istoria limbii si dialectologie

8/12/2019 Istoria Limbii Si Dialectologie

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ISTORIA LIMBII ROMNE


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CUPRINS

EXPANSIUNEA LATINEI. TENDINE DE EVOLUIE............................................................................4

LIMBA LATIN I VARIANTELE EI..........................................................................................................6 I. Latina clasic II. Latina !"!#la$

LIMBA TRACO%DACILOR..........................................................................................................................&' ROMANIA..................................................................................................................................................() ROMANIA ORIENTAL ..........................................................................................................................(* INDIVIDUALITATEA ROMNEI ............................................................................................................................4&

AR+UMENTE LIN+VISTICE ALECONTINUITII ROMNETI LA NORDUL DUNRII.............44 Etnonimul ,la-i .......................................................................................................................................4

/A0ELE DIN EVOLUIA LATINEICTRE ROMN ...............................................................)1 LATINA DUNREAN ................................................................................................................................52 ROMNA COMUN ...................................................................................................................................6 TORNA, TORNA, FRATRE .......................................................................................................................78 IN/LUENA SLAV..................................................................................................................................... 2 DESPRE ORI+INEA DIALECTELOR ROMNETI ...............................................................................*4 AROM3NA....................................................................................................................................................*2CONTINUUM ROMANICUM ...................................................................................................................26 ME+LENOROM3NA...................................................................................................................................1'4 ISTROROM3NA ..........................................................................................................................................1' DACOROM3NA...........................................................................................................................................11'TRANSCRIEREA /ONETIC a Atlas#l#i lin ,istic $"5 n (ALR) .........................................................114TENDINELE DE EVOLUIE A LIMBII ROMNE 7NTRE SEC. AL XIII%LEA 8 AL XV%l9a.................11*TRSTURILE LIMBII ROMNE DIN PERIOADA SEC. AL XIII-LEA AL XV-LEA ..................1&'

ROM3NA 7N CONTACT CU LIMBILE VECINE....................................................................................... 1&( IN/LUENA MA+:IAR....................................................................................................................1&( IN/LUENA TURC...........................................................................................................................1&4 IN/LUENA +REAC.........................................................................................................................1& BIBLIO+RA/IE...............................................................................................................1(1


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EXPANSIUNEA LATINEI TENDINE DE EVOLUIE

! EXPANSIUNEA LIN"VISTIC LATIN # $u%l&'(), in&*it'%il, &+ 'n-iun&' oliti.)! SUPRAPUNERE PESTE LIMBILE AUTO/TONE, 0N PROCESUL DE BILIN"VISM, 1n un&l& $int2& TERITORIILE CUCERITE

! IMPUNEREA LATINEI, 0N DEFAVOAREA LIMBILOR AUTO/TONE, A CROR SFER DEUTILI3ARE SE RESTRN"E, PN LA DISPARIIE

! TENDIN DE SIMPLIFICARE A LATINEI POPULARE , PRIN REOR"ANI3AREATUTUROR COMPARTIMENTELOR 4FONETIC, MORFOLO"IE, SINTAX, VOCABULAR

!EXPANSIUNEA POLITIC ' Im &2iului Rom'n ' 5o-t $u%l't) $& EXPANSIUNEA LIN"VISTIC !L'tin' &2' *o2%it) ini6i'l 1n .&t't&' Rom&i;Il 2i&i > T2'.i&i 8 $9 at cli9nt9la$ 8 t9$it"$i# ca$9 $9c#n"sc n@ a#t"$itat9a $"5an s9 a la s#G !$"t9cHia I5!9$i#l#iromanii i-a! in"in "#$%nir&a 'i $& "&T2'.i' "ran orm%n*-o +n $ro,in i& +n & o !I a.C.T&2ito2iul lin *i-ti. t2'. *& imi"a" $& /a0a a$"& or in1,i "i & &+n"in*&a$in no2$ul "2&.i&i :i n) & *&2-'ntul no2$i. 'l Mun6ilo2 B'l.'ni +n,& in%n*!- &l' *&-t ! t&2ito2iul ili2i. iarl' no2$ ! t&2ito2iul $'.o=mo&-i'n !$rin0%n**&. &' D'.i&,.&l& $ou) Mo&-ii'i $o i/i D'2$'ni' (ILR II $. 343).A a i a'a*ar a !* *& m!n ii 6a ani "ra ii +nr!*i i ! *a ii &ra! $!"&rni in !&n

!m&a 1r& i or. ra ii &ra! & mai n!m&ro n&am *!$# in0i ( &ro*o"). S. t i&i Mino2 ; Do%2o &' = ; @ = 7 a.C.= J t9$it"$i# st$at9 ic !$in !"FiHia sa 9" $a ic

s#!#s @9 $"5ani i an9?atT2'.i&i a$oi Mo&-i&i 9 >Mo&-i&iJ F"na @int$9 D#n $9 i Balcani Mo&-i' Su &2i'o2)@9,in9 !$",inci9 i5!9$ial


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Lim%' l'tin) s9 9?tin@9 a a@a$ @in P9n. Italic s9c. I !.C. !/ V& $a ian ari "ro ra ia o a # $rim&'"& &"# &ni& roman#9 +na ii !n ionari *in $ro,in ii *&,in 'i &i &"# &ni romani iin* :iar in"&1ra i or*in! !i

a,a &ri or9

> C . 8 L&1&a !i Cara a a C"nstit#ti" Ant"niniana 8&;"in*& &"# &nia roman# a !$raa$roa$& +n"r&1ii $o$! a ii i/&r& *in Im$&ri!.Co oni0ar&a roman# n! a o " !ni orm# !n& & 0on& iin* !$&r i ia romani0a"& (6ri"anRa&"ia Pannonia) romani"a"&a iin* !n&ori o$ &'i"# *& n!m#r! mar& a $o$! a ii ora!"o:"on& (Car& a! o " a "orii ar& a! a,ori0a" a & " $ro & om$ &; a &;$an i!nii in1,i "i &>E;$an i!n&a in1,i "i # -a r&a i0a" !ni orm +n in"&rior! n!m&roa & or $ro,in ii ! &ri+n1 o/a"& +n Im$&ri! roman ?>C!m & "& +n !ra a"# romani0ar&a $& a & $o i"i o-a*mini "ra"i,#?

)


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Lim%' l'tin) i ,a$iant9l9 9i

Lim%' l'tin) J & "& o *&n!mir& a/ "ra " 1&n&ri # >a o$&r# !n n!m#r *& *'2i'nt& t&m o2'l&, 5un.6ion'l& :i 2& ion'l& a & '.&lui':i i$iom a in-t2um&nt $& .omuni.'2& '.ti* 'i +n &2m'n&nt) &*olu6i& *&-a !n1! !n&i $&rioa*& *& $& "& !n mi &ni!.

L'tin' .l'-i.) 'i l'tin' o ul'2) ;,#l a$ sa# ,"$Git = Js#nt $ou) *'2i'nt& 'l& lim%ii l'tin&s9 @i 9$9nHiaF !$int2)-)tu2i lin *i-ti.& ar& a! a !r # 'i r& & "# "o"o*a"# %"&,air !m "an &% "!"FiHia sc$is ,"$Git% $a@#l @9 inst$#cHi9 al #tiliFat"$il"$% sit#aHia @9 c"5#nica$9% #ncHiil9


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G= #ncHi9i $a5atical9 * nit *& &mna $&r & "! ,&r/! !i ,9ni$9iar * nit $r&0&n"! a & !ia'i,&r/.

B Con-on'nti-mul l'tin&i .l'-i.& Latina clasic a,9a #$5 t"a$9l9 "n959 c"ns"nantic9

>o.lu-i*& % GilaGial9 ,% % @9ntal9t,$ % ,9la$9 , % laGi"%,9la$9 # #

>-on'nt&4 % naFal9 GilaGial9 8 m% naFal9 @9ntal9 8 n % lic-i@9 lat9$al9 8 l % lic-i@9 ,iG$ant9 8 2

>.on-t2i.ti*& % laGi"%@9ntal9 5 8% @9ntal9- 8% la$in al9 8

>-&mi.on-o'n& % !alatal9 8 i % laGial9 8 u

A,9a c"ns"an9 95inat9 ;@#Gl9= , %%, tt, $$, mm, nn, ll 9tc. c# ,al"a$9 "n"l" ic 92 #5 s lGatic 8 922 #5 i9$cat #s asc#Hit 8catt #s !isic

A'a*ar sist95#l c"ns"nantic a latin9i clasic9 &ra r& a"i, #ran! a,&a on oan& a ri a"& ; 6, W, =

!alatal9l9 Y, Y n! &ra! on&m& in*&$&n*&n"& i ,arian"& $o0i iona & a & ,& ar& or c (a*i # &ra! !rma"& *& 9 i=

on oan& & 5 'i - n! a,&a! $&r& :& onor#n! &;i "a! on "ri "i,& & :, ;

or& a ia *& onori"a"& $ri,&a n!mai o ! i,& &9 *in 1r&a # a $#"r!n ( $rin !,in"& *& & ! 3 9!-Q$#s *ar n! a,&a ,a oar& ono o1i #.

>Si "&m! on onan"i a a"in&i a i & &ra r& a"i, ara . E;$ i a i *& &.

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II L'tin' o ul'2) a! *o2%it) 8 r&$r&0in"#*'2i'nt' !"i i0a"# *& a & & mi o ii +n .on*&2-'6i' .u2&nt), - ont'n) om$ara"# !latina clasic a &a "# ,arian"# a$ar& m'i mo%il)

a"%" a 2&.& ti*it't& l' ino*'6ii %" 'i a n&-u un&2& a # *& r& oman*#ri & norma"i,& *& $rin & *in 1rama"ia! *in in "r! ia ' o ar#9

>D& ini i a"ina $o$! ar# $rin om$ara i& ! a"ina a i #.

>'- &.tul o ul'2 'l l'tin&i $r&$on*&r&n" *o2%it & "& 'nt&2io2 l'tin&i .l'-i.&"&or&"i*i "in ia B a i B,! 1ar ($o$! ar) $oa"& i a*mi # n!mai *!$#a$ari ia "&;"& or

ri & ( & o ! aIII - &a a.C)9>D& %n* $oa"& i a*mi # "&or&"i *i "in ia B a i B,! 1ar ($o$! ar)?

L'tin' *ul '2) J 'n-'m%lu @9t&n$in6& *& or*in 5on&ti. 'i l&+i.o= 2'm'ti.'l O$0i ia Z.l'-i.[ \ Z*ul '2 ($o$! ar) -a on"!ra" "r&$"a" *&-a !n1! !n&i &,o ! ii ar& a*!ra" %"&,a !"& *& ani9 a/ia $in -&.olul I C , -.2i&2il& l'tin&:ti, m'i %o 't 2& 2&(&nt't& *& %" +n $&rioa*a an"&rioar# on in &;&m$ & +n"r-a*&,#r 1r#i"oar& *& na"!r# # &$

&nom&n& & 'i orm& & $o$! ar& *& "r! "!ri & a i &9

a a"ar& *in $!n " *& ,&*&r& "&m$ora l'tin' *ul '2) 9st9o l'tin) t 2(i& a c $9i 9,"l#Hi9 s%a ca$act9$iFat !$int$%#n'n-'m%lu $& t&n$in6& -i-t&m'ti.& :i '.ti*& @9 "$@in 5on&ti. il&+i.o= 2'm'ti.'l

L'tin' *ul '2) &ra uni.' lim%) .omun) ca$9'-i u2' .omuni.'2&' "a"!"! &i *&lim%) *o2%it) &;$ i # in&;i "&n a "&;"& or in"&1ra!"!#la$9 !/ ra$or"lin *i-ti.9>&l&m&nt& $& l'tin) *o2%it) o o i"& +n # +n-.o u2i -tili-ti.& & +n"% n& 'i +n "&;"& & i"&rara & !nor a!"ori *& &;&m$ ! +n c"59@iil9 !i P a!"

c"$9s!"n@9nHa!i Ci &roroman! *& *ra1o "& 'i a,&n"!ri SatQ$ic"n a !i P&"roni! &" .

Cara "&ri0ar& 1&n&ra # al'tin&i o ul'2&P&n"r! a $!"&a "!*ia & &m&n"& & on "i"!"i,& a & im/ii rom%n& & "& n& & ar #

'2ti.ul'tit)6il& .&l& m'i im o2t'nt& 'l&l'tin&i *o2%it& 1n )26il& .'2 'to=$un)2&n& (latina @#n $9an) +n *om&ni! "n9ticii a st$#ct#$ii $a5atical9 %" 'i al9?ic#l#i.

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I. Sist95#l "n"l" ic al latin9i !"!#la$9E;i "# o &ri& *& '2ti.ul'2it)6i 5onolo i.& a & lim%ii l'tin& t 2(ii ar&9?!lic a!t9 @in li5Ga$"5 n 9 !n& & *in a & "& !a$tic#la$it Hi!n" 9n9$al $"5anic9 a "& & !n" s!9ci ic9l'tin&i$un)2&n&.

I A V"calis5#l l'tin&i o ul'2& @n a"ina $o$! ar# +n !rma mo*i i #ri or ar& a! in"&r,&ni" +n "r! "!ra a &n"!o$o0i ia *& an"i"a"& a ,o a & or a o " "r&$"a" +n o !i"# !o$0i ia *& .'lit't& sa# tim%2u

ar& *&,in& t2)-)tu2' $i-tin.ti*). A &a "# "r& &r& -a $&"r& !" a$ro;ima"i, +n &. III-IV $.C. 'i a a,!" a r&0! "a" "ran ormar&a ,o a & or !n1i $ron!n a"& mai +n :i +n ,o a &1n. i-& iar a ,o a & or !r"& $ron!n a"& mai *& :i +n ,o a &$&-. i-&.

