F �XQHOH�GLJXUL�YHFKL��PDL�DOHV�cele ce datau din secolul trecut) trebuie reconsolidDWH� úL� vQ O DWH�� $PSOH� OXFU UL� VH� H[HFXW � vQ�SUH]HQW�SHQWUX�DVLJXUDUHD�EXQHL�ORU�IXQF LRQ UL�úL�D�ULGLF ULL�GH�QRL�GLJXUL��vQ�YHGHUHD�HYLW ULL�DOWRU�FDODPLW L�� ÌQ� SUH]HQW� VH� HIHFWXHD] � PDUL� OXFU UL� KLGURDPHOLRUDWLYH� SH� 0XUHú� úL� SH� 7kUQDYH��SUHFXP�úL�SH�3Uut.

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Page 32: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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33

3.1. FACTORII DE CARE DEPINDE CLIMA ROMÂNIEI

/RFDOL]DUHD�JHRJUDILF �D� ULL�QRDVWUH�vQ�]RQD�FOLPHL�WHPSHUDWH�VH�FDUDFWHUL]HD] �vQ�GHWDOLX�SULQ� PDUHD� YDULHWDWH� GH� QXDQ H�� $FHDVWD�� SUHFXP� úL� FRPSOH[LWDWHD�� IUDJPHQWDUHD� úL� RULHQWDUHD�UHOLHIXOXL��HVWH�GHWHUPLQDW �SHQWUX�GLYHUVLWDWHD�SURFHVHORU�DWPRVIHULFH�

&OLPD� ULL�QRDVWUH�GHSLQGH�DVWIHO�GH�GRX �FDWHJRULL�GH�IDFWRUL��JHQHUDOL�úL�ORFDOL��)DFWRULL�JHQHUDOL�VXQW��DúH]DUHD�JHRJUDILFD�úL�FLUFXOD LD�PDVHORU�GH�DHU�GHDVXSUD�XVFDWXOXL�HXUDVLDWLF�� LDU�FHL�ORFDOL��UHOLHIXO��DOWLWXGLQHD�úL�RULHQWDUHD�FXOPLORU���GLIHUHQ D�GH�ODWLWXGLQH�vQWUH�QRUGXO�úL�VXGXO�

ULL��SUHFXP�úL�YHFLQ WDWHD�0 ULL�1HJUH�7

Factori generali8

D�� $úH]DUHD� JHRJUDILF � D� ULL� QRDVWUH� vQ� ]RQD� FOLPHL� WHPSHUDWH� VH� FDUDFWHUL]HD] � SULQ�PDQLIHVW UL� RVFLODQWH� DOH� HOHPHQWHORU� DWPRVIHULFH�� WHPSHUDWXU �� YkQWXULOH�� SUHFLSLWD iile. Pe WHULWRULXO� ULL�QRDVWUH�VH�vQWkOQHVF�DWkW�LQIOXHQ H�DOH�FOLPDWXOXL�WHPSHUDW�GLQ�DSXV��GLPLQXDWH�PXOW�SULQ�GHS UWDUHD�GH� UPXO�2FHDQXOXL�$WODQWLF�úL�GH�UHOLHIXO�PXQWRV�SHVWH�FDUH�VH�SURSDJ �PDVHOH�GH� DHU� RFHDQLF�� ILHFDUH� ODQ � PXQWRV� UH LQkQG� R� SDUWH� GLQ� SORL��� FkW� úL� LQIOXHQ H� DOH� FOLPDWXOXL�WHPSHUDW�FRQWLQHQWDO�GLQ�U V ULW��DFHVWHD�GLQ�XUP �ILLQG�SUHFXPS QLWRDUH��FX�GHRVHELUH�vQ�WLPSXO�iernii).

'HúL� DUD�QRDVWU �VH�DIO �UHODWLY�DSURDSH�GH�0DUHD�0HGLWHUDQ ��LQIOXHQ D�HL�VH�VLPWH�GHVWXO�de slab la QRL��vQWUXFkW�$OSLL�'LQDULFL��0XQ LL�5RGRSL�úL�%DOFDQL�QH�L]ROHD] �GH�DFHDVWD��1XPDL�R�SRU LXQH�GLQ�YHVWXO�2OWHQLHL� úL�GLQ�VXGXO�%DQDWXOXL�SULPHúWH�XúRDUH� LQIOXHQ H�VXEPHGLWHUDQHHQH��LHUQL�EOkQGH�úL�WRDPQH�OXQJL�FX�SORLOH�WkU]LL��

E��&LUFXOD LD�DWPRVIHUHL.�0DVHOH�GH�DHU�FDUH�FLUFXO �SH�GHDVXSUD� ULL�QRDVWUH�LQIOXHQ HD] �GLUHFW�FOLPD�HL��&kQG�DFHVWH�PDVH�VH�SURSDJ �GLQVSUH�RFHDQ��VXQW�XPHGH�� LDU�FkQG�RULJLQHD� ORU�HVWH�FRQWLQHQWDO ��VXQW�PDL�XVFDWH�

ÌQ�SHULRDGD�FDOG �D� DQXOXL��DFHVWH�PDVH�SRUQHVF�RELúQXLW�GLnspre Atlantic, din centrul de PDUH� SUHVLXQH� VLWXDW� vQ� ]RQD� ,QVXOHORU� $]RUH� �DQWLFLFORQXO� D]RULF��� F WUH� FHQWUXO� GH� PLQLP �SUHVLXQH� FH� VH� IRUPHD] � vQ� ]RQD� 0HGLWHUDQHL� VDX� vQ� VXG-vestul Asiei. Aerul oceanic, trecând SHVWH� DUD� QRDVWU � vQF UFDW� FX� YDSRUL� GH� DS �� IDYRUL]HD] � SORLOH� GH� OD� VIkUúLWXO� SULP YHULL� úL�vQFHSXWXO�YHULL��WRFPDL�FkQG�SODQWHOH�DX�PDL�PDUH�QHYRLH�GH�DS �SHQWUX�FLFOXO�ORU�YHJHWDWLY�

ÌQ�SHULRDGD�UHFH�D�DQXOXL��GLPSRWULY ��GDWRULW �U FLULL�XVFDWXOXL��VH�IRUPHD] �vQ�QRUGXO�$VLHL�úL�DO�(XURSHL� un centru de mare presiune (anticiclonul siberian), în regiunea Mediteranei aerul U PkQkQG�PDL�FDOG�úL�GHFL�PDL�XúRU��]RQD�GH�PLF �SUHVLXQH���ÌQ�VLWXD LD�DFHVWD�DHUXO�PDL�GHV�úL�PDL�UHFH�GLQ�QRUG�VH�SXQH�vQ�PLúFDUH�F WUH�]RQD�GH�PLQLP �SUHVLXQH�D�0HGLWHUDnei. Pe deasupra

7 Idem, pg.57-62 8 *** (1983), Geografia României, vol I - *HRJUDILD�IL]LF ��(G��$FDGHPLHL��%XFXUHúWL

CLIMA

Page 34: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

ULL�QRDVWUH�VH�VFXUJ�DVWIHO�PDVH�GH�DHU�UHFH��FDUH�IDF�FD�WHPSHUDWXUD�V �VFDG �EUXVF��LDU�YkQWXO�LD�IRUPH�YLROHQWH��EDWH�&ULY XO��

