fuziunea la rece, tesla, unde scalare, câmp de torsiune, energie gratuită.. = toate pseudo...

FUZIUNEA LA RECE, TESLA, UNDE SCALARE, CMP DE TORSIUNE, ENERGIE GRATUIT.. =TOATE PSEUDO TIIN? (REZUMAT ROMANA)

COLD FUSION : FREE ENERGY = PSEUDO SCIENCE?

BEN RUSUISIAK NEW NATURE PARADIGM TECH ANALYSISVANCOUVER, BC, CANADA, Updated Jan 10, 2016 www.linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm

NOUA PARADIGM PE TEHNOLOGII ENERGETICE CARE ARE GEO - SOCIO I IMPACTUL FINANCIAR

THE NEW PARADIGM ON CLEANTECH ENERGY WITH GEO-SOCIO-FINANCIAL IMPACT

Ben Rusuisiak, New Nature Paradigm Tech Analysis, Vancouver Canada

REZUMAT DE O PAGIN ODIHN DE PREZENTARE ESTE N LIMBA ENGLEZ Fuziunea la rece(LENR) este deja practic acceptanced de tiin de mas i n prezent n stadiu de tranziie treptat

de rspndire la mass-media n unele ri non-occidentale, "franjuri media", i "mici-media" care deservesc industria de utilizare a energiei" n occidentale; Energia produs cu practic liber "combustibil" i echipamente + costuri de operare, De asemenea, succesul fuziune termonuclear (fuziune convenional) pentru energie nelimitat n 2013. Nu exist nici o tiin oficial de mas a aprobat, comercializat dispozitiv LENR din ianuarie 2016, dar 1 MW de energie electric generator de "ECAT" este vndut pe piaa industrial, n anumite acorduri

Acest lucru ar putea provoca, de asemenea integreze revizuire complet a tiinei/mass-media a ignorat recurente noi revendicare de privat utilizare micro scar inventator "liber de energie" tehnologie: 1- Extracia de energie ambiental n form de energie electric, 2- Reverse generaie de tensiune si recoltat aceast putere, n loc de a folosi fora n plus s-l a anula(Recoltarea napoi for electromotoare de motor), 3-Producia de Rapid gaz HHO - poate crete, de asemenea, producia de energie hidrocarbur n timp ce reduce drastic emisiei sale, 4 - Crearea de stat de plasm, electro magnetice puls, sau vortex n ap/gaz, 5- Aer comprimat, schimbul de cldur, i mecanism care convertete la putere de amplificare, 6- emulsie de ap care ncorporeaz mult dincolo de 20% H2O, 7- recolt subacvatic aer vigoare plutitoare + gravitaie, 8- incalzitor cavitaie hidrodinamic, 9- Betz limita depind de departe de eficien turbine hidro / eoliene, etc. Ei par s ruleze pe mecanica si nsoite de efecte secundare ambele din care fizica actual nu se poate explica(dar de multe ori se explic sau prezis de rus/bloc sovietic fizic), infrastructur cost sczut, i n plus, sunt convertibile la alte "Fizica atipici tehnologie" cu efect mai bun, care poate nlocui majoritatea propulsie, tratament medical, remedierea deeuri nucleare, unele procese vitale n operatings de minerit-industrial-agricole - dac procesul de recenzie tiinific complet a fost realizat ca a urmrire.

nc n acest moment interconectate mass-media occidentale cenzurat, dar documentele cretere / mrturie pe: diverse "open-end pseudo tiin" Cercetare-Dezvoltare la unele Guvern/Industria aerospaial/Militar/Agenie de informaii cu antreprenori privai sub acoperire, protejate n temeiul securitatea naional i anume program de buget negru, care mai sus - menionate directori de organizare nii de multe ori nu au acces la. Acest lucru este total izolat din "fundtur tiin pentru consumul public", care este monitorizat i limitat de "lege de tiin"; De exemplu, la o naiune avansat, chiar nregistrare oficial indic, peste 1000 inveniilor n Mediu-Energie-Propulsie, muli patentat, sunt clasificate prin Legea Secretul. Cu toate acestea, exist multe semne subtile, dar colectiv clare c mai mult de jumtate din bancar/militar/industrial de elita pentru a introduce treptat noi nelimitat "Sistem Deschis" paradigm. Proces industrial Dei bazat att cu gaz - petrol - crbune i energie alternativ poate rmne prin inovare, comercializare energie liber n sine este inevitabil, un dialog ar trebui s aib loc pentru a discuta la ce vitez toate tech / informatii relevante ar trebui s fie lansat i aprobate oficial.

