lectii de limba engleza

8/2/2019 Lectii de Limba Engleza

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LECIA 1

TO BE(a fi):

afirmativ interogativ negativI am

You are

He is

She is

It is

We are

You are

They are

Im

Youre

Hes

Shes

Its

Were

Youre

Theyre

Am I?

Are you?

Is he?

Is she?

Is it?

Are we?

Are you?

Are they?

I am not

You are not

He is not

She is not

It is not

We are not

You are not

They are not

Im not -

Youre not you arent

Hes not he isnt

Shes not she isnt

Its not it isnt

Were not we arent

Youre not you arent

Theyre not they arent

Expresii uzuale: Who are you?

I am Lavinia.

What are you?

I am a teacher.

ARTICOLUL NEHOTRT

SINGULAR: a(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o cons. ex: a doctor =un doctor

an(un, o) - naintea cuv. care ncep cu o vocal ex: an engineer

PLURAL: se formeaz adugnd litera s

ex: doctors = doctori

n rom. se folos. sunt doctor i sunt un doctor iar n engl. doar sunt un doctor

(sunt doctor se traduce n engl. cu sunt un doctor)

(Sunt doctor = I am a doctor)

- aceast diferen ntre engl. i rom se ntlnete numai la singular.


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Can she take your tape-recorder?

MAY = a putea n sensul de:

-permisiunea pt. persoana 1 May I open the window?

-posibil, probabil Why must we stay at home? ( De ce tb. s stn1320u 259;m acas?)

Because Mr. Clifford may come. (aciiune viitoare)

(Pt. c s-ar putea s vin dl. Clifford)

It may be difficult, but you must learn it.(O fi ea grea, dar tb. s o nvei.)

He may be your friend, but...

MUST =

trebuie I must read this book.

probabil(n sensul de trebuie) He must be at school now.(Probabil c e la c.acum.) (aciune nceput n trec. icontin.nprez. i posibil nviitor)

STILL = nc ( n continuare) Shes still very prety.(E nc f. drgu)

YET = nc (deja) Can your baby walk yet? (Copilaul tu poate deja s mearg?)

He cant walk yet. (Nu poate s mearg nc.)

(aciune care nu a nceput dar poate ncepe oricnd)

(= totui Ex.: And yet she was ready in time(i totui a fost gata la timp))

ntrebrile disjunctive cu can, may, must se formeaz respectnd regula c n englez nu sefolos. dubla negaie ca n romn. You cannt sing this song, can you?

Nu ti s cni cntecul ac. nu-i aa?

LECIA 5

NTREBRILE CU DO I DOES(Prezentul Simplu)

Do you smoke? Fumezi? I, you, we, they do

Yes I do. No, I dont.

Does he learn Russian? nva rusete? He, she, it does


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Yes, he learn Russian.

Yes, he does. No he doesnt.

LA

at se folosete cu verbele de stare pe loc (Tony is at school.)

to se folosete cu verbele de micare (Tony goes to school)

Particularitate: I am at home. I go home.(la verbele de micare nu semai

folosete to n expresii cu home).

De regul dup in, with, under, before, after, at, to se folosete the i subs.:

- I like to read in the garden.

- I like to play with the boys.

Excepii: home, school, college... Afterthe lesson thepupilgo home.

Afterschool they want togo to the cinema.

me = pe mine my = meu, mea, mei, mele

you = pe tine your = tu

him = pe el his = lui

her = pe ea her = ei

it = pe el

us = pe noi our = nostru

you = pe voi your = tu, ta, ti, tale, dtale, dvs

them = pe ei, ele their= lor

Expresii uzuale:

to be right = a avea dreptate ex.: Am I right? ( Am dreptate?)

to be wrong = a nu avea dreptate You are wrong(N-ai dreptate)

LECIA 6


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IMPORTANT prezentul simplu i

continuu:

Interogativ: DoI,you,we,the

y Am I speakingFrench?

Does he,she,it

Lavinia is singing

Tony is reading

Theyre playing

in the garden

the house

the sitting-room

Lavinia is goingTony is coming

Theyre taking Spot

into(deplasare,micare,direcie)

Expresii uzuale:

There is a bottle of whisky on the table, insnt there?

(Este o sticl de w. pe mas, nu-i aa?)

There are many cakes in the refrigerator, arent there?

(Sunt multe ...

Expresii uzuale:

neither...nor sau either...or

(cnd vb. e afirmativ) (cnd vb. e negativ) - regula dublei negaii

Nu e nici din fier nici din aur. Itis neither iron nor gold.

n general, nmod obinuit

(always, every day...)I

You

speak French

play the violin

drink milkHe

She

speaks French

plays the violin

drinks milkWe

You

They

speak French

play the violin

drink milk

n momentul de fa

(now...)I am speaking French.

playing the violin.

drinking milk.

You areHe

She

is

We

You

They

are


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Itisnteither iron or gold.

Nu tb. nici s citeti prea mult i You mustneither read too much nor rest too much.

nici s te odihneti prea mult. You musnt either read too much or rest too much.

LECIA 7

TO BE - past

I was I was not(wasnt) Was I? Was I not?(wasnt I?)

You were You were not(werent) Were you? Were you not?(werent you?)

He was

She was

It was

We were

You were

They were

Ex: Were you at home last night? Ai fost acas asear?

They were glad to see us. S-au bucurat(au fost bucuroi) cnd ne-au vzut.

TO HAVE - past

I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They had

Ex: She had a pet when she was a little girl.(Ea a avut un animal favorit cnd era mic.)

----------------Have, had se mai folosesc n englez pt. :

- a se distra: had a good time

- a mnca, a bea : He had a lovely meal.; She had a glass of beer.; had dinner.

- doar HAD se mai folosete pt.: a trebuit, trebuia(vezi lecia 10) =trecutul lui must

CAN- past

I, You, He, She, It, We, You, They could


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Ex.: He couldnt go to school yesterday.

Se mai folosete n englez i cu vb. care arat o aptitudine.

- Could you ride well at that time? (Clreai bine pe vremea aceea?)

- Could he ski when he was young? (tia s schieze cnd era tnr?)

Yes, he could ski very well.

Expresii uzuale:

MUCH = mult, mult He never eats much.

MANY = muli, multe He hasnt got many records.

A LOT (OF) = mult, mult,muli,multe

De obicei, se folosete a lot (of) n propoziiile afirmative n loc de much sau many:

- He likes to eat a lot.

- She has a lot of friends.

Se mai folosesc n expresii : ct, cte

- Ct cost? = How much is it?

- Cte fiice avea? = How many daughters had he?

