gramatica engleza(verbul)

8/2/2019 Gramatica Engleza(VERBUL)

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Lista principalelor verbe neregulate in engleza

Infinitiv-forma 1-

Trecut-forma 2-

Participiu trecut-forma 3-

Traducereverb

to abide abode abode a astepta, a sta, a locui

to arise arose arisen a se ridica

to awake awokeawaked

awokenawaked

a se trezi

to be was, were been a fi

to bear bore born a se naste

to beat beat beaten a bate

to become became become a deveni

to begin began begun a icepe

to behold beheld beheld a zari, a vedea

to bend bent bent a indoi, a curba

to beseech besought besought a implora

to bear bore born a se naste

to bet bet bet a pariato bid bade bidden a oferi, a licita

to bind bound bound a lega

to bite bit bitten a musca

to bleed bled bled a sangera

to bless blest blest a binecuvanta

to blow blew blown a sufla

to break broke broken a sparge

to breed bred bred a creste

to bring brought brought a aduce

to broadcast broadcast broadcast a transmite prin radioto burn burnt (burned) burnt (burned) a arde

to burst burst burst a izbucni

to buy bought bought a cumpara

to can could been able to a putea

to cast cast cast a arunca

to catch caught caught a prinde

to choose chose chosen a alege

to cleave cleft cleft a despica

to cling clung clung a se lipi

to come came come a veni

to cost cost cost a costa

to creep crept crept a se tara

to cut cut cut a taia

to deal dealt dealt a se ocupa, a trata afaceri

to dig dug dug a sapa

to do did done a face

to draw drew drawn a desena

to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa

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to drink drank drunk a bea

to drive drove driven a conduce masina

to dwell dwelt dwelt a locui, a ramane, a insista

to eat ate eaten a manca

to fall fell fallen a cadea

to feed fed fed a hrani

to feel felt felt a simti

to fight fought fought a luptato find found found a gasi

to fly flew flown a zbura

to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice

to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea

to foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea

to foretell foretold foretold a prezice

to forget forgot forgotten a uita

to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta

to forgo forwent forgone a renunta la,

a da uitariiforsake forsook forsaken a parasi

to freeze froze frozen a igheta

to get got got a primi

to give gave given a da

to go went gone a merge

to grind ground ground a macina

to grow grew grown a creste

to hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) a spanzura

to have had had a avea

to hear heard heard a auzi

to hide hid hidden a ascunde

to hit hit hit a lovi

to hold held held a tine

to hurt hurt hurt a rani

to keep kept kept a pastra

to kneel knelt knelt a igenunchia

to knit knit knit a tricota

to know knew known a sti, a cunoaste

to lay laid laid a asezato lead led led a conduce

to lean leant leant a se sprijini de

to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a ivata

to leave left left a parasi

to lend lent lent a mprumuta (cuiva)

to let let let a permite

to lie lay lain a fi culcat

to light lit lit a aprinde

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to lose lost lost a pierde

to make made made a face

to mean meant meant a isemna

to meet met met a intalni

to misgive misgave misgiven a inspira neicredere

to mislead misled misled a induce in eroare

to mistake mistook mistaken a intelege gresit

to outdo outdid outdone a intreceto overcome overcame overcome a invinge

to overdo overdid overdone a face exces

to pay paid paid a plati

to put put put a pune

to read read read a citi

to rend rent rent a sfasia, a rupe

to ride rode ridden a calari

to ring rang rung a suna

to rise rose risen a se ridica

to run ran run a alerga

to say said said a spune

to see saw seen a vedea

to seek sought sought a cauta

to sell sold sold a vinde

to send sent sent a trimite

to set set set a regla, a fixa

to sew sewed sewn (sewed) a coase

to shake shook shaken a scutura, a clatina

to shave shaved shaven a se barbierito shed shed shed a varsa (lacrimi)

to shine shone shone a straluci

to shoe shod shod a icalta, a potcovi

to shoot shot shot a mpusca

to show showed shown a arata

to shrink shrank shrunk a se strange

to shut shut shut a inchide

to sing sang sung a canta

to sink sank sunk a se scufunda

to sit sat sat a sta (pe ceva)to slay slew slain a ucide

to sleep slept slept a dormi

to slide slid slid a aluneca

to sling slung slung a azvarli

to slit slit slit a despica

to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi

to smite smote smitten a lovi

to sow sowed sown a semana

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to speak spoke spoken a vorbi

to speed sped sped a accelera

to spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera

to spend spent spent a cheltui

to spill spilt spilt a varsa

to spin spun spun a toarce,a se roti

to spit spat spat a scuipato split split split a despica

to spoil spoilt spoilt a strica

to spread spread spread a intinde

to spring sprang sprung a sari, a tasni

to stand stood stood a sta in picioare

to steal stole stolen a fura

to stick stuck stuck a infige, a se lipi

to sting stung stung a itepa

to stink stank stunk a mirosi urat

to strike struck struck a lovito string strung strung a insira,

a incorda

to strive strove striven a se stradui

to swear swore sworn a jura

to sweep swept swept a matura

to swim swam swum a inota

to swing swung swung a se legana

to take took taken a lua

to teach taught taught a invata, a preda

to tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia

to tell told told a spune

to think thought thought a gandi, a crede

to throw threw thrown a arunca

to thrust thrust thrust a mbranci

to tread trod trodden a calca

to underlie underlay underlain a sustine

to understand understood understood a intelge

to upset upset upset a supara

to wake woke woken a se trezi

to wear wore worn a purta

to weave wove woven a tese

to wet wet wet a uda

to win won won a castiga

to wind wound wound a se rasuci

to wring wrung wrung a frange,a smulge

to write wrote written a scrie

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Diateza activa a verbelor in englezaSubiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata de verb.Actiunea se rasfrange asupra altui lucru.

ExempleI have seen a tree.Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = eu ("I")

Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra copacului ("tree").

Yesterday, he broke his bicycle.Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = el ("he")Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra bicicletei sale ("his bicycle").

Diateza pasiva a verbelor in engleza

Cum se identificaActiune este realizata de subiectul logic ( complementul de agent ).

ExempleI have seen a tree. (diateza activa).The tree has been seen by me. (diateza pasiva).

Yesterday, he broke his bicycle. (diateza activa).Yesterday, his bicycle was broken by him. (diateza pasiva).

I will buy a car. (diateza activa).The car will be bought by me. (diateza pasiva).

Diateza reflexiva a verbelor

Cum se identificaLa diateza reflexiv aciunea este realizat i suportat de subiect.Diateza reflexiva se foloseste cu verbereflexive.

ExempleMary washes herself.

Maria s-a spalat.Jen and Greg kiss each other.Jen si Greg se saruta.

He shaved himself.El s-a barbierit.Verbe care au forma reflexiva: to shower, to wash, to shave, to hurry, to rest, to sit down, kiss.

Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza - Modulindicative

Trecut/ PastForma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous

I singular I came I was coming I had come I had been coming

II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming

IIIsingular He/She/It came He/She/It was coming He/She/It had come He/She/It has been coming

I singular We came We were coming We had come We had been coming

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II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming

IIIsingular They came They were coming They had come They had been coming

Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous

I singular I did not come I was not coming I had not come I had not been coming

II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming

III singularHe/She/It did notcome

He/She/It was notcoming

He/She/It had notcome He/She/It has not been coming

I singular We did not come We were not coming We had not come We had not been coming

II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming

III singular They did not come They were not coming They had not come They had not been coming

Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous

I singular Did I come? Was I coming? Had I come? Had I been coming?

II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?

IIIsingular Did he/she/it come?

Was he/she/itcoming? Had he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?

I singular Did we come? Were we coming? Had we come? Had we been coming?

II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?

IIIsingular Did they come? Were they coming? Had they come? Had they been coming?

Prezent/ Present

Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Persoana Present Simple Present ContinuousPresent Perfect

Simple Present Perfect Continuous

I singular I come I am coming I have come I have been coming

II singular You come You are coming You have come You have been coming

IIIsingular He/She/It comes He/She/It is coming He/She/It has come He/She/It has been coming

I singular We come We are coming We have come We have been coming

II singular You come You are coming You have come You have been coming

IIIsingular They come They are coming They have come They have been coming

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Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous

I singular I don't come I am not coming I have not come I have not been coming

II singular You don't come You are not coming You have not come You have not been coming

IIIsingular

He/She/It doesn'tcome

He/She/It is notcoming He/She/It has not come He/She/It has not been coming

I singular We don't come We are not coming We have not come We have not been coming

II singular You don't come You are not coming You have not come You have not been coming

IIIsingular They don't come They are not coming They have not come They have not been coming


Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect SimplePresent Perfect

Continuous

I singular Do I come? Am I coming? Have I come? Have I been coming?

II singular Do you come? Are you coming? Have you come? Have you been coming?

IIIsingular

Does he/she/itcome? Is he/she/it coming? Has he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?

I singular Do we come? Are we coming? Have we come? Have we been coming?

II singular Do you come? Are you coming? Have you come? Have you been coming?

IIIsingular Do they come? Are they coming? Have they come? Have they been coming?

Viitor/ FutureForma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")

Persoana Be Going To Future Simple Future Future Continuous

I singular I am going to come I will come I will be coming

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II singular You are going to come You will come You will be coming

III singular He/She/It is going to come He/She/It will come He/She/It will be coming

I singular We are going to come We will come We will be coming

II singular You are going to come You will come You will be coming

III singular They are going to come They will come They will be coming

Persoana Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future

I singular I will have come I will have been coming I am about to come

II singular You will have come You will have been coming You are about to come

III singular He/She/It will have come He/She/It will have been coming He/She/It is about to come

I singular We will have come We will have been coming We are about to come

II singular You will have come You will have been coming You are about to come

III singular They will have come They will have been coming They are about to comeForma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")


I singular I am not going to come I will not come I will not be coming

II singular You are not going to come You will not come You will not be coming

IIIsingular He/She/It is not going to come He/She/It will not come He/She/It will not be coming

I singular We are not going to come We will not come We will not be coming

II singular You are not going to come You will not come You will not be coming

IIIsingular They are not going to come They will not come They will not be coming

Persoana Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future

I singular I will not have come I will not have been coming I am not about to come

II singular You will not have come You will not have been coming You are not about to come

IIIsingular He/She/It will not have come He/She/It will not have been coming

He/She/It is not about tocome

I singular We will not have come We will not have been coming We are not about to come

II singular You will not have come You will not have been coming You are not about to come

IIIsingular They will not have come They will not have been coming They are not about to come



I singular Am I going to come? Will I come? Will I be coming?

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3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul Simplu in acest caz nu are nuantasubiectiva)4. pentru o actiune care se repeta regulat, frecvent

Prezentul Perfect/ The Present Perfect Tense1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in trecut)2. actiunea din trecut are repercursiuni in prezent3. actiunea e terminata in trecutul apropiat.4. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE5. in propozitiile care se folosesc adverbele YET (=INCA) si ALREADY (=DEJA)

6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut dar care nu s-a terminatPrezentul Perfect Continuu/ Present Perfect Continuous Tense1. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua (FARA INTRERUPERE) in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE2. actiunea tocmai s-a terminat (si dorim sa subliniem asta)

VIITORUL/ FUTURE- in limba engleza

Viitorul simplu/ Simple Future Tense1.Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep cu verbe ce exprima promisiunea, actiunineplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in propozitia principala avem verbe precum: think, assume, expect, hope,doubt, belive, suppose, be sorry, wonder, be sure pentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o actiune viitoare.

Viitorul Continuu/ Future Continuous Tense1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel moment/ timp)2. o actiune viitoare se va intinde pe toata durata viitoare

Viitorul Perfect/ Future Perfect Tense1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor.

Viitorul Perfect Continuu/ Future Perfect Continuous1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor

Viitorul in Trecut/ The Future-in-the-Past1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute

Prezentul Simplu

(Simple Present Tense)Cum se formeaza

VERB + s/es (pentru persoana a 3-a singular)

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile (nu poti sa le schimbi in viitor)

The sun rises in the East and sets in West. (Soarele rasare in Est si apune in Vest.)The water boils at 100 degrees C. (Apa fierbe la 100 C.)

2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc si devin general valabile)

I drink a tea every day. (Beau ceai in fiecare zi.)I never drink tea. (Nu beau ceai niciodata.)

In acest caz repetarea actiunii se "marcheaza" prin: every day/ month/ week/ year, occasionally, often, usually, sometimes,seldom, twice a week.

3. in vorbirea directa pentru a marca ce a spus cineva

John says: "I speak French". (John spune: Vorbesc Franceza.)

4. pentru a exprima actiuni planificate in viitorThe match starts at 2pm on Sunday. (Meciul incepe la ora 2 pm, duminica.)

5. in modul conditional (Conditional Prezent Real)

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http://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Prezentul-Perfect.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Prezentul-Perfect-Continuu.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-Simplu.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-Continuu.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-Perfect.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-Perfect-Continuu.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-in-Trecut.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-conditional/Engleza-Conditional-in-Prezent-Real.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Prezentul-Perfect.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Prezentul-Perfect-Continuu.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-Simplu.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-Continuu.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-Perfect.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-Perfect-Continuu.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-indicativ/Engleza-Viitorul-in-Trecut.htmlhttp://www.academia-de-engleza.ro/Gramatica-limbii-engleze/Verbul/Modul-conditional/Engleza-Conditional-in-Prezent-Real.html


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Tom helps me with my homework when he has time.

(Tom ma ajuta cu temele cand are timp.)

6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii, cuvinte care sa accentueze surprinderea, saurapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza)

I went into the house and suddenly I see a misterious map.(Am intrat in casa si dintr-o data am vazut o harta misterioasa.)I went into the house= actiunea de baza(suddenly) I see a misterious map = actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza care accentueaza

surprinderea

Comentariia) "-es" se adauga la persoana a 3-a singular pentru verbele care se termina in s, z, sh, ch, consoana+y

b) Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular siplural, cu exceptia persoanei a III- a singular, care se adauga (e) s.

- Exercitii

Daca ma duc in oras iau autobuzul.

(afirmatie general valabila in prezent)

If I go to the city I take the bus.

De ce e apa la 4 grade cea mai grea ?(afirmatie general valabila)

Why is 4 degree water the heaviest?