ABSTRACT: LENR-Cold fusion effect itself has been virtually accepted by mainstream science, & currently it is in gradual spread to industrial, fringe, & non-western media: Energy produced with basically free fuel + equipment & operation cost. Although unadmitted by creative interpretations, thermodynamic over-unity is practically discussed for quantum level nano device as well as in relation to beyond Shockley-Queisser limit efficiency solar cell, and non-linear optic/laser/spintronics technology. As of Mar 2016, no mainstream endorsed LENR device exists, but 1MW industrial electricity generator "Ecat" has been sold under pre-conditions.

Significant emission reducers with 5-15% energy efficiency increasing low cost systems, along with solid state thermo-electric/thermo-PhotoVoltaics, and cheap catalytic or cold plasma based revenue generating as is useable Waste-To-Fuel/Energy systems are starting to make into mainstream businesses quietly in last few yrs.

These could eventually trigger first full science review of ridiculed yet recurring mainly private inventor high efficiency claims & small commercialized installations: 1-Extracting ambient-radiant energy as electricity, 2-Harvesting reverse voltage power without using force to cancel it(Back EMF), 3-Resonance catalyzed HHO/Oxyhydrogen gas, also as mileage booster, 4-Electromagnetic or plasma pulse/vortex creation in confined water/gas, 5-Compressed air, & COP>1 heat exchanger converted to mechanical power, 6-Water emulsion fuel incorporating far beyond 20% H2O, 7-Harvesting underwater force of floating air + gravity, 8-Hydrodynamic cavitation heater, 9-Betz limit excess yield hydro/wind turbine, etc. They often seem to run on mechanics & accompanied by side effects current official physics cannot explain(explainable by Russian Torsion physics or Pre-Heaviside Maxwell equations), low cost, & furthermore, are convertible to superior effect new techs that can replace majority of propulsion, weather, medical, nuclear remediation, psychology, & some of key mining-industrial-farming processes -IF fully peer reviewed in science.

Still scantly covered by interlocked main Western media, but increasing documents/testimonies exist on various clandestine open-end pseudo science R&D at Govt/Aerospace/Military/Intel agency with private contractors, protected under national security, but to which above organizations executives themselves often have no access i.e. privately controlled black project. This is totally isolated from dead-end public consumption science which is monitored & restricted by science law: e.g. At an advanced nation, even official data indicates, 1000+ inventions in Enviro-Energy-Propulsion-Medical field, many patented, are classified by secrecy law, & applicable to allies. Despite all this, there are subtle but collectively clear signs that majority of establishment is steadily introducing new unlimited Open System paradigm. Although both gas-oil-coal based industrial process & alternative energy can remain by innovation, Mainstream commercialization of "0 emission type unlimited energy production" system's is inevitable & it risks social disruption, hence public participation is beneficial to discuss if, or at what rate & how all related tech/info to be officially released & endorsed.

Ben Rusuisiak, New Nature Paradigm Tech Analysis, Vancouver Canada

linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm - Ben Rusuisiak, Vancouver BC, Canada 4

CONTENTS p06 Looked over science legal high efficiency energy generators

p19 Solar & Wind power efficiency beyond official science law . p40 Overlooked already used or available but not used Low Cost Biomass

p64 Ten categories of over-unity claims

p82 Commercialization attempts

p95 Law of Thermodynamics, Dissident Scientists

p98 Scalar wave, Standing wave resonance, Torsion field..

p122 Terahertz & Far Infrared waves, No light required Photo Catalysis

p128 LENR/Cold Fusion update, Losers & Gainers by its success

p139 Reduced suppressions, energy paradigm smooth transition models

p144 When LENR/Cold Fusion becomes official mainstream

p147 If inventor tech & related outrageous claims become mainstream

p190 Summary & Macro level recommendations

linkedin.com/in/newnatureparadigm - Ben Rusuisiak, Vancouver BC, Canada

QUALIFICATION OF INFORMATION

This presentation might not reflect the view of mainstream media & academia/wikipedia/science consensus; hence attendants/readers are recommended to re-assess the data from own independent perspective

