panouri radiante ecopan carte tehnica

7/28/2019 Panouri Radiante Ecopan Carte Tehnica

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M O D U L A R R A D I A N T PA N E L S

T E C H N I C A LM A N U A L


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I N D E X

1 P R O D U C T D E S C R I P T I O N

1 . 1 M o d e l s , d i m e ns i o n s , w e i g h t s , w a t e r c o n t e n t s p a g e 4

1 . 2 C o n s t r u c t i o n p a g e 6

1 . 3 P r o d u c ti o n , m o d u l a r i t y p a g e 6

1 . 4 S u s p e ns i o n b r a c k e t s p a g e 6

1 . 5 H e a d e r s p a g e 6

1 . 6 Pa i n t i ng p a g e 6

1 . 7 I n s u l a t i o n p a g e 6

1 . 8 O p e r a t i n g t e m p e r a t ur e p a g e 6

1 . 9 O p e r a t i n g p r e s s u re p a g e 6

1 . 1 0 S p e ci a l v e r s i o ns , a c c e s s o r i e s p a g e 6

1 . 1 1 C o m p o n e n t s o f t h e E C O PA N r a d i a n t p a n e l p a g e 8

2 D E S I G N D ATA

2 . 1 G ui d el i ne s f o r a c o rr ec t c ho i ce p a ge 9

2 . 2 A c t i v e l e n g t h p a g e 9

2 . 3 T h e r m a l p a g e 9

2 . 4 C o r r e c t i v e c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r h i g h i n s t a l l a t i o n h e i g h t s p a g e 1 4

2 . 5 C o r r e c t i v e c o e f f i c i e nt f o r i n c l i ne d p a n e l s p a g e 1 4

2 . 6 D i s t a n ce b e t w e e n r a d i a n t p a n e l s p a g e 1 4

2 . 7 M i n i m u m h e i g ht o f i n s t a l l a t i o n p a g e 1 4

2 . 8 A r r a n g e m e n t o f ce i l i n g m o u n t e d p a n e l s p a g e 1 5

2 . 9 E x a m p l e s o f c a l cu l a t i o n o f r a d i a n t p a n e l s p a g e 1 6

2 . 1 0 E f f e c t s o n l u m i n o s i t y o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m t h e c o v e r i n g p a g e 1 7

2 . 1 1 U s e i n c o o l i ng s y s t e m s p a g e 1 7

2 . 1 2 D i a g r a m s o f s y s t e m b a l a n c i n g a n d p o w e r s up p l y p a g e 1 8

2 . 1 3 Fl o w r a t e a n d s p e e d o f w a t e r i n t h e p a n e l s p a g e 1 9

2 . 1 4 P r e s s u r e d r o p s o f p a n e l p i p e s p a g e 1 9

2 . 1 5 P r e s s u r e d r o p s o f h e a d e r s p a g e 2 0

2 . 1 6 C a l c u l a t io n o f p r e s s u re d r o p o f a p a n e l p a g e 2 1

2 . 1 7 S t a t i c p r e s s u r e a n d f l o w r a t e o f t h e e l e c t r i c p u m p p a g e 2 2

2 . 1 8 A d j u s t m e n t p a g e 2 3

2 . 1 9 M e t h o d s of ins t a l l a t i o n an d d i l a t i o n p a g e 2 4

2 . 2 0 E x a m p l e s o f s y s t e m s o f f a s t e n i n g t o r o o f p a g e 2 5

2 . 2 1 Pa c k a g i n g p a g e 2 6

2 . 2 2 A s s e m b l y p a g e 2 6

2 . 2 3 C o n c l us i o n s p a g e 2 7

3 A C C E S S O R I E S p a g e 2 8

4 C E R T I F I C AT I O N S

4 . 1 E C O PA N r a d i a n t p a n e l p a g e 3 0

4 . 2 I n s u l a t i n g p a n e l p a g e 3 0

5 T E C H N I C A L S P E C I F I C AT I O N S p a g e 3 1

e m i s s i o n

2

E C O PA N i s a r e g i s te r e d t ra d e m ar k .

E C O PA N m o d u l ar r a d i an t p a n e ls a r e p a t e nt e d .

T h e t e c h ni c a l , c o n s tr u c t i on a l a n d d i m e ns i o n a l d a t a a r e n o t b i n d in g an d ma y b e m o d i f ie d wi t h n o a d v an c e n o t i c e.

T h i s m a n u al m a y n o t b e r e pr o du c ed , w h ol l y o r i n p a rt , w i t ho u t w r i tt e n a u th o ri z at i on i n a d va n ce f r om E c op a n s r l .

E c o pa n s r l 2 0 04

CALOR SRL Str. Progresul 30-40, sect. 5, Bucuresti, tel: 021.411.44.44, www.calorserv.ro - [email protected]


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3

T he n ew E ur op ea n s ta nd ar d E N 1 40 37

d ef in es h ow t o o bt ai n e mi ss io ns w hi ch

c an b e u se d t o c om p ar e t he v ar io usc e i l i n g m o u n t e d r a d i a n t p a n e l s

avai lab le on the mar ket .

To m a k e i t e as ie r t o u s e t h is p r od u c t ,

w e f e e l i t i s h e lp f u l t o p ro v i d e a m a n u a l

t ha t c on ta in s a ll n ec es s ar y t ec h ni c al

d a t a .

M O D UL A R R A D I A N T PA N E LS


4/32

111 21,3 5/100 3 4 7 565 535

111 21,3 7/100 4 6 6 790 760

111 26,9 10/100 6 5 0 1120 1090

111 26,9 8/100 5 3 4 900 870

111 26,9 6/100 4 1 5 675 650

111 26,9 4/100 2 7 9 450 420

111 21,3 10/100 6 1 6 1120 1090

111 21,3 8/100 5 1 6 900 870

111 21,3 6/100 4 1 3 675 650

111 21,3 4/100 2 7 8 450 420

150 26,9 8/150 5 8 1 1200 1170

150 26,9 6/150 4 4 9 900 870

150 26,9 4/150 3 1 8 600 570

150 26,9 2/150 1 9 0 300 270

150 21,3 8/150 5 5 4 1200 1170

150 21,3 7/150 4 9 2 1050 1020

150 21,3 3/150 2 4 4 450 420

150 21,3 5/150 3 7 0 750 720

150 21,3 6/150 4 3 1 900 870

150 21,3 4/150 3 0 9 600 570

150 21,3 2/150 1 8 0 300 270

W /mmm mm mm mm

C r o s s s e c t io nDistance of

suspensionsD

Totalwidth

L

Nominal the rmale mission

(*)DT = 55 K

1 PRODUC T DESCRIPTI ON

1 . 1 M o de l s, d i m en s io n s, w e i gh t s, w a te r c o nt e nt s - Tab.1

Model

4

I ntervalo f p ip e

Externalpipe

diameter

111 21,3 9/100 5 6 6 1010 980

NON

-STANDARD

PANELS


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14,5 2,8 16,60 4,7 2,10

17,4 19,15 1,75

Empty wei ght Wei ght with water

Header Header

Watercontents

(**)Panel

(**)Pannel

(**)kg/m kg/m 3dm / mkg kg

4,7 1,1 5,23 1,8 0,53

5,4 5,84 0,44

8,7 2,0 9,75 3,3 1,05

10,1 10,98 0,88

12,7 2,9 14,28 4,8 1,58

14,9 16,21 1,31

16,8 3,8 18,90 6,3 2,10

19,7 21,45 1,75

5,1 1,1 6,00 1,8 0,90

6,1 6,88 0,78

9,7 2,0 11,50 3,3 1,80

11,6 13,16 1,56

14,3 2,9 16,99 4,8 2,69

17,1 19,45 2,35

18,9 3,8 22,49 6,3 3,59

22,6 25,73 3,13

7,6 1,5 8,65 2,5 1,05

9,1 9,98 0,88

9,3 1,8 10,61 3,1 1,31

11,1 12,19 1,09

11,0 2,1 12,58 3,6 1,58

13,1 14,41 1,31

12,8 2,5 14,64 4,2 1,8415,3 16,83 1,53

16,3 3,2 18,67 5,3 2,37

19,6 21,57 1,97

18,0 3,5 20,63 5,8 2,63

21,8 23,99 2,19

8,7 1,5 10,50 2,5 1,80

10,5 12,06 1,56

12,6 2,1 15,29 3,6 2,69

15,3 17,65 2,35

16,7 2,8 20,29 4,7 3,59

20,4 23,53 3,13

20,9 3,5 25,39 5,8 4,49

25,5 29,41 3,91

6,7 1,5 7,49 2,5 0,79

7,8 8,46 0,66

10,8 2,4 12,11 4,1 1,31

12,6 13,69 1,09

14,9 3,4 16,74 5,7 1,84

17,4 18,93 1,53

( * ) N o m i na l t h e rm a l a s p e r E N 1 4 0 3 7 ,b a se d on t e st s c ar r ie d ou t a t t h e H L K l a bo r at o ry

a t t h e U ni v er s it y o f S t ut t ga r t.This is relative to DT = 5 5 K, w h er e DT

i s t h e d i ff e r e nc e b e t we e n t h e a ve r a g etemper atur e of the fluid and the ambienttemper atur e

(**) Top line: with electr o-welded pipeL o w e r l i n e : p i p e w i t h n o we l d i n g

M a x im u m o p e r at i n g p r e s su r e : 6 b a r.

T h e s u s pe n s io n b r a ck e t s f o r t h e r a d ia n t p a n el ar ed e si g ne d t o s up p or t a w e ig h t w i th o ut b r ea k in g t h at i sf i ve t i m es g r ea t er t h an t h e w ei g ht o f t h e p an e l i nc l ud i ng

water.T h e p a n el i s a b l e t o s up p o r t a l o ad w hi c h i s t h r ee t i me si t s o w n w e ig h t, i n cl u di n g w a te r, w i th n o p e rm a ne n tdefor mation.

emission

emission

5

04E N 1 4 0 3 7 -1 C e i l in g m o u nt e d r a d i an t p a n e ls

M a x im u m o p e r at i n g p r e s su r e : 6 b a r


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6

1 .2 C on st ru ct io n

E CO PA N r ad ia nt p an el s a re m ad e b y p er ma ne nt ly

i n se r ti n g p i pe s i n a s ui t ab l y s h ap e d p l at e of s t ee l sh e et

m e t a l, i n c lu d i n g t h e s i d e e d g e s .

T h e l a te s t t e ch n ol o gi e s a r e u s ed t o ma k e c i rc u la r

g r o o ve s i n t h e p l at e a t r e g u la r d i s t an c e s.

The pipes ar e inser ted into these housings. The pr ofile of

t h e p l a t e w r ap s a r o un d t w o t h i r d s o f t h e c i r cu m f e re n c e o f

e a c h s i n g l e p i p e to h o l d i t i n p l a c e.

At the top, at inter vals of about one metr e, tr ansver sal

b r ac k et s a r e p la c ed . T he y m a ke t h e e n ti r e s ys t em r i gi d

a n d a l lo w t h e s up p o r t t i e s t o b e a t t ac h e d . A t t h e w o rk s i t e,

t h e i n s ul a t i ng m a t p r o v id e d i s i n s e rt e d b e t w ee n t h e s i d e

edges.