Factori locali

a. Relieful�LQWURGXFH�QXDQ H�ORFDOH�SULQ�DOWLWXGLQH�úL�RULHQWDUH��6H�úWLH�FD�OD�R�DOWLWXdine mai PDUH�� WHPSHUDWXUD�HVWH�PDL�FRERUkW � úL�SORLOH�PDL� DEXQGHQWH��GH�DVHPHQHD�F �YkQWXULOH� VXIHU �GHYLD LL�GDWRULW �UHOLHIXOXL��GUHQkQGX-VH�SULQ�GHILOHH�úL�Y L�ODUJL��2ULHQWDUHD�UHOLHIXOXL�úL�vQ�VSHFLDO�D�ODQ XULORU�GH�PXQ L�DGXFH�DVWIHO�PRGLILF UL�FOLPDWXOXL��&DUSD LL�DS U �SDUWHD�DSXVHDQ �D� ULL�GH�H[FHVHOH� FOLPDWXOXL� FRQWLQHQWDO�� GH� DVHPHQHD� SH� YHUVDQ LL� GH� YHVW�� PXQ LL� QRúWUL� SULPHVF�SUHFLSLWD LL�PDL�DEXQGHQWH�GHFkW�SH�FHL�RULHQWD L�VSUH�HVW�

E�� 'LIHUHQ D� GH� ODWLWXGLQH� vQWUH� QRUGXO� úL� VXGXO� ULL�� LQWURGXFH� GRDU� R� XúRDU � YDULD LH� GH�FOLPDW�� FDUH� VH� PDQLIHVW � SULQWU-R� GXUDW � PDL� OXQJ � D� LHUQLORU� vQ� QRUG� GHFkW� vQ� VXG�� SUHFXP� úL�printr-R�GLIHUHQ �PHGLH�GH�WHPSHUDWXU �DQXDO �GH�SHVWH��°C (11°&�vQ�VXGXO� ULL�����°C în nord). 3ULP YDUD�DSDUH�FX�FLUFD�WUHL�V SW PkQL�PDL�WLPSXULX�vQ�VXG�GHFkW�vQ�QRUG��vQ�VFKLPE�WRDPQD�vúL�DUDW � SULPHOH� HL� VHPQH� �EUXPD�� EXUQL H�� F GHUHD� IUXQ]HORU��� PDL� GHYUHPH� vQ� QRUG�� ÌQIORULUHD�SODQWHORU�úL�FRDFHUHD�IUXFWHORU�RUL�D�FHUHDOHORU�VXQW�FX�SHVWH�GRX �V SW PkQL�PDL�WLPSXULL�vQ�Vudul GHFkW�vQ�QRUGXO� ULL��'LPSRWULY ��SULPHOH�vQJKH XUL�VH�SURGXF�FX�GRX �VDX�FX�WUHL�V SW PkQL�PDL�devreme în nordul decât în sudul României.

F��0DUHD�1HDJU ��ILLQG�R�PDUH�GH�WLS�FRQWLQHQWDO��DUH�R�LQIOXHQ �UHGXV �DVXSUD�FOLPHL�GLQ�UHJLXQLOH�vQFRQMXU WRDUH��,QIOXHQ D�HL�DVXSUD�FOLPDWXOXL� ULL�QRDVWUH�VH�UHGXFH�OD�R�IkúLH�vQJXVW �de-D� OXQJXO� UPXOXL� úL� FRQVW � GLQ� IRUPDUHD� EUL]HORU� PDULQH� úL� GLQWU-R� XúRDU � vQGXOFLUH� D�WHPSHUDWXULL� vQ�WLPSXO�LHUQLL��$VWIHO��GH�SLOG ��OD�0DQJDOLD��PHGLD�WHUPLF �D�OXQLL�FHlei mai reci (ianuarie) este de 1°&�� SH� FkQG� vQ� &kPSLD� 5RPkQ � HVWH� GH� -3°&�� 0DUHD�QX� DUH� vQV � LQIOXHQ �DVXSUD� SUHFLSLWD LLORU�� FDUH� SH� OLWRUDO� FDG� vQ� FDQWLWDWH� IRDUWH� UHGXV �� IDSW� FH� VH� H[SOLF � SULQ�FLUFXOD LD�JHQHUDO �D�PDVHORU�DWPRVIHULFH�GH�OD�YHVW�OD�HVW�OD�DWLWXGLQHD� ULL�QRDVWUH��ORFDO��GLQVSUH�uscat spre mare).

3.2. CARACTERISTICILE PARAMETRILOR CLIMATICI

A. Temperatura aerului�SRDWH�IL�XUP ULW �SULQ��PHGLD�HL�DQXDO ��PHGLLOH�OXQDUH�úL�FHOH�SH�DQRWLPSXUL��SUHFXP�úL�SULQ�WHPSHUDWXULOH�H[WUHPH��7RDWH�DFHVWHD�VH�GLIHUHQ LD] �DWkW�vQ�UDSRUW�FX�DOWLWXGLQHD��FkW�úL�FX�ODWLWXGLQHD�

7HPSHUDWXUD�PHGLH�DQXDO �vQ� DUD�QRDVWU �HVWH�FXSULQVD�vQWUH���°&�SH� UPXO�P ULL��GH-a OXQJXO�'XQ ULL�úL�vQ�SDUWHD�GH�VXG�D�&kPSLHL�%DQDWXOXL��úL��°&�SH�FXOPLOH�&DUSD LORU�Pai sus de ������ P�� 'DF � VH� XUP UHúWH� KDUWD� L]RWHUPHORU� DQXDOH�� VH� FRQVWDW � F � DFHVWHD� XUPHD] �vQGHDSURDSH� ]RQHOH� GH� UHOLHI�� $VWIHO� L]RWHUPD� DQXDO � GH� ��°&� GHOLPLWHD] � vQ� JHQHUDO� /XQFD�'XQ ULL� ID � GH� FkPSLH��/LPLWD� GLQWUH�&kPSLD� 5RPkQ � úL� GHDOXUL� HVWH�PDUFDW � DSUR[LPDWLY� GH�izoterma de 10°&��LDU�OLPLWD�GLQWUH�GHDOXUL�úL�PXQ L��GH�L]RWHUPD�GH��°C.

Temperaturile medii anotimpuale. În OXQLOH�GH�LDUQ ��WHPSHUDWXUD�PHGLH�HVWH�QHJDWLY �vQ�WRDW � DUD��I FkQG�H[FHS LH�QXPDL�FRO XO�GH�VXG-est în jurul Mangaliei, preFXP�úL�XQHOH�SRU LXQL�GLQ�VXGXO�%DQDWXOXL��ÌQ�OXQD�FHD�PDL�UHFH��LDQXDULH��PHGLD�WHUPLF �YDULD] �vQWUH���°C (Mangalia) úL�-10°&�SH�FXOPLOH�vQDOWH�DOH�PXQ LORU��3H�KDUWD�L]RWHUPHORU�GLQ�OXQD�LDQXDULH�VH�GLVWLQJH�R�]RQD�cu temperaturi de -3°&�SkQ �OD�-4°C, care se întinde dinspre nord-est, din Moldova, peste Câmpia 5RPkQ �� 'LUHF LD� DFHVWHLD�FRUHVSXQGH� FX� GHSODVDUHD�DHUXOXL� UHFH� FRQWLQHQWDO�� &HD� PDL� VF ]XW �WHPSHUDWXU �vQUHJLVWUDW �SH�WHULWRULXO�5RPkQLHL�D�IRVW�GH�– 38.5°&��OD�%RG��OkQJ �%UDúRY��SH�GDWD�

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Bârladul este singurul afluent al Siretului diQ� 3RGLúXO� 0ROGRYHL�� 'DWRULW � FOLPDWXOXL�DFFHQWXDW�FRQWLQHQWDO�� UkXO�DUH�XQ�UHJLP�GH�VFXUJHUH�IRDUWH�YDULDELO��FX�SHULRDGH�GH� LQXQGD LL�úL�PDUL� VF GHUL��9DVOXLXO��7XGRYD� úL�=HOHWLQXO�SULQFLSDOLL� V L� DIOXHQ L�� VXQW�DVHP Q WRUL� vQ�DFHDVWD�SULYLQ �

Prutul izvRU úWH�GLQ�5XVLHL��GLQ�&DUSD LL�3 GXURúL�� vQ�DSURSLHUH�GH� L]YRDUHOH�7LVHL��$FHVW�UkX�IRUPHD] �FHD�PDL�PDUH�SDUWH�D�KRWDUXOXL�GH�HVW�DO� ULL�QRDVWUH�SkQ �OD�Y UVDUHD�VD�vQ�'XQ UH��OD�HVW�GH�*DOD L��FX�XQ�GHELW�SH�MXP WDWH�DO�6LUHWXOXL�����P��V���$UH�R�YDOH�ODUJ �úL�PO úWLQRDV �

3UXWXO� DUH� DIOXHQ L� SX LQL� úL� PLFL�� FHO� PDL� LPSRUWDQW� HVWH� Jijia�� FDUH� GUHQHD] � &kPSLD�0ROGRYHL��'LQWUH�DIOXHQ LL�-LMLHL�PDL�vQVHPQDW�HVWH�%DKOXLXO��FDUH�WUHFH�SULQ�,DúL��$YkQG�XQ�UHJLP�de scurgere capricios, ce producea pe vremuri mDUL� LQXQGD LL� V-DX� I FXW� SH� %DKOXL� OXFU UL�KLGURWHKQLFH� FDUH� vPSLHGLF � LHúLUHD� GLQ� PDWF �� -LMLD� VH� YDUV � vQ� 3UXW� GXS � FH� FXUJH� vQ� DFHLDúL�OXQF ��SDUDOHO�FX�UkXO�SULQFLSDO��DSURDSH����NP�

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$FHDVW �UHJLXQH�HVWH�UDUD�úL�V UDFD�vQ�DSH��&OLPDWXO�GH�VWHSD�IDFH�FD�UkXULOH�VD�VHFH�vQDLQWH�FD�HOH�VD�DMXQJ �OD�Y UVDUH��DYkQG�GHELWH�WHPSRUDUH��3X LQH�UkXUL�GREURJHQH�VH�YDUV �VSUH�'XQ UH��WRDWH�vQV �DX�DSD�QXPDL�FkQG�SORXD�úL�R�SLHUG�vQDLQWH�GH�D�DMXQJH�vQ�IOXYLX��vQ�OLPDQHOH�GH�la gura lor. Mai important este râul Carasu, care cuprinde în prezent canalul magistral al sistemului de LULJD LL�FX�DFHODúL�QXPH��DOLPHQWDW�GLQ�'XQ UH�

Page 44: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

ÌQ�0DUHD�1HDJUD�VDX�vQ�ODFXULOH�GH�SH� UP�VH�YDUV �UkXULOH�7HOL D�úL�7DL D�FDUH�L]YRU VF�GLQ�Masivul Nord-'REURJHDQ�úL�GHEXúHD] �vQ�/DFXO�%DEDGDJ��6ODYD��FDUH�VH�YDUV �vQ�/DFXO�*RORYL D�úL�&DVLPFHD���DOLPHQWkQG�/DFXO�7DVDXO�

4.4. LACURILE

6XSUDID D�WRWDO �D�ODFXULORU�GLQ�5RPkQLD�HVWH�GH�FLUFD�������NP�FHHD�FH�UHSUH]LQW ������GLQ�WHULWRULXO� ULL��/DFXULOH�QDWXUDOH�GLQ� DUD�QRDVWU �VH�SRW�FODVLILFD�vQ�IXQF LH�GH�PDL�PXOWH�FULWHULL��úL�DQXPH��DúH]DUHD�JHRJUDILFD��RULJLQHD�FKLXYHWHORU��FRPSR]L LD�FKLPLFD�D�DSHORU��WHPSHUDWXUD�ORU��'XS �DúH]DUHD�JHRJUDILFD�HOH�VH�vPSDUW�vQ�ODFXUL�GH�PXQWH��ODFXUL�GH�GHDOXUL�úL�ODFXUL�GH�FkPSLH��úL�GH�OXQFD�

A. Lacurile de munte�VXQW��GXS �RULJLQH��GH�PDL�PXOWH�IHOXUL�� Lacurile glaciare�� U VSkQGLWH� SH� FXOPLOH� FDUSDWLFH� FDUH� VH� DSURSLH� VDX� GHS úHVF� ����� P�

altitudine. Ele s-au format prin adunarea apelor de izvoare(sau din topiUHD� ] SH]LORU�� vQ�DGkQFLWXULOH�V SDWH�GH�JKH DULL�GLQ�SHULRDGD�FXDWHUQDU ��/DFXULOH�DX��GH�RELFHL��vQWLQGHUH�PLFD��FHO�PDL�PDUH�GLQ� WRDWH��%XFXUD�DUH����KD��úL�DGkQFLPL�GHVWXO�GH�PDUL� �FHO�PDL�DGkQF�= QRDJD��DUH������P���$SHOH�ORU�VXQW�OLPSH]L�úL�UHFL��GDWRULWD�DOWLWXGLQLL�OD�FDUH�VH�J VHVF��&HOH�PDL�QXPHURDVH�ODFXUL�JODFLDUH�VH�DIO �vQ�&DUSD LL�0HULGLRQDOL��ÌQ�&DUSD LL�2ULHQWDOL�DSDU�QXPDL�vQ�PXQ LL�5RGQHL��3ULQFLSDOHOH� ODFXUL�JODFLDUH�VXQW��%XFXUD��= QRDJD��3HOHDJD�V�D�� vQ�PXQ LL�5HWH]DW��*kOFHVFX�� vQ�ParkQJ��%kOHD��&DSUD��8UOHD��3RGUDJXO�HWF��vQ�) J UDú���/DOD�úL�%XK LHVFX�vQ�0XQ LL�5RGQHL�

Lacurile vulcanice� VH� IRUPHD] � GLQ�DFXPXODUHD�DSHORU� GLQ� SUHFLSLWD LL� VDX� GLQ� L]YRDUH� vQ�craterele unor vulcani stins. Asemenea lacuri sunt rare pe glob (se mai întâlnHVF�vQ�,WDOLD�VXGLF ���ÌQ� DUD�QRDVWU �H[LVWD�QXPDL�XQXO�/DFXO�6IkQWD�$QD��SH�0XQWHOH�&LRPDWXO�0DUH�GH�OkQJ �7XúQDG��FX�FRQWXUXO�DSURDSH�FLUFXODU�FXP�HVWH�úL�FUDWHUXO�

Lacurile de baraj natural� VH� IRUPHD] � SULQ� VW YLOLUHD� Y LORU�� GDWRULWD� XQRU� DOXQHF UL� VDu VXUS UL�GH�VWkQFL����&kQG�PDWHULDOXO�FDUH�DOF WXLHúWH�VW YLODUXO�HVWH�IULDELO�H[LVWHQWD�ODFXOXL�DVWIHO�IRUPDW�HVWH�GH�VFXUWD�GXUDWD��GHRDUHFH�DSHOH�URG�UHSHGH�EDUDMXO�QDWXUDO�úL�VH�VFXUJ�OD�YDOH��FXP�V-D�vQWkPSODW�FX�/DFXO�1RYDW�GLQ�0DUDPXUHú���'LQWUH�QXmeroasele lacuri de baraj natural de la noi, FHO�PDL�GH�VHDPD�HVWH�/DFXO�5RúX��FDUH�V-a format prin alunecarea unui pinten de munte în albia %LFD]XOXL�VXSHULRU��VW YLOLQG-o. Fenomenul s-D�SHWUHFXW�vQ�DQXO������úL�D�GDW�SHLVDMXOXL�R�QRWD�GH�originalitate. AO WXUL�D�OXDW�QDúWHUH�R�IUXPRDVD�VWD LXQH�FOLPDWHULFD�FDUH�vL�SRDUWD�QXPHOH�

%��/DFXULOH�GH�GHDO�úL�SRGLú sunt de mai multe feluri : ,D]XULOH�GLQ�&kPSLD�0ROGRYHL�úL�GLQ�&kPSLD�7UDQVLOYDQLHL s-au format în albiile râurilor,

prin bararea acestora mai rar în mod natural, de cele mai multe ori de mana omului. Bararea QDWXUDO �VH�SURGXFH�ILH�SULQ�DOXYLXQLOH�ERJDWH�SH�FDUH�OH�GHSXQ�ODWHUDO�DIOXHQ LL�vQ�WLPSXO�YLLWXULORU�PDUL�� ILH� SULQ� DOXQHFDUHD� YHUVDQ LORU�� &HOH� PDL� PXOWH� LD]XUL� V-DX� IRUPDW� vQV � SULQ� FRQVWUXLUHD LH] WXULORU�GH�F WUH�RP��0DL�LPSRUWDQWH�VXQW�LD]XULOH�GLQ�&kPSLD�7UDQVLOYDQLHL��= X�GH�&kPSLH��7DJD��&DWLQD��*HDFD��VDX�GLQ�&kPSLD�0ROGRYHL��'U FúDQL��1HJUHQL��3RGX�,ORDLHL�HWF�

/DFXULOH�V UDWH s-DX�IRUPDW�ILH�SULQ�XPSOHUHD�FX�DSD�D�YHFKLORU�RFQH�S U VLWH (Turda, Ocna 6LELXOXL��2FQD�0XUHú��7HOHJD��6O QLF-3UDKRYD�HWF����ILH�SULQ�SU EXúLUHD�vQ�PRG�QDWXUDO�D�VWUDWHORU�GH�VDUH��/DFXO�8UVX�GH� OD�6RYDWD���2ULFDUH�DU�IL�RULJLQHD� ORU��SULQ�FDOLW LOH�FXUDWLYH�DOH�DSHORU��DFHVWHD�DX�vQOHVQLW�FUHDUHD�GH�VWD LXQL��EDlneare.

Lacurile carstice�� 3ULQ� SU EXúLUHD� SODIRQXOXL� SHúWHULORU� VH� IRUPHD] � OD� VXSUDID D� R�depresiune în care de multe ori se aduna apa, formând lacuri. Un asemenea lac este cel de la 3RQRDUH��GLQ�3RGLúXO�0HKHGLQ L�

C. Lacurile de câmpie�VXQW��GXS �RULJLQHD�úL�SR]L LD�ORU�JHRJUDILFD�FHOH�PDL�YDULDWH�� Dintre acestea lacurile de stepa sunt formate în depresiunile rezultate prin tasarea loess-

XOXL� �FURYXUL���$SURDSH� WRDWH� VXQW� VLWXDWH� vQ�HVWXO�&kPSLHL�5RPkQH�� vQWUH� ,DORPL D� úL�6LUHW��$X�

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DSHOH�V UDWH�úL�SH�IXQG�Q PRO�RUJDQLF��IRORVLWRU�VXE�UDSRUW�WHUDSHXWLF��&HOH�PDL�FXQRVFXWH�VXQW��/DFXO�6 UDW��,DQFD��0RYLOD�0LUHVLL��vQ�&kPSLD�%U LOHL�

Lacurile de lunca� HUDX� SkQ � QX� GHPXOW� FHOH� PDL� QXPHURDVH�� 0XOWH� DX� IRVW� VHFDWH� vQ�XOWLPHOH�GRX �GHFHQLL��'LQWUH�HOH�VH�GHRVHEHVF�GRX �FDWHJRULL��E O LOH�úL�OLPDQXULOH�IOXYLDOH�

% O LOH s-DX�IRUPDW�SULQ�HIHFWXO�LQXQG ULL�S U LORU�PDL�MRDVH�D�OXQFLL�GH�F WUH�UkX�VDX�IOXYLX��vQ�SHULRDGHOH�GH�FUHúWHUH��RUL�SULQ�HIHFWXO�VFKLPE ULL�DOELHL�úL�S U VLULL�XQRU�FRWXUL��PHDQGUH��VDX�EUD H�� 'HFL�� E O LOH� VXQW� ODFXUL� GH� OXQFD� VXSXVH� IOXFWXD LLORU� GH� QLYHO� DOH� UkXULORU� FDUH� OH�DOLPHQWHD] �� (VWH� FD]XO� ODFXULORU� /XQFD� %DQXOXL�� 3UXQGX� V�D�� GLQ� DOELD� 3UXWXOXL�� &HOH� PDL�LPSRUWDQWH�E O L�VH�DIO �vQV �vQ�/XQFD�'XQ ULL��0DMRULWDWHD�DX�IRVW�GHVHFDWH�WRWal ; doar câteva se PDL�S VWUHD] �PXOW�UHGXVH�vQ�VXSUDID D��%LVWUHWX��6XKDLD���ÌQ�'HOWD��E O LOH�PDL�LPSRUWDQWH�VXQW���Gorgova, Merhei, Dranov s.a., însemnate pentru pescuit.

Limanele fluviale� DX� OXDW� QDúWHUH� SULQ� EDUDUHD� FX� DOXYLXQL� D� XQRU� DIOXHQ L� PLFL� GH� F WUH�râurile principale care-L�FROHFWHD] ��$SDU�FX�GHRVHELUH�vQ�&kPSLD�5RPkQ �RUL�SH�PDOXO�VWkQJ�DO�'XQ ULL��&HOH�PDL�LPSRUWDQWH�OLPDQH�IOXYLDOH�VXQW���$PDUD��SH�VWkQJD�,DORPL HL�OkQJ �6ORER]LD��FX� Q PROXUL� WHUDSHXWLFH�� 6QDJRY� úL� & OG UXúDQL�� SH� GUHDSWD� ,DORPL HL�� IRORVLWH� FD� ODFXUL� GH�DJUHPHQW� úL� DOWHOH� SH� %X] X� �-LUO X�� $PDUD�� %DOWD� $OE ��� 3H� PDOXO� VWkQJ� DO� 'XQ ULL� VH� SRW�PHQ LRQD��OLPDQXO�0RVWLúWHD�úL�%UDWHú��XOWLPXO�UHVWUkQV�PXOW�vQ�VXSUDID D�SULQ�OXFU UL�GH�vQGLJXLUH�úL�GHVHFDUH���LDU�SH�PDOXO�GREURgean, Bugeac, Oltina s.a.

Limanele maritime�VH�vQúLU �GH-D�OXQJXO� UPXOXL�GREURJHDQ�DO�0DULL�1HJUH��vQFHSkQG�GH�OD�VXG� GH� 'HOWD� 'XQ ULL� SkQ � OD� 0DQJDOLD�� 6-DX� IRUPDW� SULQ� EDUDUHD� Y LORU� FDUH� VH� GHVFKLGHDX�RGLQLRDU � GLUHFW� vQ� PDUH�� SULQ� FO GLUHD� XQRU� FRUGRane de nisip. Cele mai cunoscute sunt: %DEDGDJ�� 7DVDXO�� 6LXWJKLRO� �FX� DSD� GXOFH� YHQLWD� SULQ� L]YRDUHOH� FDUVWLFH� SH� VXE� 3RGLúXO�'REURJHDQ��� $JLJHD�� 7HFKLUJKLRO�� FX� DSH� V UDWH� úL� Q PRO� WHUDSHXWLF�� LDU� PDL� OD� VXG�� OLPDQXO�Mangalia, alimentat de bogate izvoare carstice, iar spre coada lacului, izvoare sulfuroase termale. În jurul acestora s-DX�GH]YROWDW�FXQRVFXWHOH�VWD LXQL�EDOQHDUH��(IRULH��7HFKLUJKLRO��0DQJDOLD�HWF���

Înrudite cu limanele sunt lagunele, provenite prin închiderea cu cordoane litorale a unor fosWH� JROIXUL� PDULWLPH�� ([HPSOXO� FHO� PDL� WLSLF� HVWH� FRPSOH[XO� 5D]LPXOXL� �5D]LP�� *RORYL D��=PHLFD��6LQRH���FDUH� vQ�DQWLFKLWDWH�IRUPDX�XQ�JROI�GHVFKLV�� vQJ GXLQG�QDYLJD LD�YDVHORU�PDULQH�SkQ � OD� PDUJLQHD� ORU� DSXVHDQD��XQGH�+LVWULD� HUD�XQ� vQIORULWRU� SRUW� PDULWLP. Peste secole, când golful a început a se închide, iar apele transformate în ape moarte de laguna se împotmoleau, viata acestor porturi s-D�VWLQV��$VW ]L��DFHVWH�ODJXQH�DX�R�DGkQFLPH�UHGXVD������-3 m). Alimentate FX�DSH�GXOFL�GLQ�'XQ UH�vQ�SDUWHD�H�QRUG�Vunt bogate în peste.