Free energy or Over-unity in this presentation is defined as seeming: Draw of more energy than exerted to generate Continuous motion without energy input Use of free material generally not considered as fuel

High likelihood about quoted inventors-scientists: 1- Statistical error chance for false effect claims, plus undetected intentional fraud, some organized-coordinated, is a possibility 2- Even greater probability of quality & reliability misrepresentations 3- Significant quality gap between inventions, yet - 4- At least collective majority repeatedly produces claimed effects

Most effects quoted have accumulative-consistent evidence from unrelated era & source, but mechanics listed are hypothetical

Currently commercialized company/product names are in Boldface Navy

5

6 Main academia/media in mid-late 1800s forecasted commercialized free energy by early 1900s(Anthony+), 1- Free Ground Earth Battery regularly demonstrated self charging or inducing electricity capacity with minimum moisture, also power generation efficiently of two-points-voltage gap depends on location(Snow, Lockwood, Wilkins, Dieckmann, Strong, Bain, Edard, Haworth, Bear, Mellon,Hicks, Cerpaux, Garratt, Lamont +); invention rush for telegraph use, Along with strong claims of pre-dated telephony & wireless(Meucci, Stubblefield, Tesla+), 2- Very low cost Vaccumized Air/Compressed Air engine/residential-industrial system, Trompe/Water Pumps also widely used in France etc(Rix, Mekarski, Hardie, Hoadley, C Hodges+)

Non earth battery free energy claims mixed: Data lack/fabrication, some can be valid, Involved mainstream scientists till early 1900s, yet no commercialization(also p82,83)

Science legal 1&2 disappeared from schooling/research while other types of free energy(p64-80) & repeated side effects in combination didnt fit with science package then & now; gradually became irrelevant/pseudo science, which matched major business-financial lobby interest then

QUEST FOR FREE ENERGY: 1 CLAIMS STARTED WELL BEFORE 1800S


Same mechanics & side effects repeated by unrelated inventors, but linear progress often limited to recent Western mainstream academia(LENR, Cavitation), also Russia-Soviet had some development(Cavitation, Torsion, Ion heater, Ultrasonic, EM pulse)

Boiled down to 10 or so base mechanics(p64-80) with similar tendency: Often energy is triggered in by rapid change in pressure-voltage-spin, plasma-magnetic field, cavitation, transmutation, or anomalous electron movement causing standing wave resonance, or antioxidant "field effect", linking to quantum coherence Manifest as anomalous cooling/heat, water hammer, electrical breakdown, spike, surge, implosion, spontaneous corona discharge, ball lightning, vibration, vortex, similar to mainstream Electron Avalanche effect, often thought of as short circuit Above is avoided by extra energy use or design change, seeming influence by geophysical/cosmo-physical elements, side effects also contradict science law

i.e. not closed system?; some techs(p42-58) efficiency fluctuates, by time-location, altitude, humidity, position direction etc; similar to ground-earth battery(p6), Rare cases emotion(O Carr, Jo Keely, Ra Ring, Th Ludwig, Dan Davidson,Vogel, Seelhofer+)

Occasional rift:1- Mainstream Western scientist vs 2- Inventor, sidelined & Non-Western scientist(Russia, China+), Some mainstream scholars in West as exception(Austria, Italy+)

QUEST FOR FREE ENERGY: 2 TOWARDS MODERN ERA


SCIENCE-LEGAL INACTIVE & NEWLY ACTIVE FREE ENERGY TECH

FREE ENERGY TYPES; staying microscale, seems voluntarily limiting growth, withdrawn etc, but increasing actively commercialized exceptions(in navy), Ground/Tree/plant Electricity harvester(Barbosa, Bryan, Karavas: Voltree, Helder: Plant-e+), Properly grounded electricity conductive kite or rod extracts atmospheric electricity(Beccaria, G Richmann, Dalibard, De Romas+), easily replicated by amateurs(p80:f), completely ignored by mainstream,

