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³The culture of Sweet³The culture of Sweet

SorghumSorghum on salty fields inon salty fields inwestern part of Romania,western part of Romania,

for biomass production´for biomass production´

Aurel Ardelean, Violeta Turcu, Iulian Octavian Stana³Vasile Goldi´ Western University Arad, Romania, Faculty of Biology



INTRODUCTION

As the world·s population grows, the need to produce more food and feed will

increase pressure on fresh water resources for crops.

Sorghum is an important feed crop, that grown on more than 100 million acres

globally.

Sorghum grows in harsh environments where other crops do not grow well, and

sustain the lives of the poorest rural people.

In light of increased discussions regarding the competition between bioenergy andfood, Sweet Sorghum has emerged as a promising energy crop that offers potential

solutions to this conflict.

Due to the fact that it can be used for the production of food, first and second

generation biofuels as well as for fertilizer.

Salt stress or salinity is the most prevalent constraint in arid and semiarid regions

of the world that significantly reduce crop production.

Different methods, such as soil reclamation, irrigation, and drainage, are used to

reduce soil salinity but these methods are not economically viable.



In our country,

halomorphic soils occupy

relative limited areas, but

those with high

degradation potential

have a larger spreading

(1.5 mil ha).

In general this

soils are intensively use

as pasture, with

extremely low productioncapacity.



METHOD AND MATERIAL

T he purpose of this study is to improve the capacity of Sorghum production with all its elements: the assimilation of substances into the

stalk, panicle, grain and the number of grains on the panicle.

One of the purposes in sorghum amelioration process is the

tolerance improvement to: high temperatures, drought and high salinity

concentration in soil. T he last aspect was studied because of his

implication in diminishing sorghum production.

Sorghum Sorghum hybridshybrids

11 FloFlo 11-- 77//8383

22 FF 2121

33 FF 3030

44 FF 3232

55 FF 109109//8282

66 FF 103103 -- 55//8282

77 FF 104104 -- 44//8383

88 FF 104104 -- 55//8383

99 FF 103103 ² ² 1111//8383

1010 BB 864864

Were used 10 Sorghum

hybrids, on two soil variants with

different concentration of soluble salts,one under 0,2% and the other one over0,2%.



RESULT AND DISCUTIONS

Beside the high tolerance of hybrids there were obtained hybrids rich inprotein 20-25%, essential aminoacids, especially lysine and tryptophan

and the biomass production increased with 30-40%.

Consanguinity is made in parallel with general combinative testing

capacity, making works for androsterility reaction determinations.

T he best results are obtained when were used androsterile lines as

maternal form, and as pattern form, restoring fertility consanguinity

lines.

Hybrid combination



Obtained results concentration of soluble salts, one under 0,2%

6.6

8.4

6.8

8.17.2

8.3

6.7

8.3

0

5

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

pH

0.420.65

0.85 0.92

0.46

0.760.95

0.85

0

0.5

1

1.5

2ml/100 g sol

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

chlorides

0.1

2.1

0.64

3.84

0.21

1.66

0.43

2.73

0

1

2

3

4ml/100 g sol

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

sulfates



The size of S orghum hybrids after 30 days from emergence

6 3 . 1

5058 .7

3 . 8 472 .3

6 3 . 76 8 . 7

59 .5 58 .8

73 .2

0

30

60

90

cm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

sorghum hybrides on soluble salts under 0.2%

30.726.6

25.6 3.84

20.3 20.2

30.127

21.9

31.6

0

25

50cm

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

sorghum hybrides on soluble salts over 0.2%



Correlation between soluble salts concentration and production obtain.

74 .

73 .¡

70 .¢ 3 .

£

468 .

¡ 72 .¡

70 .4

62 .¡

6069 .3

0

25

50

75

100

h

¤

¥

t o l i t

¦ i

¥

m

§

¨

¨

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

so © ghum h

b © id

s on solubl

salts o

© 0.2%

76 .172 .2 72 .4

72 .5

65 .565

6863 .5

55 .2

67

0

25

50

75

100

h

¤

¥

t o l i t

¦ i

¥

m a s s

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

so©

ghum h

b©

id

s on solubl

salts und

©

0.2%



CONCLUSIONS

Sorghum plant meets or exceeds expectations for determining the viability

of bi

omass use forbi

ofuels centers on the four general areas: energy balance, materiality, sustainability and economics.

Sorghum experiences a short vegetative period, at a very high

photosynthesis rate, it can produce more sugar than any other crop.

T he energy requirement for converting sweet sorghum juice into ethanol is

less than half of that required to convert corn into ethanol. T his is due to

the fact that the sugars in sweet sorghum juice are fermented directly.

Some types of sorghum can provide grain, which can be ground and usedfor food, or bi omass harvested earlier for bi ofuels .

Considering the global importance of s orghum as a food source, and theincreased interest as a source of renewa b le energy , it·s critical to utilize

new agricultural technologies that maximize the crop·s potential and

minimize its environmental impact.

Development of salt tolerant s orghum varieties can help farmers to

produce sorghum for feed or bi ofuel.



B y applying ameliorative measure we contribute for hidric system

improving and for larger culture assortment amplification.

Soluble salt levels in the soil are important, because high soluble salts canreduce water uptake by plants, restrict root growth, cause burning of the

foliage, inhibit fl owering, and limit fruit and vegetable yields.

Sweet Sorghum has a great potential to help save fossil resources andreduce greenhouse gas emissions.

It is a promising crop as regards competition between bioenergy and food

production.

Because sorghum harvested for biomass can be harvested before maturity,

it is possible to grow it in a double-crop sequence with a winter annual.

Winter annuals are planted in the fall, grow rapidly in the spring, and canbe harvested anytime from late spring to early summer.

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