ECOPAN panels have tested electro-welded steel pipes

( m e a su r i ng e i t h er or ). T h ey a r e u s ed i n s y st e mss u p p li e d w it h w a t e r a t u p t o 12 0 C .

F o r s u p er h e at e d w a t e r, s t e a m, h e a t- t r a ns m i t ti n g o i l , e t c . ,

s t ee l p ip e s a r e u s ed t ha t a r e n o t w e ld e d, m a de o f s t ee l ,

a n d m e a s u r e or o r t h a t h a v e s i m i l a rchar acter istics.

1 . 3 P r od u ct i on , m o du l ar i ty

E CO PA N ra di an t p an el s a re p ro du ce d in a v ar ie ty o f

models:

- w i th p i pe s s p ac e d a t 1 5 0 m m , t h er e a r e s e ve n m o de l s

w i th p i pe s o f a n d f ou r w i t h p i pe s o f - w i th p i pe s s p ac e d a t 1 1 1 m m , t h er e ar e se v en m o de l s

w i th p i pe s o f a n d f ou r w i t h p i pe s o f .Table 1 p r o v id e s a s u m m ar y o f t h e r a ng e o f p r o d uc t s .

T h e sh e e t m e t al u s e d t o m a ke p l a te s i s 0 . 6 m m t h i ck a n d

a bo ut 2 m et re s l o ng . T he y a re a ss em bl ed t o pr ov id e

m o du l es w i th l e ng t hs o f e i th e r 4 o r 6 m e tr e s.

Fig. 1 s ho ws t he d im en si on s o f t he m od ul es o f 4 o r 6

m e t r es t h a t m a k e u p t h e r a d i a n t p a n el s .B y c om bi ni ng t he se m od ul es , i t i s p os si bl e t o o bt ai n

r ad ian t p an el s o f a ny l en gt h i n m ul ti pl es o f t wo , s ta rt in g

f r o m a m i n i mu m l e n g th o f 4 m e tr e s.

To e n su r e c o n ti n u it y o f t h e pa n el s a t t h e p o i n ts o f w e l d in g

o f t he v ar io us m od ul es , j oi nt c ov er s a re p ro vi de d t ha t

h av e t he s am e cr os s s ec ti on a s t he p an el . T he y a re

installed using steel clips.

1 .4 S us pe ns i on b ra ck et s

S u sp e ns i on b r ac k et s a r e t o b e p l ac e d o n t h e p a ne l s

a b o u t o n e e v e r y m e t r e.

F i g. 2 shows the ex act distance between the br ackets.

W h e n p u t t in g t h e p a ne l s i n s e r vi c e , t h e re s h o u ld n o r m al l ybe one suspension ever y two metres.

T h e p a ne l s w i t h p i pe s o f m a y h a v e s p a c i ng i n c re a s e db y u p t o 30 % .

P an e ls w i th a w i dt h o f 6 0 c m o r l e ss m a y h a v e s us p en si o n

p o i n ts w i t h a d is t a nc e o f o v e r 3 m e t r e s b e t w e e n t h e m .

D i st a nc e s b e tw e en s u sp e ns i on s w h ic h a re g r e at e r t h an

t h o s e i n d i c a t e d a b o v e m a y l e a d t o p e r m a n e n t

defor mation.

1.5

The have a squar e cr oss section (50x 50 mm) for

p a ne l s w i th e l ec t ro - we l de d pi p es a n d a r ou nd c ro s s-

s e c ti o n ( 6 0 m m ) f o r p a n e ls w i t h p i p e s w i t h o u t w e l d i ng .D i f f er e n t t y p e s o f w o r k ar e p r ov i d e d (f ig . 3) d e p e nd i n g o n

the fluid used and the type of supply.

They ar e nor mally pr ovided welded to the panels.

Headers

header s

1 .6 Pai nt in g

After under going a phosphating tr eatment, the panels ar e

p ai nt ed b y i mm er si on u si ng w at er- so lu bl e p a i nt s w it h

n o n - to x i c e p o x y r e s i n b a s e . T h e y a r e t h e n s e n t t o a k i l n .

T h e s t a nd a r d c o lo u r i s R A L 7 0 3 2 s i l ic o n g r e y.

T h is p a in t in g i s r e si s ta n t u p to 1 7 0 C w it h w a te r s y st e ms

a n d u p t o 1 4 0 C f o r s t e a m s y s te m s .

O n r e qu e st , a nd f o r h i gh e r t e mp e ra t ur e s, t h e p an e ls c a n

be tr eated with special paints.

F o r c o l o ur s o t h e r t h a n t h e st a n d ar d c o lo u r, a f t e r w a s h in g ,

d e -g r ea s in g a nd p h o sp h at i ng , t h e pa ne l s a r e pa i nt e d

w i t h p o w d e r t r e a t m e nt t h a t i s f r e e o f h a r mf u l su b s t an c e s.

1 .7 In sula ti on

Standar d EN 14037 r equires the labor atory that tests the

o f t he p an el s t o pr ov id e th em w it h a l ay er o f r oc k3wool with a thickness of 40 mm, minimum density 25 kg/m ,

h er ma l co nd uc ti vi ty 0 .0 4 W/ mK a t 4 0 C , c ov er ed o n t he

upper side by aluminium foil.

T h e i ns u la t in g m a te r ia l p r ov i de d b y E C OPA N w i th t h e

p a ne l s i s n o n- c ar ci n og e ni c f i br e gl a ss w o ol , c o mp l ia n tw i t h d i r e ct i v e 9 7 / 6 9/ E C , i m p l em e n t ed i n I t a l y b y m e a ns o f

t h e de c re e o f t h e Mi n is t ry o f H e al t h d a te d 1 S e pt e mb e r

1 99 8, w it h a th ic kn es s o f 4 0 m m a nd co ve re d o n t he

u p p e r s i d e w i t h a l u m i n i um f o i l .

F o r t e c h n i c al d a t a o f t h e i n s u la t i o n, s e e paragraph 4.2.

T h e i n su l at i ng m a t i s d e li v er e d i n r o ll s . I t i s t o b e i n se r te d

b et we en t he e dg es o f t he u pp er s id e of t he p an el . I t i s

e a s y t o l ay b e c au s e t h e re a r e n o o bs t a cl e s t o o b st r u ct

t h i s . T h i s e n s ur e s p e r f ec t a d h er e n ce t o t h e r a d i an t p a n el .

T h e ma t i s f i xe d u si n g p l ug s t h at a r e pl a ce d i n h o le s i n t h e

suspension br acket.

1 .8 O pe ra ti ng t em pe ra tu re

E C OPA N r a di a nt p a ne l s w i th e l ec t ro - we l de d p i pe s a r e

s u i ta b l e f or c a r ry i n g f l u i ds a t t e m p er a t ur e s o f u p t o 12 0 C .

T he v e rs io n w it h p ip es w it ho ut w el d in g c an b e u se d f or

f l u i ds u p t o 1 8 0 C .

1 .9 O pe ra ti ng p re ss ur e

Fo r p an el s t ha t o pe ra te wi th h ot w at er u p t o 1 20 C , t he

m a xi m um p r es su r e i s 6 b a r. T h e t es t p r es s ur e a t t h e p la n t

f or e ac h w el d i s b ar, a nd t h e i ni ti al t e st p re ss ur e o f e ac h

model is 10.2 bar.

Fo r p ane ls w it h p ip es w it ho ut w el di ng , t he m axi mum

oper ating pr essur e is 16 bar .

1 . 1 0 S p e c i al v e rs i o n s, a c c e ss o r i es

- P an e l s w i t h p i p e s o f 1 w i t h ou t w e l d in g

- p a ne l s w i th p i pe s a t i n te r va l s o f 1 1 1 m m m e as u ri n g w i th 4 p i p es - 6 p i p es - 8 p i p es w i th s p ac e s f o r l a mp s

- anti-convection later al skir ts

- c on ce al ed s id e p ro fi le s f or s us pe ns io ns a t v ar ia bl e

inter vals

- jo i n t c o v e rs f o r p i p e j o i n ts w i t h s l e e ve s f o r press fittin g

- h e ad e rs f o r a s s em b ly w i th press fittin g

- i n s ul a t i on c o v e rs f o r h e a ds o f p a n e ls

- u p p e r s h e e t m e t a l p r o t ec t i o ns f o r g y m n as i u ms .

Fo r a m o re d e ta il ed d e sc ri pt io n, s ee chapter 3 on

accessor ies.

emission


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7

F i g .1 L o n gi t u d in a l d i m en s i o ns o f th e m o d ul e s t h a t m a k e up th e pa n e ls (mm)

Fig .2 Suspe nsion br acke t s (mm)

Fig.3 - Execution AA , B, A , C, D ( mm)Headers

100 100

6000

950 950 950 950 950 95050 50

75 75

6000

5850

19501950 1950

100 100

4050

950 950 50 950 950

Hot water

connections s ame s ide connecti ons o pposite

SteamSuperheated water or

heat-transmitting oil

50 50

AA B A A D DC C

5 0

5 0

50 50

I n se r t 3 / 8

I n se r t 3 / 8

C onnecti on1 or 1

C onnecti on1 o 1

C onnecti on1 o 1

5 0

5 0

I n se r t 3 / 8

I n s e rt 3 / 8 2

2

C onnecti on1

C onnecti on1

C onnecti on1

C onnecti on1

Sleev e 3/8

Sleev e 3/8

2 2

1950 195075 75

4050

3900


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8

1 . 1 1 C o m p on e n ts o f t h e E C O PA N r a d i a nt p a n e l

Steel pipe, or

S t e e l p l a t es i n s i n gl e p i e ce , i n c l ud i n gside edges

R e i n fo r c in g a n d s u s pe n s io n b r a ck e t

I n s u la t i ng m a t

P l ug f o r f a st e ni n g i n su l at i ng m a t

Header

F emale thr eaded connection, 1 o r 1

3I n se r t o f 8 f or v en t o r d is ch ar ge

S u s pe n s i on t i e s ( c h ai n , s t e e l c a b l es , e t c .) n o ti n c l ud e d i n s u p pl y

J o in t c o ve r s w i th f a st e ni n g c l ip s

Anti-convective side (on r equest)skir ts

Fig . 4


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9

2 DESIGN DATA

2 .1 G ui de li ne s f or a c o rr ec t c h oi c e

T he E CO PA N r an ge o f r ad ia nt p an el s i nc lu de s 2 2

differ ent models:

- w i t h i n t e rv a l o f 1 1 1 m m,

s e v e n w i t h p i p e o f a n d fo u r w i t h p i p e o f - w i t h i n t e rv a l o f 1 5 0 m m,

s e v e n w i t h p i p e o f a n d fo u r w i t h p i p e o f .E a c h m o d e l c a n b e p r o v id e d w i t h e l e c tr o - w el d e d p i p e s o rp i p e s w i t h n o w e ld i n g .

All of these models pr ovide the designer with a wide

choice.

Tab. 2 s ho ws t he g ui de li ne s f or c ho os in g t he t yp e,

d i a m et e r a n d i nt e r v al o f t h e p i p es o f t h e p a ne l s .

