logopedie pentru psiholog clinician,psihoterapie si psihopedagogie

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UNIVERSITATEA “BABEŞ-BOLYAI” CLUJ-NAPOCA FACULTATEA DE PSIHOLOGIE ŞI ŞTIINŢELE EDUCAŢIEI SECŢIA PSIHOLOGIE ÎNVĂŢĂMÂNT LA DISTANŢĂ LOGOPEDIE - SEMESTRUL I - Emilia JURCĂU Pentru informaţii privind Logopedia: [email protected]

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  • UNIVERSITATEA BABE-BOLYAI CLUJ-NAPOCAFACULTATEA DE PSIHOLOGIE I TIINELE EDUCAIEISECIA PSIHOLOGIE

    NVMNT LA DISTAN

    LOGOPEDIE- SEMESTRUL I -

    Emilia JURCU

    Pentru informaii privind Logopedia: [email protected]

  • CUPRINS

    *Introducere ............................................................................................................................................... *1.TULBURRILE LIMBAJULUI ................................. ................................

    *1. 1 SUNETELE VORBITE ................................................................................................................ *1.1.1.NOIUNI DE FIZIOLOGIE A SUNETELOR VORBITE ....................................... *1.1.2.VOCALELE .............................................................................................................................. *1.2.3. CONSOANELE .......................................................................................................................

    *1. 2. DEFINIREA I CLASIFICAREA TULBURRILOR DE LIMBAJ ................ *1.3. FRECVENA TULBURRILOR DE LIMBAJ .................................. .......

    *1.3.1. UN SONDAJ LOGOPEDIC .................................................................................................... *1. 3. 2. PREZENTAREA ANEXELOR CURSULUI (partea I) ......................................................... *1. 3. 3. UN EXEMPLU CONCRET ...................................................................................................

    *1. 3. 3. 1. MEDIA ARITMETIC SIMPL I SEMNIFICAIA EI ............................... *1. 3. 3. 2. DIFERENA NTRE MEDII I SEMNIFICAIA EI ................................... *1. 3. 3. 3. CORELAIA NTRE CALITATEA LIMBAJULUI ELEVILOR I REUITA LOR . COLAR. SEMNIFICAIA ACESTEI CORELAII ................. *1. 3. 3. 4. SUBLINIEREA UNEI CONCLUZII .............................................................................. *1. 3. 3. 5. DOU OBSERVAII ............................................................................

    *1. 3. 4. OPINII I SUGESTII .................................................................................. *1. 3. 4. 1 NECESITATEA CABINETELOR LOGOPEDICE ......................................................... *1. 3. 4. 2. NECESITATEA LECIILOR DE LOGOPEDIE ......................................... *1. 3. 4. 3. NECESITATEA UNUI NDRUMTOR LOGOTERAPEUTIC ...................... *1. 3. 4. 4. NECESITATEA COLABORRII COLII CU FAMILIA .............................. *1. 3. 4. 5. NECESITATEA PROPAGANDEI LOGOPEDICE ........................................................

    *1. 3. 5. CAZURI CELEBRE .............................................................................................................. *1. 3. 5. 1. UN COPIL PLPND I GNGAV: DEMOSTENE ................................... *1. 3. 5. 2. POVESTEA PLIN DE PENUMBRE A CUVNTULUI MEU: LUCIAN BLAGA ............................................................................................................... *1. 3. 5. 3. UN MPRAT DISGRAFIC: NAPOLEON BONAPARTE ............................ *1. 3. 5. 3. O AGRAMAT CELEBR: ELIZA DOOLITTLE ......................................

    *2. NATURA I CLASIFICAREA TULBURRILOR DE PRONUNIE .................. *2. 1. DISLALIA ....................................................................................................................................

    *2. 1. 1. DEFINIREA I CARACTERIZAREA DISLALIEI ............................................. *2. 1. 2. CLASIFICAREA DISLALIEI ...............................................................................................

    *2. 1. 2. 1. CRITERIUL SIMPTOMATOLOGIC ............................................................................. *2. 1. 2. 2. CRITERIUL ETIOLOGIC ..............................................................................................

    *2. 2. DIZARTRIA ................................................................................................................................. *2. 3. RINOLALIA ................................................................................................................................

    *3. EVOLUIA I FRECVENA DISLALIEI ............................... .................... *3. 1. EVOLUIA DISLALIEI ............................................... .................... *3. 2. FRECVENA DISLALIILOR ................................. ........................... *3.3 EXAMINAREA, DEPISTAREA I DIAGNOSTICAREA COPIILOR CU TULBURRI DE LIMBAJ ............................ ............................................