Eu ma duc la teatru o data pe luna.(afirmatie valabila in prezent, care se repeta cu o anumita frecventa)

I go to theatre once a month.

Eu niciodta nu ma duc la teatru.(afirmatie valabila in prezent, care se repeta cu o anumita frecventa; se poate considera ca frecventa ezero)

I never go to the theatre.

Prezentul (Simplu) Continuu

(Present Tense Continuous)

Cum se formeazaam/is/are + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum)

I am just writing my exercise. (Tocmai imi scriu exercitiul.)I amwriting my exercise now. (Imi scriu exercitiul acum.)

In acest caz, de regula, in propozitie intalnim cuvinte (care sa intareasca aceasta idee) precum:just, now.

2. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (dar care se va termina in viitorul mai departat)

I am studying French. (Studiez franceza.)

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Cand fac afirmatia poate ca nu studiez franceza (la acea ora), insa aceasta actiune/ activitate e inceputa in trecut si va continuasi in viitor. In acest caz nu se folosesc cuvinte de subliniere a prezentului precumjust, now.

3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul Simplu in acest caz nu are nuantasubiectiva)

What are you doing tomorrow ? (Ce faci maine?)In acest caz frecvent se folosesc verbe de miscare precum to come, to arrive, to go, to leave: My friend isleavingtomorrow. (Prietenul meu pleaca maine.)

4. pentru o actiune care se repeta regulat, frecventI am constantly thanking God for the opportunities that He has given me in my life. (nu exprima

iritarea)(Ii multumesc lui Dumnezeu in permanenta, pentru oportunitatile pe care mi le-a dat in viata.)De regula exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiune:He is continually making noise.(El face galagie in permanenta.)

Repetarea se exprima folosind adverbe precum: always, constantly, continually, often.

- Exercitii Dormi ?

(e considerata actiune continua)

Are you sleeping?

O sa ma intalnesc cu niste prieteni maine.

(e un plan in viitorul apropiat)

I am meeting some friends tomorrow.

John mereu ajunge/ vine tarziu.(situatie neplacuta, suparatoare care se repeta)

John is always coming late.

Mary studiaza pentru TOEFL acum.(actiune prezenta in curs de desfasurare)

Mary is studying for TOEFL now.

Prezentul Perfect

(The Present Perfect Tense)Cum se formeaza

has/have + past participleCand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in trecut)

I have seen that movie 10 times. (Am vazut acel film de 10 ori.)Yes, I have seen that movie. (Da, am vazut acel film.)

Uneori se pot folosi adverbe de frecventa sau de timp care nu precizeaza timpul cu exactitate (ever, never, often,seldom, always, sometimes):

I have never seen him. (Nu l-am vazut niciodata.)

2. actiunea din trecut are repercursiuni in prezent

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I have seen an interesting museum.(Am vazut un muzeu interesant.) ... in prezent imi amintesc bine acel muzeu.

A terrible accident has happened.(Un accident teribil a avut loc.) ... inca sunt afectat de acel lucru.

3. actiunea e terminata in trecutul apropiat.

It has just rained. (Tocmai a plouat.)In general, propozitiile contin adverbe precumjust, recently, lately, latterly, till now, up to now,so far, up to the present, last week.

4. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE

I have been at home since 5Pm. (Sunt acasa de la ora 5 pm.)I have been at home for 2 hours. (Sunt acasa de 2 ore.)

SINCE: specifica de la ce data/ ora.FOR: specifica perioada

In cazul in care actiunea/ activitatea e facuta fara intrerupere sau se doreste accentuarea ei se va folosi The Present Perfect

Continuous5. in propozitiile care se folosesc adverbele YET (=INCA) si ALREADY (=DEJA)

Have you learned Polish curses already ?(Ai invatat deja cursurile in poloneza? )

I have alreadylearned the Polish curses.(Am invatat dj cursurile in poloneza.)

I have not learned the Polish curses yet.(Inca nu am invatat cursurile in poloneza.)

6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut dar care nu s-a terminat

I have eaten a good cake this morning.(este ora 9 am si dimineata nu s-a terminat)

(Am mancat o prajitura buna in aceasta dimineata.)In acest caz se folosesc constructii ca: this week, this day, this year, this month, all day, allnight, today, etc.

- Exercitii Il stiu pe Dan de 7 ani.

(propozitie ce foloseste SINCE sau FOR)

I have know Dan for 7 years.

A nins.

(prezentul e afectat; vedem zapada afara)

It has snowed.

Inca nu ti-ai facut temele.(propozitie ce foloseste YET sau ALREADY)

You have not done your homework yet.

Am vazut un film interesant in aceasta saptamana.(saptamana nu e terminata)

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I have seen an interesting movie this week.

Prezentul Perfect Continuu

(Present Perfect Continuous Tense)Cum se formeaza

has/have + been + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua (FARA INTRERUPERE) in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE

I have been working for 2 hours. (Lucrez de 2 ore.)dar,

I have worked in this factory for two years. (inca mai lucrez, dar la modul general; acum poate casunt acasa si ma uit la TV)

(Lucrez in aceasta fabrica de 2 ani.)

2. actiunea tocmai s-a terminat (si dorim sa subliniem asta)

I have been reading all afternoon. Ive just finished the novel.

(Am citit toata dupa-masa. Tocmai am terminat de citit romanul.)

ComentariiAtentie la verbele care nu au forma continua !

Pentru a vedea verbele care nu au forma continua va rog sa dati click aici: Verbele care nu au forma continua inengleza

- Exercitii -Tu astepti aici de o ora.(propozitie ce foloseste SINCE sau FOR; actiunea e fara intrerupere)

You have been waiting here for 1 hour.

Ea uda florile salbatice din park de 2 ore.

(propozitie ce foloseste SINCE sau FOR; actiunea e fara intrerupere)

She has been watering the wildflowers in the park for 2 hours.

Ea se uita la TV de 20 minute.(propozitie ce foloseste SINCE sau FOR; actiunea e fara intrerupere)

She has been watching TV for 20 minutes.

Trecutul Simplu in engleza

(The Simple Past Tense)Cum se formeazaAcest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este amintita in momentul prezent.a) VERB+ed --> pentru verbele regulate.

b) forma a 2-a a verbelor neregulate --> pentru verbele neregulate.Observatii:

1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o precede este scurta si accentuate: stop -> stopped

prefer -> preferred

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2) verbele terminate in y precedat de consoana il schimba in i: study -> studied

3) verbele terminate in e adauga doar d: move -> moved

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. actiunea e in trecut; timpul e definit cu exactitate(last week, last month, last year, that day, that week,that year, in 1990, on Thursday, 10 years ago)

I visited London 10 years ago.(Am vizitat Londra acum 10 ani.)

2. pentru o actiune care era o obistuinta in trecut (acum nu mai e)

We went to the Black See every year.(acum nu mai mergem in fiecare an la Marea Neagra)(Am mers la Marea Neagra in fiecare an. /Obisnuiam sa mergem la Marea Neagra in fiecare an)

3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)"Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?

(Unde ai sta daca ai merge la Bucuresti?)Tom would help me with my homework if he had time.(Tom m-ar ajuta cu temele daca ar avea timp.)