An ECOPAN panel of 12 metr es, for med of two modules

o f 6 m e t re s , h a s a n a c ti v e l en g th (L ) o f 1 1 . 7 0 m e tr e s .ac t


o f 4 . 05 m e t re s a nd o n e m o du l e o f 6 m e t re s , h a s a n a c ti v e

l e ng t h (L ) o f 1 3 . 6 5 m et r e s .ac t

T h e e xa m p l es a b o ve s h o w th a t b e t w ee n t h e t o ta l l e ng t h

o f t h e p a n el s a n d t h e i r a c t i ve l en g t h, t h e re i s a d if f e r en c e

o f a b ou t 3 % . T h is i s a s o p po s ed t o a n a v er ag e di f fe r en c e

o f 5 % i n o t h e r p a n e l s a v a il a b l e o n t h e m a r k et .

I n d e si g ni n g E C O PA N p a ne l s, a n a t te m pt h as b e en m a de

to r educe this differ ence to a minimum.

F or t hi s r ea so n, a j oi nt c ov er o f 1 5 c m t ha t i s i ns er te d t o

c o v er t h e j oi n t b e t w ee n t w o m o du l e s h a s t h e sa m e p ro f i l e

a s t he m ai n s he et m et al . T he re fo re it i s a ls o r ad ia nt .

L ab or at or y t es ts s ho w th at i t p er fo rm s e xa cl y l ik e th e

a c t iv e p a r t o f t h e p a ne l .

p i p e s p i p e s SELECT I ON CRI T ERI A interval: interval:

111 150 111 150mm mm mm mmS h o r t r a d i a nt p a n el s : u p t o 4 0 m w i t h s a m e - s i de c o n n ec t i o n s , ! ! 8 0 m w i t h o p p o si t e co n n e c ti o n sL o n g r a d i a n t p a n e l s:

! !

o v e r 4 0 m w i t h s a m e si d e c o n ne c t i o n so r 8 0 m w i t h o p p o si t e c o nn e c t i o n s H i g h - c e i l i n g r o o m s ! !L o w - c e i l i n g r o o m s (h 3 . 5 m e t e r s ) ! !Waterflowrateperpipe fro m250 to 500 l/h ! !Waterflowrateperpipefrom 500to 1000l/h ! !W at e r h e a t i n g f l u i d u p t o 1 2 0 C

Electro-welded pipes

S t e a m

Superheated water

H e a t - t r a ns m i t t i n g o i l

Lact 3900 mm Lact 3900 mm

Lto t 8 10 0 m m

75 150

4050 mm 40 50 mm

75

75 Lact 5850 mm

Lto t 6000 mm

75height of modules:

7 1 m m w i th p i pe of

7 7 m m w i th p i pe of

2 .2 A ct iv e l e ng th

S t an d ar d E N 14 0 37 d e fi n es a c ti v e le n gt h a s t h e pa r t o f

t h e p a ne l w i t h t h e s a m e t ra n s ve r s al c r o s s -s e c ti o n ,

excluding and j oint cover s.

An ECOPAN panel of 6 metr es has an active length (L )ac to f 5 . 8 5 m e t re s .

header s


e ac h w it h a l en gt h o f 4 .0 5 m et re s, h as a n a ct iv e l en gt h

(L ) o f 7 . 8 m e t re s .ac t

Ta b . 2 S e l e c t i o n c r i te r i a

Fig . 5

Fig . 6

2. 3 ThermalTe st s b as ed o n E ur op ea n s ta nd ar d EN 1 4 03 7 w er ec ar ri ed ou t a nd ce rt if ie d b y t he HL K l ab or at or y o f t he

U n i ve r s it y o f S t u t tg a r t.

T h e t h e rm a l s o f t h e E C O PA N r a d i an t p a n el s a r e

s h ow n i n Tables 3 and 4.

Ta b l es 5 and 6 p r ov i de t h e s o f a p a ir o f h e ad e rs

f o r t h e v a r io u s m o d e ls o f p a n el s .

T h e t a bl e s s h ow t h e va l ue s o f t h er m al p o we r b a se d o n

the differ ence (DT) between the aver age temper ature of

t h e fl u id ( t ) a n d t he a m bi e nt t e mp e ra t ur e ( t )am

emission

emission

emission

emission

.

T h e c e r ti f i e d i s f o r t h e a c t i ve l e n g th o f a r a d i an t

panel.

P i pe s w it h n ow e ld i n g o r e q ui v al e nt

characteristics


10/32

Ta b .3 Ta b le o f t h er m al e mi s si o ns p e r l i ne ar m e tr e a s p e r s t an d ar d E N 1 40 37

E C O PA N r a d i a nt pa n e l s - pi p e s o f

MODEL 4/100 5/100 6/100 7/100 8/100 9/100 10/100 2/150 3/150 4/150 5/150 6/150 7/150 8/150

Interval of pipes mm 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Wi dth mm 450 565 675 790 900 1010 1120 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200

N o. o f p i pe s - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 -

DT =t -t (*) K W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m m a

20 84 105 125 141 156 171 186 55 75 95 114 132 151 170

22 94 118 140 158 175 191 208 61 84 106 127 148 169 190

24 104 130 156 175 194 212 231 6 8 93 117 141 164 187 210

26 115 143 171 192 213 233 254 75 102 129 154 180 205 231

28 125 156 186 210 232 255 277 81 111 140 168 196 224 251

30 136 170 202 228 252 276 300 88 120 152 182 212 243 273

32 146 183 218 246 272 298 324 95 130 164 197 229 262 294

34 157 197 234 264 292 320 348 102 139 176 211 246 281 316

36 168 210 251 282 313 343 373 109 149 188 226 263 300 337

38 179 224 267 301 333 365 398 117 159 201 240 280 320 359

40 191 238 284 320 354 388 423 124 168 213 255 297 339 382

42 202 252 301 339 375 411 448 131 178 225 270 315 359 404

44 213 267 318 358 396 435 473 138 188 238 285 332 379 427

46 225 281 335 377 418 458 499 146 198 251 300 350 400 449

48 236 295 352 397 439 482 524 153 208 263 316 368 420 472

50 248 310 369 416 461 506 551 161 219 276 331 386 441 495

52 260 325 387 436 483 530 577 169 229 289 347 404 461 519

54 272 340 404 456 505 554 603 176 239 302 362 422 482 542

55 278 347 413 466 516 566 616 180 244 309 370 431 492 554

56 284 354 422 476 527 578 630 184 250 315 378 440 503 566

58 296 369 440 496 549 603 656 192 260 328 394 459 524 589

60 308 385 458 516 572 628 683 199 271 342 410 477 545 613

62 320 400 476 536 594 652 710 207 281 355 426 496 566 637

64 332 415 494 557 617 677 738 215 292 368 442 515 588 661

66 345 430 512 577 640 702 765 223 303 382 458 534 609 685

68 357 446 531 598 663 728 793 231 313 395 474 552 631 710

70 369 461 549 619 686 753 820 239 324 409 490 572 653 734

72 382 477 568 640 709 779 848 247 335 423 507 591 675 759

74 395 493 586 661 733 804 876 255 346 436 523 610 697 783

76 407 508 605 682 756 830 904 263 357 450 540 629 719 808

78 420 524 624 703 780 856 933 271 368 464 556 648 741 833

80 433 540 643 725 803 882 961 280 379 478 573 668 763 858

82 446 556 662 746 827 908 990 288 390 492 590 687 785 883

84 458 572 681 768 851 935 1018 296 401 506 606 707 808 908

86 471 588 700 789 875 961 1047 304 412 520 623 727 830 934

88 484 604 719 811 899 987 1076 313 424 534 640 747 853 959

90 497 621 738 8 33 923 1014 1105 321 435 548 657 766 8 76 985

92 510 6 37 7 58 8 55 9 48 1041 1134 330 4 46 563 6 74 786 8 98 1010

94 524 6 53 7 77 8 77 9 72 1068 1164 338 4 58 577 6 92 806 9 21 1036

96 537 6 70 7 97 8 99 9 97 1095 1193 346 4 69 591 7 09 826 9 44 1062

98 550 6 86 8 16 9 21 1021 1122 1222 355 4 81 606 7 26 847 9 67 1088

100 563 7 03 836 943 1046 1149 1252 363 492 620 743 867 990 1114

102 577 719 856 965 1071 1176 1282 372 504 635 761 887 1013 1140

104 590 736 875 988 1095 1203 1312 381 515 649 778 907 1037 1166

106 604 753 895 1010 1120 1231 1342 389 527 664 796 928 1060 1192

108 617 770 915 1033 1145 1258 1372 398 538 678 813 948 1083 1219

110 631 786 935 1055 1171 1286 1402 407 550 693 831 969 1107 1245

112 644 803 955 1078 1196 1314 1432 415 562 708 848 989 1130 1272

114 658 820 975 1101 1221 1342 1462 424 574 722 866 1010 1154 1298

116 672 837 996 1124 1246 1369 1493 433 585 737 884 1031 1178 1325

118 685 854 1016 1146 1272 1397 1524 441 597 752 902 1052 1202 1352

120 699 872 1036 1169 1297 1426 1554 450 609 767 920 1072 1225 1379

(*) DT = di fference between the average temperature of the fl ui d and the ambi ent temperature ( ** ) = non- stand ard panels

(**)(**)(**) (**) (**) (**)

DT standardstemperature difference

10


11/32

11

Ta b .4 Ta b le o f t h er ma l e mi s si o ns p e r l i ne ar m et r e a s p e r s t an d ar d E N 1 40 3 7

E C O PA N r a d i a nt pa n e l s - pi p e s o f

MODEL 4/100 6/100 8/100 10/100 2/150 4/150 6/150 8/150

Interval of pipes mm 111 111 111 111 150 150 150 150

Width mm 450 675 900 1120 300 600 900 1200

N o. o f p i pe s - 4 - 6 - 8 - 10 - 2 - 4 - 6 - 8 -

DT =t -t (*) K W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/m W/mm a

20 84 126 161 196 58 9 7 137 176

22 94 141 181 219 65 108 153 197

24 105 156 200 243 72 120 169 219

26 115 171 220 267 79 132 186 240

28 126 187 240 292 86 144 203 262

30 136 203 261 317 93 156 220 284

32 147 219 281 342 100 168 237 307

34 158 235 302 367 108 181 255 330

36 169 252 323 393 115 193 273 353

38 180 268 345 419 123 206 291 376

40 192 285 366 446 131 219 309 399

42 203 302 388 472 138 231 327 423

44 215 319 410 499 146 245 346 447

46 226 336 432 526 154 258 364 471

48 238 353 454 553 162 271 383 495

50 250 370 477 581 170 284 402 519

52 261 388 499 608 178 298 421 544

54 273 406 522 636 186 311 440 568

55 279 415 534 650 190 318 449 581

56 285 423 545 664 194 325 459 593

58 298 441 568 692 202 338 478 618

60 310 459 592 721 210 352 498 644

62 322 477 615 749 219 366 517 669

64 334 496 638 778 227 380 537 694

66 347 514 662 807 235 394 557 720

68 359 532 686 836 244 408 577 746

70 372 551 710 865 252 422 597 772

72 384 570 734 895 261 436 617 798

74 397 588 758 924 269 451 637 824

76 410 607 782 954 278 465 658 850

78 423 626 807 984 286 479 678 877

80 435 645 831 1014 295 494 698 903

82 448 664 856 1044 304 509 719 930

84 461 683 881 1074 312 523 740 957

86 474 702 905 1104 321 538 761 984

88 488 722 930 1135 330 553 781 1011

90 501 741 955 1166 339 567 802 1038

92 514 760 981 1196 348 582 823 1065

94 527 780 1006 1227 357 597 844 1092

96 540 800 1031 1258 366 612 866 1120

98 554 819 1057 1289 375 627 887 1147

100 567 839 1082 1321 384 642 908 1175

102 581 859 1108 1352 393 657 930 1203

104 594 879 1134 1383 402 673 951 1230

106 608 899 1159 1415 411 688 973 1258

108 621 919 1185 1447 420 703 994 1286

110 635 939 1211 1479 429 718 1016 1314

112 649 959 1237 1511 438 734 1038 1343

114 662 979 1264 1543 447 749 1060 1371

116 676 1000 1290 1575 457 765 1082 1399

118 690 1020 1316 1607 466 780 1104 1428

120 704 1040 1343 1639 475 796 1126 1456

DT standar dstemper atur e dif f er ence

(*) DT = d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f l u i d a n d t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e