Lacurile artificiale. Pentru valorificarea energiei apelor, în scopul alimentarii uzinelor hidroelectrice, s-DX�FRQVWUXLW�PDL�PXOWH�ODFXUL�DUWLILFLDOH��ODFXUL�GH�UHWHQ LH���&HOH�PDL�LPSRUWDQWH�VXQW�� ,]YRUX� 0XQWHOXL� SH� %LVWUL D�� 9LGUDUX� SH� $UJHú�� 9LGUD� SH� /RWUX� HWF�� $OWHOH� V-DX� I FXW� vQ�scopul alimentarii cu apa (pe valea Uzului, a Doftanei, pe Prut la Stanca-6WHI QHúWL�HWF��

ÌPSUHMXUXO� &DSLWDOHL�� SULQ� EDUDUHD� VXFFHVLYD� D� DOELHL� &ROHQWLQD�� DX� IRVW� DPHQDMDWH� úL�transformate în locuri de VSRUW� úL� DJUHPHQW� ODFXULOH�� % QHDVD�� +HU VWU X�� )ORUHDVFD�� 7HL��&ROHQWLQD��3DQWHOLPRQ��FDUH�QX�VXQW�GHFkW�QLúWH�PDUL�LD]XUL��ÌQ�DFHODúL�VFRS�D�IRVW�FRQVWUXLW�ODFXO�'XPEUDYD�GH�OkQJ �6LELX�

9DORULILFDUHD� ODFXULORU�� 'XS � FDOLWDWHD� DSHL�� ODFXULOH� SRW� IL� IRORVite pentru dezvoltarea SLVFLFXOWXULL��FHOH�FX�DSD�GXOFH��RUL�SHQWUX�LULJD LL��/DFXULOH�D�F URU�DSD�FRQ LQH�V UXUL�PLQHUDOH�úL�Q PROXUL� VXQW� IRORVLWH� SHQWUX� WUDWDPHQWH�� vQ� MXUXO� ORU� GH]YROWkQGX-VH� VWD LXQL� EDOQHDUH�(Techirghiol, Amara, Lacul Ursu de la SovaWD��/DFXO�6 UDW�GH�OkQJ �%U LOD�úL�DOWHOH���'H-a lungul anilor s-DX�I FXW�VWXGLL�SHQWUX�YDORULILFDUHD�SLVFLFROD�D�ODFXULORU�GH�PXQWH��SULQ�SRSXODUHD�ORU�FX�VRLXUL�GH�S VWU YL�DGDSWD L�OD�DSH�VWDJQDWH�úL�UHFL�

Page 46: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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Subzona stejarului� VH� vQWLQGH� DSUR[LPDWLY� vQWUH� ���� úL� ���� P�� XUFkQG� FkWHRGDW � úL� OD�altitudini mai mari. Dintre speciile de stejari, îndeosebi gorunul urca în altitudine chiar la peste ����P�vQ�6XEFDUSD L��VDX�FKLDU�vQ�PXQ L�SH�YHUVDQ LL�ORU�vQVRUL L��GH�H[HPSOX��SH�0XQWHOH�&R]LD���$FHDVWD�VXE]RQ �VH� vQWLQGH�FD�XQ�EUkX� vQJXVW� OD�SRDOHOH�0XQ LORU�$SXVHQL��R�SDUWH�GLQ�3RGLúXO�7UDQVLOYDQLHL�� 3RGLúXO� *HWLF�� SDUWHD� FHQWUDOD� D� &DSLHL� 5RPkQH�� VXGXO� 0ROGRYHL� úL� QRUGXO�Dobrogei. În aceastD� VXE]RQ � SUHGRPLQD� VSHFLLOH� GH� VWHMDU�� GLQ� FDUH� FHO� PDL� U VSkQGLW� HVWH�JRUXQXO��DSRL�VWHMDUXO�SHGXQFXODW��FHUXO��JkUQL D�HWF�� ÌQ�DVRFLD LH�FX�VWHMDUXO�FUHVF�úL�DOWH�VSHFLL��FD�� XOPXO�� FDUSHQXO�� IUDVLQXO�� WHLXO� úL� FKLDU� IDJXO�� FDUH� FRERDU � FkWHRGDW � GLQ� HWajul imediat VXSHULRU�� ÌQ� DIDUD� HOHPHQWHORU� DUERUHVFHQWH� VH� PDL� vQWkOQHVF� XQLL� DUEXúWL�� FXP� VXQW�� DOXQXO��sângerul, cornul etc.

Subzona fagului este intermediara între cea a stejarului, cu care se amesteca la limita LQIHULRDUD�úL�VXE]RQD�FRQLIHUHORU�FX�FDUH�VH�DPHVWHFD�OD�OLPLWD�VXSHULRDUD��ÌQ�VWDUH�SXUD��S GXULOH�GH�IDJ�RFXSD�vQ O LPLOH�GLQWUH����-����P��ÌQ�DPHVWHF�FX�FRQLIHUHOH��XQHRUL�FKLDU�vQ�I JHWH�SXUH��XUFD�SkQ � OD�������P�DOWLWXGLQH��3 GXULOH�GH�IDJ�FHOH�PDL� vQWLQVH�VH� vQWkOQHVF� vQ�6XEFDUSD L�� vQ�PoGLúXO�6XFHYHL��vQ�FkWHYD�SHWHFH�SH�GHDOXULOH�vQDOWH�GLQ�3RGLúXO�&HQWUDO�0ROGRYHQHVF��vQ�0XQ LL�%DQDWXOXL��vQ�0XQ LL�$SXVHQL��3RLDQD�5XVFD��3RGLúXO�6RPHúDQ��VXG-HVWXO�3RGLúXOXL�7UDQVLOYDQLHL��ÌQ�DVRFLD LH��FX�IDJXO��PDL�DOHV�OD�SDUWHD�LQIHULRDUD�D�VXE]RQHL� cresc: carpenul, gorunul, teiul, iar OD�SDUWHD�VXSHULRDUD��SDOWLQXO��IUDVLQXO�úL�PHVWHDF QXO�

Subzona coniferelor�XUPHD] �PDL�VXV�GH�VXE]RQD� IDJXOXL��RFXSkQG�vQ O LPLOH� vQWUH����-1 ����P�vQ�&DUSD LL�2ULHQWDOL��úL�vQWUH������-������P�vQ�&DUSD LL�0HULGLRQDOi. Speciile componente FHOH�PDL�U VSkQGLWH�VXQW�PROLGXO�úL�EUDGXO��3ULPXO�RFXSD�vQWLQGHUL�PDUL�vQ�&DUSD LL��2ULHQWDOL��vQ�WLPS�FH�EUDGXO�HVWH�PDL�U VSkQGLW� vQ�&DUSD LL�0HULGLRQDOL��0DL�UDU�VH� vQWkOQHVF�SLQXO�� ODLFHOH�úL�zâmbrul.