Low temperature dif. Thermoelectric device: Widely known to generate power only from a few degrees difference(Lumen Eternal Flashlight: R Zhuravskiy) and easily made as garage project(A Makosinski+) & commercializable(Fujitsu, Yahama has test products, Citizen: Eco-Drive Thermo, Vodaphone: PowerPocket+), mass produceable by easy printing(AIST Japan+), can be woven into fabric(KAIST South Korea+)(Gr Moriarty+), industrial type(see p20 2.),


SCIENCE-LEGAL INACTIVE & NEWLY ACTIVE FREE ENERGY TECH2

>>continued: FREE ENERGY TYPES;

Ambient temperature run perpetual thermionic device:(GD Mahan, Hagelstein, Xinyong Fu[magnetic demon]+), higher performance than thermoelectric, ElectroMagnetic(EM) & sound wave electricity converter, Infrared Rectenna (Vanke, Briscoe, R Phillips, P Cutler+)(eg RCA Airpower, Already used for military type implants-sensors), Negative resistance/self entraining oscillators in high freq.; microwave, mm-wave etc: ElectroMagnetic wave of any frequency, Metamaterial based harvester(A Katko+), or MEMS(MicroElectroMeciahical Systems) can also convert any EM wave even Acoustic waves into electricity

10


>>continued: FREE ENERGY TYPES;

Cantilever use Electret Electrostatic power harvester from minute oscillations (Boisseau+): Explainable even under mainstream idea as Oscillation of Brownian Ratchet/Ambient Thermal noise(hence impossible to harvest as ratchet rotation but oscillation exists[Feynman+]) is extracted as energy by rectification(Astumian+), TriboElectric NanoGenerator (TENG) harvests static from ambience, air flow or most minute contact-friction(Contact Electrification) at 20%+ efficiency, and can become significant power source along with conventional ElectroMagnetic Induction Generator(EMIG)(Youfan Hu+), Above & can quickly become disruptive tech & hence getting very close to science illegal versions(p63,64),

Not fully established but carrying electrical current by Spin current related methods, or by fractionally charged quasi-particle in quantum hall effect regime(as opposed to conventional charge current), seem to strongly imply overunity(Cyr Smith+): 1-Spin rectification at Larmor precession freq to control spin to produce DC current(YS Gui+), 2-Spin Battery: EMF (Electromotive force) of spin origin generated by static magnetic field in magnetic tunnel junction(S Maekawa+),



>>continued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Solar Chimney: Initial high cost, mainstream selectively quoting high LCOE, less electricity produced at night, many side benefits: Hyperion Energy, Enviromission+, Claims of more efficient, far less land use versions from pilot tests, Salinity Gradient Solar Pond: Ormat+, suitable only with low cost land near salt water, tech & maintenance unstandardized, Permanent Tourmaline electrode electrolysis(Kubo effect), Self generating micro-current minerals: Acos Terahertz Face Roller(Kun Sasaki)+,

Efficient Piezoelectricity/Magneto-Ristriction: Mid-large power: 200kw+/km at busy hwy (Edery-Azulay/Innowattech), Polyvinylidene Fluoride based flexible Piezoelectric polymer woven fabric + photovoltaic coating(El Siores / FibrLec), Micropower device: MicroGen Systems+, 40times more efficient types than Western mainstream tech(KAIST: Keon Jae Lee+),



>>continued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; a Water-Oil emulsion, Science legal till 30% H2O(illegal: p75-76); Nonox, Monohakobi, Vodmazut , +, but Western equipment can be very expensive & actual cost saving is often on par or less than simple much lower cost best performing Magnetic flowing fuel treatment device, or Far InfraRed or Torsion Wave emitting mineral/matter/fluid wrapped around fuel line(generally non substantial[5-20%] saving range, this is pseudoscientized at media level & superficial science level). Finally mainstream maritime industry open debut from European back up: Quadrise MSAR, b Coal-Water Slurry, 30-45% H2O; EET CWS, Vodougol, Ukrheat, 1&2 both discreet fair sized use, Strong in Russia, Ukraine, China, cuts emission, can use unburnable grade bitumen, carefully ignored by major Western environmental NGOs & mainstream entities,