    *4. EFICIENA MUNCII LOGOPEDICE N PREVENIREA I CORECTAREA

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  • DISLALIEI LA PRECOLARI I COLARII MICI ..................................... ....... *4. 1. PRINCIPII DE PREVENIRE I CORECTARE A DISLALIEI ..................... *4. 2 METODE I PROCEDEE DE PREVENIRE I CORECTARE A DISLALIEI ...

    *4. 2. 1 METODE I PROCEDEE GENERALE ........................................................... *4. 2. 2. METODE I PROCEDEE SPECIFICE ..........................................................

    *4.2.2.1. Etapa emiterii sunetului ...................................................................................................... *4.2.2.2. Etapa consolidrii sunetelor ............................................................... *4.2.2.3. Etapa diferenieri sunetelor ................................................................ *4.2.2.4. Etapa automatizrii sunetului .............................................................

    *4. 3. PROGRAM LOGOPROFILACTIC I LOGOTERAPEUTIC ...................... *4. 3. 1. EFICIENA EXERCITIILOR LOGOPEDICE ................................................... *4. 3. 2 ROTACISMUL O FORM A DISLALIEI ......................................................

    *N LOC DE CONCLUZII LA PARTEA I .............................................................................................. *G L O S A R .............................................................................................................................................. *BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV .......................................................... ........... *ANEXE LA PARTEA I .............................................................................................................................

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  • Introducere

    Limba este ntiul mare poem al unui popor. Lucian Blaga

    Limbajul uman care n lumina tiinei contemporane, devine cel mai important mijloc de relaie ntre contiin i realitate obiectiv, instrument al cunoaterii, al creaiilor valorilor cultural-morale i al transformrii naturii constituie unul dintre cele mai complexe fenomene psihosociale. Ele reprezint actul fundamental de legitimare a omului i de situare a sa pe scara evoluiei i a progresului materiei vii. Limbajul se realizeaz prin coordonarea unitar a unui complex de sisteme aferente i eferente. Transpus n termenii teoriei informaiei, limbajul este rezultatul activitii unor organe de coordonare, care recepioneaz din exteriorul organismului o serie de semnale linguale, le descifreaz coninutul semantic i, pe baza acestora, elaboreaz semnale verbale, inteligibile. nsuirea limbajului este o activitate care presupune un efort ndelungat din partea individului. Aceasta, pentru c tehnica de recepionare (limbajul impresiv) i de exprimare (limbajul expresiv) a comunicrii este una din priceperile omeneti cele mai complicate, pentru nsuirea creia este nevoie, de multe ori, de un ir ntreg de ani. inndu-se seama de dificultatea coordonrii micrilor foarte fine ale aparatului fonoarticulator, un anumit procent al semenilor notri nu reuesc s stpneasc tehnica vorbirii, i de aceea prezint tulburri de limbaj. Tulburrile de limbaj se difereniaz de particularitile vorbirii individuale, acestea din urm reprezint variaii n limitele normalului. Tulburrile de limbaj se difereniaz de aceste variaii individuale i de particularitile psihofiziologice de vrst. Enumerm mai jos (dup M. Guu, 1975, p. 8-9) cteva dintre caracteristicile lor:Neconcordana dintre modul de vorbire i vrsta vorbitorului. Dac pn la vrsta

    de 4 ani, pronunarea greit a unor sunete constituie o manifestare n limitele fiziologice ale normalului, care nu reclam exerciii logopedice speciale, dup acea vrst deficienele de limbaj sunt de natur defectologic si necesit un tratament logopedic.

    Caracterul staionar al tulburrilor de limbaj. Imperfeciunile care apar n procesul evoluiei ontogenetice a limbajului i care n jurul vrstei de 4 ani se lichideaz de la sine n procesul normal de nvare a vorbirii de ctre copii nu prezint o semnificaie defectologic. Tulburri de limbaj pot fi considerate numai acele deficiene care se menin dup vrsta de 4 ani i care prezint tendine de agravare.

    Susceptibilitatea mrit la complicaii neuro-psihice. Limbajul constituie o punte de legtur i de comunicare ntre oameni. Oamenii vorbesc ca s se neleag, i cu ct se exprim mai clar, mai precis, cu att se neleg mai bine. O formulare defectuoas plictisete, displace i este neinteligibil pentru cei din jur. Persoanele care prezint tulburri de limbaj pot nregistra complicaii neuropsihice, tulburri de conduit i de personalitate. Acestea pentru c tulburrile de limbaj, ncepnd cu cele mai simple, influeneaz negativ ntregul comportament uman, datorit, pe de o parte, posibilitilor reduse de exprimare, iar pe de alt parte, existenei unei anumite temeri i

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    reineri a handicapailor de limbaj, care i mpiedic s se desfoare la nivelul posibilitilor lor reale.