12/32

12

Ta b .5 Ta b le o f t h er m al e mi s si o ns o f h e ad e rs a s p e r s t an d ar d E N 1 40 3 7

p ai r o f E CO PA N h ea de rs E CO PA N - pi pe s o f

MODEL 4/100 5/100 6/100 7/100 8/100 9/100 10/100 2/150 3/150 4/150 5/150 6/150 7/150 8/150

Interval of pipes m m 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 150 150 150 150 150 150 150

Wi dth mm 450 565 675 790 900 1010 1120 300 450 600 750 900 1050 1200

N o. o f p i pe s - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5 - 6 - 7 - 8 -

DT =t -t (*) K W W W W W W W W W W W W W Wm a

20 36 44 52 58 64 71 77 22 34 46 58 71 83 96

22 40 50 59 66 73 80 87 25 38 52 66 80 94 108

24 45 55 66 73 81 89 96 27 43 58 73 89 104 120

26 49 61 73 81 90 98 107 30 47 64 81 98 115 133

28 54 67 80 89 98 108 117 33 52 70 89 107 126 145

3 0 5 9 7 4 8 7 9 7 1 07 1 17 1 28 36 5 7 7 7 9 7 1 17 1 37 1 58

32 64 80 95 106 117 127 138 39 61 83 105 127 149 171

34 69 86 102 114 126 137 149 42 66 90 113 137 160 184

36 74 93 110 123 135 148 160 45 71 97 122 147 172 197

38 80 99 118 132 145 158 171 48 76 103 130 157 184 211

40 85 106 126 140 154 169 183 51 81 110 139 167 196 224

42 90 113 134 149 164 179 194 55 86 117 147 177 208 238

44 96 119 142 158 174 190 206 58 91 124 156 188 220 252

46 101 126 150 168 184 201 218 61 96 131 165 199 232 266

48 107 133 159 177 194 212 230 64 102 139 174 209 245 280

50 113 140 167 186 205 223 242 68 107 146 183 220 257 294

52 118 148 176 196 215 234 254 71 112 153 192 231 270 309

54 124 155 184 205 226 246 266 74 118 161 201 242 283 323

55 127 158 189 210 231 251 272 76 120 165 206 248 289 331

56 130 162 193 215 236 257 278 78 123 168 211 253 296 338

5 8 1 36 16 9 20 2 2 25 24 7 26 9 2 91 8 1 1 29 1 76 22 0 26 5 3 09 35 3

60 141 177 211 235 258 281 303 85 134 184 230 276 322 368

62 147 184 220 245 269 292 316 88 140 191 239 287 335 383

64 153 192 229 255 280 304 329 92 145 199 249 299 348 398

66 159 200 238 265 291 316 342 95 151 207 259 310 362 413

6 8 1 66 20 7 24 7 2 75 30 2 32 8 3 55 9 9 1 57 2 15 26 9 32 2 3 75 42 8

70 172 215 257 286 313 341 368 102 162 223 278 334 389 444

72 178 223 266 296 324 353 381 106 168 231 288 346 403 459

74 184 231 276 306 336 365 394 110 174 239 298 358 416 475

76 190 239 285 317 347 378 408 113 180 247 308 370 430 491

78 197 247 295 328 359 390 421 117 186 255 319 382 444 506

80 203 255 304 338 371 403 435 121 192 263 329 394 458 522

82 209 263 314 349 382 415 448 124 198 272 339 406 472 538

84 216 271 324 360 394 428 462 128 204 280 349 418 487 554

86 222 279 334 371 406 441 476 132 210 288 360 431 501 570

88 229 287 344 382 418 454 490 136 216 297 370 443 515 587

90 235 296 354 393 430 467 504 140 222 305 381 456 530 603

92 242 304 364 404 442 480 518 143 228 314 391 468 544 619

94 249 312 374 415 454 493 532 147 234 323 402 481 559 636

96 255 321 384 426 467 506 546 151 241 331 413 493 573 652

98 262 329 394 438 479 520 560 155 247 340 424 506 588 669

100 269 338 405 449 491 533 575 159 253 349 434 519 603 686

102 276 346 415 460 504 547 589 163 260 357 445 532 618 702

104 282 355 425 472 516 560 604 167 266 366 456 545 633 719

106 289 364 436 483 529 574 618 171 272 375 467 558 648 736

108 296 372 446 495 541 587 633 175 279 384 478 571 663 753

110 303 381 457 507 554 601 647 179 285 393 489 584 678 770

112 310 390 467 518 567 615 662 183 292 402 500 597 693 787

114 317 399 478 530 580 628 677 187 298 411 511 610 708 804

116 324 408 489 542 592 642 692 191 305 420 523 624 723 822

118 331 417 500 554 605 656 707 195 311 429 534 637 739 839

120 338 426 510 566 618 670 722 199 318 438 545 650 754 856

(*) DT = differenc e between th e average temperature o f th e fluid and th e ambient temperature

DT standardstemperature difference

( ** ) = non- stand ard panels

(**)(**)(**) (**) (**) (**)


13/32

13(*) DT = d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e f l u i d a n d t h e a m b i e n t t e m p e r a t u r e

Ta b .6 Ta b le of th e rm a l e mi s si o ns o f h e ad e rs a s p e r s t an d ar d E N 1 40 37

p ai r o f E CO PA N h ea de rs E CO PA N - pi pe s o f

MODEL 4/100 6/100 8/100 10/100 2/150 4/150 6/150 8/150

Interval of pipes mm 111 111 111 111 150 150 150 150

Width mm 450 675 900 1120 300 600 900 1200

N o. o f p i pe s - 4 - 6 - 8 - 10 - 2 - 4 - 6 - 8 -

DT =t -t (*) K W W W W W W W Wm a

20 43 57 67 77 20 49 79 110

22 49 65 76 87 23 55 89 124

24 55 72 84 97 25 62 99 138

26 60 80 94 107 28 68 110 152

28 66 89 103 117 31 75 120 167

30 72 97 112 128 34 82 131 181

32 78 105 122 138 36 89 142 197

34 84 114 132 149 39 96 153 212

36 90 123 142 160 42 103 165 227

38 97 132 152 171 45 111 176 243

40 103 141 162 183 48 118 188 259

42 109 150 172 194 51 126 200 275

44 116 160 183 206 54 133 212 291

46 122 169 193 217 57 141 224 308

48 129 179 204 229 60 149 236 324

50 136 189 215 241 63 157 249 341

52 143 199 226 253 66 165 261 358

54 149 209 237 265 69 173 274 375

55 153 214 243 271 71 177 280 384

56 156 219 248 277 73 181 287 393

58 163 229 260 290 76 189 300 410

60 170 240 271 302 79 198 313 428

62 178 250 283 315 82 206 326 445

64 185 261 294 327 86 214 339 463

66 192 271 306 340 89 223 352 481

68 199 282 318 353 92 232 366 499

70 206 293 330 366 96 240 379 517

72 214 304 342 379 99 249 393 536

74 221 315 354 392 102 258 407 554

76 229 326 367 405 106 267 421 573

78 236 337 379 418 109 276 435 592

80 244 349 391 432 113 285 449 610

82 251 360 404 445 116 294 463 629

84 259 372 416 459 120 303 477 648

86 267 383 429 472 123 312 491 668

88 274 395 442 486 127 321 505 687

90 282 407 455 500 130 330 520 706

92 290 419 467 514 134 340 534 726

94 298 431 480 528 138 349 549 745

96 306 443 494 542 141 359 564 765

98 314 455 507 556 145 368 578 785

100 322 467 520 570 149 378 593 804

102 330 479 533 584 152 387 608 824

104 338 491 546 598 156 397 623 844

106 346 504 560 612 160 407 638 865

108 354 516 573 627 163 417 653 885

110 362 529 587 641 167 426 668 905

112 370 541 601 656 171 436 684 925

114 379 554 614 670 175 446 699 946

116 387 567 628 685 179 456 714 967

118 395 579 642 700 182 466 730 987

120 404 592 656 714 186 476 745 1008

DT standar dstemper atur e dif f er ence


14/32

14

Ta b . 8 M i n im u m he i g ht o f i ns t a l la t i on b a se d o n

av e r ag e t e mpe r at ur e of car r ier fluid

F i g . 9 C o r re c t iv e c o e ff i c i en t o f s f o r

incline d pane ls

e mission

001, 0,97 0,95 0,92 0,90 0,88 0,86

18 20

0,82 0,790,84

6 7 8 9 10 11 1 2

0, 7 6 0, 7 3

14 1613H(m)

fn

1,10

1,08

1,06

1,04

1,02

1,000 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60

C o r r e c t i o n f a c t o r o f

t h e t h e r m a l e m i s

s i o n

A ngle of panel inclination in

2 .4 C or re ct iv e c oe ff i ci en ts f or h ig h i ns ta ll at io nheights

W he n t he h ei gh t o f i ns ta ll at io n o f t he r a di an t p an el s i s

o ver 6 me tre s, co ns id era ti on m ust b e ma de of t he

r ed uc ed r ad ia nt e ff ec ts o n t he o cc up an ts a nd f or t he

l u m i no u s b o d i es . T h e re f o r e, a g r e a t e r h e a ti n g s u r fa c e w i l l

be r equir ed.

Tab le 7 b el ow s ho ws t he c oe ff ic ie nt s o f r ed uc ti on i n

r a d i an c e f o r i n s t a l l at i o n h e i g ht s o f o v e r 6 m e t e rs .

E x am p le : i n a w a re h ou s e w h e re t h e p a n el s a r e i n s ta l l ed a t a

heig ht o f 10 metres, the number of panels ob tained by

dividing the total thermal requirement by the per

m et re o f t he s el ect ed m od el m us t t he n b e d ivi de d b y f =n0.9.

H ow ev er, t hi s m us t b e e va lu at ed on a ca se -b y- ca seb a s i s, e s p e ci a l l y w h e n h i g h l e v e l s o f p o w e r a r e i n v ol v e d .

C o n s id e r at i o n s h o ul d m a d e o f t h e s iz e o f t h e s o l id a n g l e

w it h w hi ch t he o cc up an t s ee s t he s ur fa ce o f a ll o f t he

i ns ta ll ed p a ne ls . T hi s i s i ll us tr at ed m o re c l ea rl y b y t he

l aw s o f t he rm al e xc ha ng e b y r ad ia nc e. A ll o f t hi s i s a ls o

d e p e nd e n t o n t h e co l d su r f ac e a ro u n d t h e oc c u pa n t .