4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare fata de actiunea trecuta sunt simultane)He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea)(Mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)

- Exercitii Daca as avea bani i-as cheltui.(situatie ipotetica in prezent: nu am bani)

If I had money,I would spend it.

Am vizitat Italia anul trecut.(actiune trecuta; timpul e clar precizat)

I visited Italy last year.

Shakespeare a scris multe drame.(actiune trecuta; timpul e clar precizat pentru ca stim ca Shakespeare a murit sau nu va mai scriedrame)

Shakespeare wrote many plays.

John obisnuia sa bea 6 pahare de vin pe zi.(actiune trecuta repetitiva; dar acum nu mai e valabila)

John drank 6 glasses of wine a day.

Trecutul (Simplu) Continuu

(The Past Tense Continuous)Cum se formeaza

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was/were + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru a exprima o actiune in progres la un anumit moment din trecut

I remember that yesterday at 5 Pm I was watching TV.(Imi amintesc ca ieri la ora 5 pm, ma uitam la Tv.)

2. pentru a arata ca o actiune trecuta a fost intrerupta de o alta

I was playing a computer game when she called.

(Ma jucam pe calculator cand ea a sunat.)While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.(In timp ce eram la picnic, a inceput sa ploua.)

3. folosind "Past Continuous Tense" pentru actiuni trecute sublinieaza ideea de paralelism, simultaneitate (se cunoastetimpul)

Last evening at 5 Pm, I was studying while he was making dinner.(Seara trecuta, la ora 5 pm, eu invatam in timp ce el pregatea cina.)

4. pentru a exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiuni care se repetau in trecut

He was constantly/ always coming late to the English class.(Intotdeauna venea tarziu la ora de engleza.)

5. pentru a exprima conditionalul prezent ireal continuu

What would you say if the boy were studying now ? (Discutie intre parinti cand sepregatesc sa intre in camera copiilor. Ei nu se asteapta ca baiatul lor sa invete acum.)

(Ce ai spune daca baiatul ar invata acum?)

- Exercitii

Ieri la 7 Pm imi luam cina.

(actiune continua in trecut, stim timpul cu exactitate)

Yesterday at 7PM I was having dinner.

Ieri la 9 Pm ma uitam la TV.(actiune continua in trecut, stim timpul cu exactitate)

Yesterday at 9PM,I was watching TV.

Ieri, in timp ce eu ma uitam la TV, Maria se juca pe calculator.(2 actiuni simultane in trecut, stim timpul cu exactitate)

Yesterday,while I was watching TV,Mary was playing on the computer.

Trecutul Perfect

(The Past Perfect Tense)Cum se formeaza

had + past participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. exprima o actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut sau anterioara unui moment din trecut

The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the garden.(Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.)

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The little spoke as if he had seen a flying saucer.(Micutul a vorbit ca si cum vazuse o farfurie zburatoare.)

2. in constructiile care folosesc Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)

Tom would have helped me with my homework if he hadhad time.(situatie ipotetica in trecut)(Tom m-ar fi ajutat cu temele daca ar fi avut timp.)

3. pot exprima o dorinta nerealizata

I wish I hadn't missed the buss.(Imi doresc sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)

I wished I hadn't missed the buss.(Mi-as fi dorit sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.)

4. exprima o actiune anterioara unei actiuni a carui timp e "Future-in-the-Past"

Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English a littlebit.

(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)

- Exercitii

Tu studiasei Franceza inainte sa te muti in Quebec.

(actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)

You had studied Franch before you moved to Quebec City.

Dupa ce am luat micul dejun m-am dus la scoala.(actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)

After I had breackfast I went to school.

Mary preparase deja cina inainte ca Tom sa vina acasa .(actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)

Mary had already cooked dinner before Tom got/came holme.

Ea a vizitat Londra inainte ca ea sa paraseasca Anglia.(actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)

She had visited London before she left England.

Trecutul Perfect Continuu

(The Past Perfect Continuous Tense)Cum se formeazahad been + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. exprima o actiune continua inainte unei actiuni situate in trecut

They had been talking for over two hours before Tom arrived.(Ei vorbeau de peste doua ore, cand Tom a ajuns.)Aceeasi situatie poate fi prezenta si in vorbirea indirecta:

John said that he had been watching TV at 9 o'clock.(John a spus ca se uitase la TV la ora 9. )

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- Exercitii

Greg ne-a spus ca gatea la ora 8am ieri.

(actiune continua anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)

Greg told us that he had been cooking yesterday at 8 oclock.

Ei lucrau de 3 ore inainte ca seful sa soseasca.(actiune continua anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)

They had been working for 3 hours before the boss arrived.

Tom condusese mai putin de 2 ore inainte ca masina sa ramana fara benzina.(actiune continua anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)

Tom had been driving less than two hours before the car ran out of gas.

Viitorul Simplu in engleza

(Simple Future Tense)Cum se formeazawill + verb

Cand se foloseste & ExempleViitorul simplu se foloseste inpropozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep cu verbe ce

exprima promisiunea,actiunineplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in propozitia principalaavem verbe precum: think, assume, expect, hope, doubt, belive, suppose, be sorry, wonder,be sure pentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o actiune viitoare.

I suppose I will be there. (predictia)(Presupun ca voi fi acolo.)

I will be there at 7 o'clock. (promisiunea)(Voi fi acolo la ora 7.)

Comentarii1) Pentru actiunile planificate in viitornu se foloseste viitorul simplu ci "TO BE GOING TO"sauSimple Present Continuous !

Daca actiunea e planificata in decursula a 1-7 zile sau e vorba de o activitate repetitiva in viitor de regula se folosesteviitorul format cu "to be going to":

I am going to see that movie on Friday."am going to" are sensul de "planific sa"(Imi planific/ Intentionez sa merg vineri la acel film.)Daca actiunea e planificata mult mai tarziu (in viitor) de regula se foloseste prezentul simplu continuu:

Mike is moving to New York next month.(Mike se muta la New York luna viitoare.)

Nota: viitorul format cu "to be going to" are nuanta de viitor apropiat; cel format cu prezentul simplu continuu nu are nici onuanta de acest fel.

2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introdusecuafter,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, ifnu vom avea viitor !

- Exercitii Cred ca ma voi duce la New York.(predictie viitoare)

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19/36

Isuppose I will go to New York

Ma astept sa ploua maine.(predictie viitoare)

Iexpect it will rain tomorrow.

O sa ma duc in excursie luna viitoare.(actiune planificata viitoare)

I am going on a trip next month.

O sa fiu acasa la 8 Pm.(promisiune)

I will be at home at 8PM.

Viitorul Continuu

(Future Continuous Tense)Cum se formeaza

will be + present participle

am/is/are + going to be + present participle (pentru "to be going to")

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel moment/ timp)

Tonight at 7 o'clock, Tom will be watching TV. (Acum e1 Pm si Tom va incepe sa se uite laTV la 6:30 Pm)

(Deseara la ora 7, Tom se va uita la TV ... deja se uita de ceva vreme)

2. o actiune viitoare se va intinde pe toata durata viitoare

Ann will be writing letters all day long.(Ann va scrie scrisori toata ziua.)