    Necesitatea aplicrii unui tratament logopedic. n timp ce particularitile individuale de limbaj dispar treptat, fr un tratament logopedic, tulburrile de limbaj nu dispar de la sine. De aceea, n funcie de natura i specificul fiecrei tulburri de limbaj, sunt absolut necesare exerciii logopedice speciale, pentru prevenirea i corectarea acestora. Cu ct tratamentul logopedic se desfoar mai de timpuriu i n mediul natural de via al copiilor, cu att este mai eficient. Vrsta de 4 ani este considerat, n general, ca fiind cea mai indicat pentru realizarea tratamentului logopedic.

    Astzi, cnd colarizarea ncepe, de regul, la vrsta de 7 ani, consolidarea vorbirii corecte la o vrst ct mai timpurie trebuie s devin una din preocuprile majore ale nvmntului precolar. n aceeai msur n care este necesar ca tulburrile de vorbire s fie tratate ct mai timpuriu dup apariia lor, tot astfel este absolut necesar s se fac o delimitare precis ntre particularitile individuale ale limbajului i tulburrile de limbaj. Primul indiciu pe baza cruia putem suspecta un copil ca avnd tulburri de limbaj este frecvena mult mai mare a dificultilor de exprimare fa de posibilitile medii pentru vrsta luat n considerare. Cercetarea tulburrilor de limbaj prezint obiectul de studiu al logopediei (gr. logos cuvnt i paideia educaie) . Specialitii au ajuns la un consens n ceea ce privete definirea obiectului de studiu al acestei discipline tiinifice de sintez (vezi fig. I. 1. ) . Logopedia este o disciplin pedagogic special care se ocup cu prevenirea i corectarea defectelor de vorbire (M. E. Hvatev, 1959), este tiina despre fiziologia i patologia procesului de nelegere, de comunicare, despre prevenirea i tratamentul pedagogico-corectiv al defectelor n domeniul nelegerii comunicrii (M. Sovak, 1956) . Logopedia se contureaz ca acea disciplin a tiinelor psihopedagogice care studiaz problemele speciale de natur psihologic, sociologic i medical privind prevenirea i corectarea tulburrilor de limbaj (M. Guu, 1975) . Reinem c preocuparea logopediei nu se reduce numai la tratarea sau corectarea vorbirii, ci se extinde i la producerea, evoluia i exercitarea, n condiii normale, a limbajului ca fenomen de comunicare, de transmitere intenionat, de relaii ntre cunotinele umane n cadrul societii. Toate fenomenele, indiferent n ce sector sau pe ce faet a actului de comunicare s-ar produce, i care mpiedic perfecta transmitere, recepie i nelegere interuman, constituie o preocupare reeducativ complex (C. Punescu, 1976) . Logopedia deci este o tiin interdisciplinar (figura I. 1 ilustreaz acest fapt) cu un predominant caracter aplicativ, axat n special pe prevenirea i corectarea tulburrilor de limbaj. Cele mai multe tulburri se ntlnesc la copii de vrst precolar, adic tocmai n perioada n care limbajul se formeaz i se dezvolt. n aceast perioad, mecanismele motorii i diferenierea sunt insuficient dezvoltate. Adoptarea unor msuri cu caracter terapeutic n faza de debut a tulburrilor de limbaj constituie un factor hotrtor n reuita tratamentului logopedic. La copii, automatismele psiho-lingvistice nefiind bine consolidate, pot fi nlturate cu totul i nlocuite cu deprinderi corecte de vorbire. Succesul terapeutic la aceast vrst este asigurat i de faptul c atunci sistemul nervos se caracterizeaz printr-o mare plasticitate,

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  • care permite o acomodare rapid la situaii noi. Tratamentul logopedic este ndreptat, n primul rnd, n direcia prevenirii tulburrilor de limbaj, pentru c a preveni este mai uor dect a corecta, iar a educa este mai uor dect a reeduca. Cu ct profilaxia ncepe mai repede, nainte de instalarea automatismelor patologice, cu att succesul este mai mare. Iat de ce, prin aplicarea pe scar larg a msurilor de prevenire i corectare a tulburrilor de limbaj s-ar reduce frecvena lor i s-ar contribui la restabilirea normal a limbajului, ca mijloc de comunicare i ca factor important de educaie i instrucie. Prevenirea i nlturarea tulburrilor de limbaj constituie o problem complex a crei rezolvare trebuie s-i intereseze deopotriv att pe specialiti ct i pe cei chemai s contribuie la desvrirea educaiei vorbirii copiilor.

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