Si-t&mul *o.'li. 'l l'tin&i o ul'2& t 2(ii & $oa"& r&$r&0&n"a 1ra i $rin"r-!n "ri!n1:imai a & # ,o a & & *& *& :i*&r& ma;im# 'i ) & on !n*# +n"r-!na in1!r#.Sist95#l*o.'li. al l'tin&i o ul'2& t 2(ii ' ] ^ _ ` a b c d

T9n@inHa @9-im li5i.'2& a a & "!i sist95 ,"calic & *a"or&a0# .on5u(i&i 1nt2& un&l&*o.'l& ' 2o i't& .' tim%2u ar& a! *&,&ni" a i"a"i, & :i,a &n"& a ;i @9sc-is= s9 c"n #n@c# _ ;


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Si "&m! *o.'l&lo2 n&'..&ntu't& a$ar& a !m on "i"!i" n!mai *inin i "&rm&ni

' & o i u

! C!m & "& r&$r&0&n"a" 1ra i-i-t&mul *o.'l&lo2 n&'..&ntu't& 'l l'tin&i $un)2&n& h

Rom n'*&0,o "# a & " i "&m $rina$ari ia ,o a & or m&*ia &) 'i mai "%r0i! 1

' & ) o i 1 u

! Car& & "& r&$r&0&n"ar&a 1ra i # a i "&m! !i ,o a i a im/ii rom%n& ?

! Di5ton ii(!ni"# i mono on&ma"i & on "i"!i"& *in"r-o ,o a # 'i o &mi,o a #) mani &t&n$in6' $& .ont2' &2& 1n *o.'l& -im l&

K '& (ro "i"ai) *&,in&&c'&l#5 c&l#5 rom.c&$ - '&@#s -&@#s rom.i&@

'u > -a $# "ra" +n'u $#5 rom.'u $ (*ar a /.' $ !a# a)

l 'u @" rom.

l 'u @ (mai "%r0i! s%a @is"ciat+n *o!# i a/&)9

>+n !n& & a0!ri -a on"ra- i& +no c'u @a co@a rom.c"a@

'u $ic#la o$icla rom.#$9c-9 - i& +n' 'u sc#lt" ' sc#lt" rom.' sc#lt

! T&n$in6' &n&2'l) ' l'tin&i *o2%it& *&1n. i$&2& ' *o.'l&lo2 n&'..&ntu't& a ) 9 i " u

A &a "# "&n*in # & "& +n a or* ! !n a " &nom&n-in.o '2&'! -in.o '2&' ,o a & or n&a &n"!a"&i 'i u !n! *in"r& &nom&n& & & & maiim$or"an"& ar& $ri,& &,o ! ia ,o a & or +n a"ina $o$! ar#. Ia"# %"&,a &;&m$ & r& A!!9n@i? P$"Gi

(rom.,9c-i H) a".$o$.,9cl#s lat.cls. ,9t#l#s;$"5. "c-i = lat. !"!. "cl#s lat. cls. "c#l#s;$"5. cal@ = lat.!"!. cal@a lat. cls. cali@a

;$"5. ,9$@9 = lat. !"!. ,i$@is lat. cls. Vi$i@is

1&


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Vo a & & i 'i u iin* $rin na"!ra or+n :i & a! o " or"i"&*i $ari i&i%n* &a a!+n i a/& n&a &n"!a"& *& r&1! # $r& &*a"& a! !rma"& *&l n $ 5 Q a! .

R"5 na & "& +n # o im/# mai.on-&2*'to'2& *& %" im/i & romani & a$! &n& &&a &&;$ i # m&n in&r&a +n !n& & a0!ri a ,o a & ori 'i u n&a &n"!a"&

lin ula rom.lin u$ scan@ ula rom. sc n@ u$ sin #l u s rom. sin u$ !icula rom. ! cu$

!#l i c95 rom. !#$ i c9 -"5i n9s rom. "a5 &ni

! T&n$in6' 1&n&ra # a a"in&i $o$! ar&$& 1n. i$&2& ' *o.'l&lo2 n&'..&ntu't& aa,!" *r&$" on & in # +n"r& a "& &a$ari ia "im$!ri& a ,o a &i) +n a"ina *!n#r&an#.>Car& a o " on & in at&n$in6&i 1&n&ra & a a"in&i $o$! ar&$& 1n. i$&2& ' *o.'l&lo2n&'..&ntu't& ?

>@n an!mi"& on*i ii +n a"ina *!n#r&an# ar& o 'i ot&n$in6) $& $&-. i$&2& a ,o a & or& 'i o !rmar&a iin*a$ari ia *i "on1i or&' 'i o' s&$a s&'$ l & 95 ,.rom l &' 95 ola 5 o' $ l o$95 l o' $9

>T9n@inHa l#ii @9 a acHi"na as#!$a c"ns"an9l"$ !$9c9@9nt9 i ( &;ionar a! &mi,o a i ) a a,!" o a i!n& $!"&rni # a !$ra on oan& or $r& &*&n" $ro,o %n* a " & "ran ormar&a or +n.on-o'n& noi n& !no !"& a"in&i a i &

6, $(, W, , :, lY, nY, Y, Y , ca Car& & "& &nom&n! on&"i ar& a *&"&rmina" a$ari ia *& on oan& noi n& !noa i &?

T&n$in6'l#i i @9' '.6ion' '-u 2' .on-o'n&lo2 & "& !n&nom&n ar& on"in!# $%n# "%r0i! +n &,o ! ia rom%n&i. Ea a & "&a0#K mai +n"%il'%i'l&l&, $ro,o %n* a'a-n!mi"a!alataliFa$9 a a & "ora a*i # a"ra1&r&aar"i ! #rii or $r& $ar"&a an"&rioar# a $a a"! !i

alGin al Y in !i9!t Y 9!t 5i9$c#$i nY 9$c#$i &" .

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Ka$oi !n" a & "a"&$&nt'l&l&t @ l n ar&-& 'l't'li(&'() +n 1rai!ri & *in $ar"&a *& ,& "a "&ri"ori! !i *a orom%n $at9 $atY 9 $a 9 ,9$@9 ,9$ j 9 ,9$ k 9

,al9 ,a lY 9 !#n9 !#nY 9

>@n & on "# &nom&n! *& $a a"a i0ar& ?Vom ,&*&a mai *&$ar"& #i ar& !n ro oar"& im$or"an" +n $ro & ! *& on "i"!ir& a &;i!ni

I B Con-on'nti-mul l'tin&i o ul'2&

@nl'tin' o ul'2) & $ro*!mo*i i #ri im$or"an"& $ri,i"oar& a.on-on'nti-m r& & "a"& 'i +n-i-t&mul .on-on'nti. 2om n&-.9>"&n*in a *& r&*! &r& a on oan& or$u%l& ac"ns"an9 si5!l9 +n a"ina $o$! ar# "%r0i&

( & m&n in "o"!'i +n i"a ian#).>@nl'tin' $in D'.i' ll, 22 'i nn a! !n om$or"am&n" *i &ri" *& aor& $on*&n"& or im$ &. A'a & &;$ i # a$"! #+n$"5 n

K ' acc9nt#at n! & +n :i*& a), 1 *inain"&a !inn' nn#s ' n (*arl ' na l n )

K iar ll +n !n i& *& $o0i ia +n !,%n" - $oa"&*i $#r&a st9lla st9a

- & $oa"&m&n in& - al im$ ! caGall#s cal 5"llis 5"a l 9 ,allis ,al 9

- a! al $a a"a allina lY in in

- ni io*a"# +n #ll n! *&,in&2 a'a !m & +n"%m$ # !l im$ ! in"&r,o a i *in s"l95 s"a$9 5"la 5"a$

> s95i,"cal9l9 i iu s9c"ns"nantiF9aF @9 ti5!#$i# i ; =*&,in& $( 4 i ac9" $( ac ;J ( ac= it. i aci" a! i "c#s i "c ;J ; "c= i". i "c" r. ; 9#

(mai "%r0i! ( ; )

u ; = >*&,in& * in"r%n* +n or& a i& *& onori"a"& ! 9>+n $o0i i& in"&r,o a i # *i $ar&$i##s $i#s rom.$ #

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>%&t'.i-mul M "&n*in a *&on !0i& +n $ron!n ar& a !i% !* on oan& ar& a! +nom!n ar"i ! a ia /i a/ia # 'i onori"a"&a

al *9#s al %9#s rom. alGi9 ci*9s ci%9sc"5!a$a *it c"5!a$a %it*9$ *9? ,9$ %9? %9$ %9? rom. G9$G9c9*9t9$an#s %9t$an#s G t$ n

A'a !m & o/ &r,# ac9ast t9n@inH @9 sc-i5Ga$9 c"ns"nantic s9 $9 l9ct

i Car& a o " &,o ! ia arin1a &i +n $ro & ! *& "r& &r& a a"in&i #"r& im/i & romani & ?45


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>t&n$in6' $& $i- '2i6i& ' .on-o'n&lo2 5in'l& =m, =n, =t, =-, =2 +n a"ina $o$! ar#9&;&m$ & & !n" n!m&roa & +n in ri$ ii mai a & !%m *i $#r!".

Din ra i!ni mor o o1i &=- 5in'l ('i :iar =t ) -a $# "ra" +n !n& & im/iromani & (*& &;&m$ ! ili#s ca5!#s a! *&,&ni"+n ran &0# il - c-a5!-) *arn! 'i+n i"a ian# 'i rom%n# ( i li" ca5!" i# c 5!).

>Tendina *& mo*i i ar& a 2u u2ilo2 .on-on'nti.& +nlatina !"!#la$.- Ka *&,&ni" $rinasi5ila$9 -- a$oi-

5a + illa 5a --ila 5 -9a la + a$9 la--a$9 l -a K+n mo* i0o a" a *&,&ni" - c" + a c"a -

( om$ ! a /." 5-- 9 *& ai i i$o"&0a # ar i !n "ra"am&n" *&"&rmina" *&!/ "ra").

.t K&,o !&a0# a t l#.t a l# t (a /.l# 5t )9a &a "# &,o ! i& & "& $! # $& &ama !/ "ra"! !i9

.l, l Ka & "& 1r!$!ri a! *&,&ni" *& "im$!ri!.lY, lY !l $a a"a i0a" :iar 'i +ni"!a ia %n* &ra !rma" *& a "# ,o a # *& %"&, i

l aci9s lY aH i aH ".l #s ".lY # ". i

n- a *&,&ni" *&,r&m& -459n-a 59a - 5a-c"n-#9$9 c"a-9$9

! C!m a! &,o !a" 1r!$!ri & on onan"i & a"in&.l l ? >Si "&m! on onan"i a a"in&i a i & &ra r& a"i, ara . E;$ i a i *& &.>D& ini i a"ina $o$! ar# $rin om$ara i& ! a"ina a i #.>D& %n* $oa"& i a*mi # "&or&"i *i "in ia B a i B,! 1ar ($o$! ar)?>@n & a on "a" "&n*in a *& im$ i i ar& a i "&m! !i ,o a i a a"in&i $o$! ar& ?> Car& &nom&n on&"i r&$r&0in"# o t2)-)tu2) $i'l&.t'l) +n sist95#l "n"l" ic al latin9i,#l a$9 un 1n.& ut $& in$i*i$u'li('2& ' l'tin&i $un)2&n& a # *& &a o i*&n"a #.! C!m & "& r&$r&0&n"a" 1ra i-i-t&mul *o.'l&lo2 n&'..&ntu't& 'l l'tin&i $un)2&n& h! Car& & "& r&$r&0&n"ar&a 1ra i # a i "&m! !i ,o a i a im/ii rom%n& ?>Car& a o " on & in at&n$in6&i 1&n&ra & a a"in&i $o$! ar&$& 1n. i$&2& ' *o.'l&lo2n&'..&ntu't& ?>Car& & "& &nom&n! on&"i ar& a *&"&rmina" a$ari ia *& on oan& noi n& !no

a i &?>@n & on "# &nom&n! *& $a a"a i0ar& ?! @n & on "# &nom&n! n!mi"G9tacis5 ?>Car& & "& i$o"&0a $& ia i'"i or ! $ri,ir& a 1&n&0a a ri a"& or rom%n&'"i?>Car& a o " &,o ! ia arin1a &i +n $ro & ! *& "r& &r& a a"in&i #"r& im/i & romani & ?! C!m a! &,o !a" 1r!$!ri & on onan"i & a"in&.l l ? 16


15/129

S#$s9 sc$is9 ar& on in ,#l a$is59 M & &m&n"& *& a"in# $o$! ar#

a $& "! o ul'2 'l l'tin&i n& & "& !no !" n!mai m&*ia" 'i ra1m&n"ar *in *i,&r & s#$s9 sc$is99 $rin i$a & & i0,oar& *in & +n & mai n!m&roa & +n &$%n* ! & o ! I $.C. !n">insc$i!Hiil9 latin9 ti m!ra & a! !n&rar& ($& "& 2J JJJ $& +n"r&1! "&ri"ori! romani )

#ror "&;"& *& mi i *im&n i!ni on in !,in"& 'i orm& *i $ara"& n& $& i i & a r&9 $& "& 3 JJJ *& in ri$ ii +n a"in# a! o " *& o$&ri"& $& "&ri"ori! *& a nor* *

+n Da ia iar a "& 3 JJJ a !*! !,i! !i +n & & *o!# =o& ii.> P9$9 $inati" E 9$ia9 "&;" ! & &m&n"& *& a"in# ,! 1ar# ("&;"! *& ri& # #"oria

*& E1&ria o # !1ri # $anio # a o !ri & in"& +n !r! an!