Atmos clock+(C Drebbel+), use of self oscillating Torsion pendulum - Electro-mechanical transducer, ambience change, can combine with Foucalt pendulum element, Bacteria generator; Self-Charge Electrochemical Bio-capacitor (Pankratov+), Geobacter Microbial Fuel Cell(MFC)(Lovley) or its overunity electrolysis(Microbial Electrolysis Cell - MEC), Magnetotactic Bacteria based types etc., Levitrontype, or Drinking Bird generator,


>>continued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; Hydrodynamic heater(TEKMASH, CT Systems+),

(see p71: G Ivanenko, Bespalko+), inconsistent Self running ability but happens often, valid mainstream science until it becomes overunity Temperature based volume changing ultra sensitive Phase Change Material (PCM) driven Hydraulic Motor: SOLO-TREC(J Jones & Y Chao) Atomic/Nanogenerators, 24hr Infrared Solar(Hong Liu+), Particulates(Yurth+), Atomic Hydrogen Welding(Langmuir), Negative electrical resistance carbon fibre(De Chung+),


14

>>continued: FREE ENERGY TYPES; a Small water flow/Thermal Ionic movement in water harvested as electricity by Graphene/CarbonNanotube, Harvesting unlimited ionic thermal motion in water with asymmetric electrodes, or water in nanotube dragged to flow directionally by an external electric field to generate electromotive force(EMF) etc, many academic replications, sub different methods & possibly already military type use(Pe Krl, S Gosh, Zihan Xu, Jun Yin, Seung Ho Lee, VI Petrik, P Dhiman, Hui Cao, Jianwei Liu, Koratkar+ at least since 2001), b Water evaporation driven ElectroScavenging effect generator(Rub Borno+): this also relates to advanced non cloud seeding weather modification(for more details go to this link [four levels of..]and search "ElectroScavenging"), c Reverse Electrowetting power harvester(Krupenkina+): Both western science approved but Western mainstream media ignored, & no commercialization discussed Some free energy actually costs more than current system such as Blue Energy: Reversed electrodialysis, Pressure Retarded Osmosis(PRO)/Osmotic power, Hydrocratic ocean energy. But Capacitive(mix) energy extraction by Double Layer Expansion(CDLE)(Br Logan+), or by Donnan Potential(CDP), and Two stage PRO(Wei He+) might become super low cost in future



SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES: often same treatment as free energy(p60-83); stopped, stay microscale, suddenly retracted without explanation, some suspected internal only corporate use, Selective, under-exaggerated, outdated data for efficiency & cost performance in mainstream reporting contradicts manufacturer or academic/field-lab data(particularly in fast advancing tech like Solar/Wind/Ocean energy, etc, But again now emerging exceptions, Non UV H2 Photolysis from water by Sn3O4(H Abe+), many other artificial photosynthesiss, 50-200%+ increased efficiency engines(Myers, Ogle,Covey, Pogue, Castellini, Brandt, La Force, Hatton, Caggiano, Belland, Holland, Ch Brown, Fish+) by cam timing, spark plug, carburetor+), Specific angled screen in carburetor accidentally improved 50% mileage in 1960s(Ford), but model was soon recalled to correct it back to factory spec(Pantone+). Pneumatic engine(science illegal, p48-51): Peugeot 208 Hybrid Air(40km/litre, 94mpg), Tata & MDI-lu(Negre), both being shelved, Some Japanese cars mostly sold only in Japan(30km+/l), Volkswagen XL1(100km/l, 250 test units only) & discontinued Lupo(35km/l). In1920s mainstream predicted 80mpg norm with test cars 100mpg+(Byr Wine, Al Wallace, Bru McBurney+), Now available 95% efficient Shinsei Electrostatic Motor,

Super efficient Phase Change Material(PCM) for housing: to release or absorb heat at preset temperature: BioPCM, DuPont Energain, PCM injected wood: Enertia Home,

SCIENCE-LEGAL INACTIVE & NEWLY ACTIVE SUPER LOW COST TECH

16

>> continued SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES: Portable ammonia maker from H2O+air by compression cycle etc for engines(J Fleming), (N2H4)Hydrazine Fuel Cell: small, no precious metal, easy high power fuel(Daihatsu co), Aluminium Air Battery:1700km+ run range 100kg weight for electric cars(Phinergy), Thorium:US in 70s, Uranium took over, nuclear plant use, far less radiation, re-starting (India, Russia, China, US, Norway, Israel+), portable(Dratch+), Biofuel(Ethanol) from cellulose only(grass straw, tree branches, broken trees etc),

