m, intr. lecture i, a 6-7.ppt

7/27/2019 M, Intr. Lecture I, A 6-7.ppt

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Lecture I@ Anatomical Terminology

o SUBDIVISIONS ofANATOMY.o DESCRIPTIVE TERMS.

1) Terms used indescribingPositionofBody.2)Terms usedindescribingAnatomical Planes.3)Anatomical Adjectives.

* Terms ofRelations commonly usedin Gross Anatomy* Special TermsforLimbs.* Certain OtherTerms.* Terms used for describing Anatomical Movements.@ Arrangement ofStructures in body.


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Anatomical Terminology

@ Human anatomy is science, which deals with structure of human body.

SUBDIVISIONS ofANATOMY@ Initially, anatomy was studied mainly by dissection.@ However, scope of modern anatomy has become very wide.@ Main subdivisions of anatomy are:

1) Cadaveric anatomyis studied on dead bodies usually with naked eye(macroscopicor grossanatomy).

@ This can be done by one oftwo following approaches:

= In Regional anatomy body is studied in parts, like upper limb, lowerlimb, thorax, abdomen, pelvis, head and neck, and brain.

= In Systemic anatomybody is studied in systems, like skeletal system(osteology), muscular system (myology), vascular system (angiology),articulatory system (Syndesmologyor arthrology), nervous system(neuroanatomy), and respiratory, digestive, urogenital and endocrine systems(Splanchology).


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SUBDIVISIONS ofANATOMY

2) Living anatomy is studied on livinghuman beings, by inspection, palpation,auscultation, endoscopy, . . . . . . etc.

3) Embryology(developmenta lanatomy) is study of prenatal and postnataldevelopmental changes in an individual.

4) Histology (microscop icanatomy) is study of structures with aid of amicroscope.

5) Surface anatomy (topograph icanatomy) is study of deeper parts of body inrelation to skin surface.6) Applied anatomy (clinicalanatomy) deals with appl icat ionof anatomical

knowledge to medical and surgical practice.7) Radiographic anatomy is study of deeper organs by plainand contrast

radiography and by modern imaging techniques as computed tomography(CT),nuclear magnetic resonance imaging(NMRI) and positron emission

tomography(PET).8) Comparative anatomy is study of anatomy ofoth er animalsto explain

changes in form, structure and function of different parts of human body.9)Experimental anatomy is study offactors, which influence and determine

form, structure and function of different parts of body.10) Physical anthropology deals with external features and measurements of

different races and groups of people and with study of prehistoric remains.


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DESCRIPTIVE TERMS1) Terms used in describingPositionofBody:a) Anatomical position:

@ In this position, body is standing, witheyes looking forwards, upper limbshanging by side of trunk and palmdirected forwards, and lower limbsare parallel with toes pointingforwards.

@ All structures are described presumingbody in anatomical position, althoughduring study body may be placed inany position.

b) Supine position: Lying down(recumbent) position with facedirected upwards.

c)Prone position: Lying down(recumbent) position with facedirected downwards.

d)Lithotomy position: Lying supine withbuttocks at edge of table, hips andknees are fully flexed, and feet

strapped in position.


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2) Anatomical Planes:A)Median (midsagittal) plane:

A (vertical) plane dividing body into rightand left, symmetr ica lhalves.

a)Paramedian (parasagittal) plane:Any (vertical) plane, which is parallel to

median plane and divides body intoright and left parts.

B)Coronal plane:

Any (vertical) plane, perpendicular tomedian plane and divides body intoanterior and posterior parts.

b) Midcoronal plane:Acoronal plane, which divides body into

anterior and posterior equalparts.

C) Transverse (horizontal) plane:A plane at right angles to a verticalplane or at right angles to longitudinalaxis of any part.

D)Oblique plane:Any plane other than aforementioned

planes.


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3) Anatomical Adjectives@Terms used to locate precisely position of structures in relation to each

other or in relation to center of body mass.

I) Terms ofRelations commonlyused in Gross Anatomy:

* AnteriorTowards frontof body.* PosteriorTowards backof body.* VentralTowards belly (like anterior).* DorsalTowards back(like posterior).* SuperiorTowards head.* InferiorTowards feet.* CranialTowards head(like superior).* CaudalTowards tail.* Median In median plane.* MedialTowardsmedian plane.* LateralAwayfrom median plane.* Central Closeto center of body.* PeripheralAwayfrom center of body.


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II)Special Terms forLimbs:

* Proximal Nearerto trunk.* DistalAway from trunk.* Palmar Towards front of hand.* Planter Towards sole of foot.* RadialOuterin upper limb.* Ulnar Innerin upper limb.* Tibial Innerin lower limb.* Fibular Outerin lower limb.

* Preaxial Outerborder in upper limb

and innerborder in lower limb.* Postaxial Innerborder in upper limb

and outerborder in lower limb.


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III) Certain OtherTerms:1) Terms used for Hollow organs:

* Interior Inner.* Exterior Outer.* Invagination Inward protrusion.* Evagination Outward protrusion.

2) Terms used for Solid organs:* Superficial Towards surface of body.* Deep Inner to surface.

3) Terms used to indicateSide:* Ipsilateral Sameside.* Contralateral Opposi teside.


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IV) Terms used fordescribing

Anatomical Movements

Flexion: Approximation of flexor surfaces, whereby angle of joint is reduced. Extension: Approximation of extensor surfaces, whereby angle of joint

increased. It is oppos i teto flexion. Adduction: Movement towards central axis. Abduction: Movement awayfrom central axis .It is oppos i teto adduction. Medial rotation:Inward rotation. Lateral rotation:Outwardrotation. Circumduction: Combined rotatory movements involving flexion / extension,

abduction / adduction.

Pronation: Rotation of mid-flexed forearm, so that palm is turned downwards. Supination: Rotation of mid-flexed forearm, so that palm is turned upwards.

Eversion: Moving sole of foot away from median plane i.e. turned outwards. Inversion: Moving sole of foot toward median plane i.e. turned inwards.

Elevation: Moving up. Depression: Moving down. Protraction:Forwardprotrusion. Retraction: Movement reverses of protraction.


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Arrangement ofStructures in body(From within outwards):

1)Bones form supporting framework of body.2)Muscles are attached to bones.3)Blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics form neurovascular bund les

which course in between muscles, and along fascial planes.4) Thoracic and abdominal cavities contain several internal organs called

viscera.5) Whole body has threegeneral coverings, namely:

a) Deep fascia.

b) Superficial fascia.c) Skin.

m, intr. lecture i, a 6-7.ppt

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