d. Zona alpina, deasupra liPLWHL� S GXULL�� SH� SODWRXULOH� úL� SH� FXOPLOH� vQDOWH� DOH� PXQ LORU�QRúWUL� �O� ���-�� ���� P��� VH� SUH]LQW � VXE� IRUPD� XQRU� � SDMLúWL� FX� FRPSRQHQWD� IORULVWLFD� YDULDWD��LQFOX]kQG�vQ�DIDUD�VSHFLLORU�LHUERDVH�úL�XQHOH�VSHFLL�OHPQRDVH�SLWLFH�VDX�WkUkWRDUH��=RQD�DOSLQD�VH vPSDUWH�vQ�GRX �VXEHWDMH��DOSLQ�SURSULX-]LV�VDX�DO�SDMLúWLORU��vQ�FDUH�SUHGRPLQD�VSHFLLOH�LHUERDVH�úL�FHO�VXEDOSLQ��FDUH�FXSULQGH�úL�DUEXúWLL�SLWLFL��6XEHWDMXO�SDMLúWLORU�RFXSD�S U LOH�FHOH�PDL�vQDOWH�DOH�PXQ LORU�� vQ� JHQHUDO� SHVWH� �� ���� P� vQ� 0XQ LL� %XFHJL�� DL� ) J UDúXOXL�� 3DUkQJXOXL�� 5HWH]DWXOXL��*RGHDQX��5RGQD��6SHFLLOH� LHUERDVH�PDL�GHV� vQWkOQLWH�VXQW��FRDUQD�� UXJLQD��SDUXúFD�� vPSHVWUL DWH�ici-colo cu flori viu colorate -�JHQ LDQD��FLXER LFD-FXFXOXL�� FORSR HL�� URJR]XO-de-munte. În mod sporadic se întâlneVF�úL�DUEXúWL�SLWLFL�

La partea inferioara (subalpina��VSUH� OLPLWD�S GXULORU�U úLQRDVH��DSDU�IUHFYHQWH�SkOFXUL�GH�DUEXúWL� WkUkWRUL�� FD�� MQHDS QXO�� LHQXS UXO� SLWLF�� SUHFXP� úL� DUEXúWL� SLWLFL� �VPkUGDUXO�� PHULúRUXO��

Page 50: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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5.2. FAUNA

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&HD�PDL�PDUH� SDUWH� D� IDXQHL�DFWXDOH�� DúD-numitele specii europene sau central-europene, VXQW� SURYHQLWH� GH� IDSW� GLQ� LQXWXULOH� PHGLWHUDQHHQH�� (OH� V-DX� H[WLQV� vQ� S U LOH� QRDVWUH� vQ�postglaciar (holocen), începând FX�FLUFD����PLL�GH�DQL�vQ�XUPD��7UHSWDW�DX�S WUXQV�úL�DOWH�VSHFLL��&HOH� PDL� QRL�� LQWURGXVH� SULQ� FRORQL]DUH�� VXQW� FHUEXO� ORS WDU� úL� ID]DQXO�� PDUPRWD� LDU� SULQ� LYLUL�VSRQWDQH��EL]DPXO�GLQ�YHVWXO� ULL�úL�vQ�]RQD�'XQ ULL�LQIHULRDUH��FkLQHOH�HQRW�vQ�'HOWD�'XQ Uii etc.

3ULQ� DGDSW ULOH� OD� FRQGL LLOH� FOLPDWLFH� úL� GH� UHOLHI� DOH� ULL� QRDVWUH� V-a produs, printr-o VHOHF LH�QDWXUDO ��R�HWDMDUH�D�IDXQHL�WHUHVWUH�SH�DOWLWXGLQH�vQ�UDSRUW�úL�FX�FRPSRQHQWHOH�YHJHWD LHL��2�HWDMDUH�vQWUXFkWYD�DVHP Q WRDUH�VH�FRQVWDWD�úL�OD�IDXQD�DSHORU�LQWHULRDUH��UkXUL�úL�ODFXUL��

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D�� )DXQD� OXQFLORU� úL� D�E O LORU este constituita, în primul rând, din animale strâns legate SULQ� PRGXO� ORU� GH� YLDWD�GH� DSD�� GDU� úL� GLQ� DQLPDOH� WHUHVWUH� FDUH� VH� DG SRVWHVF� vQ� S GXULOH� VDX�VWXI ULúXO� OXQFLL��0DL�UHSUH]HQWDWLYH�VXQW�YLGUD��QXUFD�úL�EL]DPXO�GLQ�SULPD�FDWHJRULH��YXOSHD�úL�PLVWUH XO�GLQ�FHD�GH-D�GRX ��SUHFXP�úL�QXPHURDVH�VSHFLL�GH�S V UL�GH�EDOW ��FX�GHRVHELUH�vQ�OXQFD�úL�'HOWD�'XQ ULL���SULQWUH�FDUH��SHOLFDQLL��F OLIDULL� �DOEL� úL� URúLL��� VWkUFLL�� OHEHGHOH�� UDWHOH��JkúWHOH�HWF�� �� SUHFXP� úL� QXPHURDVH� VSHFLL� U SLWRDUH� �Yulturul pescar, vulturul codalb), sau specii FkQW WRDUH� �SULYLJKHWRDUHD� GH� VWXI�� FkUVWHLL� HWF���� 0XOWH� GLQWUH� DFHVWHD� VXQW� PLJUDWRDUH��deplasându-se -�GXS �DQRWLPS�- spre tarile calde ale sudului sau spre cele reci, boreale.

12 Idem

Page 51: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

b. Fauna stepelor cuprinde înGHRVHEL� UR] WRDUH�� FD�� SRSkQG XO�� KkUFLRJXO�� RUEHWHOH� VDX�F HOXO� S PkQWXOXL�� úRDUHFLL� GH� FkPS�� GLKRUXO�� V�D�� )UHFYHQW� vQWkOQLW� HVWH� LHSXUHOH�� LDU� GLQWUH�S V UL��PDL�UHSUH]HQWDWLYH�VXQW��GURSLD��WRW�PDL�UDUD���VSXUFDFLXO��DVHP Q WRU�FX�GURSLD�GDU�PDL�mic, SUHSHOL D��SRWkUQLFKHD��GXPEU YHDQFD�HWF��'URSLD�úL�VSXUFDFLXO���VSHFLL�YDORURDVH�GLQ�SXQFW�de vedere faunistic, aflându-VH� SH� FDOH� GH� GLVSDUL LH�� VXQW� RFURWLWH� GH� OHJH�� FD� PRQXPHQWH� DOH�naturii.