>L! r#ri &n"$5ati,9 ( $a5atici 'i l"sa$9) A!!9n@i? P$"Gi M *o !m&n" norma"i, ( & o ! a IV- &a?) & "& !n & *& +n*r&$"ar or1rama"i a $r& i0&a0# ! &;a "i"a"& orm& & *& a"in# ,! 1ar# +n ra$or" ! & & a+n !m&a0# 227 *& !,in"& on i*&ra"& or& "& $r&0&n"a"& +n $ara & ! or& $on*

or!$"& a$" r& &,an" $&n"r! on'"iin a an"i # a *i "in i&ilit9$a$ !"!#la$ 9 ia"# %"&,a&;&m$ & ar& in"&r& &a0# +n $& ia im/a rom%n#

,9t#l#s non ,9cl#s (rom.,9c-i ) !9ct9nnon !9ctinis(rom. !i9!t9n9)ac$9 nonac$#5 (rom.ac$#)

al,9#s nonalG9#s (rom.alGi9)a!ri non ori a (rom.#$9c-9) !al#5G9s non !al#5G#s (rom. !"$#5G)"c#l#s non"cl#s (rom."c-i ) staG#l#5 non staGl#5 (rom. sta#$ )n#$#s nonn#$a (rom.n"$ ) s"c$#snon s"c$a (rom. s"ac$ )$i##s non$i#s (rom.$ #),i$i@is non,i$@is (rom.,9$@9) 9G$#a$i#s non 9G$a$i#s (rom. #$a$ )

Varian"& & *in *r&a$"a !n" $ro$rii a"in&i ,or/i"&. E & on in mo*i i #ri r& !no !"& 'i r& &;& & rom%n&'"i $& ar& &-am no"a" +n $aran"&0#.>Car& !n" $rin i$a & & s#$s9 sc$is9 ar& a $o i/i # !noa'"&r&a a"in&i ,! 1ar&?

Unit't&' l'tin&i o ul'2& im &2i'l&Vor/i"# $& !n ,a " "&ri"ori! romani0a"l'tin' *ul '2) *&'iunit'2) 1n &n&2'l $r&0&n"aun&l& $i5&2&n6i&2i 2& ion'l&. D&o &/iri & &;i "&n"& +n *i,&r & om$ar"im&n"& a & im/iinui='u '5&.t't +n # m! "# ,r&m&unit't&' $& 'n-'m%lu9 a & "& *i &r&n i&ri *& $ron!n i& a! *&,o a/! arnu $&limit'u ,a$iant9 @ial9ctal9 a &l'tin&i *ul '2& ar& &ra olim%) .omun).>E;$ i a i "a"!"! *&i$iom unit'2 a a"in&i $o$! ar& im$&ria &.

7


16/129

D&-t2)m'2&' unit)6ii lin *i-ti.& im &2i'l&Cara "&r!$9lati, #nita$ a a"in&i ,! 1ar& +n &$& # i& om$romi o *a"# ! scin@a$9a I5!9$i#l#i R"5an ( & . a IV- &a) *ar$&-t2)m'2&' 2o 2iu=(i-) :i $&5initi*) a a & "&i !ni"# i& "& *& *a"# m! " mai "%r0i& (-&. 'l VI=l&').>C%n* ar& o in*ar&a !ni"# iil'tin&i o ul'2& im &2i'l&?

T&n$in6& 'l& l'tin&i o ul'2& & r&1# & in&1a r&$ar"i0a"& +nlim%il& n&ol'tin& a ni,& !"!"!ror om$ar"im&n"& or im/ii "n9tic 5"$ "l" i9 sinta? l9?ic9>La ni,& l&+i.o=-&m'nti. an!mi"& i"!a ii *inl'tin' o ul'2) &;$ i #

a"%" !a$tic#la$it Hi @9 in,9nta$ %" 'i &n i/i &9,"l#Hii s95antic9

P&n"r! "&rm&nii rom. i". $. $or".*&2$& r.*&2t a! rom..'l$) i"..'l$'"r&/!i& a*mi & a&timo'n& *ul '2i-m&l&,i$@is 'i cal@a'i n! or& $on*&n ii a i i,i$i@is 'icali@a ( ! m&n in&r&a ,o a &ii +n in"&rior! !,in"& or).

P&r& :i & *& "&rm&nia". a .9 ##s B a a". $o$.caGall#s B a *& m!n # m%r oa1#a". a .i nis B o a". $o$. "c#s B,a"r# #mina". a .9@W$9 Ba m%n a a". $o$.5an@#ca$9 ( ! &n omi o-ironi )

!n" r&*! & imi ar +n im/i & romani &&l&m&nt&l& o ul'2&caGall#s "c#s 5an@#ca$9 -&im un +n *& a,oar&a "&rm&ni or a i i $& ar& +i & imin# *in on*! &;i a mo'"&ni"

rom.cal r.c-9,al $.caGall" $or".ca,al" 9rom. "c i". ;#="c" r. 9# $. #9 " $or". " "9rom.5 nca i".5an ia$9 r.5an 9$

S9ns#$il9 5"@9$n9 8 i@9ntic9 E;$ i a i "a"!"! *&i$iom unit'2 a a"in&i $o$! ar& im$&ria &.>C%n* ar& o in*ar&a !ni"# iil'tin&i o ul'2& im &2i'l&?>Din ar& ,arian"# a a"in&i $o$! ar& *& in*& im/a rom%n# ?

48


17/129

>Car& &ra! & & *o!# ,arian"& a $& "& !n*am&n"a & a & im/ii a"in& ?>Si "&m! ,o a i a a"in&i a i &.>C!m $oa"& i ara "&ri0a" i "&m! on onan"i a a"in&i a i & ?>La"ina $o$! ar# *& ini i&.>Car& !n" "&n*in & & *& &,o ! i& +n a*r! i "&m! !i ,o a i a a"in&i $o$! ar&?

>C!m &,o !&a0# i "&m! on onan"i a a"in&i $o$! ar&?

4F


18/129

LIMBA TRACO=DACILOR

Lim%' l'tin) #,or/i"# 'i im$ an"a"# *& ! &ri"orii romani a nor*! 'i a !*!D!n#rii -a !$ra$! "r&$"a" $& "& im/a $o$! a i&i a!"o:"on&. E "& *& $r& !$! # +nini ia # & & *o!# i*iom!ri a! o&;i "a" +n- '6iul $'.o=mo&-i. 9 ! "&rior +n #l'tin' &;$r& i& a !n&i i,i i0a ii !$&rioar& *ar 'i a !n&i a!"ori"# i o i ia & ' '-imil't lim%'t2'.o=$'.) . A! r#ma u2m& ar& +i $ro/&a0# n! n!mai1n$& )2t't' &+i-t&n6) i 'i '2=ti.i '2&' l' 2o.&-ul .om l&+ $& &n&() ' lim%ii 2om n&. Si"!a ia & $r&0in"# a &-m#n#"or 'i $&n"r! a "& im/i romani &

>*& &;. +n i "orialim%ii - 'niol& ,& :i!&l&m&nt i%&2i. on"in!# # i&o &ni m).

Lim%' t2'.o=$'.ilo2 a #"!i&'"&.om on&nt' 'uto ton) a!-u%-t2'tullim%ii 2om n&! Car& a o " a$or"! !/ "ra"! !i +n $ro & ! *& on "i"!ir& a im/ii rom%n& ?

A & " ,& :i i*iom *i $#r!" *& m! "# ,r&m&n! a o " on &r,a" 'i "ran mi $rin "&;"&.Li$ &'"& a'a*ar $rin i$a a /a0# *& *o !m&n"ar&t&+t&l& -.2i-&. Dinlim%' $'.ilo2 n='u 2)m'- m)2tu2ii -.2i-& !m n-a! r#ma ni i *inlim%' 'lilo2 'i ni i *inlim%' *&. ilo2lim%i i%&2i.&. Con*i ii & ,i"r&1& a! # !" # $iar#

>$o&m& & ri & *& O,i*i! a omi +nlim%' &t)9>o$&ra D& %&llo $'.i.o a$ar in%n* +m$#ra"! !i raian 9>o$&ra"&ti.' ri # *& m&*i ! Cri"on ar&- +n o &a $& +m$#ra"! raian9

( .


19/129

Va oar&a in1,i "i # a a & "or !,in"& & "& r&*! # *&oar& & oar"& $! in& a! o "&;$ i a"& &"imo o1i ma ori"a"&a !,in"& or $r&0&n"%n* oorm# or!$"##r#"&rmina ii !n&ori iin*im$o i/i *& r& on "i"!i" orma a!"&n"i #. D!$# "oa"& $ro/a/i i"# i &n!mai 4J-45 *&n!miri /o"ani & $&rmi" &;$ i a ii &"imo o1i & 'i

&man"i & a *& &;&m$ !ania$s9?9 iar/# #ra #Q @Qn !r0i #Q #"l9t9 1:in*#Q

(I.I.R! ! 4F84 $$. 2F-3J).

P&n"r! %"&,a *in a & "& !,in"& -a! # !" a$ro$i&ri ! !,in"& rom%n&'"i $rinra$or"ar& a a /an&0# 'i a & &m&n"& & *in !/ "ra" a & rom%n&i

$iG"$asta (rom.G$#st#$9 a /.G$#s-t#ll ) 95 ?"#la im/ri'orQ (a /.5"@-#ll n&1:in# m#0#ri :&Q rom.5aF $9) 9

a5"l#sta ('i a5al#sta ) m!'& & Q -ar ra$or"a a a /.a5G l *! &QA'a*ar lista l#i Di"sc"$i@9s n! $r&a a !"# a !noa'"&r&a im/ii "ra o-*a i or . ( .


20/129


21/129

E;&m$ & & $r&0&n"a"& $!n +n &,i*&n #mo*i i #ri &man"i & a & "&rm&ni or *inrom%n# &;$ i a/i & $rin "ra # ("ra o-*a #) $&n"r! ar& & $o" "a/i ion&;i!ni !a "& im/i &!ro$&n& ,& :i 'i a "!a & ( . Saraman*! 4FF8 $$. 73- 75 77- 78)

. In-.2i 6iion in%n* "&;"& +n im/at2'.o=$'.) ( a. 3J)>2&$'t& .u lit&2& 2&.&:ti a #"!i"& n!mai *in on oan& n&*& i ra"& +n # 9 +n"r& a & "m&n"ion#m in ri$ ia *& $&in&lul $& 'u2 *& o$&ri" +n 4F42 a E(&2o*o (+n 6! 1aria) 9 "&;"! $r&0in"#H $& lit&2& 2.&:ti ri & +n:i2 .ontinuu ( r$"io on"in!a) *i $! & $& 2 n$u2i 9>2&$'t& .u lit&2& l'tin& m&n ion#m in ri$ ia D&.&%'lu- &2 S.o2ilo '"am$i a"# ! i"&r&

a"in& $& !n ,a &norm *& &rami # *& o$&ri" a Car& a o " mo*a i"a"&a *& &,o ! i& a & &m&n"& or rom%n&'"i *in !/ "ra" ?

P& /a0a ,& "i1ii or *&li5G t$ac"%@ac $& ia i'"ii a! "a/i i" #t$ac"%@aca a & $ar"&*in mar&a ami i& a im/i or in*o-&!ro$&n& *& "i$ sat`5 n!mi"& a " & a 'i im/i & sansc$iti$anian sla, Galtic9 *!$# !,%n"! an ri" sat`5 . st" !"#Q ! !n&"!- ar& & r&*a" $rin o ! i,a +n im/i & n!mi"&9nt#5 ( a".c9nt#5)T.

St2'%o $r& i0a #lim%' $'.o= &ti.) & o lim%) t2'.) iar ma ori"a"&a$& ia i'"i or rom%ni on i*&r# # +n"r& & & *o!# i*iom!ri *&'i ,or i &;i "a" !n& &

*a"ora"& im&n &i !$ra & & $& ar& &ra! ,or/i"& a & "& *&o &/iri !n" *oar$i5&2&n6& $i'l&.t'l&1n int&2io2ul lim%ii t2'.&.>C& & *& im/# &ra 1&"o-*a a ?

23


22/129

T&2ito2iul lin *i-ti. t2'.*& imi"a" $& /a0a a$"& or in1,i "i & &+n"in*&a $in no2$ul "2&.i&i :i n) & *&2-'ntul no2$i. 'l Mun6ilo2 B'l.'ni +n,& in%n*!- & l' *&-t ! t&2ito2iul ili2i. iarl' no2$ ! t&2ito2iul$'.o=mo&-i'n !$rin0%n**&. &' D'.i&, .&l& $ou) Mo&-ii'i $o i/i D'2$'ni' (ILR II $. 343).>Car& &ra "&ri"ori! in1,i "i *a o-mo& ian? Dar & "ra ?