LECIA 8

GRADELE DE COMPARAIE ALE ADJECTIVELOR

1. adjectivele de o silab formeaz comparativul adugnd ER isuperlativul adugnd EST:

high(nalt) - higher(mai nalt) - (the) highest(cel mai nalt) :despre lucruri

tall(nalt) - taller(mai nalt) - (the)tallest(cel mai nalt) :despre persoane

long(lung) - longer - (the)longest

2.adjectivele de o silabterminate ntr-o singur consoan precedatde o singurvocal dubleaz consoana final nainte de eri de est:

big - bigger - (the)biggest

thin(subire)- thinner - (the)thinnest


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3.adjectivele de o silab terminate n -e adaug numai -r ; -st:

nice(drgu, gustos) - nicer - (the)nicest

fine - finer - (the) finest

4.adjectivele terminate ny precedate de o consoan schimb y cu i i seadaug er i est:

dry(uscat) - drier - (the) driest

CONJUNII I EXPRESII UZUALE

Tony is as young as me(John;I am) la fel de...ca i

not so tall as nu aa de...ca i

not as short as nu la fel de...ca i

olderthan Mary(he is;them) mai...dect

the youngerof the two mai...din ei doi(cteodat i cel mai din doi)

the tallest ofthe three cel mai...din

(of us all;of you all;of all)

Adjectivele din mai multe silabe formeaz comparativul cu more isuperlativul cu the most. (R nu se pronun cnd more este rostit izolat sau este urmat deun cuv. care ncepe cu o consoan; dar se pronun cnd cuv. urmtor ncepe cu o vocal ex:more interesting)

confortable more confortable (the) most confortable

careless more careless (the) most careless neatent(neglijent)

Unele adjective form. comparativul i superlativul n mod neregulat:

much(mult,mult) more(mai mult) - (the)most(cel mai mult)

many(muli,multe)

good - better - (the) best


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bad(ru,prost) worse(mai ru) - (the) worst(cel mai ru)

ill(bolnav)

Folosirea prepoziiilor

from(de,din,de pe) se folosete doar n propoziiile care nu exprim ideea de existen

in, on, under, behind n celelalte propoziii

The dress in the wardrobe is blue. Rochia din dulap este albastr.

She wants to take the dressfrom the wardrobe. Vrea s ia rochia dindulap.

The mouse on the cheese looks very clever. oarecele de pe cacaval pare f. detept.

My mother wants to take the mousefrom the cheese. Mama vrea s ia oarecelede pe

The elephant underthe bad is a toy elephant. Elefantul de sub pat este un elefant de j.

My baby takes the elephantfrom underthe bed. ia elefantul de sub pat.

The cat behindthe curtain is in fact a kitten. Pisica de dup perdea este de fapt o pisicu

The cat is coming outfrom behindthe curtain. Pisica iese de dup perdea.

Expresii uzuale:

Its too dear. E prea scump().

Its quite cheap. E destul de ieftin.

grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair, oranges); grown-ups=aduli

LECIA 9

Expresii uzuale(din Viitorul Simplu):

Will you please open the window? Vrei, te rog, s deschizi fereastra?

Will you please come with me? Vrei, te rog, s vii cu mine?

IMPORTANT:

PAST TENSE simple

Aciune terminat n trecut


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La verbele regulate se formeaz prin adugarea terminaiei ed la forma de infinitiv(formagsit n dicionar; ex.:to like) ; la interogativ se folosete did; negativ: did not(didn).

Am cntat bine la pian? A muncit dl. Clifford mult(din greu) ieri?

Did I play the piano well? Did Mr. Clifford workhardyesterday?

Yes, you playedit very well. Yes, he workedvery hard.

Yes, you did. No, he did not workvery hard.

No,you didnt play it very well.

La verbele neregulate se formeaz astfel: S+forma2 a vb.(lista cu vb. neregulate se nva pe derost Engl. fr prof./p.358)

n cazul condiionalelor(if clause) trecutul simplu se poate traduce cu condiionalul-optativromnesc a cnta iar T.P.S. cu a fi cntat(n principal se folosetewould(should)=a...sau would (should) have=a fi...(vezi lecia 18)).

ntrebrile disjunctive la past tense(cu did)

I played tennis well, didnt I? Am jucat tenis bine, nu-i aa?

I didnt play tennis well, did I? N-am jucat tenis bine, aa-i?

ATENIE(din Andrei Banta)

Pt. c PrezentulPerf.S. i Trecutul S. se traduc la fel tb. precizat:

Dac momentul(last months; three days ago) sau aciunea este localizat sau dac textul este dedomeniul unei relatri, reportaj se folosete Trecutul S. Deci, Past Tense arat un momentdeterminat(terminat n trecut) al aciunii de cele mai multe ori precizat prin adverbe de timp

precis iar Present Perfect are ca funcie principalindicarea anterioritii(moment nceput ntrecut i continuat i n prezent sau termin. f. recent).

Expresii uzuale:

always often = adesea ever = vreodat sometimes

never seldom = (a)rareori

IMPORTANT:


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PARTICIPIUL TRECUT

Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formeaz ntocmai ca i trecutul lor.

Part. trecut al vb. neregulate se nva din lista de vb. neregulate de la pg. 358.

Ex.: There are many learnedmen in our country.

Suntmuli oameni nvain . ns.

Many appreciatedwriters tookpart in the conference.

Muli scriitori apreciaiau luatparte la conferin.

ADVERBUL

Adverbul se formeaz de obicei prin adugarea terminaiei ly adjectivului din care provin darexist i adverbe care au aceeai form cu adjectivul crora le corespunde. n cazul adugriiterminaiei ly intervine o schimbare de sens. Ex.: hard= din greu, intens

hardly= cu greu, de abia

Adjectiv Adverb

She is nice She writes nicely

careless carelessly

beautiful beautifully

Adverbe cu aceiai form ca adjectivul:fast, hard, etc.

The plaine is fast(Avionul este rapid)

It goes fast(El merge repede)

LECIA 10

IMPERATIVUL (FORMA NEGATIV)

Do not ask that!

Dont say it!

HAD se mai folosete n expresii pt.: TREBUIA, A TREBUIT (must= trebuie)

Trebuia neaprat s ajung acolo la timp. I really had to be there in time


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A trebuits fac baie n 10 min. She had to bath in ten minutes.

A trebuit s te duci s-i vezi aa de trziu?Did you have to go and see them so late?

Nu trebuia s-i spui. You didnt have to tell her.

EXPRESII: LET

Lets go! S mergem!

Let her take her dog away! S-i ia cinele de aici!

Let her bath quickly! S fac baie repede!

Let him speak! Las-l s vorbeasc!

Let me, him, her, it, us, them come;stay; read

EXPRESII: HERE; THERE(iat,am ajuns,poftim)

Here he is. Iat-l(aici).

Here is my friend Charlie. Iat-l pe prietenul meu Charlie(aici)

Here he come. Uite-l c vine(aici).

There he is. Iat-l(acolo).

There are my neighbours. Iat-i pe vecinii notri.(acolo)

EXPRESII: THERE MUST; THERE MAY

There must be a misunderstanding. Trebuie s fie o nenelegere.

There may be trouble for you there. S-ar putea s ai necazuri acolo.

EXPRESII:

May I introduce my son to you?