F ro m o ur e xp er ie nc e, a nd w it ho ut e nt er in g i nt o i s su es

t h a t a r e d if f i c ul t t o r e so l v e wh i c h w o u l d i n v o lv e f ac t o r s o f

s ha pe ( fr ac ti on o f t he t ot al r ad ia nt p ow er w hi ch s ta rt s

f r o m o n e su r f ac e a nd r e ac h e s a n o t he r o n e ) , w e s ug g e s t

this simple method:

a ) c a l c ul a t e th e c o ld s u rf a c e o f t h e e xt e r na l w a ll s b e l o w

t h e p a n e ls ( p e r im e t e r x h e i g ht o f i n s ta l l a ti o n )

b ) d e t e rm i n e t he r a t io b e t w e en t h i s s u r fa c e a nd t h e f l oo rsur face

c ) i f t h is r a ti o i s g r ea t er t h an 1 , t h e c o rr e ct i ve c oe f fi c ie n ts

f o r e l ev a te d he i gh t s a re a pp l ie d ; i f i t i s l e ss t h an 1 , t h ey

a r e n o t a p p l i ed .

P an e ls s up p li e d w i th w a te r u p t o 1 2 0 C n o r ma l ly d o n o t

r equir e the installation of side skir ts.

T h e se a r e u se d i n s y s t em s t h a t a r e t o h ea t s i n gl e z o n es o r

w h e re t h e c a rr i e r f l u i d i s a t a v e r y h i g h t e m p e r a t ur e .

F o r s p e ci a l in s t al l a t io n s c o n su l t t h e E C O PA N te c h ni c a l

depar tment.

2 . 5 C o rr e ct i ve c o ef f i ci e nt f o r i n cl i ne d p a ne l s

E CO PA N r ad ia nt p an el s c an b e i ns ta ll ed i nc li ne d,f o l l o wi n g t h e g e om e t r y o f t h e r oo f .

T h e y c a n b e i n c l in e d e i t h e r t r a ns v e rs a l l y o r l o n g i tu d i na l l y.

emission

I nclinatio n favo urs convective movement. There is an

increase in total while emission from radiance is

decreased.

The new value is determined by multiplying the

thermal s in Table 3 and 4 b y t he co rre ct ive

coefficientshown in Fig.9, b as ed o n t h e a n gl e o f i n c l in a t i on .

emission

emission

emission

Fig .7 Tr ansv e r sally incline d pane l

Tab. 7

Fig .8 Long it udinally incline d panel

2 .6 D is ta nc e b et we en r ad i an t p an el s

To e n s u r e e v e n d i s t ri b u t io n o f h e a t, t h e d i s t an c e b e t w ee n

r adiant panels must be equal to or less than their

installation height.

T h e di s t a nc e f ro m t h e co l d w al l m us t n o t b e g r ea t e r t h a n

1 / 3 o f t h e h e ig h t .

2 . 7 M i ni m um he i gh t o f i n st a ll a ti o n

W he n m ak in g c al cu la ti on s f or a r ad ia nt p an el s ys te m,

k e e p i n m i n d t ha t t h e r e qu i r ed s u r f ac e a r e a o f t h e p a ne l s

d ecr ease s as t he te mp era ture of t he car ri er f lui d

incr eases.

I n o r d e r t o e ns u r e p h y si o l o g i ca l w el l - b e in g o f i n d i vi d u a ls

a n d p r e ve n t e x c es s i ve r a d i an c e , l i m i ts m u s t b e s e t f o r t h e

m i n i mu m h e i g ht o f i n s ta l l a t io n o f t h e p a n el s .

Ta b l e 8 p r o v id e s t h e m i n i mu m h e i gh t o f i n s ta l l a t io n f o r t h e

p a n e ls , b a s e d on t h e a v er a g e t em p e r at u r e of t h e c a rr i e r

fluid and the inter val between pipes.

F i g . 10 D i s t an c e b e tw e e n r ad i a n t p a n el s

averagetemperature of

s u p p ly f l u i dC

I n t e rv a l o f p i p e s150 mm

I n t er v a l o f p i p e s111 mm

H mi n ( m)H m in ( m)

60

70

8090

100

110

120

3, 80

4, 10

4, 304, 50

4, 70

4, 90

5, 10

3, 60

3, 90

4, 104, 30

4, 50

4, 70

4, 90

H

D H

D

1 /3 H


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2 .8 A rr an ge me nt of c ei li ng m ou nt ed p an el s

I n l ay in g o ut a nd a r ra ng in g t he p a ne ls , i t i s a dv is ab le t o

c o m p ly w i t h t h e f o l l o wi n g :

- i f p o ss i bl e , i n st a ll t he p an e ls p a ra l le l to t he l on g es t w a ll

o f t h e b u i l di n g

- k e ep a d i st a nc e b e tw e en t h e w a ll a nd t he f ir s t p a ne l

t h a t i s n o t g r e at e r t h a n a t h i rd of t h e i n s ta l l a t io n h e i g ht

- p r ov i de p a ne l s t h at a r e a s l o ng a s p o ss i bl e , t a ki n g i n toaccount s and pressure drops

- d et er mi ne th e n um be r o f p an el s, t ak in g i nt o a cc ou nt

t he h ei gh t o f i ns ta ll at io n a nd t he re su lt in g a re a of

r adiance

- d e te r mi n e t h e m o de l s o f p a ne l s b a se d o n t h ei r t h er m al

power. Place models with greater near the

emission

emission

outer t o

w a l l s t o b e t t er c o n tr a s t c o l d r a d i a t i o n

- c he ck t ha t t he m ini mu m he ig ht o f i ns tal la ti on i s

c o m p at i b l e w i t h t h e t e m p er a t ur e o f t h e h e a t in g f l u i d

b e in g u se d . F or i n st a ll a ti o n a t r e du c ed h e ig h t, c ho o se

p a ne l s t h at a r e n a rr o we r o r t h at h a ve a g r ea t er i n te r va l

b e t w e en p i p e s.

F i gu r es 1 1, 12 and 13 c l ea r ly s h ow h o w c o r re c t l a yo u t o f

p an el s p ro vi de s e ve n r ad ia nc e an d an i de al a mb ie nt

temper atur e.

Fig. 11 Intensity of radiance and ambient temperature with even distribution of panels of the same power parallel to thelong side of the building

F i g . 1 2 I n t en s i ty o f r a d i an c e a n d a m b ie n t t e m pe r a tu r e w i t h h i g he r p o w er p a n el s n e a re r t h e e x t er n a l w a l l s

F i g .1 3 I n t en s i ty o f r a d ia n c e an d a m b ie n t t e m pe r a tu r e w it h p a n el s p a r al l e l t o t h e s ho r t s i d e o f th e b u i ld i n g

15

100%

8 0 %

6 0 %

4 0 %

2 0 %

l o n g i t u d i n a l s e c t i o n

ta C

43, 00 m

7, 00 m 14, 00 m 21,00 m 28, 00 m 35,00 m

2221

201918

1,50 4,50 4,50 4, 50 4, 50 1, 50

100%

8 0 %

6 0 %

4 0 %

2 0 %

t r a n sv e r s a l s e c t i o n

t a C

2,30 4,10 4, 10 4,10 4, 10 2,30

2 1 , 00 m

7, 00 m 14,0 m

1716

1514

13

7 , 0

0 m

l o n g it u d i n al s e c t i on

4 3 , 00 m

7,00 m 14, 00 m 21, 00 m 28, 00 m 35,00 m

t a C1716

1514

13

100%

8 0 %

6 0 %

4 0 %

2 0 %

t a C

1, 50 1, 504, 50 4,50 4, 40 4, 40 4, 40 4, 40 4,40 4, 50 4,50

4 3 ,0 0 m

2221

201918

t a C

t r a n s ve r s a l s e c t io n

2 1 , 00 m

7,00 m 14,00 m

2221

201918

4 , 5

0 m

4 , 5

0 m

longitudinal section

7 ,0 0 m 14,00 m 21,00 m 28, 00 m 35,00 m

S

t a C

t r a n s ve r s a l s e c t io n

2 1 , 00 m

7,00 m 14,00 m

2221

201918

S

S

S

S

S


16/32

2 1 , 0

0 m

4 3 , 00 m

4, 10

4, 10

4, 10

4, 10

2, 30

10/100

8/100

8/100

8/100

2 .9 E xa mp le s o f c al cu la ti on o f r ad ia nt p a ne ls

W h i l e re s p e ct i n g t h e s tr u c tu r a l n e e d s o f t h e b ui l d i n g a n dt h e l a yo u t o f a ny s ca f fo l d in g , m a ch i ne r y, a n d s o o n , i t i sa l w a y s a d v i sa b l e t o p l ac e th e ra d i a nt p a n e ls p a r a ll e l tot h e l o n g e s t s i d e .

I n t hi s w ay, y ou c an h av e p an el s o f g re at er l en gt h w hi le

r e d u ci n g t h e nu m b e r. Yo u w i l l th u s a l s o r e d uc e t he f l ui d

d i s t ri b u t io n n e t w or k , r e s ul t i n g i n l o w e r s y s t e m c o s t s.

T he l en gt h a nd l ay ou t o f t he p an el s m us t b e su ch t ha t i t

evenly cover s the entir e ar ea to be heated.

I n t h e f o l lo w i n g e x a mp l e s , w e h a v e hy p o t h es i z e d si m i l a r

r oo ms b ut w it h d if fe re nt h ei gh ts , o r w it h d if fe re nt l ay o ut s

o f t h e p a n el s .

First exam ple (F i g . 1 1 a n d 1 4 )

C o ns i de r a w a re h ou s e wi t h t h e fo l l ow i ng d i me n si o ns :

432 1 m et re s w it h a ve ra ge h ei gh t o f 5 .5 m et re s, f or a3v o lu m e of a p pr o xi m at e ly 4 , 96 7 m .

T h e t h er m al r eq u ir e me n t h a s b e en e s ti m at e d a s a b ou t

95 kW.

Ambient temper atur e t = 20 C.aI n s t al l a t io n h e i gh t o f t h e p a n e ls 4 . 5 m .

M a x i mu m i n t e rv a l b e t w e e n p a n e l s 4 . 5 m .

C on si de r 5 p an el s w it h a l en gt h o f 4 0 m, a rr an ge d as i n

F i g. 1 4, f o r a t o t a l le n gt h o f 2 0 0 m.

D i v i di n g t h e t he r m a l r e q u ir e m e nt b y t h e t o ta l l e ng t h o f t h e

p a n e ls g i v e s t h e t h e rm a l p e r m e t re :

.9 5 0 00 W2 00 m = 4 75 Wm

F ix ing:

w at er d el iv er y t em pe ra tu re t = 8 0 C1water return temperatur e t = 7 0 C2

the aver age temper atur e of the water will be:t + t 80+ 70

1 2t = = = 75 Cm 2 2

and the DT is: DT = t - t = 75 C - 20 C = 55 Cm a

From Ta bl e 3 with DT = 5 5 C a nd c o n si d e r in g m o d e l

8/100-, o n e o b t a in s a t h e rm a l o f 5 1 6 Wm.

The total installed thermal power is:.