R&mini-.&n6&l& lim%ii &to=$'.o=mo&-i&n&("ra ii nor*i i) ar& !n" mair&*! & n!m&ri *& %" a &t$acil"$ 59$i@i"nali ara"# # & "& ,or/a mai *&1ra/# *& o

im$ # *i &r&n i&r& *ia & "a # +n"r& &to=$'.ii $in no2$ 'i t$acii @9 la s#@ @9 :a95#s (6a ani). (R! !T$ac"%@acii $. 3 ).>Car& &ra *i &r&n a *in"r& 1&"o-*a ii *in nor* 'i "ra ii *& a !* *& a&m! ?

@n a "!a ! "a*i! a &r &"#ri or $rin i$a ! mi o *& i*&n"i i ar& a&l&m&ntului lin *i-ti. 'uto ton r#m%n&.om '2'6i' 1nt2& 2om n) :i 'l%'n&().=! "i$ & & $ara & i m& &;i o-1rama"i a & & ! "i i # +n $rim! r%n* $rin-u%-t2'tul.omun t2'.o=$'. &nt2u lim%' 2om n) 'i t2'.o=ili2 &nt2u 'l%'n&() ( on i*&ra"#*& &n*&n"# a im/ii "ra &).Com '2'6i' .u 'l%'n&(' t2&%ui& 5).ut) l' -t'$iul -t2)*&. i a a /an&i om!n& 'i a rom%n&i om!n&nu a ni,& ! a "!a a & or *o!# i*iom!ri.>Car& & "& $rin i$a ! mi o *& i*&n"i i ar& a & &m&n"! !i in1,i "i a!"o:"on a irom%n& ?

In !&n a !/ "ra"! !i n! & imi"&a0# n!mai a ,o a/! ar. C%n* o $o$! a i& +'i :im/a &a $# "r&a0# +n"o"*&a!na o &ri& *&

@9!$in@9$i @9 !$"n#nHa$9 (/a0# *& ar"i ! a i&)

:iar 'i !n& &5"@9l9 $a5atical9 (a"%"5"$ "l" ic9 %" 'i sintactic9).>Car& !n" om$ar"im&n"& & im/ii rom%n& ar& a! o " in !&n a"& *& !/ "ra" ?

Cum -& -tu$i'() &l&m&nt&l& 'uto ton& $in 2om n)? D& r&1! # & on i*&r# # a$ar in !/ "ra"! !i & &m&n"& & *& ar&

$& ia i'"ii !n" i1!ri # >n! $ro,in *in - a"in#- ,& :&a 1r&a #- ,& :&a a,#

> a! # n! a! a$#r!" $& "&r&n! in"&rn a im/ii*i,&r & r&a ii a i*&n"a & &;$r& i,& &" .D!$# a &a "# & & i& ri1!roa # am&t&2i'lului 't2i%uit -u%-t2'tului a & "a-&

.om '2) +n $rim! r%n*.u .o2&- on$&nt&l& $in 'l%'n&().

G


23/129

Al%'n&('& "& o im/# ar& ar *& in*& i& *int2'.o=$'.) ( a! *in$'.o=mo&-i'n))9

*in im/aili2) ar& # &a $ar"& *in a & a'i 1r!$ in1,i "i a 'it2'.' 9

& ,or/&a +n an"i :i"a"& +n 0ona *& ,& " a P&nin ! &i6a ani & *& i 'i +n aria +n ar& & ,or/&'"& a0i a /an& 0a9

ar i a,!" +n on "i"! ia &i o om$on&n"# ori1inar#t2'.) 9

'l%'n&(' ar& *o!# *ia & "& $rin i$a & ! *&o &/iri im$or"an"& +n"r& & & *ia & "!to-. ,or/i" +n !m#"a"&a *& !* a #rii 9 a &m#n#ri & & & m

im$or"an"& a & rom%n&i !n" ! a & " *ia & " *in !* *& !n*& i$o"&0a # $rimi"i,# a a /an&0i or "r&/!i& # i o " mai a nor*-& "! $&nin ! &i +n"*& in"&r &r&n # "ra o-i ir# 9

*ia & "! & +n &a *& nor*.a$"! # a /an&0ii n! a! o " romani0a i +n !n1a $&rioa*# *& "#$%n

roman# +n 6a ani -ar &;$ i a $rin a &&a # &i a! "r#i" a $# "ori mai ! +n in!"!ri & m!n"oa & *in nor* ina & i/i & arma"& or ! &ri"oar& 9 'i a

a"& +n A /ania *& nor* ar& n! a! $!"!" i "#$%ni"& ni i *& "!r i +n &i i*& ani *& *omina i& o"oman#.

Com '2'6i' 1nt2& 2om n) :i 'l%'n&() t2&%ui& 5).ut) n! a ni,& ! a "!a a& or *o!# im/i il' ni*&lul lo2 -t2)*&. i a*i # a rom%n&i om!n& 'i a

a /an&i om!n&.>Car& & "& ni,& ! in1,i "i a ar& & r&a i0&a0# om$ara ia +n"r& rom%n# 'i a /an&

II C!,in"& & a!"o:"on& $o" i ra$or"a"& 'i a r&mini &n & & "ra o-*a /in&+n & & i ir&.

M n( *& &;&m$ ! &;i "# 'i +n'l%'n&() (m - m (i ! a & a'i +n & & )*ar 'i +nt2'.) ME0ENAI !n a"ri/!" a.'*'l&2ului t2'. 9 mai m! " a i iriim& a$i &;i "# #!it9$ M9nFana 0&! !$r&m #r!ia i & a*! &a! a o ran*#

a ri i ii *& ai.

C!,%n"! m'l ar& +n a /an&0# !n or& $on*&n" i*&n"i5al ! +n & & !m!n"&Q *ar $oa"& i ra$or"a" 'i a "o$onim! M'lu' o a i"a"& +n Da ia 9 Dacia M'l #9nsisa o " "ra*! *& romani $rin Dacia Ri!9nsis ($i!a M r%$#). @n i ir#&;i "# *& a &m&n&a Dim'l l#5 M'l "nt#5 &" .

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24/129

III Ra$or"ar&a !,in"& or a!"o:"on& & $oa"& &;"in*& 'i a a "& im/i $r&roman& *in 6a ani. D& &;&m$ !'2 &' (M +n #$&r& !/"&ran# 9 r#0/oi *&

& !") $oa"& i om$ara" mai a & !

b deffg ar1&aQ *in ,& :&a ma &*on&an#9"ra .g dhf j 'oar& & anima ar& +'i a & 1a &rii +n $#m%n"Q9a /.$$a al+n &amn# o i/#Q iara$ ali r#0/oi *& & !" &n $& ar&-

ar& 'i !,%n"! rom%n& .

IV S& $o" a & ra$or"#ri 'i aalt9 li5Gi in@"%9#$"!9n9 /in&+n & & $&n"r!!,in"& & ar& n! $o" i &;$ i a"& $rin a"& "#ri +nt$ac ili$ a! a "# im/# *in

6a ani. D& &;&m$ !$oin) ! ,arian"a$'in) *in 6ana" $oa"& i a"ri/!i"!/ "ra"! !i $rin ra$or"ar& a i"!an.@ain %n"& $o$! ar *oin#Q.

Con.lu(ii D!$# !m & on "a"# &r &"ar&a &"imo o1i # a !,in"& or rom%n&'"i *in

& a & ! oar"& mari *i i ! "# i9 *& a &&a $& ia i'"ii !n" n&,oi i #& & mai m! "& ori n!mai ! $ro/a/i i"a"& a$ar"&n&n a a !/ "ra". D& a &

m&to$' .&' m'i -i u2) $& .&2.&t'2& ' 5on$ului 'uto ton r#m%n& ! "oa"&n&a !n !ri & &i.om '2'6i' .u 'l%'n&(' .>Car& & "& m&"o*a &a mai i1!r# *& ana i0# a on*! !i a!"o:"on a im/ii rom%n&?

LEXICULVo.'%ul'2ul 2om n&-. mo:t&nit $in -u%-t2't on in& !n n!m#r r& "r%n*& "&rm&ni iar in,&n"ar! or & "& *i &ri" a$r& ia" *& $& ia i'"i9 +n 1&

o i &a0# +n"r& 8 'i a$roa$& 2JJ *& !ni"# i. C&r &"#ri r& &n"& on irm# '*&mon "r&a0# a$"! # a$ro;ima"i,@K $& .u*int& $in 2om n' '.tu'l) .ontinu).u -i u2'n6) &l&m&nt& $in lim%' o ul'6i&i 'uto ton& (


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K n) 2.) W,i$&r#Qnoi'n9K 2 u, u )()9K 2'6), 2 n() W$i$o"#9 "oma *& anima Q9

K -'2%)$M a* . Wa r!Q (*& $r& a$"&)-.) )2' M ,&r/-.2um, - m%u2&, - n( W& &/or $ an"# ! a #r&i r#*# in# & ,in*& # "r& :&a a anima &Q-t2& &$&W,i&rm& *in /r%n0#Q-t2u u2&, -t2un ) W o +n1! " $&n"r! m! oi & ar Q9

K :o 2l), :ti2) M a* . &m. W "&ar$#Q (*& $r& anima &)9K 6' , 6'2., 6&' )9K u2$)9K *'t2), *i&(u2& ('i *i(uin)) ('2) W a$"& /#"!"Q ( '2$).

La a & "&@K $& .u*int& -i u2& $in -u%-t2't & $oa"& a*#!1a o i "# *&5J- J *& !,in"& on i*&ra"& n!mai ! $ro/a/i i"a"& a a$ar in%n* on*! !ia!"o:"on. Ia"# %"&,a *in"r& a & "&a%)i't, %)l W/ on*Q%2 n.) W&ri0i$& or/a Q%o26 ('i *&r.%o26o'-)) %ul(, %u2$u5, %u2t), .o$2u, C2).iun, .2&6 M a* ..2u6' M,&r/ .u2m' M ,&r/$'lt), $)2 m' M ,&r/ 5lutu2&, l'i M a* . Wn&1r!Qm)tu2),mi2&, n& u2), )-t'i&, -.o2%u2), - u(), -t) n, -t&2 , -t n), t2'i-t) &" .

S& o/ &r,# # & & mai m! "& !,in"& *in i "& & *& mai ! a$ar inim/a ! !i $# "or& a*i # !n" &1a"& *& r&a i"# i $ro$rii !ni,&r ! !ir& #"ori or *& ,i"&. Prin.'2'.t&2ul lo2 2o5un$ o ul'2 a & "& & &m&n"& &

in"&1r&a0# +n 5on$ul l&+i.'l mo:t&nit $in l'tin) ar& *!$# !m & '"i& ar& !nmai 2onun6't .'2'.t&2 o ul'2, 2u-ti. *& %" +n & & a "& im/i romani &.

E*olu6i' 5on&ti.) a a & "or !,in"& & "& a &&a'i ! a !,in"& or *& ori1in& a(,&0i or& $on*&n"& & i*&n"i & +n a /an&0#)9 & '"i& # & &m&n"& &

im/a noa "r# $r&0in"# &,o ! ia -l - in"&r,o a i a -2 - a". s"l 95 s"a2 99a & a'i &nom&n a a,!" o 'i +n !,in"& & "r#,& :i

5a ( $9 H U5a ?$ ( 9l9 ( om$. a /.5"@-#ll ) s 5G#2 9 H U sa5G#l 9 ( om$. a /.t-#5G#ll )

,i9F#2 9 H U,9;@=F#l 9 (+n a /an&0#,k9@-#ll )9aG#2 9 (+n a /an&0#a,# ll )9a ri a"a$( Ga$ $( # M a* . Wa /Q95a $( $9,i9$( #$9&" .

A &a "# &,o ! i& on&"i # nu a$ar& a & &m&n"& & +m$r!m!"a"& "%r0i!.>Car& a o " &,o ! ia on&"i # a "&rm&ni or $ro,&ni i *in !/ "ra"?

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A$ro$i&ri & &"imo o1i & $r&0&n"a"& mai ! ara "&ri0&a0# a0a'nti.) aa /an&0&i n! $& &a "%r0i& m&*i&,a #. E &m&n"& & &;i a & om!n&rom%n&Q a! a'a*ar o-u2-) .omun) .'2 'to=%'l.'ni.) 'i &,i*&n" 2&2om'n).

@n on !0i&&l&m&nt&l& 'uto ton& $in 2om n) -unt a ori1in&1m 2umutu2i & .'2& l'tin' $un)2&'n) l&=' 5).ut $in t2'.o=$'.) n!+m$r!m!"!ri "%r0ii # !"& *& rom%n# *in a /an&0# +n !*! D!n#rii +n $&rio!n&i $r& !$! & oa/i"#ri a rom%ni or ! a /an&0ii.>Car& a o "-u2-' .omun) $&n"r! & &m&n"& & &;i a & i*&n"i & a /ano-rom%n&?

KE;i "# +n rom%n# 'i !n im$or"an" n!m#r *&num& 2o 2ii )-t2't& $in-u%-t2't .

>A$roa$&1nt2&' ' i$2onimi& m';o2) (n!m& & mari or r%!ri) $in2om n) ni -=' t2'n-mi- $& l' $'.i


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FONETICAVo a a)

- & "& on i*&ra"# *& n!m&ro'i &r &"#"ori a "r# #"!r# & &n ia # *in

- a &a "# ,o a # & a # 'i +n a /an&0# 'i /! 1ar#9- &a & &;$ i # *in

4) &,o ! ia $on"an# a !i' n9acc9nt#at a".c' 5isia rom.c)5a

a /. 5is- 2) ' acc9nt#at +n $o0i i&n'('l)

a".c' nis rom.c)n9 c n9 (M mai "%r0i!) a /. &n>D& & & "& on i*&ra"# ,o a a) o "r# #"!r# & &n ia # *in !/ "ra"?