Comentarii1) O varianta a cazului 1 de folosire a lui "Future Continuous Tense" este cand se vrea sa se sublinieze faptul ca in

viitor doua sau mai multe actiuni vor avea loc simultan:

Tonight, they will be watching TV, discussing their vacation plans,and having a good time.

(Deseara, ei se vor uita la TV, isi vor discuta planurile de vacanta si vor petrece o seara minunata.)

2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul !Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while,

when, before, as soon as, by the time, ifnu vom avea viitor !I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight.(Ma voi uita la TV cand ea va sosi deseara.)

- Exercitii Diseara la 7 Pm voi juca jocuri pe calculator.(actiune viitoare inceputa la 6 Pm)

In the evening at 7PM I will be playing computer game.

Cand tu vei ajunge acasa eu ma voi uita la TV.(In propozitiile incepute cu "when" nu se foloseste viitorul !!!)

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When you arrive at home be watching TV.

Diseara la 7 Pm el inca va lucra.

(actiune viitoare inceputa la 8 am ... )

In the evening,at 7PM he will still be working.

Viitorul Perfect

(Future Perfect Tense)Cum se formeazawill have + past participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor

Jerry will have worked for this company for 20 years when he retires.(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va pensiona.)

Comentarii1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse

cuafter,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, ifnu vom avea viitor !2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"

By next January, I will have received my reward.(Pana in ianuarie viitor , imi voi fi primit premiul.)

- Exercitii

Diseara la 7 Pm voi juca jocuri pe calculator.

(actiune viitoare inceputa la 6 Pm)

In the evening la 7PM I will playing computer games.

Cand tu vei ajunge acasa eu ma voi uita la TV.

(In propozitiile incepute cu "when" nu se foloseste viitorul !!!)

When you arrive I will be watching TV.

Diseara la 7 Pm el inca va lucra.(actiune viitoare inceputa la 8 am ... )

In the evening,at 7PM will still be working.

Viitorul Perfect

(Future Perfect Tense)Cum se formeazawill have + past participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor

Jerry will have worked for this company for 20 years when he retires.

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(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va pensiona.)

Comentarii1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse

cuafter,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, ifnu vom avea viitor !2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"

By next January, I will have received my reward.(Pana in ianuarie viitor , imi voi fi primit premiul.)

- Exercitii Pana lunea viitoare imi voi termina tema.(actiune viitoare terminata inaintea unei date viitoare)

By next Monday I will have finished my homework.

Sora mea va ajunge pana la 9 Pm.

(actiune viitoare terminata inaintea unei date viitoare)

My sister will have arrived by 9 oclock.

Pana cand tu vei termina cursul de engleza, eu voi fi luat testul TOEFL.(actiune viitoare terminata inaintea unei eveniment viitor)

By the time you finish the English course I will Have passed the Toefl test.

Viitorul Perfect Continuu(Future Perfect Continuous)Cum se formeazawill have been + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor

Jerry will have been working for this company for 20years when she retires.

(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie ( si va continua sa lucreze) in momentul cand ea se va pensiona.)

- Exercitii Pana vinerea viitoare, tu vei fi calatorit 2 zile.(actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)

By next Friday you will have been travelling for two days.

Pana la 9 Pm, tu te vei fi uitat de 2 ore la TV.(actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)

By 9 oclock PM you will have been watching TV for 2 hours.

Pana la 6 Pm, tu vei fi dormit de 2 ore.(actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)

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By 6 oclock PM,you will have been sleeping for two hours.

Viitorul Perfect Continuu

(Future Perfect Continuous)Cum se formeazawill have been + present participle

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor

Jerry will have been working for this company for 20years when she retires.

(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie ( si va continua sa lucreze) in momentul cand ea se va pensiona.)

- Exercitii Pana vinerea viitoare, tu vei fi calatorit 2 zile.(actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)

By next Friday you will have been travelling for two days.

Pana la 9 Pm, tu te vei fi uitat de 2 ore la TV.

(actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)

By 9 oclock PM you will have been watching TV for 2 hours.

Pana la 6 Pm, tu vei fi dormit de 2 ore.(actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)

By 6 oclock PM,you will have been sleeping for two hours.

"Viitorul in Trecut"

(The Future-in-the-Past)Cum se formeaza

would + VERB orwas/ were going to + VERB (pentru actiuni planificate)

Exemple1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute

He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea)(El mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)

Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English a littlebit. (afterarata anterioritatea)

(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)

Comentarii

Propozitiile (de timp) care incep cu before, when, while, after, as soon as, by the time, if, unless nuau verbul la viitor.

- Exercitii Greg mi-a zis ca imi va imprumuta cartea cand o va avea.(actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute)

Greg told me that he would lend me the book,when he got it.

Tom mi-a spus ca va merge in excursie.(actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute)

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Tom told me that he would go on a trip.

Am stiut ca John va termina munca pina la 4:30 Pm.(actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute)

I knew John would finish work by 4:30 PM.

El mi-a explicat ca va cauta un job.

(actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute)He explained to me that he would look for a job.

Conditionalul in limba engleza

Modul Conditional - Conditionalul in limba englezaPresent Real Conditional (Conditional real in prezent)

1) "Present Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii care apar in mod normal

in viata de zi cu zi; sint situatii generale si care se repeta frecvent sau sunt sigure (sunt reale si nufictive);2) If e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente; When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.

When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach. (situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent)

Present Unreal Conditional (Conditional ireal in prezent)"Present Unreal Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii ipotetice.

What would you do if you won the lottery?(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul)

Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest?(situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; calatoria la Bucuresti in acest caz nu e reala)

Past Real Conditional (Conditional real in trecut)1) "Past Real Conditional" face referire la un obicei trecut (nu mai e valabil in prezent).

2) If e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente; When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.

Tom helped me with my homework when he had time. (situatie general valabila in trecut)If the weather were nice, I walked to my office. (situatie general valabila in trecut)Past Unreal Conditional (Conditional ireal in trecut)

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1) "Past Real Conditional" face referire la o situatie trecuta ipotetica.

2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se

considera ca actiunea/ evenimentul nu a avut loc.

Tom would have helped me with my homework if he hadhad time.(situatie ipotetica in trecut)

If the weather had been nice, I would have walked to my office.

(situatie ipotetica in trecut)Future Real Conditional (Conditional real in viitor)1) "Future Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a spune ce se va face intr-o situatie particulara

viitoare.If the weather is nice, I walkto my office. (situatie generala) vezi "Present Real Conditional"If the weather is nice, I will walkto my office. (situatie particulara)

Diferenta dintre cele 2 mesaje e foarte mica, practic insesizabila in vorbirea curenta.

2) If e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente; When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente.

Future Unreal Conditional (Conditional ireal in viitor)

1) "Future Unreal Conditional" face referinta la o situatie imaginara (nu e rela) in viitor.2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se considera ca actiunea/

evenimentul nu va avea loc.

3) Forma 2 e cea mai folosita (in aceasta situatie) in manualele de gramatica.

Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were having time.( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca va avea timp. (dar stiu ca nu va avea)

Subjonctivul

(The Subjunctive)Cum se identificaSubjonctivul se foloseste cand avem :

o actiune posibila in viitor o actiune nerealizata (ireala) in trecut sau prezent

o recomandare, un sfatExemple

It is necessary that the work be done. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)

He speaks as if he were not from Bucharest.(situatie ireala in prezent, deci AVEM subjonctiv) El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar e din Bucuresti.

He speaks as if he is not from Bucharest.(situatie reala in prezent, deci NU AVEM subjonctiv) El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar nici nu e din Bucuresti. It's time you went to bed. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)

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Comentarii

Subjonctivul in engleza se formeaza cu :

a) infinitivul scurt al verbului

1)dupa constructii ca: It is necessary, It is advisable, It is recommendable, It is possible, It is unsure, It isprobable( ca si formularile de genul "He recommends", "He advices", "He requests");

2) in propozitii de scop (so that ...); ex.: Come earlier so that you find him at home. (formaamericana)

Come earlier so that you can find him at home. (formabritanica)

3) in propozitii concesive ( however ... ); ex.: I go there however difficult it be.

4) in exclamatii afective: ex.: Bless you !

5) In formulas (short infinitive):Longlive the queen. (Triasc regina!)

So be it. (Aa s fie.) Come what may. (Fie ce o fi.)

Suffice it to say. (Este suficient de zis.)Be that as it may. (Fie ce o fi.)Say what you will. (Spune ce vrei.)

b) forma de "Past Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima:

1) un regret prezentI wish I knew her address. ( ... nu-i stiu adresa si regret);

If only he was faithful to me!

(Dac mi-ar fi fidel!)

If only I had known about her mischance! (Dac a fi tiut de ghinionul ei!)

2) ceva ce e ireal in prezent (cu constructiile "as if", "as though"); 3) preferinta (cind se folosesc constructiile "would rather/ sooner", "it is time", "had better", "I'd

prefer"). You had better go home.

(Mai bine ai merge acas.) Id prefer if you didnt go.

(A prefera s nu mergi.)

c) forma de "Past Perfecte Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima un regret vis-a-vis de o actiune anterioaratimpului din propozitia principala:

ex.: I wish(ed) you had written to him. (As dori/ As fi dorit ca tu sa-i fi scris lui.)

d) alte forme de imperativ: Somebody bring me a glass of water!

(Cineva s mi aduc un pahar cu ap!)

Come on everybody, leave the room! (Haidei, toat lumea s prseasc ncperea!)

e) After verbs expressing a desire that someone should do something: ask, advise, desire, intend, order,recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, want; after verbs expressing plans: arrange, leave word, pland;after adjectives expressing feelings: anxious, willing, eager, pleased, glad.

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They demanded that the meetingbe heldin our new conference room.(Au cerut ca ntlnirea s se in n sala nou de conferine.)We planned that theyshould see the room beforehand.

(Am plnuit s vedem camera nainte.)

She was anxious that theyshould see her dancing.

(Era emoionat c o vor vedea dansnd.)

f) cu "may/might"

May you live long!

(S trieti mult!)

However tired might he be, he must come down.

(Orict de obosit ar fi, trebuie s vin jos.

Alte comentarii:i) Forma de "Past Tense" a lui "to be" este "were";ii) in constructiile cu "for + subiect" se foloseste forma lunga a infinitivului: It's time for you to go to bed.

iii) Pentru a vedea cum se formeaza subjonctivul in propozitiile conditionale dati click pe linkurile de mai jos:Conditional in Trecut (Ireal) Conditional in Prezent (Ireal) Conditional in Viitor (Ireal)

iv) In engleza americana, in propozitia subordonata introdusa de "that"cand propozitia principala exprima orecomandare, decizie, cerere, speranta, intentie sau surprindere.

They recommended that hepaymore attention to class.

(I-au recomandat s fie mai atent la lecie.)

They hoped that he be elected President.

(Au sperat s fie ales preedinte.)

They suggested that our flowers be putinto a vase.(Au sugerat ca florile noastre s fie puse n vaz.)

v) if need be inseamna if it is necessary

If need be she can always tell him the truth.

(La nevoie, i poate spune oricnd adevrul.)

- Exercitii

Completati spatiile libere in propozitiile de mai jos:

It's time for you

to go

to bed.E timpul sa te duci in pat. (forma cu FOR)

It's time you

w ent

to bed.E timpul sa te duci in pat. (forma fara FOR)

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Come earlier so that you

find

Tom at home.Vino devreme ca sa-l gasesti acasa pe Tom. (forma americana)

Come earlier so that you

can find

Tom at home.Vino devreme ca sa-l gasesti acasa pe Tom. (forma britanica)

It is necessary that the work

be

done.E necesar ca munca sa fie facuta.

He speaks as if he

w ere not

from Bucharest.El vorbeste de parca nu ar fi din Bucuresti.(dar e din Bucuresti)

I wish Dave

w ere

here.Mi-ar fi placut ca Dave sa fie aici.

I wish you

had w ritten

to him.Mi-ar fi placut ca tu sa-i fi scris lui.

Imperativul in engleza

Cum se identificaVerbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine, sfaturi ce trebuiescexecutate.

ExempleLet him go !

( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )Lock the door !

( Incuie usa ! )Go there !

( Du-te acolo ! )Let me know !

(Da-mi voie sa stiu !)Don't worry be happy!

Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit!Leave me alone !

Lasa-ma in pace!Take it easy !

Usor !Verbele modale in engleza: Can

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala

I can speak English.

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I can swim very well.

2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea

Can Tom make such a mistake ?

3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial

Can I borrow your book ?Nota:

Aceasta forma de exprimare a permisiunii nu este foarte delicata si poate fi vazuta si ca o cerere politicoasa.4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie

I can see somebody near my car.Comentarii

1. Pentru a exprimapermisiunea in limbajul oficial/ politicos se foloseste "May";2. Cererea cu "Could" este mai politicoasa decat cea cu "Can"; de aceea de regula cererile se fac cu "Could";3. "Could" este folosit in unele cazuri drept trecutul lui "Can".

- Exercitii -Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea neoficiala)

Can I borrow your umbrella ?

Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea oficiala)

May I borrow your umbrella ?

Stiu/ pot sa vorbesc franceza. (capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala)

I can speak French.

Greg nu poate face asa ceva. (imposibilitatea, neincrederea)

Greg cannot do such a thing.

Te vad. Tu ma vezi (chiar acum in timp ce vorbesc)?(accentuarea continuitatii cu verbele de perceptie)

I can see you. Can you see me ?

Verbele modale: May

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. cand se cere permisiunea in mod oficial, politicos

May I go home now ?Nota:Permisiunea se poate cere si cu "Can" insa in mod neoficial, protocolar.

2. exprima posibilitatea

It may rain in the afternoon.( Se poate sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )Nota:Daca se foloseste "might" probabilitatea e mai mica decat "may", insa diferenta nu e foarte mare:It might rain in the afternoon.( S-ar putea sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )

3. exprima o dorinta

May all your wishes come true.( Fie ca ... )

Comentarii1. "May" in situatia in care exprima posibilitatea poate fi inlocuit cu "it is possible"fara ca sensul sa se schimbe:

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It is possible for Tom to do that thing.Tom may do that thing.