17

>> continued SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES: Certain customized Geothermal heating: Heat Pump, Gradient Energy Harvesting etc: e.g. Discarded oil well-mine EGS(Sologen), Downhole heat exchanger use, 300m deep closed loop in high heat area useable even without heat pump cost etc, Cooling use OTEC(Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion) near some water areas(Sea Water Air Conditioning)(Makai, Bluerise nl+), PCM used OTEC engine,

Betavoltaics types: Tritium Light or Battery(P Brown+), Zinc sulfide or Radium Paint + Solar Cell, Optoelectric Nuclear Battery(Kurcharov Inst+), Radioisotope Generator(NASA+): mininuclear heat converted to electricity by thermoelectric device. Hydrothermal vent power extraction: large scale indicated by test success, Orimulsion: Water emulsified bitumen by Venezuelan state corp,

Exotic configurations: Limited to pilot success; Advanced Compressed air energy storage by additional full recovery of both Heat compressed & Cold air released, Pneumatic engine (Negre+, illegal version: p70-73), Magnetic Energy Recovery Switch (Shimada+): legal back EMF(electromotive force), Water-carbon rod low powered electric arc gas: AquaFuel(H Eldridge, W Richardson, Rug Santilli), Salt water move MagnetoHydroDynamics - MHD(Rynne+), or ocean tide LMMHD (Koslover+),

SCIENCE-LEGAL INACTIVE & NEWLY ACTIVE SUPER LOW COST TECH3


>> continued SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES: Exotic Hydrogen Production methods Aluminium based metal alloy & water Hydrogen fuel cell lab results as all similar mechanics but mostly uncommercialized (also p80) eg: i Slow oxidizing low cost focused alloy pellets(B Froats), ii Rapid shock cooling-heating as catalyst to crack oxidized film of nano aluminium particles to reactivate(Dynamix-Muroran univ: Mas Watanabe+)+,

iii Use of Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) as catalyst(not consumed) to prevent/delay aluminium oxidation (Hy-Energy: Erl Andersen)+, iv Undisclosed catalyst accelerates pitting of aluminum powder surface to prevent/delay passivation(AlumiFuel: Jas Anand+), v Chloride ion use pitting to dissolve oxidized film(Hydergy India: AVK Reddy+),


19

>> continued SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES: Exotic Hydrogen Production methods Aluminium based metal alloy & water Hydrogen fuel cell eg:

vi Aluminium alloy with gallium/lithium etc which prevents/slows oxidized layer from fully covering aluminum(HydroAlumina: Ge Woodall, Chemalloy: Freedman+), vii CatalyticCarbon and aluminum in 80C hot water + DC pulse(not electrolysis) to prevent almost all aluminium oxidation, this on-board generator makes 110L/minute of H2, low quality-dirty-sea water ok(Phillips Company 4T: Haw Phillips)

Nanoparticle coated H2O electrolysis (Dopp+), Ultrasonic H2 generation from water with non-oxidizing nanocrystal: ZnO fibers + BaTiO3 dendrites (Xiaochun Li), Molecular Molybdenum Persulfide catalyst H2 dissociation from water(JR long+), 84% efficiency pure water Electrolysis by Cathode 35Mpa high pressure Solid Polymer Electrolyte use, fluctuating power input workable like wind(Honda R&D), More of super low cost tech see p143



>> continued SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES: HEAT RECOVERY(as Electricity & Heat or Torque), also leads to emission reduction: part of mainstream focus in many, particularly Western nations, while almost ignored in others:

1. Industrial Heat Recovery as ELECTRICITY by Kinetic Power Generators: Often as industrial CHP(Combined Heat & Power), or Combined Cycle at power generator: common installation in at least as new system in Chemical, Pulp & Paper, Wood, Petroleum Refining, Metal, Gas turbine/Nuclear power generation industries, use of Regular 1 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)(Nooter/Eriksen, Alstom, GE etc; most large mainstream industrial conglomerate types), can improve more with rarely used Radial Flow Organic Rankine(Exergy SpA+), Kalina Cycle(Wasabi Global Geothermal), or further efficient its 2nd generation(Kalex Systems), CO2 SuperCritical Rankine, Trilateral Flash Cycle etc. Other Higher Rate & various scale applicable, 2 Sterling engine type (Qnergy, Calnetix+), 3 Deluge Engine(Hageman) runs from 30C diff,