Rot'.i-mul !in in"&r,o a i -n- -2 - a".l#na rom.l#n l#2 M !$"tacis5

- & "& !n &nom&n $& i i$'.o2om n&i $in '2i' no2$i.) a"& "a" +n "&;"& & ro"a i0an"& *in & . a XVI - &a

im/a ,or/i"# a "#0i +n Cri'ana

Rot'.i-mul4 - & "& !n &nom&n &n&2'l +n

*ia & "!i-t2o2om n alGan9Fa @9 s#@ (*ia & "!t"sc)- a & "&a0# n!mai 5on$ul *&. i a & or *o!# im/i

- +n & &m&n"& & *& ori1in& a,# n! a$ar&.>@n & on "# &nom&n! on&"i n!mi"$"tacis5? @n ar& *in"r& arii & in1,i "i & & "& a"& "a"a & "a?

Con oanaM ri a"i,# arin1a # a! ,& ar#- ' $i- )2ut *& "im$!ri! *in l'tin) 9- a o " on i*&ra"# m! "# ,r&m& *& ori1in& a,#9 +n ! "im! "im$ +n #

&ama a i!nii-u%-t2'tului +n"r! %"&;i "# !,in"& $r&roman& ! a-a59 rom.a - 59si

a /.-a5 s Bm%n #! a om +n ma"&ria !lin ,istic $'. n& +n"%m$in# !,in"& ! / i9$as#s (n!m& &Sir&"! !i) / ist$ia &" .>C& & $oa"& $!n& *& $r& ori1in&a on oan&i +n im/a rom%n# ?

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Con oana ri a"i,#: H a".- i M $o0i i& moa &a".-mc rom.:ia". s $!9ns rom.:a$!9

- @n a /an&0#- $ro,in& *in "ran ormar&a $on"an# a !i- +n "oa"& !,in"& &an"&rioar& & o ! !i a XI - &a.@n :i*ronimia ma or# *& ori1in&$'.) !n" m! "& n!m& !: A$ 9: C$i: S"59: Ti5i:.>C!m a a$#r!" on oana: +n im/a rom%n#?

=! i &r &"#"ori a"ri/!i& !/ "ra"! !i &nom&n!l'%i'li()2ii 1r!$!ri oron onan"i &

a"..t rom. t a". l#.t a rom.l# t a /. 5t a /.l# 5t

a". .- rom. - a".c" + a rom.c"a - a /. 5- a /. " 5- 1r!$!ri & on onan"i & t - a$ar 'i +n !,in"& $r&roman& *in aria /a ani #

:9 t at"$ E t ala A - Q$t"s A + Q$t"s ^$9 -a C$9 + i

S!n" 'i a "& 5&nom&n& 5on&ti.& $& ar& !nii +n,# a i &-a! a"ri/!i"-u%-t2'tului - *i "on1iii&&', o'

- $a a"a i0ar&a a/ia & or - "ran ormar&a !i -l - in"&r,o a i +n -2 -a".5" l a 5"a 2

- *i $ari ia "im$!ri& a on oan& or%* +n $o0i i&in"&r,o a i # a".caGall#s romcal

a /. al E;$ i a ia a & "or &nom&n& $rin !/ "ra" & "& +n # 1r&! *& *o,&*i".

Mo25olo i& :i -int'+) St2u.tu2' 2'm'ti.'l) a im/iit2'.o=$'.& & "& "o"an&.uno-.ut)9

*& a &&a n!mai 2in .om '2'6i& !- alGan9Fa- a "& im/i -Galcanic9

% in@"9#$"!9n9 a! $!"!" i &,i*&n ia"& !n& & '2ti.ul'2it)6i 2'm'ti.'l& a"ri/!i"& !/ "ra"! !i9

E $o i/i a !n& & *in"r& a & "& $ar"i ! ari"# i # i a$#r!" at&n$in6&+nl'tin' t 2(i& $romo,a"& +n "im$ !/ in !&n a !/ "ra"! !i

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' "&nul n&ut2u-a! $# "ra" *in a"in#@9sin9nH9l9 @9 !l#$al -& 'i -u2i ( a". -' -o2') *armo$ul $&

o2 'ni('2& a n9#t$9l"$ nu & "& a"in9n9#t$9l9 a! *&"&rmin#ri- 5asc#lin9 a in1! arac9st sca#n- 95inin9 a $ !raac9st9 sca#n9

- N9#t$9l9 alGan9F9 a! a & a'i om$or"am&n" in"a "i 1.m'l i nalt B5#nt9


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- nii &r &"#"ori r&* # a /a0a a & "!i n!m&ra -ar a a !n5"@9l sla, k9@inp na @9s9nt9*ar +n a & " a0 ar i "r&/!i" # & $# "r&0& +n$"5 n ( a! & $! in +na$"5 n ) !rm& a &n!m&ra ! !i a"inun$&.im, $uo$&.im &" .- C%" $ri,&'"& a /an&0a mo*& ! a, & "& 'i mai $! in $ro/a/i .>C& a "&t$ s t#$i $a5atical9 !n" a"ri/!i& in !&n &i !/ "ra"! !i "ra o-*a ?

& S!n" 'i 'lt& t2)-)tu2i 2'm'ti.'l& &;$ i a"& *& !nii &r &"#"ori $rin !/ "ra". Sin1!ra *o,a*# $ a!0i/i # +n a,oar&a a & "&i i$o"&0& ar i.om '2'6i' .u 'l%'n&(' (+n !n& & a0!ri 'i !'lt& lim%i %'l.'ni.&)

$ar"i ! a=n& a orm& & *&'.u('ti* a & !$"n#59l#i !9$s"nal 'i $9 l9?i,min&, tin&,-in&9

orma +n=tu *& $&r oana a II -a $ !ra a !9$ 9ct#l#i si5!l#,"i c ntatu1&n&ra i0ar&a a!;i iar! !i'*&' a !9$ 9ct#l c"5!#s *& &;&m$ ! 'i a,9$G9l9 @9

5i ca$9 a5 ,9nit a5 s"sit

ormar&a*iito2ului in$i.'ti* !a!;i iar! *2&' H a".,"l9$9 a". .,9ll9 *oi c nta

orm& & om$! & !*2&' a & 2onum&lo2 n&$&5init& 'i a &'$*&2%&lo2 n&$&5init&.in&*', .&*', .'2&*', . n$*', .um*', un$&*'

A & "& '2ti.ul'2it)6i a ar& & $o" a*#!1a 'i a "& &'u .o2&- on$&nt& .u -t2u.tu2i i$&nti=.& +n'l%'n&().! Car& a o " a$or"! !/ "ra"! !i +n $ro & ! *& on "i"!ir& a im/ii rom%n& ?>@n & on "# ma"&ria ! in1,i "i r#ma *& a "ra o-*a i ?>Car& a o " mo*a i"a"&a *& &,o ! i& a & &m&n"& or rom%n&'"i *in !/ "ra" ?>C& & *& im/# &ra 1&"o-*a a ?>Car& &ra "&ri"ori! in1,i "i *a o-mo& ian? Dar & "ra ?>Car& &ra *i &r&n a *in"r& 1&"o-*a ii *in nor* 'i "ra ii *& a !* *& a&m! ?>Car& & "& $rin i$a ! mi o *& i*&n"i i ar& a & &m&n"! !i in1,i "i a!"o:"on a irom%n& ?>Car& !n" om$ar"im&n"& & im/ii rom%n& ar& a! o " in !&n a"& *& !/ "ra" ?>Car& & "& ni,& ! in1,i "i a ar& & r&a i0&a0# om$ara ia +n"r& rom%n# 'i a /an&>Car& & "& m&"o*a &a mai i1!r# *& ana i0# a on*! !i a!"o:"on a im/ii rom%n&?>C& ara "&ri "i i *& in& "ra"! &;i a $rimar a!"o:"on a im/ii rom%n&?>Car& a o " &,o ! ia on&"i # a "&rm&ni or $ro,&ni i *in !/ "ra"?>Car& a o "-u2-' .omun) $&n"r! & &m&n"& & &;i a & i*&n"i & a /ano-rom%n&?>Car& a o " a$or"! in !&n &i a!"o:"on& "ra o-*a & a ormar&a im/ii rom%n& om$a

in !&n & & ! "&rioar& ( a,# ma1:iar# "!r #)?>D& & & "& on i*&ra"# ,o a a) o "r# #"!r# & &n ia # *in !/ "ra"?>@n & on "# &nom&n! on&"i n!mi"$"tacis5? @n ar& *in"r& arii & in1,i "i & & "& a"& "a"a & "a?>C& & $oa"& $!n& *& $r& ori1in&a on oan&i +n im/a rom%n# ?>C!m a a$#r!" on oana: +n im/a rom%n#?>Car& & "& ori1in&a 9n#l#i n9#t$# *in im/a rom%n#?>C& a "&t$ s t#$i $a5atical9 !n" a"ri/!i& in !&n &i !/ "ra"! !i "ra o-*a ?3


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ROMANIA q 7n an#5it9 !$",incii i5!9$ial9 9#$"!9n9 @in li5Ga ,"$Git @9 c#c9$it"$ii$"5ani i !$9l#at @9 !"!#laHiil9 c#c9$it9 s%a# @9F,"ltatnoi i$iomu2i q ac9st9noi i$iomu2i alc t#i9sc 5'mili' lim%ilo2 n&ol'tin& sa# 2om'ni.&

J ROMANIAq @9sc9n@9nHal'tin) .omun) a n"il"$ i@i"5#$i 9st9 $9 l9ctat @9 as95 na$9a-t2u.tu2ii l&+i.o= 2'm'ti.'l&q s!aHi#l 9" $a ic i c#lt#$al al ROMANIEIc#!$in@92om n', 52'n.&(',it'li'n', - 'niol', o2tu &(', .'t'lon', 2&to2om'n', 2o*&n-'l', -'2$' :i$'lm't' ;aFi @is! $#t =.

7n$#@i$9alim%ilo2 2om'ni.& 9st9 #n a@9, $ il"l" ic a$ #59ntat @9q-t2u.tu2' 2'm'ti.'l) @9 ti! !$9!"n@9$9nt latin qc"5!"n9nHa*o.'%ul'2ului 9?ist #n 5on$ l&+i.'l l'tin 5" t9nit


34/129

>C& r&a i"a"& in1,i "i # 'i 1&o1ra i # *& &mn&a0# "&rm&n! ROMANIA?

>C& ar1!m&n"& in1,i "i & ! in #r# "#1a*# +nr!*ir&a im/i or romani & ?>@n & a on "a" romani0ar&a in1,i "i # ?

>@n & &n -a! mani & "a" & & *o!# om$on&n"& a & romani0#rii in1,i "i # 'inon in1,i "i #? >C! & "a"!" -a im$! a"ina +n $ro,in ii & Im$&ri! !i Roman ? >Car& a! o " a "orii ar& a! a !"a" a im$!n&r&a a"in&i ?

T9$59nii l'tini s9 n#59sc&timo'n& J .u*int&=-u2-) T9$59nii 2om'ni.i s#ntu2m':ii mo$&2ni ai #n"$ 9ti5"an9 @in ca$9 s9 9?!lic s#G $a!"$t

5o2m'l i-&m'nti..C"5!a$ati, c# 9ti5"n#l latin $&-.&n$&n6ii 2om'ni.i !$9Fint>in9,itaGil9mo$i5i.)2i 5on&ti.& c# ca$act9$ sist95atic i ist"$ic>


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Rom'ni('2&' J 9st9 a a@a$ c"ns9cinHa c$#cial a 9?!ansi#nii I5!9$i#l#i R"5an >t9n@inHa @9'-imil'2& a 5"@9l#l#i s#!9$i"$ " 9$it @9.ultu2' i @9.i*ili('6i' 2om'n) 8 9st9n"ta @istincti, a 9,"l#H9i t9$it"$iil"$ i !"!#laHiil"$ c#c9$it9 at$as9


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P&n"r! i "oria #rii a $o$or! !i rom%n 'i a im/ii rom%n& im$or"an"# & "& *& i0ia+m$#ra"! !i


38/129

In*i &r&n" +n # *& o$ i!n&a $&n"r! o $&rioa*# a! a "a $&n"r! r&0o ,ar&a a & " $ro/ &m& a$i"a & *in i "oria im/ii rom%n& -a *o,&*i" !"i 'i !n & &m&n" *&.2onolo i&2&l'ti*) (*a"ar&a !n!i &nom&n +n !n i& *& a "! ) 'i *&lo i.) lin *i-ti.). Ar1!m&n"! a o "

!rni0a" *& &,a !ar&a&5&.t&lo2 in5lu&n6&i -l'*& ar& *&'i in"&n #nu ' '5&.t't -t2u.tu2'&-&n6i'l l'tin) ' lim%ii 2om n&.@n $ ! &;aminar&a on*! !i &;i a rom%n& *& $ro,&ni&n # a,# a on*!

on !0ia # +n $&rioa*a & or mai ,& :i +m$r!m!"!ri ( & o & & a VII- &a a VIII-&,&n"!a a IX- &a)2om n'&ra !ni$iom $& lin .on-tituit>C& *&mon "r&a0# *in $!n " *& ,&*&r& in1,i "i &;aminar&a on*! !i &;i a rom% $ro,&ni&n # a,# ,& :& (M *in $&rioa*a $rimar# a +m$r!m!"!ri or *in a,#)?