- Exercitii Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii:Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea neoficiala)

Can I borrow your umbrella ?

Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea oficiala)

May I borrow your umbrella ?

Michael se poate sa fie acolo. (posibilitate)

Michael may be there.

Michael s-ar putea sa fie acolo. (posibilitate mai slaba)

Michael might be there.

Tom s-ar putea sa doarma acum. (posibilitate mai slaba, continua)

Tom might be sleeping now .

Verbele modale: Must

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala)

I must go.(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea)

Nota:Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":

I have to go.(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie sa ajung undeva; nu e odecizie subiectiva, ci una obiectiva)

2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie

John always at this hour is at home. Now must be at home as well.(logic John ar trebui sa fie acasa, dar poate nu e).

ComentariiDaca nu suntem foarte siguri de deductia logica folosim verbul "may".

- Exercitii Trebuie sa te opresti din fumat. (obligatie: asa crede cu putere cel care vorbeste)

You must stop smoking.

Trebuie sa ma duc la scoala maine. (obligatie: asa crede cu putere cel care vorbeste)

I must go to school tomorrow .

(E parerea mea nu sunt obligat de scoala)

Trebuie sa ma duc la scoala maine. (obligatie externa)

I have to go to school tomorrow .

(Sunt obligat de scoala)

E ora 7. Paul trebuie sa fie acasa acum. (deductie logica)

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It's 7 o'clock. Paul must be at home now .

(Sunt foarte sigur de deductia mea logica)Daca nu sunt sigur de rezaultatul logicii mele (pentru ca pot interveni factori pe care nu-i cunosc) se foloseste verbul

"May".

Verbele modale: Ought to

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare:

Margaret ought to exercise more.Margaret trebuie sa exerseze mai mult; este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa.

- Shall I go to this funeral ?- Well, you ought to.Este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa; insa e ceva ce trebuie facut caci asa e

bine din punct de vedere moral.Nota:

Daca s-ar raspunde "Well you have to." semnificatia ar fi: "Trebuie sa te duci, nu ai de ales." (obligatia e exterioara inacest caz)

Comentarii1) Pentru a exprima recomandari negative dispare "to" dupa "to have":

You ought not smoke so much.We ought not be afraid of the these risks.Totusi, sunt acceptate deasemenea si formele:

You ought not to smoke so much.We ought not to be afraid of the these risks.

2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult "should not".

- Exercitii -Tu trebuie sa te duci acolo. (recomandare)

We ought to go there.

Tu nu trebuie sa te duci acolo. (recomandare)

We ought not (to) go there.

Acest lucru trebuie sa fie mentionat. (recomandare)

This thing ought to be mentioned.

Noi trebuie sa jucam fotbal. (recomandare)

We ought to play f ootball.

El nu trebuie sa-si piarda timpul in fata televizorului. (recomandare)

He ought not to be spending his time in front of the TV\w atching the TV.

(Acest lucru se intampla si asta il irita pe cel/ pe cea care face afirmatia)

Verbele modale: Shall

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofert sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ) What shall I do? (Ce sa fac?)

Shall I listen to you? (S te ascult ?)

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2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaie sau o ameninare care provin de la cel care vorbete ( Folosit cu persoaneleII i III) You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me. Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine.

He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that. Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa.

You shall hear from me again!Vei mai auzi tu de mine!)

3. pentru a exprima o hotarare The gates shall not open . (Usile nu se vor deschide.)4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale

The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the examination. Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii.

Comentarii1. Folosit cu persoana I, shall indic viitorul.

2. Folosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o obligatie sau o amenintare care provin de la cel carevorbeste.

- Exercitii Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii in engleza (traducerile va sunt prezentate mai jos): 1. Voi face curatenie in camera pt tine. (exprima o promisiune)

2. Sa-ti duc catelul la plimbare? (exprima o oferta)

3. Du-te sa inveti, iti promit ca nu vei fi deranjat. (exprima o promisiune)

4. Mergem la cinema? (exprima o sugestie)

5. Daca iei o nota buna, vei primi un cadou frumos. (exprima o promisiune)

6. S mananc nite fructe? A prefera s mananc nite legume. (exprima solicitarea unui sfat)

7. Ce pantofi sa port, ca sa potriveasca cu acea rochie? (exprima solicitarea unui sfat)

8. Iti vei manca legumele, indiferent daca iti plac sau nu. (exprima o amenintare, o insistenta)

9. Sa spunem 8:30 atunci? Ramane 8:30 atunci? (exprima solicitarea unui sfat/raspuns)

10. Nu vei primi niciun cadou de Craciun daca nu te comporti frumos. (exprima o amenintare)

Traducere in engleza:

1. I shall clean the room for you.

2. Shall I take your dog for a walk?

3. Go to study, I promise you shall not be disturbed.

4. Shall we go to the cinema?

5. If you get a good mark, you shall get a nice present.

6. Shall I eat some fruits? Id rather eat some vegetables.

7. What shoes shall I wear to match that dress?8. You shall eat your vegetables, whether you like it or not.

9. Shall we say 8.30 then?

10. You shall not get any Christmas presents if you dont behave well.

Verbele modale: Will

Cand se foloseste & Exemple1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare I will climb this mountain even if its the last thing I do. Voi urca acest munte, chiar daca va fi ultimul lucru pe care il fac.

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2. pentru a exprima opromisiune I will not let you down. Nu te voi dezamagi .3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere This boy looks very much like Tom. He will be his brother. Acest baiat seamana foarte bine cu Tom. O fi fratele lui.4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil

Polar bears will perish. Ursii polari vor disparea.

5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata I always drink coffee in the morning . (= I will drink coffee in the morning). Intotdeauna beau cafea dimineata. Voi bea cafea dimineata.6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa

Will you sit down? Vrei sa iei loc?

Comentarii1. Will - are si intelesul de a voi. La casatorie se foloseste expresia I will.

- Exercitii Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii in engleza (traducerile va sunt prezentate mai jos):

1. Ma voi stradui mai tare sa imi ating telurile. (exprima o vointa, o hotarare)2. Daca nu incepi sa muncesti mai mult, va trebui sa repeti cursul anul viitor. (exprima o promisiune)

3. Aceasta fata seamana foarte bine cu Victoria. O fi sora ei. (exprima o posibilitate, presupunere)

4. Cred ca ea va fi in stare sa mearga si sa vada filmul diseara. (exprima o presupunere)

5. Fac eu pentru tine asta, daca vrei. (exprima o cerere politicoasa)

6. Vrei sa ma ajuti cu temele? (exprima o cerere politicoasa)

7. Te voi suna dimineata la prima ora. (exprima o promisiune)

8. Echipa noastra de inot, va castiga campionatul. (exprima o vointa, o hotarare)

9. Imi imprumuti niste bani? ( exprima o cerere politicoasa)

10. Luna viitoare voi primi o marie de salar. (exprima o hotarare, o presupunere)Traducere in engleza:1. I will try harder to achieve my goals.

