ourahmoune ourahmoune store masculine code

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184 / WORKING PAPERS

ReferencesWathieu, Luc, Lyle Brenner, Ziv Carmon, Amitava Chattopadhyay, Klaus Wertenbroch, and Aimee Drolet, et al. (2002). Consumer

control and empowerment: A primer. Marketing Letters, 13(3), 297.

Zaltman, Gerald (1996). Metaphorically speaking. Marketing Research, 8(2), 13.

Zaltman, Gerald (1997). Rethinking market research: Putting people back in. JMR, Journal of Marketing Research, 34(4), 424.

Zimbardo, Philip G.and John N. Boyd (1999). Putting time in perspective: A valid, reliable individual-differences metric. Journal of

personality and social psychology, 77(6), 1271.

Store Display of New Masculine Aesthetic Codes: A Semiotic ApproachNacima Ourahmoune, ESSEC Business School, France

Simon Nyeck, ESSEC Business School, France

Didier Tsala, Universite de Limoges, France

AbstractSocio-cultural changes impact gender roles and the marketplace. Few studies have addressed the relationship between retail strategies

and masculine consumption and values. Brands successfully develop new lines for men including jewelry, the lingerie and cosmetics. This

paper intends to understand and describe how the new postmodern masculine values and codes shape retailing strategies. Therefore, our

study performs a semiotic analysis of 20 brands store visuals applied to sectors related to appearance (Skincare, Fashion, Lingerie). We

deeply explore the meaning of each of them and the way they give an account of brands evolving masculine rep today.

Introduction

Gender is an important issue in consumer research. Yet, few studies have addressed the relationship between retail strategies andmasculine consumption and values. Some scholars developed a framework to understand male consumption (Holt and Thompson, 2004,

Schroder and Zwick, 2004, Elliott and Elliott, 2006). While sociocultural changes are taking place in this postmodern era, the traditional

masculine and feminine values are evolving, leading to changing gender roles and having impact on the market place (Kimmel and Tissier-

Desbordes, 2000). Men are becoming concerned with appearance and beauty, in the traditional feminine way, and sales of male cosmetics

and fashion are increasing. Trendy words are used to describe this new man sensitive to appearance, body conscious: metrosexual,

bersexual... (Tuncay, 2006, Rinallo, forthcoming). Brands successfully develop new lines for men including jewelry, the lingerie and

cosmetics. New departments stores dedicated to men opened recently with innovative concepts. Brands need to adapt their retailing

strategies to changing male consumers. An efficient display of the new offer and persuasive brand communication in the store/Pos are key

factors of success.

This paper intends to understand and describe how the new postmodern masculine values and codes shape retailing strategies.

Retailing and brand communicationThe POS/Store are valuable place for communication and exchange with effective and potential customers. In this space, an aspect

of the distinctive experience of the brand is also lived: it is particularly true for products linked to appearance (Hetzel, 2002). Key factorsof success of these products rely on their own physical properties but also mainly on brand communication and the specific relation built

with the consumer in the store. The development of the masculine segment linked to appearance seems to require new sale environments

as they were previously mainly shaped to welcome female consumers. The context of new masculine aesthetic codes and the social fears

largely expressed by men as regard to the consumption of fashion/beauty convey a theoretical account for a new definition of retailing

strategies targeting men.

Masculinity and Consumer researchMale consumption and masculinity are of a renewed interest in consumer research. Scholars have recently proposed conceptualizations

of masculinity (Tuncay and Otnes, 2007), started also exploring male reactions to media and fashion discourses (Elliott and Elliott, 2005,

Rinallo, 2007), or analyzed male rep in advertising (Schroder and Zwick, 04, Ourahmoune and Nyeck, forthcoming). Yet, though

communication in the POS/store is an essential link between brand narratives and new male shoppers discourses, it is insufficiently

researched. Moreover, male shoppers behavior research has often involved expected traditional masculine category products and scarcely

the fashion consumption. Despite some research, which indicates that men and women shop differently, Otnes and McGrath (2001) found

that myths still exist on how men shop. They found in their study of male shoppers that some men did indeed enjoy shopping and even

purchased feminine goods such as crystal. Also, study by Rinallo (2007) of (real) male discourses on fashion revealed that the

distribution canal could have an impact on mens behavior toward the new offer and their decision to step into it. Therefore, we propose

ton enhance our knowledge of brand discourses on masculinity through the retailing.

Research questions How do brands display new masculine codes in department stores, concept stores, and flagships to stay in touch with evolving

male consumers?

How do the stores and products display successfully convey the diverse masculine representations vs the former unique one

(traditional)?