2. Industrial Heat Recovery as ELECTRICITY by Solid State Harvesting device, real available tech is more competitive against combustion engines or steam generators(J Fairbanks+) 1-10:

SCIENCE-LEGAL INACTIVE & NEWLY ACTIVE SUPER LOW COST TECH6: HEAT



>> cont 2. Heat Recovery as ELECTRICITY: by Solid State device, 1-10: 1 Thermoelectric(same unit with temp gap between one end to the other) used in Soviets since 1940s, other nations for military/space application after 1960s, recent western mainstream use: Evident Thermo, [acquired 43% efficiency claimed GMZ tech], Carnot limit far exceeding MicroPower Global: ex-ENECO inc, Kucherov, Sevastyanenko, & Hagelstein: LENR researchers), 15% range(Je Snyder+), Komatsu/KELKs 40% rating device with other Japanese peer likely slightly lower rating(Yamaha, Toshiba+), Alkali-Metal Thermal-to-Electric Converter(AMTEC)by C-TEC Nano Conversion at least 20% range, but 10%+ is possibly too disruptive to commercialize. But even regular 4-7% low efficiency (Melcor, TECTEG, Gentherm, Ecogen+ many others) products are space saving energy recovery, also with success track record. Thermo-responsive material and Osmotic power use Osmoblue(E Dahan+)works from 30C temp difference, 2 Thermionic device(electron discharged from one electrode to the other as collector across vacuum when there is temp difference between them)(NASA use with 12% efficient in 1976), 3 Pyro-electric(Wenxi Guo et. al, 30% efficient by Sc Hunter/ORNL+) for time variant temp. gap of whole device, can be hybridized with piezoelectric generator(Ju-Hyuck Lee+), 4 90% efficient Nirvana Thermoacoustic,


>> cont 2. Heat Recovery as ELECTRICITY: by Solid State device: 5 Heat pipe/pump: 30% extra energy saver Fisonic Cavitation(Fisenko), 6 Micron-gap ThermoPhotoVoltaics: MTPV corp(DiMatteo+); generally ignored Near Field TPVs efficiency is upto a magnitude ahead of mainstream Far Field TPVs, 7 Jx Crystals TPV: Jx Crystals (Fraas) already measured 35% efficiency in 1989,

8 Some high heat generating Fuel Cells can build -in CHP to boost efficiency up to 90%+(heat included) level: PAFC(Phosphoric acid): Fuji Electric+, MCFC(Molten Carbonate): FuelCell Energy+, SOFC(Solid Oxide)Bloom Energy, Ene Farm/Kyocera - Osaka Gas - Toyota+, Ene Farm is for house based unit, its SOFC is at 52% electrical efficiency & produces lower cost power than retail price and can be sold to grid(Japan only), PEMFC(Proton Exchange Membrane): Ene Farm/Panasonic+, 9 Paint types can significantly benefit: Thermo Diode Coating(Ne Chernoff) or Spin Seebeck - Reverse Spin Hall Effect Paint(Ei Saito), Ultrasonic spray coating hetrojunction perovskite solar cell of 11% efficiency(AT Barrows+), 10 Recovery increase if high temp electro-conductive waste heat exhaust or hot molten salt like flow is recovered first by MHD device



>> continued. Heat Recovery as HEAT, Can more than double efficiency with conventional tech use, surprisingly low use in some nations(Japan, France, Sweden+), but well established in others (Denmark, Finland, Russia, Netherlands, many ex-soviet allies+, often as centralized District Heating System, this set up allows all types of new heat recovery like Solar thermal, biomass to incorporate later on):

General Combined Heat and Power(CHP, Cogeneration) system, Combined Heat & Power District Heating(CHPDH), Industrial CHP. Further efficient Combined Cooling, Heat & Power(CCHP, Trigeneration, use of absorption chiller) when there is also cooling need,

3. Heat Recovery as TORQUE, Nitinol engine; Negative fatigue temperature shapeshift metal with significant torque, US Navy link(Rid Banks, Sandoval, Ginell, McNichols, Hochstein, A Johnson+),