How do you do? Ce mai faci?,Bun ziua

I am glad to meet you. mi pare bine s v cunosc.

It was nice meeting you. Mi-a fcut plcere s v cunosc.

EXPRIMAREA I ORDINEA N PROPOZIIE PT. PRONUMELE:

mie, ie, lui, ei, nou, lor to me, you, him, her, us, them

Give me that book, please. D-mi, te rog, cartea aceea.


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Giveit to me, not to my brother. D-mi-o mie, nu fratelui meu.

Did he lend you the newspaper? i-a mprumutat ziarul?

Did he lendthe newspaperto you? ie i-a mprumutat ziarul?

No, he didnt. He lentitto my sister. Nu. I l-a mprumutat suroriimele.

LECIA 11

IMPORTANT:

PAST TENSE continuous

S + to be(trecut) + vb+ing

Ex.: You were reading a magazine. Citeaio revist.

Mrs. Clifford was sewing when Tony came. D-na. C. coseacnd Tony a venit.

I was sleepingwhen the rain started. Dormeam cnd ploaia a nceput.

They were dancingwhile Lavinia was learning. Dansau n timp ce L. nva.

Was the sun shining when she looked out of the window?

NTREBRILE DISJUNCTIVE:

The sun was shining in the sky, wasnt it?

The sun was not(wasnt) shining in the sky, was it?

Expresii uzuale: so.....that att de.....nct

I was so tired last night thatI slept like a log(butean).

It is so late thatI cant call in at the butchers.(E att de trziu nct nu pot trece pe lamcelrie)

We are so busy that we cant go to the cinema with you.

Expresii: had(pt. trecut), must(pt. prez.) + past participle

I hadmy hairdone yesterday. M-am coafat ieri.

I had to meetan old friend. Trebuia s m ntlnesc cu o veche prieten.

You hadyour shoes mended, hadnt you? i-ai reparat pantofii, nu?


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She had to have a new dress made. Trebuie s-i fac(s-i dea la fcut) o rochie nou.

You musthave your nails manicured. Trebie s v facei manichiura.

Numele unor magazine se formeaz prin adugarea s numelui profesiei:

barbers(hairdressers) = frizerie

grocers = bcnie(zahr, fin, cafea)

butchers = mcelrie

confectioners = cofetrie

chemists = farmacie

tailors = croitor

LECIA 12(SHALL and WILL)

VIITORUL SIMPLU(NEDEFINIT) THE FUTURE INDEFINITE

Ex.: I shall begin now. Voi ncepe acum

You will see him tomorow. Ai s-l vezi mine.

He will write her a letter. i va scrie o scrisoare.

There will be plenty of fruit, wont there? Vor fi fructe din belug, nu-i aa?

I

We

shall

ll

shall not

shant

go by train

make a good impression

be late

He

She

It

You

They

will

ll

will not

wont

ATENIE: SHALL i WILL se pot inversa ntre persoanele I, II sau III pt. a exprima pt. persI ideea de voin, promisiune, hotrre iar pt. pers. II i III ideea denecesitate, ordin,obligaie.


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Ex.: I will do my best. i promit s fac tot posibilul.

You shall drink that glass of milk, even if you dont like it. i poruncesc s bei p...

He shall tell her the truth. El trebuie s-i spun adevrul.

Will poate avea sensul de a vrea, a voi, a binevoi

Ex.: Will you bring me that book? Vrei s-mi aduci cartea aceea?

He wont go to school Nu vrea s se duc la coal.

I wont explain him the rule again. Nu vreau s-i explic regula din nou.

I wont see him again. Nu vreau s-l mai vd. (atenie: will nu shall)

TO BE GOING TO

a. se poate folosi n locul viitorului cu shall i will:

He is going to leave for London. Va pleca la Londra.

It is going to rain. Are s plou.

b. exprim intenia:

I am going to take one suit-case with me.(Am de gnd s iau un sg. geamantan cu mine)

CAN nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to be able to(a putea, a fi n stare)

Ex.: I shall be able to visit you next week(Voi putea s v fac o vizit sptmna viitoare)

MUST nu are viitor. La viitor se nlocuiete cu to have to(a trebui)

Ex.: He will have to go there on Monday(Va trebui s se duc luni acolo).

SHALLN NTREBRIse traduce adesea prin conjunctivul romnesc

Ex.: Shall I ring you up tomorrow? S-i telefonez mine?

Shall I bring you the book? S-i aduc cartea?

LECIA 13

PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU

traducere: am citit n propoziii


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lucreaz;o are n fraze pt. exprimarea anterioritii

vezi crile de liceu cls. X selecii S+have/has+vb.(III)

Ex.: Ai(ai) citit cartea aceasta? Have you read this book?

N-au plecat nc, nu-i aa? They havent gone yet, have they?

Atenie: Prez. Perf. Simplu pt. to be i to have

Forma III a vb. to be este been; a nu se confunda din acest motiv PPS cu altetimpuri. Ex.: De cnd sunt prieteni? How long have they been friends?

Sunt prieteni de ani de zile. They have been friends for years.(since 1960)

How long(since when) has she hadthat car? De cnd are maina aceea?Se folosete cu FOR i SINCE

Atenie: folosirea n fraze e n fc. de timpul din romnete:

Trecutul simplu(ac. termin. n trecut)

She has had it since she graduated. O are de cnd a absolvit facultatea.

She has had it since she has worked in this office. O are de cnd lucreaz n acest birou.

Prez.Perf.Simplu(ac. ncep. n trec. i cont. nprez.)

Pt. diferena dintre PPS i TS vezi ex. 247/p.208 din Engl. fr prof.

PREZENTUL PERFECT CONTINUU

S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing

Aciunea: nceput n trecut, continuat n prez. i posibil n viitor;

Atenie: se deosebete de PPS datorit verbelor cu aspect progresivcontinuu(a citi, a nva, a preda,a conduce(maina), etc.)

Ex.: What has he been doing since this morning? Ce face de azi diminea?

He has been revising for his exam. nva pt. examen.

How long have you been teaching in this school? De cnd predai...

Important: pt. a vedea diferena ntre PPS, PPC i TS (ex.249/p210):


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1. De cnd nvei englezete? PPC aciune trecut,prez.,~viitor i verb progresiv cont.

2. Ce-ai fcut ieri diminea? TS(did) ac. trecut ncheiat i timpul precizat exact

3. Ce-ai fcut toat sptmna aceasta? PPS interval de timp nc nencheiat etc.

Expresii uzuale:big i large se refer la volum, capacitate sau cantitate iar

great la importan

This volume is very thick.It has many pages. thick = gros

empty = gol(goal)

full = plin()

The engine of a car is heavy. It is not light. greu; uor

This question is difficult. It is not easy. greu: uor

Prepoziii i expresii:

There is a piece of cheese on a plate on the kitchen table. (Este o bucat de brnz, pe o farfurie, pe masa din buctrie.)