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MethodologyStructural semiotic allows discovering the meaning of cultural codes contained in brand narratives (Floch, 1995). An observation

on the POS for each brand is followed by immediate report on a grid previously conceived by the researchers with systematic analysis

categories (design, style, light, colors, forms, furniture, male/female rep, itinerary, store windows...). Also, researchers use a journal with

free comments. Multiple visits to a same store by different authors of the paper allow to gather a maximum of information and to operate

a triangulation. It is forbidden by law to take pictures on the POS. Then, each grid is analyzed and brands discourses compared to come

up with our findings.

Data

Our study performs a semiotic analysis of 20 brands store visuals applied to sectors related to appearance (Skincare, Fashion,Lingerie): Vuitton, Gucci, Dior, Boss, Dolce & Gabbana, Smalto, Rolex, Cartier, Philippe Patek, Dunhill, Guerlain, Nickel, Clarins, Dim,

Hom, Aubade, Barbara, Chanel, Celine, Mac

Brands under study are leaders on their specific. We selected brands only for men, only for women, and brands for both men and

women to analyze a wide variety of gender brands discourses.

Major FindingsSemiotic brand analysis on the POS display different discourses addressed to male shoppers: traditional masculine themes vs

feminine, undifferentiated masculine and feminine codes (androgynous) and finally new masculine codes. We deeply explore the meaning

of each of them and the way they give an account of brands evolving masculine rep today. Yet, we found out that the majority of brands

still emphasize a traditional masculinity on the POS clashing with mass media new masculine rep (ads, magazines, web site ). Then,

some territories of communication are left empty by brands on the POS when dealing with masculine rep. The authors suggest that the

media discourse might always been advanced when dealing with new values. Also, postmodern values are rising but are still not dominant.

Brands seem to hesitate applying them to all of their customers.

Concluding commentsThe paper is consistent with previous research that emphasizes male resistance to new brand discourses on masculinity that upset

traditional masculine rep. Our study reveals that most brands take into account social fears expressed by male consumers when dealing

with communication on the POS. Even brands that display very new media/ advertising discourses on masculinity follow a prudent

retailing communication. Then, we address a lack in the literature as regard to masculinity and retailing. However, the paper also anticipates

innovative communication territories crucial to brands managers that target male consumers specifically on the POS/store.

Limits

Future research should explore more deeply the reason of such a difference between brands communication on the POS and brands

ads/media discourses as regard to masculinity.

ReferencesCaru, Antonella, Bernard Cova, and Elisabeth Tissier-Desbordes (2004), Consumerscapes as Enclaves of Masculinity,ACR

Conference on Gender, Marketing and Consumer Behaviour, Madison, Wisconsin, June 24-27.

Elliott, Richard and Christine Elliott (2005) Idealized images of the male body in advertising: a reader-response exploration,Journal of Marketing Communications, Vol 11. N1, 3-19.

Greimas, Algirdas J. et Courte?s (1986) Se?Hachette, Tome 2.

Floch, J-M (2000/ 1995), Visual Identities, London, Continuum International Publishing Group

Floch, J-M (2001/ 1990), Semiotics,Marketing and Communication. Beneath the Signs, the Strategies. Houndmills: Palgrave.

Holt, Douglas B and Craig J. Thompson (2004). Man-of-Action Heroes: The Pursuit of Heroic Masculinity in Everyday Consump-

tion,Journal of Consumer Research, Vol 31(2): 425.

Kimmel, Allan J. and Elisabeth Tissier-Desbordes (2000), Masculinity and Consumption: A Qualitative Investigation of French and

American Men,Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Gender and Marketing, Schroeder, J. & C. Otnes (eds.),

Association for Consumer Research, Chicago, 23-24, June 2000, 1-17.

Otnes, Cele C. and Mary A. McGrath (2001), Perceptions and realities of male shopping behavior.Journal of Retailing, 77, 111-137.

Ourahmoune, Nacima and Simon Nyeck (forthcoming), Gender Values and Brand Communication: The transfer of masculine

representations to brand narratives,European Advances in Consumer Research, Vol VIII.

Patterson, Maurice and Richard Elliott (2002) Negotiating Masculinities: Advertising and the inversion of the male gaze, Con-

sumption Markets and Culture, vol 5, 231-246.Rinallo, Diego (2007) Metro/Fashion/Tribes of men: Negotiating the boundaries of mens legitimate consumption, chapter 6 in

Consumer Tribes, edited by Bernard Cova, Rob Kozinets and Avi Shankar.

Schroeder, Jonathan E. and Detlev Zwick (2004) Mirrors of Masculinity: Representation and Identity in Advertising Images

Consumption, Markets and Culture, March, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 21-52.


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ourahmoune ourahmoune store masculine code

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