200 m 516 Wm = 10 3 2 00 W

ther mal power sufficient to cover ther mal r equir ement.

H a v in g a d i s t ri b u t io n o f o n l y 5 c o n ne c t i on s t o b a l an c e t he

c ir cu it , i t i s a dv is ab l e t o u se c al ib ra ti on v al ve s o n t he

panels.

emission

emission

8/100

8/100

8/100

8/100

8/100

4, 50

4, 50

4,50

4, 50

1, 50

1,50

2 1 , 0

0 m

4 3 , 00 m

2, 3010/100

16

F i g . 14 E x a mp l e o f E C OP AN p a n el s i n w a re h o us ew i t h a v e ra g e h e i gh t o f 5. 5 m a nd p a ra l l e l

pane ls on g r e at e r side

F i g . 15 E x a mp l e o f EC O PA N p a n el s i n w a re h o us ew i t h a v e ra g e h e i gh t o f 5 .5 m a nd p a ra l l el

pane ls on g r e at e r side

S e c o nd e x a mp l e (F i g . 1 2 a n d 1 5 )

C o ns i de r a w ar e ho u se w i th t h e p r ev i ou s d i me n si o ns :

432 1 m et re s w it h a ve ra ge h ei gh t o f 8 .2 m et re s, f or a3v o lu m e o f a p pr o xi m at e ly 7 , 40 5 m .

T h e t h er m al r eq u ir e me n t h a s b e en e s ti m at e d as a b ou t

120 kW.

Ambient temper atur e t = 15 C.a

I n s t al l a t io n h e i g ht o f t h e p a n el s 7 m.M a x i mu m i n t er v a l be t w e en p a n e ls 7 m .

C on si de r 5 p an el s w it h a l en gt h o f 4 0 m, a rr an ge d as i n

F i g. 1 5, f o r a t o t a l le n gt h o f 2 0 0 m.

D i v i di n g t h e t he r m a l r e q u ir e m en t b y t h e t o ta l l e ng t h o f t h e

p a n e ls g i v e s t h e a v e ra g e t h e rm a l p e r m e t r e:

.1 20 0 00 W2 0 0 m = 6 0 0 Wm

F ix ing:

Water delivery t emperature t = 80 C1

Water retur n temperature t = 70 C2the aver age temper atur e of the water will be:

t + t 80+ 701 2

t = = = 75 Cm 2 2

and the DT is: DT = t - t = 75 C -15 C = 60 Cm a

O n t h e s id e t h e re a r e 2 pa n e l s m o d e l 1 0/ 1 0 0 - w ith al e ng t h o f 4 0 m et r es ( 8 0 m t o ta l ). I n t h e ce n tr a l ar e a th e re

a r e 3 p a n el s m o d e l 8 / 10 0 - w it h a l en gt h o f 4 0 me tr es( 1 2 0 m t o t a l ).

Table 3 with DT= 60 C pr ovides a ther mal of:

6 8 3 W / m f o r p a ne l s o f 1 0 /1 0 0-

5 7 2 W /m f o r p a n e ls o f 8 / 10 0 -

T h e t o t al t h e r m al p o w e r o f t h e s i ng l e m o d e l s i s :.

80 m 6 8 3 W / m = 5 4 6 4 0 W

.120 m 5 7 2 W / m = 6 8 6 4 0 W

f o r a t o t a l o f:. ..

5 4 6 40 + 6 8 6 40 = 1 23 2 80 W

t h e rm a l p o w e r s u f fi c i e nt t o c o v e r t h e 1 2 0 k W r e q ui r e d .

H a v i ng a d i s tr i b ut i o n o f o n l y 5 c o n ne c t i on s t o b a l an c e t he

c ir cu it , i t i s a dv is ab l e t o u se c al ib ra ti on v al ve s o n t he

panels.

As pr eviously mentioned in paragraph 2.4, it is not

n ec es sa ry t o i nc re as e t he nu mb er o f p an el s t o b e

installed.

emission

emission


17/32

17

Fig .16 E xample of E COPAN panels in war e house wit ha v er a ge h ei g ht o f 5 .5 m a n d p ar a ll e l p a ne l s o ns m al l er s i de

4,50 4,50 4,404,404,404,404,40 4,50 4,501,50 1,50

10/100

10/100

8/100

8/100

8/100

8/100

8/100

8/100

8/100

8/100

T h i r d e x a m p l e (F i g . 1 3 a n d 1 6 )

C o n si d e r a w a r eh o u se , a g a i n w i t h t h e s am e d i m en s i o ns :

432 1 m et re s w it h a ve ra ge h ei gh t o f 5 .5 m et re s, f or a3v o lu m e o f a p pr o xi m at e ly 4 , 96 7 m .

T he t he r ma l re q ui r em e nt h as b e en e s ti m at e d as a b ou t

95 kW.

Ambient temper atur e t = 20 C.aI n s t al l a t i on h e i g ht o f t h e pa n e l s 4 . 5 m .

M a x im u m i n t e rv a l b e t w ee n r a d i an t p a n el s 4 . 5 m .

S u p po s e it i s n o t p o s si b l e to p la c e t h e p a n el s p a r a ll e l to

t h e l on g er w a ll o f t h e w ar e ho u se , b u t t h at t h ey n e ed t o b e

placed par allel to the shorter one.

C o ns i de r 1 0 p a ne l s w i th a le n gt h o f 1 8 m , a r ra n ge d a s i n

F ig . 1 6, f o r a t o t a l le n gt h o f 1 8 0 m.

D i vi d in g t he t h er m al r e qu i re m en t b y t h e l e ng t h g i ve s t h e

aver age ther mal per metr e:

.9 5 0 00 W180 m = 528 Wm

F ix ing:

Wa te r d el iv er y t em pe ra tu re t = 8 0 C1Wa te r r et ur n t em pe ra tu re t = 7 0 C2

the aver age temper ature of the water will be:

t + t 80+ 701 2t = = = 75 Cm

2 2

And the DT is: DT = t - t = 75 C - 20 C = 55 Cm a

O n t h e si d e s t h e r e a r e 2 p a ne l s m o d e l 1 0 / 1 00 - w it h al e n g th o f 1 8 me t e r s ( 3 6 m t o t a l ) a n d i n t h e c e n tr a l z o n e 8

p a n el s m o d e l 8 / 1 0 0 - w i th a l e ng t h o f 1 8 m et r es ( 1 44 mtotal).

Table 3 with DT= 55 C pr ovides a ther mal of:

616 Wm f o r p a n e ls 1 0 /1 0 0-

516 Wm f o r p a n e ls 8 / 10 0 -T h e t o t al t h e r m a l p o w er o f t h e s i n g le m o d e l s i s :

.36 m 616 Wm = 22 1 76 W

.144 m 516 Wm = 74 3 04 W

f o r a t o t a l of :. . .

2 2 1 76 + 7 4 3 04 = 96 4 80 W

Ther mal power sufficient to cover ther mal r equir ement.

H a v i ng a d i st r i b ut i o n o f 1 0 co n n e ct i o n s a n d s h o rt p a n el s ,

the circuit can be balanced using "inver se r etur n".

emission

emission

4 3 ,0 0 m

2 1 , 0

0 m

2 .1 0 E ff ec ts o n l um in os it y o ri gi na ti ng f ro m t hecovering

C ei li ng m ou nt ed p an el s, i f l oc at ed c ar ef ul ly, d o n ot

r e d uc e t h e l i gh t f r o m s k y l i g h t s i n t h e r o o f.

I n m a ny a p pl i ca t io n s, t h e e f fe c t h a s b e en c he c ke d b o th

b e f o re a n d a f t e r t h e i n s t al l a t i on o f t h e p a n e l s.

I n m os t c as es , t he r ed uc ti on o f l ig ht i n t he w ar eh ou se s

w a s n e g l ig i b l e .

2 . 11 U s e i n c o ol i ng s y st e ms

E C O PA N r a d i an t p a n e ls c a n b e u s e d i n c o o l in g s y s te m s .

T h i s a p p l ic a t i on p r o v id e s t h e s a m e b e n ef i t s a s t h e u s e o f

p a n el s f o r h e a t in g , w h i c h i n c l u d e :

- v er y l i m it ed t he rm al i ne rt ia

- n o a ir m ov em en t, w hi ch i s b ot he rs om e t o p er so nsa f f e ct e d b y i t

- no moving p ar ts

- n o ma int enan ce

- no wear

- no noise

- l i m it e d a mo u nt o f e l ec t ri c al c o n su m pt i o n a n d

electr ical systems

- p os si bl e t o i ns ta ll by z on es

- m in im um d im en si on s.

T h is i s a sy s te m t h at p l ea s an t ly c o ol s t h e r o om s b u t d o es

n o t a l lo w a i r t r ea t me n t, e x ce p t i n c o mb i na t io n w i th o t he r

specific units.

I n t hi s c as e, t he i n se rt io n o f c ol d s ur fa ce s c on tr as ts t her a d i an c e fr o m h o t s u r fa c e s, p r o v id i n g t h e oc c u pa n t s w i t h

well-being.

To p re ve nt c on de ns at io n o n t he r ad ia nt s ur fa ce , t he

s u r fa c e t e m p er a t ur e o f t h e p a n el s n e e d s t o b e g r e a te r

t h a n t h e d e w p o i n t o f t h e a mb i e n t a i r .

T he r ma l p ow e r i n c o ol i ng m o de s ho u ld b e r eq u es t ed

f ro m t he E CO PA N te ch ni ca l de pa rt me nt , w hi ch i s

a v a il a b l e f o r s u g g es t i o ns f o r e v e r y s i n g l e p r o j e c t .


18/32

I n e ve ry h ea ti ng s ys te m, i t i s i mp or ta nt f or t he h ea ti ng

b o di e s t o b e s up p li e d wi t h t h e pr o pe r a m ou nt o f f l ui d a s

established dur ing the design phase.

T h e ra d ia nt p a ne l s m u st a l so b e s u p pl i ed i n a p e rf e ct l y

balanced manner.

To b a l a n c e t h e m , p r o v id e c a l i b r a ti o n v a l ve s a s n e c e ss a r y

which ar e to be adj usted at star t-up.

F i g. 2 1 E CO PA N r a di a nt p a ne l s i n s er i es w i th o p po s it econnections

18

F ig .2 2 E CO PA N r ad ia nt p an el s i n s er ie s w it h s am e-side conne ct ions

Cut-off valve

Cut-off and balancing valve

F i g . 19 E C O PA N r a d i an t p a n e l s i n p a r a l l el w i t hopposite connections

F ig .2 0 E CO PA N r ad ia nt p an el s i n p ar al le l w it h s am e-side connections

F ig .1 7 C on ne ct io n w it h f lu id in le t a nd ou tl et o nopposit e side s

F i g . 18 C o n ne c t io n w i t h f l u i d i n l et a n d o u t le t o n s a m eside

A A B

A A

2 .1 2 D ia gr am s o f s ys te m b al an ci ng a nd p ow ersupply

R a di a nt p a ne l s s u pp l i ed b y h o t w a te r c a n b e co n ne c te d

t o t he d i s tr i b u ti o n n e t w or k w it h i n l e t a n d ou t l e t o f t h e fl u i d

o n o p p o s it e s i d e s ( t y p e A h e a de r s ) o r w i t h c o n ne c t io n s

on the same side (type AA and B header s).