Pro/an"& +n a & " &n !n" 2in.i 'l&l& l& i $& &*olu6i& 5on&ti.) $& l' l'tin) l'2om n) a #ror a i!n& on & ,&n" $! # +n &,i*&n # *& 5o2m' .u*int&lo2 2om n&:ti $&o2i in& l'tin) n! mai & "& on irma"# *& !,in"& & rom%n&'"i *& ori1in& a,#.S# & om$ar& a'a*ar "ra"am&n"! *i &ri" a a & &ia'i & ,&n & on&"i & +n !,in

a"in 'i a, (O,. D&n ! ian! I 4F 4 $$. 485-4889 S. P!' ari! 4F7 $$. 284-282)9--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

on"&;" on&"i !,in"& rom%n&'"i !,in"& rom%n&'"i*& ori1in& a"in# *& ori1in& a,#

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------' a &n"!a" n ( on oan#) ' & mo*i i # +n1 ' & on &r,#

cant" c nt $ancan95 c n9 -$an !lan " !l n st$an

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------l in"&r,o a i l & mo*i i # +n2 l & on &r,#

s"l95 s"a$9 5il5"la 5"a$ kal9 sal95 sa$9 G"al

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1r!$!ri on onan"i & .l 'i l +n *a orom%n# .l 'i l & on &r,# .l, l & mo*i i # +nY, Y

(M :i 1:i)cla,95 c-9i9 cli!icla5" c-95 cl"!"t lan@95 -in@ las

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------A & "& &;&m$ & n! a o$&r# "oa"& i"!a ii & *& a & " "i$ a,%n* im$ # ,a oar

iI! "ra"i,#.

J


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A'a*ar +n &$!"!ri & in !&n &i a,&-='u 2&5't n! $& a"ina +n !r *& "ran ormar& i

& un nou i$iom, 'utonom, $& $&-.&n$&n6) l'tin) :i -t'%il !/ ra$or"! "r# #"!ri orara "&ri "i & ma or&.D!$# "oa"& $ro/a/i i"# i & $&n"r! !m&a a"in# & o ! aVIII - &a mar :&a0#& o.' $&

Zn':t&2&[ ' lim%ilo2 2om'ni.& a # *& ar&2om n' '2& un '*'n-.ran ormar&alatinei dunrene +n"r-olimb romanic (r& $& "i, +nromn ) -a

$&"r& !" mai *&,r&m& *& %" "ran ormar&a a"in&i o i*&n"a & +n i*iom!ri & romani@n $a i!$'.o=mo&-i. 2om'ni('t !9$i 9$ic*in $!n " *& ,&*&r& 1&o1ra i 'iiF"lat*&

r& "! romani"# iit&n$in6&l& $& &*olu6i& 'l& l'tin&i o ul'2& *& $rin #@in c t# 9l9 latin9iclasic9 -a! $!"!" mani & "a n& "%n &ni" (S. P!' ari! 4F7 $. ,&0i 'i $$. J- 4

A & " &nom&n a o " +n & ni" *& an!mi"& i"!a ii on r&"& $& i i & $&n"l'tinit't&'o2i&nt'l) *& #*&r&a ora'& or 'i +n $ara &

*&0,o "ar&a i,i i0a i&i *& "i$ r!ra *&$ a #ri & "&m$orar& a & !nor 1r!$!ri *& $o$! a i& a !rmar& a "ran :!man &

$r& !m 'i in&;i "&n a mari or &n"r& ! "!ra & ar& # i m&n in!" $rin "ra* #r"!r#r&a # a!"ori"a"&a a"in&i a i &.

>lim%' 2om n) i*iom i0o a" *& r& "!2om'nit)6ii mo$&2n& $rin"r-o ,& in#"a"& om$ &"n& a"in#9> on & in & & a & "&i i0o #ri !n" &,i*&n"& a"!n i %n*2om n'& "& om$ara"# ! & & a "&lim%i 2om'ni.& on "a"%n*!- &K i$&ntit)6i a!'-&m)n)2i & &n ia & &;$ i a/i & &n&ti. $rino2i in&' l'tin) .omun)9K $&o-&%i2i *& a &m&n&a im$or"an"& $ro*! & *&

on*! in1,i "i'uto ton *i &ri"'i *& r& a"i,a i$ # *& omo1&ni"a"& a a"in&i *in $ro,in ii & a$! &n& 'i r# #ri"&n& o "! !i Im$&ri! Roman.

R& "r%n1%n* o/ &r,a ii & a- '6iul $'.o=mo&-i. ,ii"or! t&2ito2iu $& .on-titui2& 'lim%ii 2om n& r& in&m *!/ ! a $& " a romani0#rii a $ro & o i ia or1ani0a" 'i i "&>romani0ar&a in1,i "i # - !n*am&n"a # 'i *& i i,# $&n"r! a$ari ia im/ii rom%n& a on+n1n*)6'2&' lim%ii l'tin& $& .)t2& o ul'6i' 'uto ton)9 1&n&ra i0ar&a a"in&i a *&"&rmina"

&nom&n! on"rar *& r&1r& 'i *& & iminar& "r&$"a"# alim%ii m't&2n& # t2'.o=$'.'A &a "#!/ "i"! i& *& im/i -a $ro*! +n a*r! !n!i $ro & +n &" +n*& !n1a" $a'ni 'i mai a &n& & ar9 n!mail'tin' $!"&a 1aran"a $o$! a ii or ! &ri"& $o i/i i"a"&a *&.omuni.'2& !r&$r&0&n"an ii Im$&ri! !i o *a i !n ionari $!/ i i o oni'"i om&r ian i. Lim%' l'tin) &ra & &m&n"! *&unit't& 'i *&.o&(iun& i"!a" *&a !$ra *i,&r i"# ii o ia & $o i"i & &"ni & ! "!ra & 'i in1,i "i &.

4


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INDIVIDUALITATEA ROMNEI 4! %"&,a a"&1orii *& 5' t& lin *i-ti.& ! ara "&r on &r,a"or a! *im$o"ri,# ino,a"or &,i*&n ia0# i0ionomia $ro$ri& a rom%n&i om$ara"i, ! & & a "& im/i n&o a"in&9

' T2)-)tu2il& lin *i-ti.& .on-&2*'to'2&& &;$ i # $rin $o0i ia *&'2i& i(ol't) 'i l't&2'l) ' 2om n&i 1n - '6iul 2om'ni. @nto't&

.om '2tim&nt&l& lim%ii & 1# &u2m& $& l'tinit't& in&;i "&n"& a! *& m! "# ,r&m& *i $#r!"&*in & & a "& im/i romani &K+n mor o o1ia-u%-t'nti*ului

!$ra,i& !i&t$9i clas9 @9 @9clina$9 ar& *!$# mo*& ! $rim& ort$9i @9clin $i latin9 ti1r!$&a0# !/ "an"i,& & "&rmina"& +n

=) ( a". aci9s B a # a". $o$. acia rom. aH ))

.on-o'n) ( a".c"$n# rom.c"$ n9 a". 9l# rom. 92 )

=& ( a".,#l!9s rom.,#l! &)

*& a &m&n&a n!mai2om n' m&n6in& 4=5o2m& $i-tin.t& *& &niti*=$'ti* -in ul'2a -u%-t'nti*&l& 5&minin& "&rmina"& +n=) a!=&

a) H!n&i a & 9 ,! $& H!n&i ,! $i

=*& in&n a=& a*o.'ti*ul -in ul'2 'l -u%-t'nti*&lo2 m'-.ulin&9

K+nl&+i.a$ro;ima"i,1'' @9 c#,int9 latin9 ti !n" )-t2't&&; ! i, +n,"caG#la$#l li5Gii $"5 n99

&;&m$ & a".a@k#t"$i#5 rom.';uto2 a".ca9cia rom..&'6) a". !#t$i@#s rom. ut2&$

% T2)-)tu2i lin *i-ti.& ino*'to'2& 'l& 2om n&i $o" i i*&n"i i a"& *& a &m&n&a a *i &ri"&ni,& !ri *& im/# K -i-t&mul 5on&ti. 2om n&-. on in& ,o a & 'i *i "on1i $& i i i

) 1 &' o' 1i

+n mo25o=-int'+) *in"r-o &ri& mai am$ # *& &nom&n& in1,i "i &ino*'to'2& ! roin*i,i*!a i0a"or r& in&m

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*&0,o "ar&a a & or *&'2ti.ol o-&-i*4 al a ai al9 'i '$;&.ti*'l4 c9l c9a c9i c9l9

im$!n&r&a on "r! i&i*&2% s *&2% l' .on;un.ti* 'i n! ain initi, a +n & & a "& im/iromani &

*2&'u -) . nt

a # *& r. k9 ,9#? c-ant9$ i".," li" canta$9 $.#i9$" canta$ $or".#9$" canta$ mo25o=-int'+' num&lo2 $& &2-o'n) # .omun& :i 2o 2ii $r&0in"# ara "&ri "i i $& ia &ar& on"!r&a0# a'a-n!mi"!Z &n &2-on'l[ r& &,an"& iin*

- ac#Fati,#l "Gi9ct%@i$9ct on "r!i" ! $r&$o0i ia &9- 1&ni"i,! 'i *a"i,! mar a"& ! ar"i o ! $ro i"ilui

lui I"n 'i *& ai i $rin &;"in*&r& ana o1i #lui Ana lui tata lui 5a5a 9 - *o.'ti*ul ! orm& $& i i &9

K 1n *o.'%ul'2 -t2'tul l&+i.'l n&l'tin ar& a "& !r & *& %" & & im$! & +n romani"a"&aa$! &an#9

$r&0&n at&2m&nilo2 $& o2i in& t2'.o=$'.) a! a1m 2umutu2ilo2 *& $ro,&ni&n #-l'*),m' i'2) a!tu2.) a o " $o i/i # n!mai +n F"na ca$!at"%@#n $9an.

&nom&n& & in1,i "i &.on-&2*'to'2& 'i & &ino*'to'2& - &.i5i. 2om n&:ti !n"$& *& o $ar"& &mn& *&2&(i-t&n6)iar $& *& a "# $ar"& &mn& *&$in'mi-m lin *i-ti..

@n an am/ ! a & "& &nom&n& in1,i "i & (n& !no !"& +n im/i & n&o a"ino i*&n"a &) on "i"!i& no"& *i "in "i,& a & B$&r ona i"# ii im/ii rom%n&.D& i1!r &$arar&a & or *o!# mari a"&1orii *& a$"& in1,i "i & (.on-&2*'to'2& 'iino*'to'2&) & "& +n /!n# m# !r# on,&n iona # a"%"a "im$ %"&l&m&ntul '2 'i. 'i ino*'6i'.o&+i-t) 'i 5un.6ion&'() -oli$'2 9 *& &;&m$ !1n $&.lin'2&' -u%-t'nti*ului 2om n&-. r&$r&0&n"ar&a a0!ri or & $ri in#

a) a"%" $& ,& :i *& in&n & mo'"&ni"& *in a"in# /) %" 'i $& "r! "!ri 'i $ro &*&& mai noi

- c"nst$#cHii 2& o(i6ion'l& - '2ti.ol !*a" a! n! ! !/ "an"i,!

>Car& ar $!"&a i & mai ,& :i &'an"ion *& lim%) 2om n) 1n $&*&ni2& ? n*& & "& a"& "a" ?> I0o ar&a *& r& "!2om'nit)6ii mo$&2n&, $rin"r-o ,& in#"a"& om$ &" n& a"in# a i*iom! !in&o a"in r# #ri"&an rom%na a a,!" n!m&roa & on & in & +n $ an in1,i "i . E;$ i a

on "a! a & "&a.

>[! "i i a i ! ar1!m&n"& in1,i "i &in@i,i@#alitat9a $"5 n9i +n an am/ ! im/i orromani &.

4(


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AR+UMENTE LIN+VISTICE ALE

CONTINUITII ROMNETI LA NORDUL DUNRII

nii i "ori i "r#ini a! on"& "a" ,&:&m&n" on"in!i"a"&a rom%n&a # nor*! D!n#rii *!$# r&"ra1&r&a o i ia # *& a 275 (r&"ra1&r&a a!r& ian#)

! in%n* i*&&a # A!r& ian ar i &,a !a" +n !* +n"r&a1a $o$! a i& a Da irom%nii ar i r&,&ni" +n "&ri"ori! nor*-*!n#r&an "%r0i! #"r& & o & & aa XIII- &a *!$# & !n1!rii a! o !$a" ran i ,ania. Prin &r &"#ri & ar:&o o

-a! a*! n!m&roa & *o,&0i on r&"& $ri,in* &2-i-t&n6' &l&m&ntului 2om n&-.1n D'.i', 1n tot .u2-ul E*ului M&$iu. A*#!1#m ai i ar1!m&n"& *& or*in

in1,i "i .a) Cu*int&l& 2&2om'n& $& ar& rom%na & ar& +n om!n ! a /an&0a n!