There are several chairs round the kitchen table.(n jurul mesei din buctrie sunt mai multe scaune)

Below(sub) the kitchen floor there is a cellar(pivnia) and above(deasupra) the kitchen ceiling, there is the garret(podul).

The cupboard is against one of the kitchen walls and opposite the cupboard there is the clock.

(Dulapul se afl lipit de unul dintre pereii buctriei i fa n fa cu dulapul se afl ceasornicul.)

below the clock = sub ceas under gas cooker = sub aragaz

a butterfly comes through the window = un fluture intr pe(prin) fereastr

it flies up to = zboar n sus

throws the butterfly out ofthe window = arunc fluturele pe fereastr

LECIA 14

alt, alt Another book is on the table

in front of you

ali, alte Other books are cealalt The other book is

celelalte books arealtul, alta Another is here

in the room

on the floor

alii, altele Other are

cellalt, cealalt The other is ceilali, celelalte others are


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This old car is mine(a mea)

your

It belongs to me(mie)

youThese French magazines are his

hers

They belongto

him

herThis fat little dog is

This bad tape-recorder is

ours

yours

theirs

It belongs to us

you

them

Expresii uzuale:

He cant hear. Hes deaf. smell=miros; odour=miros (plcut sau neplcut)

He cant see. Hes blind. fragrance = miros plcut(parfum)

Can you smell the smell of roast chicken? No, I cant. I have a cold(guturai).

Exprimarea faptului de a fi mirat i impresionat

Whata charming girl! Ce fat fermectoare!

How pretty your house is! Ce drgu e casa voast!

EXPRESII UZUALE: which=pe care,care(din mai muli(multe)); what = care

Which of them shall I lend you? Pe care vrei s i-o (i le) mprumut?

Which bookdid you like best? Care carte i-a plcut mai mult?

My sons are twins. I dont always know which is which. Nu i deosebesc ntotdeauna.

Whatis your name? Whatis the capital of France?

Imperativul cu YOU exprim un ordin categoric sau precizeaz persoana:

You stop that noise at once! ncetez imediat cu zgomotul!

You boil the eggs while I toast the bred! Tu fiebe oule n timp ce eu prjesc pinea.

EXPRESII UZUALE: two of them= doi dintre ei both= amndoi

I saw two of them in the street this morning. doi dintre ei


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NICIERI: nowhere cnd vb. e afirmativ i anywhere cndvb. e neg.

ORIUNDE: anywhere n prop. afirm.

Somebody, someone, something, somewhere ct i formele lor pt. interogativ i negativ(anybody, nobody) pot fi nsoite de else = -alt

Ex.: I saw somebody(someone) else there (Am vzut pe altcineva acolo).

Pt. obinuirea dintre prop. afirm. i cele inter. i neg. ex. 306/247

nici unul (una)

any i none =dintre mai muli either i neither = din doi

any=vreunul Ex.:Have you met any of my pupils?(I-ai cun. pe vreunii dintre elevii mei?)

any=nici unul Ex.: I dont know any of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. neg.)

none=nici unul Ex.: I know none of them. Nu cunosc pe nici unul. (vb. la f. afirm.)

either=vreunul Ex.: Have you met either ( vreuna ) of my two daughters?

either = nici unul Ex.. I havent meteither of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.

neither = nici unul Ex..Ive metneither of them. N-am cunoscut pe nici una.

S-A NTMPLAT, DIN NTMPLARE, NTMPLAREA AFCUT S, NTMPLTOR = It so happened thatI

Ihappened

It so happened that we heard (didnt hear) the telephone bell. (S-a ntmplat s auzim tel.)

We happened to hear (not to hear) the telephone bell.

The girl happened to be very pretty.

EXPRESII:

You are wicked = Eti ru ( n general )

You are being wicked = Eti ru (n cazul de fa cu implicaia c de obicei nu este)

Se folosete i cu : nasty(nesuferit), mean(urcios,meschin)

POLISEMIA LUI JOIN:


22/45


23/45

EXPRESII UZUALE:

unul pe altul, unul pe cellalt = each other = one another

diateza pasiv S + to be + past participle

EXPRESII UZUALE:(neither(nor), either)

Nici mie nu-mi place piperul. I dont like peppereither. Neither do I like pepper.

(atenie se inverseaz)

Nici el nu poate comite astfel de erori. Neither (Nor) can he commit such errors.

He cant commit such errors either.

Nici el nu este un om gelos. He isnt a jealous man either.

Neither (Nor) is he a jealous man.

EXPRESIA: LA FEL I

My parents bedroom is upstairs and sois mine.

I like this scent(parfum) and so does my sister.

I shall go to the library tomorrow and so will my friend.

EXPRESIA: DA, AA ESTE

A fost obraznic. Da, aa este. He was cheeky. So, he was.

LECIA 17

ATENIE - CONCORDANA TIMPURILOR N FRAZE

ROMNETE ENGLEZ1. T - P T - T2. T- T T- T Perf. Simplu sau Cont.3. T-V T Simplu - Future in the Past4. V-V V- P. Simplu

1. A. mispuneai c vrei s te odihneti un timp. atenie

You toldme that you wantedto rest for a while. spuneai se traduce cu T.S nu

B. Sperai c profesorul nu poate veni. sperai cu T.C.


24/45

You hoped that the theacher couldnt come.

C. Mi-a spus c sora ei e la coal.

He toldme that her sisterwas at school.

n rom. se poate folosi trecut - prezent(i t.-t.) dar n englez numai trecut - trecut.

2. A. I thoughtthat Lavinia had finishedthe book.

B. Speram c a fcuto bun impresie acolo. atenie speram se trad. cu T.S.

I hopedhe had cut a good figure there.

C. Ne-a spus c btrnul a fost clcatde o main.

She toldus that the old man had been run over by a car. atenie had been este TPS

D. Le-am spus c-i vizitezpe prinii lor de muli ani.

I toldthem that I had been visitingtheir parents for many years. TPCont.

Cnd n rom. se folosete trecut- trecut (sau trecut- prezent dar este o ac. trecutanterioar unei alte ac. trecute i neterminat) n englez se folosete Trecut-TrecutPerfect Simplu sau Cont.

Regula e uor de dedus pt. c prin astfel de fraze se exprim anterioritatea(pt. care se folos. TPS sau TPC)

3. A. Eram sigur c nu v va dezamgi.

I was sure that he wouldnt disapoint you.

B. Spunea c va trebui s se coafeze. atenie spunea, eram se trad. cu TS

She said she would have to have her hair done.

C. Ai promis c nu-l vei certa.

You promised you wouldnt scold him.

n rom. se folosete trecut - viitor iar n engl. se folosete trecut - Future in the Past.

4. n englez, cnd n propoziia principal se folosete viitorul, n propoziia subordonattemporal (introdus prin when, whenever, till, until, as soon as, as long as, etc.) saucondiional(introdus prin if) se folosete prezentul.

I shall see you when (if ) I have time (it is possible).

EXPRESII:


25/45

for me, you, him, her, us, you, them

O sa-i cumprm un cadou. Well buy a present for her.