I n t h e f i r s t c a s e, a l l t h e p i p e s o f t h e p a n el s a r e s u p p li e d i np a ra l le l an d th e wa t er f l ow i s d i vi d ed e qu a ll y a m on g

t h e m . I n t h e se c o nd c a se , h a l f t h e p ip e s a r e co n n ec t e d in

s e ri e s w i th t h e o t he r h a lf , t h us d o ub l in g t h e f l ow r a te o f

e a c h p i p e .

T h e f o ll o wi n g a r e s o me e xa m pl e s o f p o ss i bl e su p pl y

layouts.


19/32

19

F i g. 2 4 E C O PA N r a d i a n t p a n e l s w i t h s a me - s i d econne ct ions and wit h " inv e r se r e t ur n" pipes

F ig .2 3 E C O P A N r a d i a n t p a n e l s w i t h o p p o s i t econne ct ions and wit h " inv e r se r e t ur n" pipe s

I f t h e re ar e m a n y p a n el s , i t i s a d v i sa b l e t o pr o v id e a s e t o f

p i pe s f o r " i nv e rs e r e tu rn " (F i g . 2 3 a n d 2 4) w h i c h b a l a nc e s

t h e s ys t em . T h is s o lu t io n i s e x pe n si v e a nd i t i s n o t a l wa y s

feasible.

2 . 13 F l ow r a te a n d s p ee d o f w a te r i n t h e p a ne l s

I f t he s pe ed o f t he w at er i n t he p ip es o f t he p an el s i s t oo

l o w, t h e w a te r w i ll no t b e a b le dr a w o f f t h e a i r. T hi s m a y

c au se a s hu td ow n i n c ir cu la ti on w it h a su bs ta nt ia l

r e d uc t i o n i n t h e o f t h e p a n el .

W h en d e te r mi n in g t h e s iz e o f t h e s ys t em s , i t i s a d vi s ab l e

t o ma k e s ur e th a t t h e s p ee d of t h e w a te r i n e a ch s i ng l e

p ip e i s n ev er l es s t ha n 0 .2 3 m /s i n p ip es o f and 0.32m / s i n p i p e s o f .I n h ot w at er r ad ia ti ng p an el s, i t i s a dv is ab le to ha ve a

t e m p er a t ur e d i f f er e n ce o f 1 0 C b e t we e n t h e d e l i ve r y a n d

return headers. This is considered an acceptabl e

c o m p ro m i s e b e t w ee n t h e si z e o f t h e ne t w o rk a n d th e

need for a high sur face temper atur e.Also, pr essur e dr ops may be consider ed acceptable in

p i p e s o f t h e p a n e ls w h i ch d o no t e x c ee d 2 0 0250 Pa/m.

emission

2 . 14 P r es s ur e d r op s o f p a ne l p i pe s

Ta bl e 9 s h ow s t h e v a lu e s o f t h e p r es s ur e dr o p i n P a/ m

a n d o f t h e s p ee d in m / s b a se d on t h e w a te r f l ow r at e of

e a ch p i pe i n a p a ne l , w i th a n a v er a ge w a te r t e mp e ra t ur e

o f 7 5 C.

T h is i s t r ue b o t h f o r p a ne l s w i th e l ec t ro - we l de d p i p e s a n d

f o r t h o s e w i t h p i p e s w i t h n o w e l d i ng .

Fo r a ve ra ge w a te r t em pe ra tu re s o th er t ha n 7 5 C, t he

values in Table 9 m ust b e co rre ct ed , a ppl yi ng t he

c o e f fi c i en t s s h o w n i n Table 10.

Ta b .1 0 C o ef f ic i en t s f o r a v er ag e w at er t em p er a tu r es

d i f f er e n t f r o m 7 5 C

Ta b . 9 P r e ss u r e d r o p i n P a/ m p i pe s i n E CO PA N

r a d ia n t p a n el s

Temperature

Coefficient

40C

1, 18

60C

1, 06

90C

0, 96

120C

0, 91

140C

0, 87

l/h

200

220

240

260

280

300

320

340

360

380

400

420

440

460480

500

550

600

650

700

750

800

850

900

950

1000

1100

1200

1300

1400

41

49

57

66

75

86

96

108

119

132

145

159

173

188203

219

262

309

0,21

0,23

0,25

0,28

0,30

0,32

0,34

0,36

0,38

0,40

0,42

0,45

0,47

0,490,51

0,53

0,58

0,64

31

35

38

42

46

50

5458

62

73

86

100

114

130

146

164

182

202

222

266

313

364

420

-------

0,22

0,23

0,24

0,25

0,27

0,28

0,290,30

0,32

0,35

0,38

0,41

0,44

0,48

0,51

0,54

0,57

0,60

0,64

0,70

0,76

0,83

0,88

-------

70

85

100

115

129

150

165

190

200

220

250

270

295

340350

360

450

525

0,25

0,28

0,31

0,33

0,36

0,39

0,41

0,44

0,46

0,49

0,51

0,54

0,57

0,610,62

0,66

0,71

0,77

45

50

55

60

65

70

7682

90

110

130

150

170

195

220

250

275

300

350

400

455

550

640

-------

0,25

0,26

0,28

0,29

0,31

0,32

0,330,35

0,36

0,40

0,44

0,47

0,51

0,54

0,58

0,62

0,65

0,69

0,75

0,80

0,88

0,95

1,04

-------

Wa terflow

r a te

Electro-w eld ed p ip es

Pip e w ithout w eld ing

P r e s s u r e

d r o p

P a / m

P r e s s u r e

d r o p

P a / m

P r e s s u r e

d r o p

P a / m

P r e s s u r e

d r o p

P a / m

S p e e d

m / s

S p e e d

m / s

S p e e d

m / s

S p e e d

m / s


20/32

20

-----

11 0

14 0

20 0

27 0

35 0

44 0

54 0

68 0

84 0

1 0 5 0

1 2 5 0

1 6 5 0

2 1 5 0

2 8 0 0

3 4 0 0

4 1 0 0

-

---

11 0

16 0

22 0

28 0

35 0

44 0

55 0

68 0

83 0

98 0

1 3 5 0

1 7 5 0

2 2 0 0

2 8 0 0

3 3 0 0

3 9 0 0

5 4 0 0

------

12 0

18 0

24 0

31 0

39 0

48 0

61 0

75 0

91 0

1 0 8 0

1 5 0 0

1 9 5 0

2 5 0 0

3 0 0 0

3 7 0 0

4 4 0 0

24 0

38 0

54 0

73 0

96 0

1 2 1 0

1 5 0 0

2 1 5 0

3 0 0 0

14 0

22 0

31 0

42 0

55 0

69 0

85 0

1 2 3 0

1 6 7 0

2 2 0 0

2 8 0 0

3 4 0 0

--

21 0

29 0

38 0

48 0

58 0

84 0

1 1 5 0

1 5 0 0

1 9 0 0

2 3 5 0

3 0 0 0

3 7 0 0

4 4 0 0

---

22 0

28 0

36 0

44 0

64 0

87 0

1 1 5 0

1 4 5 0

1 8 0 0

2 3 0 0

2 8 0 0

3 4 0 0

4 0 0 0

5 4 0 0

P re ss ur e d ro p i n p ai r o f A

O p p os i t e s i d e snumber of pipes per panel

h e a d e r s P re ss ur e d ro ps i n p ai r

o f A A - B - S a m e si d enumber of pipes per panel

h e a d e r s

8 9 10 6 104 8

Ta b . 1 1 P r e ss u r e d ro p i n P a o f a P AI R O F H E A DE R S - P I P E S

Tab.12 Pr e ssur e dr op in Pa of a PAIR OF H E ADERS - PIPE S

P r es s ur e d r op s i n pa i r

o f A A - B - S a m e s i d e

number of pipes per panel

h e a d e r s

6 104 8

32 0

40 0

50 0

71 0

97 0

1 3 0 0

1 6 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 5 0 0

3 1 0 0

3 8 0 0

4 5 0 0

-

24 0

29 0

42 0

57 0

74 0

94 0

1 2 0 0

1 5 0 0

1 8 0 0

2 2 0 0

2 6 0 0

3 6 0 0

4 7 0 0

-

-

21 0

30 0

40 0

53 0

66 0

84 0

1 0 5 0

1 3 0 0

1 5 5 0

1 8 5 0

2 5 0 0

3 3 0 0

4 2 0 0

5 1 0 0

6 2 0 0

-

-

-

23 0

31 0

41 0

52 0

64 0

80 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 4 5 0

1 9 5 0

2 5 5 0

3 2 0 0

4 0 0 0

4 8 0 0

5 7 0 0

7 8 0 0

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

2250

2500

2750

3000

3500

4000

4500

5000

5500

6000

7000

11 0

17 0

24 0

32 0

42 0

53 0

65 0

94 0

1 2 7 0

1 6 6 0

2 1 0 0

-

10 0

15 0

20 0

25 0

32 0

40 0

56 0

77 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 7 0

1 5 6 0

2 0 0 0

-

-

-

11 0

14 0

18 0

22 0

32 0

43 0

56 0

71 0

88 0

1 1 0 0

1 3 7 0

1 6 5 0

2 0 0 0

2 7 0 0

-

-

-

10 0

13 0

16 0

23 0

30 0

40 0

50 0

62 0

80 0

98 0

1 2 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 9 0 0

2 5 0 0

3 2 0 0

3 9 0 0

-

10 0

14 0

18 0

23 0

28 0

41 0

55 0

72 0

91 0

1 1 2 0

1 4 2 0

1 7 5 0

2 1 0 0

-----

12 0

15 0

18 0

26 0

36 0

46 0

59 0

72 0

91 0

1 1 3 0

1 3 6 0

1 6 3 0

2 2 0 0

2 9 0 0

To t a l f l o w

rate ofheader s

l h 2 3 4 5 6 7

T ot a l f l ow rate of

header sl h

P r es s ur e d r op s i n pa i r

o f A - O p po si t e s i de s

number of pipes per panel

h e a d e r s

2 4 6 8 10

80 0

90 0

1 0 0 0

1 2 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 6 0 0

1 8 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 2 5 0

2 5 0 0

2 7 5 0

3 0 0 0

3 5 0 0

40 00

45 00

5 0 0 0

5 5 0 0

6 0 0 0

7 0 0 08 0 0 0

9 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 0

1 2 0 0 0

-

18 0

22 0

32 0

44 0

57 0

72 0

89 0

1 1 5 0

1 4 0 0

1 7 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 7 0 0

3 6 0 0

-

-

10 0

15 0

20 0

26 0

33 0

41 0

52 0

64 0

77 0

92 0

1 3 0 0

1 6 5 0

2 1 0 0

2 6 0 0

3 1 0 0

-

-

-

10 0

14 0

18 0

23 0

28 0

35 0

43 0

53 0

63 0

85 0

1 1 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 7 5 0

2 1 0 0

2 5 0 0

3 4 0 0

4 4 5 0

-

-

-

-

11 0

14 0

18 0

22 0

28 0

34 0

42 0

49 0

67 0

87 0

1 1 0 0

1 4 0 0

1 7 0 0

2 0 0 0

2 7 0 03 5 0 0

4 4 0 0

5 5 0 0

-

-

-

-

12 0

15 0

19 0

24 0

29 0

35 0

42 0

57 0

74 0

94 0

1 1 5 0

1 4 0 0

1 7 0 0

2 3 0 03 0 0 0

3 8 0 0

4 6 0 0

6 7 0 0

2 .1 5 P re ss ur e d ro ps o f h ea de rs

Ta b le 1 1 a n d 12 s h ow t h e p re s su r e dr o ps i n a p a i r o f

h e a d er s b a s ed on t h e ir w a t e r f l o w r a t e, t h e t y p e o f s u p p ly

( s a me - s i de o r o p p o si t e ) a nd t h e d i a m et e r o f t h e p i p es (

or ).