!n" +m$r!m!"!ri "%r0ii $& ar& rom%na &-ar i # !" *in a /an&0# +n !*!D!n#rii i mo'"&niri *in !/ "ra"! "ra o-*a in*&$&n*&n"& *& a /an&0#. A

!,in"& "& & "# a 'i ,o a/! ar! a"in mo'"&ni" r! "i i"a"&a ,i& ii*a oromani or *& *!$# 275. & & a! a & a'i om$or"am&n" *& &,o ! i& a 'i& &m&n"& & a"in& &&a & +n &amn# # rom%na &-a mo'"&ni" a & $ro$ri!-0i &. n& & !,in"& *in a & " on* a! +n & & !ri n& !no !"& +n D!n#rii !m & "& a0! !imo: ! &mni i a ia !n iar# *&]5" i9 ! 5 nt5" t9nitZ . La a & " 5on$ $& num& .omun& & a*a!1#i$2onimi' m';o2) *& $&

!$rin ! Rom%ni&i "ran mi # $rin a"in#. Mo$i5i.)2il& 5on&ti.& ! &ri"& *&a & "& n!m& +n &,o ! ia or-& &+ li.) 2in .2it&2ii int&2n& n! $r& !$!n !nin"&rm&*iar a, a! ma1:iar. D& $r& i0a" # n!m& & *& a'&0#ri !r/an& n! -a $# "ra" $&n"r! # a & "&a a! o " *i "r! & *& :!ni *a orom%nii on"in!%n"r#ia # a a"&.

/) L'tin' $in D'.i' a &,o !a" a i*iom r& a"i, !ni"ar r& & "%n* a " &!ni"a"&a *& ! "!r# 'i *& i,i i0a i& a $o$or! !i rom%n. ni i ar&a $o i"i # ('iim$ i i" in1,i "i #) a Da i&i +n "im$! !i D& &/a a r&a" on*i ii a,ora

a"in&i *& a & m&n in& a i*iom !ni"ar. In5lu&n6' 'uto ton) $&"r& !"# +non*i ii $& ia & *& /i in1,i m a $o$! a i&i in*i1&n&' 5o-t uni5o2m) "o"

*a"ori"# !ni"# ii a"in&i.


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44/129

) n ar1!m&n" *& &am# $&n"r! on"in!i"a"&a +n Dacia T$aian +on "i"!i& "&rmino o1ii & $& ia & $ri,i"oar& a +n*& &"ni iri & "r#,&

rom%ni or ' 2i.ultu2', )-to2itul, *iti.ultu2', 'l%in)2itul, mo2)2itul . P&n"r!

"oa"& a & "&at&2m&nii 5un$'m&nt'li -unt $& o2i in& l'tin) :i t2'.o=$'.).A &'"i "&rm&ni !n" !no ! i +n "oa"& 0on& & rom%n&'"i.

1) Pr&0&n a & &m&n"& or a,& +n 5on$ul l&+i.'l .omun $r& !m 'i +n &onom'-ti. & "& o m#r"!ri& $r& ioa # $&n"r! on"in!i"a"&a rom%n&a # +n nor*-*!n#r&an. a$"! # a,ii *in o "a Da i& a! %r'i" $rin a i a imi a i *rom%ni ara"# # a &'"ia rom%nii &ra! 'i oar"& n!m&ro'i 'i ! o ! "!r# 'i o

i,i i0a i& !$&rioar&.

:) @n &ria ar1!m&n"& or in1,i "i & $&n"r! on"in!i"a"&a noa "r# +n a"ran ar$a"i # $oa"& i a*#!1a" 'i a & a ai-to2i&i $i'l&.tului i-t2o2om n. C&imai m! i in1,i'"i ( a *&! D&n ! ian! Ro &""i) ! in "&oria # i "rorom $ & a" +m$in'i *& !n1!ri *in B'n't, /un&$o'2', -u$ul C2i:'n&i . N! &;i "#& &m&n"& ma1:iar& +n i "rorom%n#. C%" $ri,&'"& ori1in&am& l&no2om nilo2 O,i* D&n ! ian! ! in& # a &'"ia-itu'6i '-t)(i l' no2$ $& ol5ul S'loni. ar i

o/or%" *& $rin Bi o2 +n & . a XI- &a. E o i$o"&0# ar& n! "r&/!i& i1nora"#.Prin !rmar& +n in!"!ri & *& /a'"in# a & ran i ,ani&i &;i "a a $#"r!n*&r&ma1:iari or o in"&n # ,ia # rom%n&a #.

T2'n-il*'ni' a o " &"a"&a ar& a on &r,a" ! &a mai mar& "&na i"a"& &m&n"! a"in mo'"&ni".

Con "i"!ir&a 2'iu2ilo2 $'.o2om n& & !n $ro & ar& & on"in!#$in- 2&T2'n-il*'ni' - 2& Mol$o*', Munt&ni', Olt&ni'. A &a "# o/ &r,a i& & $oa"&,&ri i a !rm#rin*!- & :#r i & Atlas#l#i Lin ,istic R"5 n ( ALR) *& &;&m$ ! >$ar"i ! ari"# i a & $ai#l#i @in Ma$a5#$9 & &;"in* $r& 6! o,ina 'i =o *o,a>"r# #"!riG n H9n9 & in i "r&a0# +n O "&nia>"r# #"!ri a$ar in%n* $ai#$il"$ @in s#@#l A$@9al#l#i $#"r!n* +n & & *in nor*!

=!n"&ni&i 9>& "! =!n"&ni&i 'i Do/ro1&a !n" r&1i!ni +n ar& & r& !noc#,int9 i "n9% tis59 !$"!$ii $ai#$il"$ t$ansca$!atic9 !rm&lin ,istic9a & "ran :!man &i $a "ora &.


45/129

S& $oa"& on"!ra a " & 'i o on !0i& *& or*in i "ori r&,#r ar&a&l&m&ntului

2om n&-. -a r&a i0a" *in $r& ran i ,ania $r& $ro,in ii & *& a !* 'i *& a*& Car$a i 'i n! in,&r . Ca$i"a & & =o *o,&i 'i Y#rii rom%n&'"i !n" i"!a"&"im$ *in $r& m!n"& $r& %m$i& 6aia S! &a,a Ia'i 9 C%m$! !n1 C!r"&Ar1&' %r1o,i'"& 6! !r&'"i.Da # rom%nii ar i]@9sc l9catZ "%r0i! ,&nin* *in !*! D!n#rii a$i"a & & #ri o

or ar i o " +n"&m&ia"& mai $r& !*. D& a &m&n&a &i ar i +n"&m&iaar# n! *o!# (=!n"&nia 'i =o *o,a).

! C& ar1!m&n"& in1,i "i & !n" a*! & a *o,a*# a &2-i-t&n6&i &l&m&ntului 2om n&-. 1n D'.i', 1n tot .u2-ul E*ului M&$iu h

Etnonimul ,a a:i , a:i

Vla-i H,"lca9 M *&n!mir& a !n!i ,& :i "ri/ & "i (,& in ! 1&rmanii) n!m& & & i or +n 1&n&ra 9 *!$# romani0ar&a


46/129


47/129

@n &&a &-i $ri,&'"& $& arom%ni ( a 'i *a orom%nii) &i & n!m&*in"o"*&a!na ! !n n!m& mo'"&ni" *in a"in#$"5an#s. Varian"a &a mai

r# $%n*i"# a "#0i & "&a$5 n a$ 5 n !a $ro"&"i $& i i im/ii or (maia & +n a a !n&"& or$ 'i l ) ! !n" n&a &n"!a" +n :i a# 'i in o$ar&a !iar& n! & "& a/ o !" o/ i1a"ori&.

Arom%nii *in nor*! Pin*! !i (mai a & #r'&ro ii) mai $# "r&a0# ,& :&aorm# #r#a $#5 n $ 5 n (a &a "a *in !rm# ! *& a/ia i0ar&a !i" *!$# $ 9

,. ,arian"& & a Ar,in"& 4F78 4JF-428) orm# ar& & +n"% n&'"& 'i aa /an&0i (rr]m]r) in1!r! $o$or n&romani ar& a mo'"&ni" o o ir&a a &n!m& $&n"r! rom%ni.

Sin1!rii rom%ni !*-*!n#r&ni ar& a! a*o$"a" n!m& & *&,la-i im$! *& $o$! a ii & on o !i"oar& !n" i "rorom%nii *in I!1o a,ia 'i m&1 &noro*in


48/129

6i in1,i m! $%n# a"!n i mai m! " a! mai $! in 1&n&ra i0a" a !n an!mni,& a !m o/ i1a"ori! n!mai $&n"r! romanii ar& in"ra! +n mo* n& & ar +non"a " ! 1r& ii &ra $& %n1# o/i &i!ri $o$! ar& r&*! & a ,ia a *&

a$roa$& !ni a *i &r&n # im$or"an"#. C%n* &ra ,or/a # & in*i & *i &r&in1,i "i # & o o &a orma$"5n"i a a Con "an"in Por iro1&n&"! (,. mai

o $. 33) a!latin"i !,%n" ar&-i ,a *& &mna ! "&rior $& r! ia iion*a"ori ai Im$&ri! !i La"in *in Con "an"ino$o 'i ! "&rior $& r&*in io'i

6i &ri ii Ca"o i &. Dar "&rm&n! ar& ,a i 1&n&ra i0a" +n im/a 1r&a #(a$roa$& +n a & a'i "im$ !,la-ii ) $&n"r! romani ii *in O i*&n" & "& bz e (rom. $ nci). E;&m$ ! /i0an"in a in $ira" #r# +n*oia # +nO i*&n" i*&&a *& R 5isc-9s R9ic- @9#tsc-9$ Nati"n 'i $& a &&a *& a "r&iaRom# (=o o,a) +n Ori&n".

C!m a *&mon "ra" a"%" *& /in& A. Arm/r! "&r (4F77 2J _.) a & " n!mno! a a$#r!" "o mai +n ,r&m&a +n ar&,la-ii & *& $rin*&a! *& om!ni"a"&a*&$-"5ai"i i& &i 1r& i a! o i*&n"a i. A &a "#individualizare n!mar :&a0# a$ari ia !n&i on'"iin & na iona & in&;i "&n"# a a &a ,r&m&& "& mai *&1ra/# o on & in # a $r& !*i ii or a*! & or *& ,& :ici,9s $"5ani"r#in* on orm ! o/i &i!ri & or (,&0i k#s ,alac-ic#5 a &$"a" mai $r&"!"in*&ni +n E!ro$a Ori&n"a #) mai a & *in a!0a im$o0i"& or 'i a

or,&0i or im$! & *& +m$#ra ii 0i'i ma &*on&ni ar& a! $ro,o a" r&,o "a4J +m$o"ri,a !i Con "an"in X D! a ( . La0ar! 4F8 834). A$ari iano! !i ornume & "& +n o i"# *& o an!mi"# ma"!ri0ar& a on'"iin &i in"&r&&"ni & 'i o ia & 'i mar :&a0# in"rar&a or *& ini"i,# +n i "oria on'"i&n"#E!ro$&i a na i!n&in i9$i.

5J


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'azele *in &,o ! ial'tin&i #"r&2om n)

La"inai5!9$ial ( & .IV) ` a"ina"cci@9ntal

l'tin' $un)2&'n) ( & . IV VI) 2om n' .omun) ( & . VII XII) $'.o2om n' b ` '2om n' m& l&no2om n' i-t2o2om n' >Car& !n" a0& & &"a$& & $ar !r & *& a"in# +n &,o ! ia a #"r& im/a rom%n#?

54


50/129

LATINA DUNREAN

La /a0a limbii romne & a #l'tin' $un)2&'n) ( a!ca$!at"%@#n $9an) $& ar& o $!"&m r& on "i"!i

K a"%" $rin "!*i! & or a$roa$& 3 JJJ *& in ri$ ii *in Da ia ( a ar& & $o" a*#!1a a "3 JJJ *& o$&ri"& +n & & *o!# =o& ii) ar& r& & "# $rin B1r&'& i & $& ar& t&n$in6&l& $& &*olu6i& a & 5on&ti.ii, mo25olo i&i 'i l&+i.ului l'tin&i *o2%it&9 a & "&t&n$in6&*&,in ! "im$!2& uli 'l& lim%ii 2om n&K %" 'i $rin om$ara ia rom%n&i ! & & a "& im/i romani &.>C!m *& ini ilatina @#n $9an ? C!m $oa"& i r& on "i"!i"# ?

Unit't&' l'tin&i o ul'2&@n 1&n&ral'tin' *o2%it) 1n D'.i' n! *i &r&a & &n ia *& a"ina ,or/i"# +na$ia

Galcanic a! +n F"n9l9 a!#s9n9 a & Im$&ri! !i9 *&o &/iri & *ia & "a & ,or i o " n&+n &mD& a &&a *& ri&r&al'tin&i $un)2&n& & i*&n"i i # +n /!n# m# !r# ! *& ri&r&alatin9i,#l a$9 *& $& +n"r&1 !$rin ! romani .!Unit't&' l'tin&i *ul '2& +n &$& # & *& "ram& #"r& +n &$!"! & . a VII- &a *a"# Da ia oin i*& ! mom&n"! a'&0#rii a,i or 'i ! a/an*onar&a 1rani &i *!n#r&n& aIm$&ri! !i.>C%n* +n &$& # & *& "ram& !ni"a"&a a"in&i ,! 1ar& im$&ria & ?