FOLOSIREA LUI SEVERAL I MORE

Mi-a spus c are mai multe romane englezeti. several se folosete cnd poate fi

She told me she had several English novels. nlocuit i cu cteva, civa

Mi-a spus c are mai multe cri romneti dect englezeti.

She told me she had more Romanian books than English books.

LECIA 18

Exprimarea condiionalului optativ din rom. a mnca se face cu should i would.

n engleza contemporan would se poate folosi i la pers. I sg. i pl.

Ex.: I would like a vrea s, mi-ar plcea s

We would be very glad am fi foarte bucuroi s

El n-ar face una ca asta. He wouldnt do such a thing.

(El) ar putea sciteasc ac. carte

Engl. He could read this English book. ATENIE

Ar putea s o piard. He might lose it.

IF CLAUSE PRINCIPALA

Dac ar cnta T.S.

ar fi cntat T.P.S.(had+vb.3)

ar...(would, should+vb.)

(Future in the Past)

atenie: ar putea = could

Pt. a ine minte regula : n mod normal ambele ar trebui s se formeze cu F. in the Past dar areprioritate principala.

Am face o excursie n Italia dac am economisi destui bani.


26/45

We should go on a trip to Italy ifwe saved enough money. T.S.

Dac n-a fi vzut eu nsumi, nu mi-a face griji.

If I hadnt seen it myself I shouldnt worry. T.P.S.Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form: vezi tabelul de la sfritul leciei

Atenie pt. c la la unele prop. sensul e clar de viitor dar se exprim prin trecut :

Ex.: Dac vremea ar fi frumoas ne-am duce la plimbare.

If the weather were fine we should go for a walk.

AR TREBUI = I, You, He, She, We, You, They should (should not(shouldnt)

Ex.: You should go and see the film.

Ar trebui s te duci s vezi filmul.

A PUTEA, AI PUTEA I could, You could

Ex.: N-am putea fi suprai pe ea.

We couldnt be angry with her.

Ai putea cumpra aceast cravat pentru tata?

Could you buy this tie for father.

AR PUTEA(n sensul de posibilitate)

It might rain in the afternoon. S-ar putea s plou dup-amiaz.

They might come any minute now. Ar putea sosi din clip n clip.

AR FI PUTUT (MIGHT HAVE VB3)

He might have helped you. Te-ar fi putut ajuta.

It might have snowed. S-ar fi putut s ning.

They might have gone to the seaside.

EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI a fi cumprat, ai fi cumprat...

should(would)+have+vb3


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Ex.: Would you have bought that...? Ai fi cumprat acel...

Yes, I should have bought it. Da, l-a fi cumprat.

EXPRESIA: ar fi trebuit

S+should(la toate pers.)+have+vb3

Ex.: I should have given him a good thrashing, but I hadnt the heart.

(Ar fi trebuit s-i trag o btaie bun dar nu m-a lsat inima.)

He shouldnt have stolen them. (N-ar fi trebuit s le fure.)

EXPRESIA: a fi putut, ai fi putut...

S+could+have+vb3

Ex.: I could have solved the problem. A fi putut rezolva problema.

Could you have eaten all the cakes?

IF CLAUSE

IF CLAUSE PRINCIPALA

TPS(had+vb3) should(would)+have+vb3dac a fi, ai fi...+vb. a fi, ai fi...+vb.

atenie: ar fi trebuit = had had

ar fi putut = could have

If the mud hadnt been so deep, the wheels of the car wouldnt have got stuck in it.

Dac noroiul n-ar fi fost att de mare, roile mainii nu s-ar fi npotmolit n el.

We shouldnt have missed the train if we had hurried a bit.

N-am fi pierdut trenul dac ne-am fi grbit puin.

Se mai poate folosi urmtoarea form:

Had we hurried a bit, we shouldnt have missed the train.

ALT FORM A CONDIIONALEI


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IF CLAUSE PRINCIPALShould(la toate pers.)+ vb.1 S+should(pers. 1)+ vb. 1

would

Should they invite me to the party, I should refuse them.

Dac m-ar invita la petrecere i-a refuza.

Should you call on the Cliffords now you would meet Lavinia there.

LECIA 19

Diferite excepii:

1. Dup verbele to make i to leturmeaz infinitivul scurt (fr to):Ex.: He made her come with him. A pus-o s vin cu el.

He let her come with him. A lsat-o s vin cu el.

2. Dup verbe ca to see, to hear, to watch, to feelurmez fie infinitivul scurt, fie forma n ing:

Ex.: I heard her sing(ing). Am auzit-o cntnd.

She watched him eat(ing) L-a privit cum mnnc.

3. Dup verbe ca to want, to wish, to expect, to likepoate urma un acuzativ+infinitivul cu to.Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea voia ca el s plece.

They expected Mary to answer. Se ateptau ca Mary s rspund.

Aceast construcie se folosete atunci cnd aciunea celui de-al doilea verb este fcut de altpersoan dect subiectul primului verb. Dac acuzativul se omite, se subnelege c aciuneacelui de-al doilea verb este nfptuit de subiect.

Ex.: She wanted him to go. Ea vroia ca el s plece.

She wanted to go. Ea vroia s plece.

4. Dup verbe ca to belive, to consider, to think, to report se folosete aceeai construcie (Shebelives him to be a good student) cu deosebirea c ideea poate fi exprimat i n felul urmtor:She belives that he is a good student.

He

She

is said

was heard

to sing very well

to speak English correctly

to have a good English pronunciation.


29/45

The student

The girl

happens

seems

is likely

is sure

prez.

trecut

viitor

They

The children

The Browns

are

were

will be

given

offered

lent

some new book

some picture postcards

pens

Exprimarea unor lucruri generale (impersonale) diateza pasiv:Valuable archaelogic discoveries are made in our country nowadays.

n zilele noastre se fac descoperiri arheologice preioase n ara noastr.

Valuable archaelogic discoveries are being made in our country nowadays.

n zilele noastre(chiar n momentul de fa) se fac descoperiri arh. preioase n . ns.

Many interesting opinions were put forward at the conference yesterday.

La conferina de ieri s-au expus multe preri interesante.

Modern blocks of flats have been built in Bucharest in the last few years.

n ultimii ani s-au construit n Bucureti blocuri moderne.

He told me that new data about outer space had been obtained.

Mi-a spus c s-au obinut date noi n legtur cu spaiul cosmic.

Rich crops will be obtained this year.

Anul acesta se vor obine recolte bogate.

Diat. pasiv se formeaz cu participiul trecut.

Pt. accentuare se poate folosi do la imperativ i la indicativul prezent i trecut, n propoziiile afirmative:

Do come here! Vino-ncoace (neaprat, te rog)!

I do want it. O vreau (cu adevrat, neaprat).

She did know it. O tia (cu siguran, fr ndoial).

atenie vb.1


30/45

Expresii uzuale:

A face mai bine s, ai face mai bine s...=I had better + vb.1

Ex.: He had better start learning.