2. If you dont start working harder, you will have to repeat the course next year.

3. This girl looks very much like Victoria . She will be her sister.

4. I think she will be able to go and see the movie tonight .

5. I will do that for you if you like.

6. Will you help me with my homework?

7. I will call you first thing in the morning.

8. Our swim team will win the championship!

9. Will you lend me some money?

10. Next month, I will get a raise.

Alte verbe modale:Dare, Need, Used to

Alte verbe modale: Dare, Need, Used toNEED / NOT NEED - este folosit pentru a exprima necesitatea sau lipsa acesteia You needn't come early to the meeting. Nu trebuie sa vii devreme la sedinta. She doesn't need to come. Nu este necesar sa vina si ea. You don't need to go there tomorrow. Nu e necesar sa mergi maine acolo.

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USED TO - este folosit doar la Past Tense, pentru a exprima: 1) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care nu mai este precticat in prezent I used to swim in the Olt river when I was a child, but I don't do this any longer. Obisnuiam sa inot in Olt cand eram copil, dar acum nu mai inot. 2) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care mai este practicat si in present They used to spend their holidays in the mountains. Obisnuiau sa isi petreaca vacantele la munte; poate ca inca si le mai petrec.

DARE - se foloseste cu sensul de "a indrazni", in special in propozitii interogative si negative The boy dared not tell his father what he had done. Baiatul nu a indraznit sa ii spuna tatalui sau ce a facut. They dared not speak to him ugly. Ei nu au indraznit sa vorbeasca urat cu el. How dare you contradict me? Cum indraznesti sa ma contrazici?

ComentariiNEED poate fi folosit si ca verb principal:

He needs help.Are nevoie de ajutor.

USED TO nu are forma de prezent. Pentru a exprima un obicei in prezent folositi prezentul simplu:

I (usually) spend my holidays in the mountains.De obicei imi petrec vacantele la munte. DARE ca verb modal este urmat de:

a) infinitivul fara to dupa forma invariabila dare (persoana a III-a singular sau Past Tense): I wonder wheter he dare come. Ma intreb daca va indrazni sa vina. He felt that he daren't try. Si-a dat seama ca n-are curajul sa incerce.

b) infinitivul cu to, dupa participial prezent sau dupa persoana a III-a singular: Now he dares to attack me! Acum indrazneste sa ma atace!

c) infinitivul cu sau fara to dupa forma de infinitiv a verbului, forma de Past Tense dared si participiul trecut:

He wouldn't dare (to) tell me this. N-ar indrazni sa imi spuna acest lucru.

He dared (to) write upon the subject. A avut curajul sa scrie despre acea problema. ATENTIE!

Verbul dare este urmat de infinitivul cu to cand este folosit ca verb principal: He dared me to compete with him. M-a provocat la intrecere.

- Exercitii Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii:E necesar sa vii maine la birou.

You need to come to the off ice tomorrow .

Nu e nevoie sa bei tot ceaiul.

You needn't drink all the tea.

Obisnuiam sa merg la piata in fiecare sambata.

I used to go to the market every Sunday.

Nu e necesar sa va cumparati o masina mai mare.

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You needn't buy a bigger car.

Nu au indraznit sa se planga.

They dared not complain.

Nu am indraznit sa fac asta.

I didn't dare do it.

Nu e nevoie sa vii cu mine.

You needn't come w ith me.

Obisnuia sa faca fitness cand venea de la serviciu.

She used to do fitness w hen she came from work.

Infinitive and Gerund

Folosirea infinitivului si a gerunziului & ExempleSunt verbe in limba engleza care cer infinitivul iar altele care cer gerunziul. Iata mai jos modul in care verbele limbii engleze se

folosesc fie cu gerunziul, fie cu infinitivul.

1) Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund:

(Verbe care folosesc fie infinitivul fie gerunziul )

advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, mean,need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret, remember, require, start, stop, try, used to

- verbs taking infinitive or gerund without changing meaning:(verbe care folosesc infinitivul sa gerunziul fara sa-si modifice intelesul)

o begin, start, continue, cease

I began working./ I began to work. (Am nceput s lucrez.)

He continued living/ to live above the shop. (A continuat s locuiasc deasupra magazinului.)o cant bear

I cant bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport s atept.)

o intend

I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenionez s l vnd.)

o advise, allow, permit, recommend

They dont allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite s parcm aici.)

o it needs/requires/wants

The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tuns.)

2) Verbs which take only gerund:

(Verbe care folosesc numai gerunziul )o regret, remember, forget(when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action)

I regret spending so much money. (mi pare ru c am cheltuit atia bani.)

I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspapers. (mi amintesc c am citit de cutremur n ziare.)

Ill never forget waiting to find out the results. (Nu o s uit niciodat ateptarea rezultatelor.)

o go on, stop

He went on to tell us about his new plans. (A continuat s ne spun despre planurile lui noi.)

I cant stop him talking to the press. (Nu pot s l opresc s nu vorbeasc cu presa.)

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o admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, commence, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread,endure, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep, lie, loathe, mention, mind, miss, practice, report. resent,resist, risk, postpone, stand, sit, suggest.

!!! whenregret, remember, forgetthemselves express the earlier action, they are followed by an infinitive:

I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (mi pare ru s te anun c ai picat examenul.)

I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit s semnez cecurile.)

3) Verbs which take only infinitive:

(Verbe care folosesc numai infinitivul)o agree (to), mean, propose, refuse (to)

Tom agreed to wait a week. (Tom a fost de acord s atepte o sptmn.)

I mean to get to the top by sunrise. (Vreau s ajung pn s rsr soarele.)

I propose to start tomorrow. (Mi-am propus s ncep mine.)

o try, used to

They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au ncercat s pun gard de srm n jurul grdinii.)

I used to swim all the year around. (Obinuiam s not tot anul.)

afford, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail,fight, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, pause, plan, prepare, pretend,promise, prove, swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, wait, want, refuse, seem , wish, yearn.

Verbe care nu au forma continua in engleza

1. Verbele de perceptie

to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to tasteex: I see a red car.TOTUSI, daca actiunea e una voluntara, una constienta se poate folosi aspectul

continuu:

What are you seeing ? (se presupune ca persoana care vede ceva realizeaza o actiune voluntara; de exemplu: seuita cu binoclu, s-a urcat pe ceva sa vada mai departe, etc)DEASEMENEA, daca sensul verbului nu mai este cel de baza, iar se poate folosi forma

continua:I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. (sensul nu mai e de a vedea ci de a fi consultat, de a se duce la)

2. Verbele care exprima activitati mentale

to agree, to believe, to distrust, to imagine, to doubt, to remember, tounderstand, to suppose, to recognize, to forget, to think, to mean

NOTA: Daca se foloseste forma continua apare o modificare de sens:I am thinking.(nu se spune si ce gandesc.)

3. Verbe care exprima dorint

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to wish, to want, to intend, to desireex: I wish to go there.

4. Verbe care exprima sentimente, atitudini, trairi emotionaleto love, to like, to dislike, to detest, to prefer, to abhor, to adore, to hateex.: I like it.

5. verbele modale can, may, must, ought to

ex.:I can do it.

6. Verbe care exprima posesiato posses, to owe, to belong to, to own, to keep, to holdex.: I keep it for me.

7. Alte verbe care nu pot avea forma continuato expect, to suffice, to differ, to appear, to contain, to deserveex.:This movie appears to be interesting.

gramatica engleza(verbul)

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