F��)DXQD�S GXULORU�GH�IRLRDVH este amestecata, cuprinzând pe�OkQJ �HOHPHQWHOH�VSHFLILFH�GH�S GXUH�-�SULQWUH�FDUH�PLVWUH XO�úL�YLH]XUHOH��LDU�GLQWUH�PDPLIHUHOH�GH�SUHGD��OXSXO��YXOSHD��SLVLFD�V OEDWLFD� -� úL� VSHFLL� S WUXQVH� ILH� � GLQ� VLOYRVWHSD�� FD� LHSXUHOH�� ILH� GLQ� HWDMXO� U úLQRDVHORU�� FD��YHYHUL D��MGHUXO��F SULRDUD��'LQWUH�S V UL�PDL�WLSLFH�VXQW��FLRF QLWRDUHD��SL LJRLXO��FLQWH]D��JDL D�V�D�

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e. Fauna alpina�� DGDSWDWD� FRQGL LLORU� FOLPDWLFH� DVSUH� DOH� PDULORU� vQ O LPL� FDUSDWLFH��S VWUHD] �XQHOH�UHOLFYH�GLQ�JODFLDOXO�WkU]LX��FXP�HVWH�FDSUD�QHDJUD��FDUH�WU LHúWH�SH��YkUIXULOH�FHOH�PDL�vQDOWH�GLQ�&DUSD LL�0HULGLRQDOL��ÌQ�YUHPHD�GLQ�XUPD�D�IRVW�UHSRSXODWD�vQ�%XFHJL��SH�&HDKO X�VL� vQ�0XQ LL�5RGQHL��GH�XQGH�GLVS UXVH� vQF � vQDLQWHD�FHOXL�GH-DO�GRLOHD� U ]ERL�PRQGLDO��'LQWUH�S V UL� PDL� UHSUH]HQWDWLYH� VXQW�� DFYLOD� GH� PXQWH� úL� ] JDQXO�� FHO� PDL� PDUH� YXOWXU� HXURSHDQ��DSURDSH�GLVS UXW��SUHFXP�úL�XQHOH�SDVDUHOH��FD�IOXWXUDúXO-de-SLDWU ��FDUH�VH�DJ D�SH�DEUXSWXULOH�VWkQFRDVH�vQ�F XWDUHD�GH�LQVHFWH�ú��D��6H�PDL�DGDXJ �XQHOH�VSHFLL�GH�UHSWLOH��IOXWXUL��FROHRSWHUH�HWF�

f. Fauna acvatica�SUH]LQW �XQ� LQWHUHV�HFRQRPLF�GHRVHELW�� vQ�SULPXO�UkQG, prin speciile de SHúWL�� &D� úL� IDXQD� WHUHVWUD�� HD� VH� JUXSHD] � vQ� DVRFLD LL� FDUDFWHULVWLFH�� HWDMDWH� GXS � DOWLWXGLQH� VL�FDOLWDWH�DSHORU��6H�GHRVHEHVF�DVWIHO��R�]RQD�D�S VWU YXOXL��VLWXDWD�vQ�DSHOH�UHSH]L�úL�UHFL�DOH�UkXULORU�GH�PXQWH��UHSUH]HQWDWD�SULQ�S VWU YXO�LQGLJHQ�úL�FHO�FRORQL]DW��PDL�UDU�SULQ�ORVWUL D��FDUH�WU LHúWH�QXPDL�vQ�DSHOH�GLQ�QRUGXO�&DUSD LORU�2ULHQWDOL��ILLQG�RFURWLWD�GH�OHJH��

Cleanul ocupa sectoarele de altitudine mijlocie în râurile mari. Mreana este mai frecvent întâlnita în sectoarele GH�FkPSLH�DOH�UkXULORU�PDUL��vQ�FDUH�PDL�WU LHVF�FUDSXO�úL�DOWH�VSHFLL�OLSDQXO��FOHDQXO���&UDSXO�HVWH�FDUDFWHULVWLF�vQ�FXUVXO�'XQ ULL�úL�vQ�GHOWD�IOXYLXOXL��SUHFXP�VLQ�vQ�VHFWRDUHOH�LQIHULRDUH�DOH�DIOXHQ LORU�V L�SULQFLSDOL��3H�OkQJ �FUDS��FDUH�FRQVWLWXLH�VSHFLD�GRPLQDQWD�úL�FHD�PDL�YDORURDVD��PDL�WU LHVF��SO WLFD��URúLRDUD��FDUDVXO��úWLXFD��ELEDQXO�HWF��

$O WXUL�GH�VSHFLLOH�GH�DSD�GXOFH��vQ�'HOWD�úL�vQ�VHFWRUXO�LQIHULRU�DO�'XQ ULL��S WUXQG�úL�XQHOH�specii marine�� FD�� QLVHWUXO�� PRUXQXO�� S VWUXJD�� FHJD�� SHQWru a-úL� GHSXQH� LFUHOH�� WRDWH� DFHVWHD�FRQVWLWXLH�IRQGXO�YDORURV�GH�SHVFXLW�DO� ULL�QRDVWUH�

0DUHD�1HDJUD�DUH�R�IDXQD�YDULDWD��GDU�GLQ�FDX]D�FRQGL LLORU�GH�VDOLQLWDWH�úL�GH�VWUDWLILFDUH�D�DSHORU�QXP UXO�H[HPSODUHORU�DSDUH�UHODWLY�UHGXV��)DXQD�SLVFLFROD�HVWH reprezentata prin scrumbii DOEDVWUH�� KDPVLL�� VWDYUL]L�� JXYL]L�� FDOFDQL� úL� VSHFLLOH� GLQ� IDPLOLD� VWXULRQLORU� �PRUXQXO�� QLVHWUXO��FHJD��S VWUXJD��FDUH�PLJUHD] �VH]RQLHU�SH�JXULOH�'XQ ULL�

g. Animale rare��ÌQ� DUD�QRDVWU �H[LVWD�FkWHYD�VSHFLL�GH�DQLPDOH�UDUH�FDUH�DX�GLVS UXW�vQ�DOWH�S U L� DOH� (XURSHL�� (OH� VXQW� SXVH� VXE� RFURWLUHD� OHJLORU�� QHSXWkQG� IL� YkQDWH� VDX� GLVWUXVH�� vQWUH�DFHVWHD� VXQW�� GURSLD�� VSXUFDFLXO�� SHOLFDQXO�� HJUHWD�� ] JDQXO� HWF�� 2� FRPLVLD� VSHFLDOD�� &RPLVLD�pentru ocrotirea monumentelor naturii, de SH�OkQJ �$FDGHPLD�5RPkQ ��VH�RFXSD�FX�RFURWLUHD�úL�FHUFHWDUHD�úWLLQ LILF �D�DFHVWRUD�

5.3. SOLURILE

&RQGL LLOH� SULQFLSDOH� GH� IRUPDUH� úL� HYROX LH� D� VROXULORU� vQ� DUD� QRDVWU � - în primul rând YHJHWD LD�úL�FOLPD�-�GLIHU �vQ�IXQF LH�GH�UHOLHI�úL�GH�VXEVWUDWXO�JHRORJLF��URFD�SDUHQWDO ���$FHVWHD�GHWHUPLQD� R� ]RQDUH� YHUWLFDOD� D� VROXULORU� SH� WHULWRULXO� ULL�� DVHP Q WRDUH� FX� FHD� D� FOLPHL� úL�

Page 52: Partea i - Cadrul Natural Al Romaniei

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În interiorul acestor zone, datorita existentei unor factori locali (relief, roca, apa freatica HWF����VH�IRUPHD] �SH�VXSUDIH H�PDL�PLFL�VROXUL�LQWUD]RQDOH�

Pe luncile râurilor, în toate ]RQHOH�GH� VROXUL�� VH� vQWkOQHúWH�R�FDWHJRULH�GH�VROXUL� WLQHUH�� vQ�FXUV�GH�IRUPDUH�SH�DOXYLXQLOH�GHSXVH�GH�DSHOH�GH�LQXQGD LH�úL�VXE�LQIOXHQWD�XPLGLW LL�DFFHQWXDWH�GLQ�DFHOH�ORFXUL��$FHVWHD�IRUPHD] �FDWHJRULD�VROXULORU�D]RQDOH�

Solurile zonale se împart în VROXUL�GH�VWHSD��GH�VLOYRVWHSD��GH�S GXUH�úL�DOSLQH�

a. Solurile de stepa�VH�vQWkOQHVF�vQ�UHJLXQLOH�FX�SUHFLSLWD LL�UHGXVH��VXE�����PP�DQXDO��úL�FX�temperatura medie anuala ridicata (peste 9°&����XQGH�YHJHWD LD�FDUDFWHULVWLFD�R�IRUPHD] �SODQWHOH�ierboase. 'LQ�FDWHJRULD�VROXULORU�GH�VWHSD�IDF�SDUWH��VROXULOH�E ODQH�GH�VWHSD��FHUQR]LRPXULOH��GH�PDL� PXOWH� IHOXUL� SkQ � OD� FDVWDQLL� úL� QHJUH��� $FHVWH� VROXUL� VXQW� ERJDWH� vQ� VXEVWDQ H� QXWULWLYH��KXPXV���DVWIHO�FD��vQ�FRQGL LLOH�GH�SUHFLSLWD LL�VXILFLHQWH��GDX�UHFROWH bogate. Din cauza regimului FOLPDWLF�VHFHWRV�� WHUHQXULOH�FX�DVWIHO�GH�VROXUL�DX�QHYRLH�GH� LULJD LL��(OH�VH� vQWkOQHVF� vQ�&kPSLD�5RPkQ ��vQ�'REURJHD��vQ�&kPSLD�0ROGRYHL��vQ�&kPSLD�GH�9HVW�úL�SH�PLFL�VXSUDIH H�vQ�&kPSLD�Transilvaniei.

b. Solurile de silvostepa� FXSULQG�FD� � WLS� SULQFLSDO� FHUQR]LRPXO� OHYLJDW�� FDUH� VH� IRUPHD] �intr-XQ� FOLPDW� PDL� XPHG�� VXE� R� YHJHWD LH� OHPQRDVD� GH� S GXUH� �VWHMDU�� úL� LHUERDVD�� (VWH� XQ� VRO�GHVWXO�GH�ERJDW�vQ�KXPXV��FHHD�FH�H[SOLF �IHUWLOLWDWHD�OXL�ULGLFDWD��6H�vQWkOQHúWH�vQ�HVWXO�úL�sudul 0ROGRYHL�� vQ� SDUWHD� FHQWUDOD� D� &kPSLHL� 5RPkQH�� vQ� 2OWHQLD� GH� VXG�� vQ� &kPSLD� GH� 9HVW� úL� vQ�Câmpia Transilvaniei.

F�� 6ROXULOH� GH� S GXUH� LQFOXGH� WLSXULOH�� DUJLORLOXYLDOH�� FHQXúLL� úL� EUXQ-URúFDWH� vQ� ]RQD�GHOXURDVD�úL�VROXULOH�EUXQH�úL�EUXQH�DFLGH�vQ�FHD�PDL�PXQWRDVD��PHUJkQG�vQ�VXV�SkQ �OD�VROXULOH�SRG]ROLFH�� $FHVWHD� VH� IRUPHD] � vQ� UHJLXQLOH� FX� FOLPDW� XPHG�� VXE� R� YHJHWD LH� IRUHVWLHU �� 6XQW�V UDFH� vQ� VXEVWDQ H� QXWULWLYH� �KXPXV��� GH� DFHHD� DX� R� IHUWLOLWDWH� PDL� UHGXVD�� QHFHVLWkQG�vQJU ú PLQWH�FKLPLFH�úL�RUJDQLFH��'LQWUH�DFHVWHD�� VROXULOH�SRG]ROLFH�VH� IRUPHD] � LQWU-un climat PDL�UHFH�úL�PDL�XPHG��DVRFLLQGX-VH�FX�R�YHJHWD LH�IRUHVWLHU �GH�IDJ�úL�U úLQRDVH��(OH�DX�R�FXORDUH�FHQXúLH� úL� GDX� R� UHDF LH� DFLGD�� 3RG]ROXULOH� RFXSD� UHOLHIXO� FHO� PDL� DFFLGHQWDW� DO� ULL� �GHalurile vQDOWH� úL� PXQ LL��� $FROR�XQGH� S GXUHD�D� IRVW� GHIULúDWD�� DFHVWH� VROXUL� VXQW� OHVQH� VS ODWH� GH� SORL��3HQWUX�D�G �URDGH�ERJDWH��SRG]ROXULOH�DX�QHYRLH�GH�DPHQGDPHQWH�úL�vQJU ú PLQWH�

d. Solurile alpine�EUXQH�DFLGH�RFXSD�VXSUDIH HOH�FHOH�PDL�vQDOWH�DOH�PXQ LORU�QRúWUL��(OH�VH�IRUPHD] � LQWU-XQ� FOLPDW� XPHG� úL� UHFH�� VXE� R� YHJHWD LH� LHUERDVD� �SDMLúWLOH� DOSLQH��� SH� DORFXUL�WXUERDV �� 6H� vQWkOQHVF� vQ� &DUSD LL� 0HULGLRQDOL� úL� SH� XQHOH� FXOPL� vQDOWH� GLQ� &DUSD LL� 2ULHQWDOL��GHDVXSUD�OLPLWHL�S GXULORU�GH�FRQLIHUH�

e. Solurile intrazonale�FXSULQG���V U WXULOH��O FRYLúWLOH�úL�UHQG]LQHOH�

6 U WXULOH�VXQW�VROXUL�FH�FRQ LQ�V UXUL�VROXELOH��vQGHRVHEL�GH�VRGLX��(OH�VH�vQWkOQHVF�PDL�DOHV�vQ�]RQD�GH�VWHS �XQGH�DSD�IUHDWLF �VH�DIO �OD�PLFD�DGkQFLPH��LDU�FLUFXOD@LD�HL�SH�YHUWLFDOa se face GDWRULWD� HYDSRUD LHL� LQWHQVH�� 3H� DFHVWH� VROXUL� VH� GH]YROW � R� YHJHWD LH� V UDF �� VSHFLILF � �FX�VDOLFRUQLD��� ÌQWUXFkW� DFHVWH� VROXUL� DX� R� SURGXFWLYLWDWH� VF ]XW �� HOH� WUHEXLH� DPHOLRUDWH� SHQWUX� D�SXWHD�IL�IRORVLWH�vQ�DJULFXOWXU �

/ FRYLúWLOH sunt solurL�vPELEDWH�FX�PXOW �DS ��GLQ�FDX]D�OLSVHL�XQHL�SDQWH�GH�VFXUJHUH��RUL�GLQ�FDX]D�DSHORU�IUHDWLFH�FDUH�DMXQJ�SkQ �OD�VXSUDID ��'HúL�VXQW�ERJDWH�vQ�VXEVWDQ H�QXWULWLYH��HOH�

13 Bran, Florina, Dincu I. (1997), 3HGRORJLH�DPHOLRUDWLY ��(G��$6(��%XFXUHúWL��SJ���-31.

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f. Solurile azonale�VXQW�UHSUH]HQWDWH�SULQ�GRX �WLSXUL� Solurile aluviale, de lunca, tinere, în curs de formare sau chiar aluviuni crude. Ele sunt de

RELFHL� ERJDWH� vQ� VXEVWDQ H� KU QLWRDUH�� úL� GH� DFHHD� FXOWLYDWH� GDX� SURGXF LL� PDUL� FkQG� QX� VXQW�LQXQGDWH�� ÌQ� XOWLPHOH� GRX � GHFHQLL� DX� IRVW� VFRDVH� GH� VXE� LQXQGD LL�� SULQ� vQGLJXLUL�� VXSUDIH H�însemnate în luncLOH�'XQ ULL��2OWXOXL��3UXWXOXL��6RPHúXOXL��0XUHúXOXL�úL�&ULúXULORU�

Solurile nisipoase se întâlnesc la noi în ]ara în regiunile de dune din sudul Olteniei, pe PDOXO�'XQ ULL��SH�PDOXO�-LXOXL��vQ�% U JDQ�GH-D�OXQJXO�,DORPL HL��DO�& OP XLXOXL��DO�%X] XOXL�úL SH�OLWRUDOXO�0 ULL�1HJUH�VDX�vQ�&kPSLD�GH�9HVW��OD�VXG�GH�&DUHL