Ar face mai bine s nceap s nvee.

A prefera s, ai prefera s...=I had rather +vb.1

I would rather + vb.1

She had rather drinka glass of vermouth than one of lemonade.

Ar prefera s bea un pahar de vermut dect unul de limonad.

We would rather travel by plane than by train.

Am prefera s cltorim cu avionul dect cu trenul.

Expresia Having + vb.(2, 3)= dup ce...

deoarece...(se poate traduce i cu

as)pt. m.m.c.p. romnesc

Ex.:Having raised the tent, the two men congratulated one another.

Dup ce au ridicat cortul cei doi brbai s-au felicitat.

Having seen the film, I refused the invitation to go with them to the cinema.

(As I had seen the film, I refused their invitation to go with them to the cinema.)

Deoarece vzusem filmul, am refuzat invitaia lor de a m duce cu ei la cinema.

LECIA 20

(rar ntlnit) ADJECTIVUL POSESIV(my, your, his, her, our, their) CU VB.+ING

Ex.: Mother is proud ofmy speaking English so well.

Mama e mndr c eu vorbesc englezete att de bine.

I insisted on their staying a little longer.


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Am insistat ca ei s stea un pic mai mult.

EXPRIMAREA TIMPULUI I SPAIULUI

Its a ten minutes walk to their villa. atenie: its nu there is

Sunt 10 minute de mers pn la vila lor.

Its ten miles to the next village.

Sunt 10 mile pn la satul urmtor.

Where shall we be in another twenty years?

Unde vom fi peste ali 20 de ani?

For me, you, him, her, us, them (for-Infinitive construction)

It is important for meto buy a house.

She bought a magazine for me to read.

Biatului i este greu = Its difficult for the boy = E greu pt. biat

Pronumele relative whom, which(la acuzativ) se pot omite, prepoziia care le precede plasndu-se la sfrit:

Ex.: The man youre talking about is a doctor.

(The man about whom youre talking is a doctor.)

The book hes looking for is here.

(The book for which hes looking is here.)

EXPRIMRILE CONCENTRATE sunt specifice limbii engleze; reprezint de obiceicondensarea a dou propoziii:

He shouted himself hoarse=He shouted until he became hoarse=A strigat pn a rguit.

She sang the baby to sleep. L-a adormit pe copil cntndu-i.

EXPRESII UZUALE to worth = a merita

It is

isnt

wasnt

worth doing it

reading that book

the trouble(osteneala)

atenie:

- it isnt, wasnt i nu doesnt

-dup worth urmeaz vb.+ing


32/45

the money i nu infinitiv(to read)

Youought to payher a visit = S-ar cuvenis-i faci o vizit.

Youought to have visitedher from time to time =S-ar fi cuvenits o vizitezi din cnd ncnd.

You shouldnt buy so many handkerchiefs = N-ar trebui s cumperi attea batiste.

Tom shouldnt have bought that tie = Tom, n-ar fi trebuit s cumpere cravata aceea.

You shouldnt have insisted = Nu trebuia s insiti.

The doctormust have been detained in the hospital = Dr. trebuie s fi fost reinut la spital.

He has to learn his lesson = Trebuie s-i nvee leciile.

They will have to punish him = Vor trebui s-l pedepseasc.

He is to have a talkwith the architect, isnt he? Urmeaz s stea de vorb cu arhitectul, nu?

They are to meet and have a talk about the plans for the house= Urmeaz s se ntlneasc i ...

He was to go to the mountain = Trebuia(urma) s plece la munte.

You dont need to persuade me he is a good architect=Nu trebuie(nu e nevoie) s m convingi c el e

un bun arhitect.

You neednt have driven me to the station = N-ar fi trebuit s m duci la gar cu maina.

SHALL, WILL + BE + vb.+ing

What will you be doing tomorrow at this time of the day?

Ce-o s facei mine la ora asta?

At eight oclock tomorow we shall be taking leave of our neighbours.

Mine la ora 8 o s ne lum rmas bun de la vecinii notri.

Today week they will be basking in the sun at the seaside.

De azi ntr-o sptmn vor face plaj la mare.

When she is away he will be thinking about her.

Cnd ea va fi plecat el se va gndi la ea.

Unii vorbitori de limba englez, n vorbirea familiar, omit pronumele cu funcie de subiect.Ex.: Thought youd gone without me. Am crezut c ai plecat fr mine.


33/45

Seems rather tedious to me. Mi se pare cam plicticos.

VOCABULAR

alluring = ademenitor, tentant

to admitt = a recunoate

asleep = adormit

awfully = ngrozitor(oare)

bacon = costi

to bake(a cake) = a coace(o prjitur)

to bask = a se nclzi(la soare);a face plaj

to bath = a se sclda, a face baie

beard = barb

besides = lng,pe deasupra, n afar de

to bind,bound,bound = a lega

boil = a fierbe

careless = neatent(neglijent)

ceiling = tavan

cheap = ieftin()

chips = cartofi pai

comb = pieptene

confectioners = cofetrie

cough = a tui

to count = a numra, SOCOTI

dear(car) = (main)scump()

cel mai drag = dearest

elbow = cot

ham = unc

hen = gin

lend, lent = a mprumuta

lettuce = salat verde

(to speak) loud = (a vorbi) tare

to live = a locui

to mend = a repara

novel = roman

(to) pour = a turna, vrsa

purse = pung

quite(moderate) = ct se poate de (moderat)

to race = a ambala(motorul)

scold = a certa

sentence = propoziie

to shedd leaves = a scutura frunzele

sheet = cearaf

shelf = raft

ship = vapor

slices of bread = felii de pine

slipper = papuc

to stirr = a amesteca, a agita

stuffy = nchis(aer)

sum = adunare


34/45

at first = lanceput

fleas = purici

fragrance = miros plcut(parfum)

freckles = pistrui

fair, blond = blond

fizzy = acidulat()

gay = vesel

grapes = struguri

to greet = a saluta

grow = a cultiva(legume), a crete(hair,

oranges); grown-ups=aduli

swear = a njura

tall(tree) = (copac)nalt

thick(book) = (carte) groas

tipsy = ameit de butur

utter = a rosti(cuvinte)

waiter = chelner

warm = cald

wheel = volan

whom = pe care, pe cine = who=which

whose = al cui, a crui

weak = slbit

wrist-watch = ceas de mn

Whom = pe care, pe cine, cruia pt. persoane

Which = pe care... se folosete cu lucruri, animale

GUSTURI: dulce=sweet; amar=bitter;srat=salted,salt(y),saline; acru=sour,tart

PR:blond=blond,fair-haired; brunet=brunette,dark-haired ;aten=chestnut,brown-haired

HAINE:pantaloni=trousers; costum=suit;fust=skirt; rochie=dress; bluz=blouse; cma=shirt;osete(brbteti)=socks;palton,hain=coat; canadian=sport coat