21/32

42,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

21

Fig .25

Hea der A

Hea der A

2 . 16 C a lc u la t io n o f p r es s ur e d r op o f a p a ne l

To d e t er m i n e t h e p re s s ur e d ro p o f a r a di a n t p a n e l, y o u

n e e d t o a dd t h e p r e s su r e d r o p o f t h e pi p e s t o t ha t o f t h e

h e ad e rs , c a lc u la t ed b a se d o n t h e da t a pr o vi d ed i n

paragraphs 2.14 and 2.15.

Her e ar e a few ex amples.

First example

C o ns i de r a r a di a nt p a ne l m o de l 8 / 10 0 w i th a

l e ng t h o f 4 2 m e tr e s (F ig . 2 5) w i t h e l e c tr o - w el d e d

p ip es o f a n d w it h o p p o s it e c on n e ct i o n s(type A header s).

Water d eliver y t emperature t = 85 C1Water retur n temper atur e t = 75 C2

Ambient temper atur e t = 15 Ca

t + t1 2DT= - t = t - t = 6 5 Ca m a2

W it h t hi s d at a, Ta bl e 3 s ho ws t ha t t he t he rm al

p e r m e t r e o f t h e p a n e l i s :

F = 628 W/mm

T h e t o t al t h e r m al p o w e r o f t h e p a n el w i t h a l e n g t h

o f 4 2 m e t r es i s t h e re f o r e:

.F = 628 W/m 4 2 m = 26 3 76 Wp

a n d i ts w a t e r f l o w r a t e :.

F 0,86 26 3760,86p .

Q = = = 2 2 6 8 k g /hp t - t 101 2

S i nc e t h e p a ne l ha s 8 pi p es a n d o p po s it e

c on ne ct io ns , t he i nl et w at er i s e qu al ly d iv id ed

a m o ng a l l 8 p i p e s, a n d so t h e w a t e r f l o w ra t e o f

e a c h p i p e i s :

.Q 2 268p

Q = = = 283 kg/h @ 283 l/ht 8 8

u p p e r v a l ue a t s u g ge s t e d m i n i mu m f l o w ra t e i n a

pipe of (220 l/h).

Table 9 s h o w s t h a t t h e p r es s u re d r o p i n t h e p i p es

i s r o u g hl y 7 6 Pa / m .Ther efor e, the total pr essur e dr op in the pipes is:

.Dp = 4 2 m 7 6 Pa / m = 3 1 9 2 P at

In Ta b l e 1 1 , u n d er t h e t o t al f l o w r a t e o f t h e p a ne l ,

which is about 2,268 l/h, one finds that the

p re ss ur e d ro p i n t he p ai r o f h ea de rs Dp isc693 Pa.

The pr essur e dr op of the panel will be the sum of

the two values, ther efor e:

. .

Dp =

Dp +

Dp = 3 192 + 6 9 3 = 3 8 8 5 P a

p t c( e q ua l t o 0 .3 9 m c . A . )

emission

Secon d exam ple

C on si de r a r a di an t p an el m o de l 1 0/ 1 00 w i th a

l en gt h o f 4 2 m et re (F ig . 2 6) with electr o-welded

pipes of and with same-side connections(type AA and B header s).

Water d el ivery t emperature t = 85 C1Water retur n temper atur e t = 75 C2

Ambient temper atur e t = 15 Ca

t + t1 2DT= - t = t - t = 6 5 Ca m a2

W it h t hi s d at a, Ta bl e 3 s ho ws t ha t t he t he rm al

p e r m e t r e o f t h e p a n e l i s :

F = 751 W/mm



.F = 751 W/m 4 2 m = 31 5 42 Wp

a n d i ts w a t e r f l o w r a t e :.

F 0,86 31 5420,86p .

Q = = = 2 7 1 3 k g /hp t - t 101 2

S in ce t he A A h ea de r h as a d i ap hr ag m i n i t, t he

i n le t w a te r i s d i vi d ed a mo n g 5 p ip e s. T h er e fo r e,

t h e f l o w ra t e o f e a c h p i p e i s :

.Q 2 713p

Q = = = 543 kg/h @ 543 l/ht5 5

u p p e r v a l ue a t s u g ge s t e d m i n i mu m f l o w ra t e i n a

pipe of (220 l/h).


i s r o u g hl y 2 5 6 Pa / m .

Ther efor e, the total pr essur e dr op in the pipes is:

.Dp = 4 2 m 2 2 5 6 Pa / m = 2 1 5 0 4 Pat

In Ta b l e 1 1, u n d er t h e to t a l fl o w r at e o f t h e pa n e l ,.

which is about 2 713 l/h, one finds that the

p r e ss u r e d r o p i n t h e p ai r o f h e a de r s Dp i s a b ou tc3,320 Pa.

The pr essur e dr op of the panel will be the sum of

the two values, ther efor e:

. . .Dp =Dp +Dp = 21 504 + 3 3 20 = 2 4 8 24 Pap t c( e q ua l t o 2 . 53 m c . a . )

emission

Fig.26

42,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6 , 0

0 m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

Hea der AA

Hea der B


22/32

1 st solu t ion

Fig .27

84,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

6,00m

Hea der AA

Hea der B

Fig.28

Fig.29

22

16 panels model 10/100- w i th a l e ng t h o f 4 2 m et r es a reto be pr ovided.

C on si de ri ng a s v al i d t he c on di ti on s d es cr ib ed i n t he

s e co n d e x am p le of t h e p r ev i ou s p a ra g ra p h, a pa n el

10/100- w i t h a le n g t h o f 4 2 m e t r es h a s a pr e s su r e d r o po f a b o u t 2 . 5 3 m c . a . a n d a f lo w ra t e o f 2 , 7 1 3 l / h . Th e l e a s t

f a v ou r e d p a ne l w i l l b e n u m b e r 8 ( o r n u m be r 1 6 ) .

2 n d s o l ut i o n

8 p a n e l s m o d e l 1 0 /1 0 0 - w i th a l e ng t h o f 8 4 m e tr e s a reto be pr ovided.

C o n si d e r in g a s v a l i d t he c o n d i t io n s d e s cr i b e d i n t h e t h i rd

e x a mp l e o f t h e p r e v io u s p a r ag r a p h, a pa n e l 1 0 / 1 00 -

w i th a le n gt h o f 8 4 m e tr e s h a s a pr e ss u re dr o p o f a b ou t

2 . 3 2 m c . a . a n d a f l o w r a te o f 3 , 6 4 0 l/ h .

The least favour ed panel will be number 8.

O b vi o us l y, t h e s e co n d s o lu t io n i s m o re ra t io n al an d

a d v an t a g eo u s , f o r t h e f o l l o wi n g r e a so n s :

- s in ce t he n um be r o f c on ne ct io ns i s l im it ed , t he re i s n o

n e e d f o r " i n v er s e r e t ur n " . F o r b a l a nc i n g o f t h e c i r cu i t , i t

is possible to use a few calibr ation valves.

- The use of panels with pipes of allows for thec re at io n o f r at he r l on g p an el s w it h m od es t p re ss ur edr ops.

I n t he c as e i n q ue st io n, t he p a n el h as a g re a t e rt ha n t he p a ne l . T h er e fo r e, w i th t h e s a me

i n s t al l e d p o we r ( a b o ut 5 0 0 k w ) a g r ea t e r t e m p er a t ur e

differ ence can be used (85 C-70 C instead of 85 C-753

C ). T hi s w i ll p r ov i de a f l ow r a te o f 2 9 m / h a s o p po s ed3

t o t he 4 3 m / h r e qu i re d b y p a n e ls w i th p i pe s o f .T h e re f o r e, w i t h t h e s a m e i n s t al l e d p o w e r a n d p r e s su r e

d r o p s, t h e re i s r e d uc e d f l o w r a t e, w h i ch t r a ns l a t es i n t o

s ma ll er p ip e d ia me te rs a nd r ed uc ed p ow er o f t he

electr ic pump.

All this leads to a r eduction in the amount of pipes

r equir ed for distr ibution, r esulting in substantial savings.

emission

Heatingplant

9 0 , 00 m

42,00 m 42,00 m

60,00

m

1 9

2 10

3 11

4 12

5 13

7 15

6 14

8 16

Heatingplant

9 0 , 00 m

8 4 , 00 m

60,00

m

1

2

3

4

5

7

6

8

2 . 17 S t at i c p r es s ur e a n d f l ow r a te o f t h e e l ec t ri cpump

I n a c ircu it o f r ad ia nt p an el s, t he f lo w ra te o f th e e le ct ri c

p ump i s d et erm ine d f ro m t he sum o f t he f lo w r at es o f t he

s i ng l e p a ne l s o f t h e c i r c ui t . I t s s t at i c p r e s su re i s o b ta i ne d b y

a dd in g t he p re ss ur e d ro ps o f t he l ea st f av ou re d r ad ia nt

p a ne l , a ny c ut - of f a n d c a li b ra t io n v a lv e s o n t h e c o nn e ct i o no f t h at p a ne l , t h e p i pe s t h a t s u pp l y i t a n d t h e h e at i ng p l an t .

C o ns i de r, f o r e x am p le , t h e n e ed to he a t a wa r eh o us e

m e a su r i ng 9 06 0 m e tr e s, w i th a he i gh t o f 9 me t re s , a n d

w i t h t h e pa n e l s i n s t a l l ed a t a h e ig h t o f 8 m e tr e s .

T h i r d e x a mp l e

C on si de r a r ad ia nt p an el m o de l 1 0/ 10 0 w it h a

l en gt h o f 8 4 m et re s (Fig.27) with electr o-welded

p ip es o f and with same-side connections (typeAA and B header s).

Water d elivery t emper atur e t = 85 C1

Water r eturn temperature t = 70 C2Ambient temper atur e t = 15 Ca

t + t

1 2DT= - t = t - t = 6 2, 5 Ca m a2

W it h t hi s d at a, t ab le 4 s ho ws t ha t t he t h er ma l

p e r m e t re o f t h e p a ne l i s :

F = 756 W/mm



.F = 756 W/m 8 4 m = 63 5 04 W

p

a n d i t s w a t e r f l o w r at e :.

F 0,86 63 5 040,86p .Q = = = 3 6 4 0 k g /hp

t - t 151 2

S in ce t he A A h ea de r h as a d i ap hr ag m i n i t, t he

i n le t w a te r i s d i vi d ed a mo n g 5 p i pe s . T h er e fo r e,

t h e f l o w ra t e o f e a c h p i p e i s :

.Q 3 6 40p

Q = = = 728 kg/h @ 728 l/ht5 5

U p p e r v a l ue a t s u g g es t e d m in i m um f l o w r at e i n a

pipe of (500 l/h).


i s 1 2 3

panouri radiante ecopan carte tehnica

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