MOR/OLO+IE I SINTAX @nl'tin' o ul'2)

& $ro*! mo*i i #ri im$or"an"& +n-t2u.tu2' 2'm'ti.'l) a # *& a"ina a i #9 a & "& mo*i i #ri & r& & "# +nlim%il& 2om'ni.&9

K T&n$in6' $& $i- '2i6i& ' .on-o'n&lo2 5in'l& r&$r&0in"# !na *in"r& & & mai im$or"an"&-. im%)2i 5on&ti.& ar& a #"!ri *& a "& & a *! a &2tu2%)2i m'2i 1n 5l&+iun& $rin.on5u(iil& 5o2m&lo2 $&4 .'(, &n, &2-o'n) an#59 'i a,9$G.K T9n@inHa 9n9$al a li5Gii !"!#la$9 *& a si5!li ica !a$a@i 59l9. @n $ro & ! *&$9"$ aniFa$9 a ac9st"$a & $r& &r#.on-t2u.6ii 'n'liti.& mai on r&"& +n o ! & or-int&ti.& $in l'tin' .l'-i.).>Car& !n" & & mai im$or"an"& mo*i i #ri $ro*! & +n st$#ct#$a $a5atical a latin9i !"!#la$9 ?

a. SUBSTANTIVUL

CA0URILE 2&$u.&2&' num)2ului $& .'(u2i


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% l# 5 ca 9?95!l# s#Gstanti,#lm'-.ulin lu u-, lu i, lu o, lu um, lu &

a# l"c #$5 t"a$9l9 t$ans "$5 $i% 9li5ina$9a l#i=- @9 la n"5inati,% 9li5ina$9a l#i=m @9 la ac#Fati,%


52/129

- +n2om n' *&. & 'i &a o ul'2) ' $&, l' in"ro*! %n* &n !ri $ro$rii &niti*ului'i$'ti*ului !n" oar"& r& ,&n"&.>C!m a! &,o !a" +n a"ina $o$! ar# a0!ri & !/ "an"i,! !i ?

+ENURILE

N9#t$#l - 2om n' & "&-in u2' lim%) 2om'ni.) +n ar& & $# "r&a0#n&ut2ul a 1&n a n&+n ! & i"& or9

- & m&n in *in a"in# 'i$&-in&n6&l& $& lu2'l =' a". sca5n ' *&,in& +n rom%n# sca#n&=o2' (*& a$" "o"=' ! in"&r$r&"ar&a a *& in&n # a &1m&n"! !i=o2 *in ra*i a )

a !/ "an"i,& & +n=u- a".t95!#s %o2' rom.ti5! ti5!u2

- +n2om n' *&. & 'i &a o ul'2) ' $&, l' in"ro*! %n* &n !ri $ro$rii &niti*ului'i$'ti*ului !n" oar"& r& ,&n"&.

@n 2om n) & ,a $ro*! &2&o2 'ni('2&' n&ut2ului $rin *&"&rmin#ri- 5asc#lin9 a sin #la$

- 95inin9 a !l#$al

n"t- a &a "# r&or1ani0ar& an&ut2ului $ar& #-'i ai/#1n.& utul :iar +nl'tin' t 2(i&.- n! "r&/!i& &; ! # +n # ni i in !&n a !/ "ra"! !i mai ! &am# # +n a /an&0#

n&!"r! & "& or1ani0a" a & a +n rom%n#.>C!m om&n"a i$9"$ aniFa$9a n9#t$#l#i


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E;"in*&r&a *& in&n &i -u2iH a".-o2' a i1!r# *& a &m&n&a o *i &r&n i&r& mai ar#+n"r& in1! ar! 'i $ !ra ! n&!"r& or.

r&/!i& $r& i0a"# 'i "&n*in a on"in!# *& mo*i i ar& a2'$i.'lului $rin r&ar&a'lt&2n'n6&lo2 5on&ti.& ar& mar :&a0# !$ im&n"aro o(i6i' $& num)2 .

DECLINRILE - +nl'tin' .l'-i.)&;i "a!.in.i ti u2i 5l&+ion'2& n!mi"& *& o/i &i B*& in#ri 9

- +nl'tin' $un)2&'n)& im$ i i # n!m#r! a & "ora on &r,%n*!- & $rim& & "r&i "i$!ri M *& in# I

a II -a 'i a III -a 'i u2m& a & & or a "& *o!# a IV -a 'i a V -a (a & "&a *o!# & on"o$& +n $rim& & "r&i)9

&;&m$ & !/ "an"i,& *& *& inar&a aV -a $r& !m 5'.i&- aH &55i i&- i5a in9 l'.i&- -9aH m't&2i&-5at9$ial l95n

@9,in 5'.i', l'.i', m't&2i', &5i i' J *& *& inar&a I .

@nlim%' 2om n)*in"r& !/ "an"i,& & mo'"&ni"& *in a"in#

a$ar in@9clin $ii I 5'6), &'6)*in ,& :&a@9clina$9 a V%a a !$ra,i& !i" n!mai$i&- (i M +n1 o/a" a@9clina$9a I +n

1rama"i i & "ra*i iona & *in mo"i,& ar& $ri,& "&n*in a 1&n&ra # a &,o ! i&i*& in#ri or a"in&'"i9@9clina$9a a IV%a r& "r%n # n!m&ri ( a 'ia V%a) -a on"o$i" !a II %a ! ar& &a &am#n# a in1! ar?=u =u- a !0.=um).o2nu, &lu - "r& a@9clina$9a a II %a +n # *in 5'(' l'tin) ' lim%iiC!m a &,o !a" sinta?a latin9i !"!#la$9 +n &,o ! ia a #"r& im/a rom%n#?

LEXICUL LATINEI DUNRENE

Vo a/! ar! a"in&i *!n#r&n& & i*&n"i i # +n 1&n&ra ! ,o a/! ar! *& ori1in&*in rom%n# (in ! i, *ia & "& & !*-*!n#r&n&). @n o$&ra ia *& r& on "i"!ir& a on*!*in a"ina *!n#r&an# a"ra1&m +n om$ara i& 'i im/i & /a ani & (a /an&0a 1r&a a im

a,&) in !&n a"& *& "im$!ri! *& a"in#. S& +n & &1& # ra$or"ar&a & a & 'i a romani & mai a & $&n"r! a *o,&*i !ni"a"&a &;i a # romani #. E"imon!ri & "r&/!i& r&1

!r & & a"in&i ,! 1ar& 'i :iar a & a"in&i a i &9 om$ara ia in"&rromani # im$ i #r& on "r! ia a & or !,in"& a/ &n"& +n !r & & a"in&.Pro & ! *&-im li5i.'2& $r&0&n" a ni,& !gramaticii a"in&i $o$! ar& & "& ,a a/i 'i a ni,& !vocabularului om$ar"im&n"! mo/i a im/ii 'i ar& & "& "r%n &1a" *& :im/#ri &

o i&"a"& 'i *in 1%n*ir&a oam&ni or. S& $oa"& o/ &r,a # a! *i $#r!" m! "& !,in"& ar& orm& im$ & +n a"ina a i # 'i a! a$#r!" +n :im/ *&ri,a"& 'i om$! & noi # -a!

& imina" ar:ai m& & 'i *!/ &"& & inonimi & 'i -a! r&*! n!an & & &man"i & & !nS-a a !n +n 1&n&ra ao Z-)2).i2&[ ' *o.'%ul'2ului l'tin o ul'2 a o r& "r%n1&r& a & "!ia*&"&rmina"# *& n&,oi & "ri "& a & om!ni #rii o o ,ia &. A! r&0i "a" mai ! &am# r& &ri"oar& a *om&nii & *& /a0# a & ,i& ii !,in"& $rin ar& & a i1!r# on r&"i0ar&"r# #"!ri or 1rama"i a & a"in&'"i.

J


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E &m&n"& & &;i a & mo'"&ni"& +n rom%n# !n" +n !r *& 2 JJJ *& !ni"# i a"%o " "ran mi & 'i & or a "& im/i romani & +n $ar"&. @n a$ar&n # & !n n!m#r oar"& mi ra$or"a"a a 45J JJJ *& !,in"& a & ,o a/! ar! !i 1&n&ra a "!a *ar & & r&$r&0in"# $ar"&a&-&n6i'l)&a mai im$or"an"# 5on$ul $& %'() 'l l&+i.ului #r# *& ar& o om!ni ar& & &m&n"ar# n! ar i

$o i/i #.>Car& & "& n!m#r! *& & &m&n"& &;i a & *& ori1in& a"in# mo'"&ni"& +n rom%n# ?

Din"r& a & "& 2 JJJ *& !,in"& mo'"&ni"& +n rom%n# a$roa$&8KK -unt .omun& .uto't& lim%il& 2om'ni.&

Din a & " 5on$ l&+i.'l 'n2om'ni. a $ar"&>$r&$o0i ii 'i on !n ii', .), .u, .)t2&, $&, 1n, &, -), - 2&9>a*,&r/& 'i a* & "i,& ! &mni i a ii 1&n&ra &%un, .'l$, $2& t, $ul.&, 5o'2t&, i&2i, l'2 , lun ,

m n&, nou, lin, t'2&, *&. i 9>n!m&ra & ar*ina & $ron!m& $&r ona & $o & i,& r& a"i,&9>,&r/& ! ,a ori m! "i$ &'*&', 5i, -t', 5'.&, ut&', *&ni 9> !,in"& & !ri"& ar& a o$&r# *om&nii oar"& im$or"an"& a & ,o a/! ar! !i. (I. i :&r ILRII $$. 44J-44 ).

C& &500 de cuvinte &ra! ! i i&n"& $&n"r!comunicarea elementar +n"r& o !i"orii*in "oa"& 0on& & Im$&ri! !i. A & "& !,in"& a! r&0i "a" $%n# a "#0i $rin im$or"an a 'i

or. S& m&n in& a " &.'2'.t&2ul unit'2 'l lim%ilo2 2om'ni.&.>Car& & "& n!m#r! !,in"& ormo:t&nit& 1n .omun *& "oa"& im/i & romani & on &rin*a & "ora !n ara "&runit'2 romani ?

@n a ar# *& !,in"& & mo'"&ni"& +n om!n *& "oa"& & & 0& & im/i romani &a "& & $# "ra"& n!mai +n !n& & im/i *in a &a "# ami i&.D& &;&m$ ! n!mai +n rom%n# 'i $anio # (+n !n& & a0!ri 'i +n $or"!1:&0#) -a! $# "ra"

& u' rom.i' ) $. & u'9 '-&2 rom. '-)2& $. ';'2o9 5o2mo-u- rom. 52umo- $. &2mo-o $or". 5o2mo-o9 5&2*&2& rom. 5i&2%& $.hervir $or". 5&2*&2 .

A & "& on or*an & & &;$ i # $rin a &&a # im/i & r& $& "i,& (rom%na 'i a! *&0,o "a" $&'2ii l't&2'l& a & Im$&ri! !i Roman.

>Car& !n" & &@"# a$ii lat9$al9 al9 s!aHi#l#i 9" $a ic i lin ,istic $"5anic ?

E;i "# /in&+n & & 'i !,in"& mo'"&ni"& n!mai *& %"& o im/# romani #. N!mai +n rom-a! $# "ra" a$ro;ima"i, 4JJ *& !,in"& a"in&'"i *in"r& ar& r& in&m

'$) o-t, ' &2, ';uto2, ' u.', '2m'2 B*! a$'-u$', ':t&2n&, .&2.&t', .2&:tin, 5&2i, 5&2i.&, 5l)m n$, i&2t', 1nt i, ;u$&6 ( ! &n ! ,& :i *& B !*& a"#)l& )n', l&:in', lin u2), l n.&$,m)2 &', n& u-to2, o'i&, l).int) lim%', u2.&$&, u2oi, ut2&$, -)n)to'2& (M !n#"oa-r&)-uo'2) (M !/ !oar#)t2&' t), u2.', * n)t, *)t)m', *&:t&$ .

4


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E;i "# 'i !,in"& a"in&'"i $# "ra"& n!mai +n rom%n# 'i a /an&0#.A &a "# im/# a /an&0a a o " *& "im$!ri! in !&n a"# *& a"in# 'i a on &r,a"

a "#0i !n n!m#r mar& *& !,in"& a"in&'"i. nt&. a /. n ( a".cantic#5)9.u* nt a /. u* n$ Ba*!nar& a" ( a".c"n,9nt#5 )9o- )6 a /.- t i B a # ( a".-"s!iti#5 ) 1m )2't a .m%2&t ( a". i5!9$at"$ )9m&-t&'.)n a /.m - t& ( a".5astic-in#s *in 1r&a #)9 ar.nui'2.) a /.n;&2 ( a".n",9$ ca)9-'t a /. 5- 't ( a". "ssat#5)9u21 a /.u2&; ( a". o22i2&).( . C#"# ina V#"#'& !V"caG#la$#l @9 "$i in9 latin


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caGall#s B a *& "ra i!n& m%r oa1# rom..'l ! &n ! a".9 ##s a 'i r.c-9,al i".ca,all" $.caGall" &" .9c" nat#s Br!*# rom..umn't a 'i i".c" nat" $.c#a@" a /. #nat 9 "c#s B,a"r# rom. 5o. r. 9# i". #"c" $. #9 " ($r& !%n* &n ! !ii nis)9 !a an#s B o !i"or a a"! !i rom. ) n r. !aQ9n $. !a an"

P&n"r! ara "&ri0ar&a &;i ! !i a"in&i *!n#r&n& & $oa"& a$& a 'i a !n ri"&ri!!,in"& $anromani & ! &

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