ORA: familiar oficial

five (minutes) past twelve 12.05 twelve five

(a) quarter past five 5.15 five fifteen

half-past one 13.30 thirteen thirty

twenty-five (minutes) to seven 18.35 eighteen thirty-five

(a) quarter to ten 21.45 twenty-one forty-five


35/45

DATA: 2nd January 1971 The second of January, nineteen seventy-one

23(r)d April 1996 The twenty-third of April, nineteen ninety-six

Expresii:

to learn by heart = a nva pe dinafar

saving money = a strnge bani

look out of the window = a se uita pe fereastr

to cut a good figure = a face impresie bun

to pay a visit = a face o vizit

to sleep like a log = a dormi butean

to call in at the = a trece pe la

to take a taxi = a lua un taxi

the taxi will take us = taxiul ne va duce

to get on(into) the train = a se urca n tren

to give a lift = a duce cu mainato ring up = a suna(la telefon)

to iron the trousers = a clca pantalonii

to be out of order = a fi stricat

at once = imediat

students in English = studeni la englez

which of all = care din toi(toate)

to let him alone = a-l lsa n pace

we shant(shall not) mind = nu ne suprm(n sensul de viitor)

serve me right = aa-mi trebuie

to be run over by a car = a fi clcat de o main

to have a hangover = a fi mahmur(beat)


36/45

bottle of scent = ap de colonie

to get in time to = a ajunge la timp

I cant grumble = nu pot s m plng

what film is on there = ce film ruleaz acolo

to pull my leg = a m pcli

It isnt worth the trouble = nu merit osteneala

They are to leave on Monday = Urmeaz s plece luni.

today three weeks = de azi n 3 sptmni; two months today; tomorrow three weeks

to take leave = a-i lua rmas bun

to leaveforItaly = a pleca n Italia

to have my tooth filled(participiu trecut) = s-mi plombez mseaua

to have his hair cut = s se tund

proverbe:

Barking dogs seldom bite=Cinii care latr rar muc.

There is no rose without thorns (ghimpi).

Out of sight, out of mind = Ochii care nu se vd se uit.

Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today. to put off = a amna

No man is born wise.

CONJUNCIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care leag dou propoziii ntr-o fraz sau dou cuvinte cu acelai

rol sintactic ntr-o propoziie

PREPOZIIE= parte de vorbire neflexibil care exprim raporturi sinctactice de dependen ntre prilediferite ale unei propoziii

de repetat ex.: 167/p.144; 169/147; 205/p.179;208/181; 247/208; 443/348

atenie: had = a trebuit, trebuia trecut (interog., neg. cu did have,didnt have)

must = trebuie prezent

There must be a mistake. Trebuie s fie o greeal. expresie


37/45

The Present Participle(participiul prezent)

The Present Participle (ending in -ing) often corresponds to the Romanian gerunziu. It is alsoused in the continuous form of verbs.

Ex.:Readinga long novel I fell asleep. (Citind...)

Walkingabout the parkI was listeningto the birds which were singingmerrily.

The Present Participle is sometimes treated as a noun. In such cases it may be preceded by thedefinite or the indefinite article or by an adjective.

Ex.: The learningof the grammar rules is absolutely necessary. (nvarea...)

Buildingof our school took several months.

Thesolidtrainingof our team helped us win the match

We saw a meetingtaking place in the market-square.

When it used after prepositions it corresponds to a sentence in Romanian:

Ex.: M-am gndit s m- duc la un muzeu=I have thought of going to a museum.

i mulumesc fiindc m ajui=Thank you for helping me.

The Present Perfect Tense Simple(traducere: am citit, merg)

indic anterioritatea fa de prezent

S+have/has+vb.(III) Se folosete n urmtoarele cazuri:

1. cu adverbe care exprim un timp nedefinit sau o frecven ca: ever, never, always,sometimes, often, seldom, rarely, usuallly, frequently, repeatedly

Ex.: L-am ntlnit adesea pe la expoziii. I have often methim at some exhibitions.

2.cnd aciunea nu este localizat d.p.d.v. al timpului sau locului

Ex.. Am citit cartea. I have read the book.

3. cnd aciunea este nceput n trecut i se continu i n prezent(eventual i n viitor)

Ex.: De cnd l cunoti? How long have you known him?

I have known him for five years/since 1970.


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Atenie: n cazul verbelor cu aspect progresiv continuu se folosete Presentperfectcontinuous(Ex.: De cndnvei englezete? How long have you been studyingEnglish?

I have been learning English for four years/since 1971(since I entered this school).

4. cnd aciunea menionat s-a efectuat n cadrul unui interval de timp nc nencheiat, caremai continu i n prezent(i eventual i n viitor); se folos. cu today, this week...

Ex.: L-am vzut de dou ori sptmna/luna/primvara asta.

I have seen/met him twice this week/month/spring

5. cnd aciunea s-a efectuat(i terminat) foarte de curnd; se folos. cu: lately, just, recently, inthe last few days/weeks, of late

Ex.. Abia a sosit. He has just come/arrived

n ultima vreme nu l-am prea vzut. I have not seen much of him lately.

6. cnd aciunea(neprecizat n timp, dar desigur de domeniul trecutului, deci ncheiat) arerezultate, consecine, efecte vizibile n prezent:

Ex.: A plouat. It has rained.

7. situaia atipic nlocuind viitorul II din romn n secundarele temporare, n cadrul regulilorcorespondenei timpurilor

i voi mprumuta/i mprumut cartea dup ce o voi fi citit/ o voi citi/ o citesc eu.

I shall/will lend you the the book after/when I have read it.

Evident, n vorbirea indirect prezent perfect se va transforma n past perfect dac principala va fi la un timptrecut:

Mi-a spus c va pleca la plimbare dup ce va fi mncat/ dup ce mnnc/ dup ce va mnca.

He told me (that) he would go for a walk after/ when he had finished dinner.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINOUS

S+HAVE+BEEN+ VB+ing

The P. P. C. shows an action which started in the past, is continuing in the present and is likelyto continue also in the future. Se folos. cu since ifor

Ex.: My friends have been living in this town(since 1970; for 5 years).

Prietenii mei locuiesc n acest ora.


39/45

DIATEZELE

DIATEZA ACTIV: aciunea verbului este ndeplinit chiar de subiectulgramatical(indiferent dac ea se rsfrnge asupra unui complement direct sau nu)

Ex.: The boy is reading (a book).

DIATEZA PASIV(THE PASSIVE VOICE): subiectul gramatical sufer aciuneaunui verb tranzitiv, ndeplinit de altcineva(subiectul logic)

Se formeaz cu vb to be i participiul trecut.

Ex.: A letter was written by the boy yesterday.

DIATEZA REFLEXIV: rsfrngerea aciunii ndeplinite de subiect chiar asupra

lui(verbe reflexive)

Ex.: The boy washed and combed himself properly for his sisters wedding.

PAST PERFECT (se poate traduce cu mai-mult-ca-perfectul romnesc(mncase))

anterioritatea unei aciuni trecute fa de o alt aciune trecut

1. simplu

S + had + vb.(III)

indicarea unei aciuni sau stri trecute ncepute i terminate naintea unei alte aciuni trecuteori a unui moment din trecut; se folos cu: hardly, scarcely, no sooner, before, when...

Ex.: After he had eaten he went for a walk

Dup ce mncase/a mncat a plecat la plimbare.

Hardlyhad the teachercome into the room when the pupils surrounded him.

S vb.(n constrruciile cu hardly, scarcely, no sooner se schimb ordinea)

Atenie: TPS se traduce i cu a fi, ai fi...+vb. n condiionale(n if clause)

2. continu(se poate traduce cu imperfectul romnesc(nva) sau chiar prezent(locuiesc))

S + had + been + vb.+ing

indicarea unei aciuni ncepute naintea unei alte aciuni trecute i nc neterminat continundpn n momentul acela

Ex.. When I arrived at Sinaia, it had been rainingfor three days.


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Cnd am ajuns la Sinaia ploua de 3 zile.

He had been learningBulgarian for two years when he went to specialize to Sofia.

nva bulgara de 2 ani cnd s-a dus s se specializeze la Sofia.

THE SEQUENCES OF TENSES

APast Tense is followed by a Future-in-the-Past(should, would) to expressa future action. Indic posterioritatea(ulterioritatea) fa de un moment trecut.

Ex.: This made Harold think that the Normans wouldnot come any longer that year.

He hadto swear that he wouldhelp William. (A trebuits jure c l va ajuta pe W.)

Formarea substantivelor din verbe: the suffix added to the verb to form the noun is sometimes -er, as in climber, sometimes -or, as in editor

Viitorul simplu(The future indefinite)

Ex.: I shall begin now. Voi ncepe acum

You will see him tomorow. Ai s-l vezi mine.

He will write her a letter. i va scrie o scrisoare.

I

We

shall

ll

shall not

shant

go by train

make a good impression

be late

He

She

It

You

They

will

ll

will not

wont

Viitorul continuu(Future Tense Continuous)

S + shall(will) + be + vb.+ing


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Puin important

The Nominative with the Infinitive(to go)(Indefinite or Perfect)

is a construction in which the subject of a certain verb which is used in the Passive Voice is also

the subject of a second verb which is in that case in the infinitive and which immediatelyfollows the first verb. This construction is used:

1. with verbs denoting sense perception, such as: to see, to hear, etc. and verbsdenoting mental activity, such as: to think, to consider, to know, to expect, to believe, tosuppose...

Ex.: The carwas seento disappearin the distance.

Who is saidto have lived

2. with the verbs: to say, to report and to make

Ex.: The sword was said to have magic powers.

3. with the phrases to be sure and to be certain

Ex.: The news is certain to please everybody.

TO WISH + SUBJUNCTIVE

ROM.: CONJUNCTIVUL PREZ.: S MERGPERF.: S FI MERS

When the verb to wish is followed by an objective clause the verb in such a clause has tobe in the Past Tense:

Ex.: I wish I found a larger dictionary. A dori s gsesc un

If that verb is To Be we have to use Past Subjunctive of the verb which is were for allpersons singular and plural(I, he, she, it, we, you, they,were).

Ex.: I wish I were a student sooner. A dori s fiu student mai repede.

She wishes she were in the mountains now.

If MainI. Pr. S.

Pr. C.

Future. T. S.

Future. T. C.II. Past Tense Would(should) + VB.

III. Past P. T. Simple Future in the Past


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Would(should) + had + vb.(III)

NOUN CLAUSES : alternatives with WHETHER= dac (ns nu condiional)

(atenie:weather =vreme)

Ex.: He doubted whether formal visits would be of much help.

wondered the little girl told the truth.

worried

discussed

FAIRLY (destul de, ct se poate de) - is used with a pleasant or positive idea

Ex.: Your composition was fairly good.

RATHER(mai degrab, de fapt) - unpleasant or negative idea

Ex.: This exercise will be rather difficult.

Since poate avea nelesul cteodat de because

Ex.: Since he did not get along very well with his brother, he set out to make his own way in the

world.

COMPOUND ADJECTIVES

1. adjective + noun + -ed or -d Ex.: gentle-faced

2. noun + Past Participle middle-aged; man-made

3. adverb + Past Participle well meant(bine intenionat); far-fetched(exagerat)

IF + WOULD

If you would like me to try = Dac dorii s ncerc.

Wed be very happy if you would come to us next Sunday.

Would is used after if when we are interested in the listeners wish or will

When wish is followed by a sentence the verb of the subordinate sentence is either in the PastTense or the Past Perfect Tense:

Ex.. I wish I could help them = A vrea s o pot ajuta.

I wish I had helped them = A vrea s o fi ajutat.


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I wish I knew what is happening = A vrea s tiu ce s-a ntmplat.

They wished they had stayed at home = Ar fi vrut s fi stat acas.

When wish is followed by the verb to be in the subordinate clause to be is used in the PastSubjunctive, which is were in all persons:

Ex.: I wish I were in the mountains.

She wished she were a pianist.

The Past Perfect Passive

S+had been(past perfect(simple) of to be)+Past participle

Ex.: he had been killed by ...

The Subjunctive Mood

I, He, She, We, You, They + Should + vb.

POSIBILITY

Present She may be at home.

She might be at home now(stronger doubt).

Past She may have had an accident. Ar putea s aib un accident.

She might have had an accident. Ar fi putut...

PROBABILITY

Present She must be at home now.

Past She must have had an accident. Trebuie s fi avut unaccident.

IMPOSIBILITY

Present She cant be at home now. Nu poate fi acas acum.

He couldnt be at a snack-bar now. Nu ar putea fi la bar acum.

Past She couldnt have had any engine trouble. Nu ar fi putut saib ...

VOCABULAR(ncepnd cu cls. X, lecia 10)


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emphasis = accent

fatigue = oboseala

feebly = slab

former = cel dinti

fulfill = a executa, a ndeplini

furthermore = n plus

glance = privire fugar

hasty = grbit

hence = de aceea, de acum ncolo, de aici

inexhaustible = inepuizabil

kite = zmeu de hrtie

ladder = scar

leak = sprtur

lest = ca s nu, ca nu cumva

(eye)lids = pleoape

loaves of breds = pini ntregi

lobby = hol

stove = sob

stretch out = a ntinde (mna)

to stun = a ului

swift = grabnic, repede

threaten = a amenina

thus = astfel

trend = direcia

to twinkle = a licri, a clipi

to urge = a ndemna

to utter = a rosti

valiant = brav, curajos

to vanish = a disprea

vengeful = rzbuntor

to weld = a suda

welfare = bunstare

wheel = roata

wide = lat, larg

wit = isteime

within = cuprins n, n interior

EXPRESII:

to get along = a se mpca(cu cineva)

strong-willed = hotrt

on the verge = pe punctul

lectii de limba engleza

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