24

SOLAR: Rapid cost dropping(most competitive LCOE[Levelized Cost Of Electricity] is on par with std Wind: 1, by theoretical/experimental level at mainstream academic with corporate/NGO/Govt sponsored. Although academic & socio-economical ramification is much bigger, this is a sharp contrasted attitude towards wind[Betz Limit], nuclear remediation(p155) or thermodynamics[2nd law, p95-98],

And this mainstream handling method of S-Q limit can be applied/simulated to the way of embracing inventor tech classic level over-unity electricity/energy extraction(p124,125), as LENR-Cold Fusion gets officially accepted (p144-146), but this requires powerful Western interlocked mainstream sponsor back up(p85-87) which is fractured support at best currently(p149-155, p161-165): excess S-Q is far less disruptive for business structure.

SCIENCE-LEGAL INACTIVE & NEWLY ACTIVE SUPER LOW COST TECH10: SOLAR


>> cont SOLAR: But Direct Solar Heat(solar thermal) application is universally lower cost in most of the world up to high latitude Southern Scandinavia or Middle of Western Canada.

Following solar pages list up potential cost reduction ideas, also some techs are installable as lowest cost energy in some areas (*Note: due to photovoltaics high tech nature, production process, choice of material & how it is used affect costing much more than most other energy tech but this report doesnt cover it) 1. Over S-Q limit Single Junction(SJ) Photovoltaic Solar Cell(SC): Significant number of SJ cell Shockley-Queisser Limit 33% exceeding efficiency at lab level experimental claims or strong indications/theoretical ideas discussed at conference without criticism/risking loss of job, articles pass mainstream journal editorials, and embraced by influential business/NGO/Govt lobbies & funders, Examples: i Light concentrating property Standing Nanowire (Krogstrup, Fontcuberta i Morral+), ii Solar Thermo-PhotoVoltaic(STPV, thermal upconversion: absorb heat and re-emit it as extra photon for capture; Boriskina+)(also see p22 6,7) with specific geometric emitter-absorber combo(Rephaeli+), >> continue


26

>> continued- 1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell: iii Multiple Exciton Generation(MEG) by Quantum Dot Solar Cell:(Nozik, Oc Semonin, Ra Ellingson+): Electron avalanche effect triggering(Br Parkinson, W Tisdale+), Beyond thermodynamic efficiency limit Electron Carrier Multiplication?: Tuneable Quantum Dot(also does instant photon capture before disappears) to make photon disappear into vacuum, then reappear(p148) with Electron/exciton multiplying effect: singlet fission effect, 7 excitons at cost of 1/ Quantum efficiency COP=7(& indication on over-unity like actual electricity yield?), linked to Population Inversion - Self Powering Laser(VI Klimov, RD Schaller+ : US Govt at Center for Advanced Solar Photophysics [CASP]), Similar replication at NREL(H Brody), Outside US(BL Oksengendler+),

iv Plasmon types: Surface Plasmon Solar Cell(use collective oscillation-resonance of electron) to trap light & increase absorption(Mi Burns+), Plasmonic enhancement of Dye Sensitized SC: DSSC)(Co Andrei+), Plasmonic nanostructure with upconverter-doped dielectric core(A Atre+),

v Infrared Capture: 24hr solar(Solterra Solar: Squires & Jabbour+), Lead selenide nanocrystals to convert Infrared ray to visible photons for increased capture(Bardeen+), Trap infrared photon to directly generate electricity(Fr Meseguer+), Infrared capturing nano solar rectenna arrays made by atomic layer deposition(Br Willis), >> continue


27

>> continued- 1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell: vi Others: vi-a Down conversion(split 2x too high energy photons for band-gap into two lower energy photons to recover both), vi-b Hot Carrier Solar Cell(Le Bris+): keep low heat transfer from electron to phonon, vi-c Intermediate Band Solar Cell(Yo Okada+) with photon ratchet for extra light recovery,

vi-d Single Junction Tandem Solar cell(Wl Walukiewicz+), Perovskite oxides photo-ferroelectric material to function like Multi-Junction cell(An Rappe+), vi-e Piezo-phototronics(3way coupling: piezoelectric-semiconductor-photoexcitation effects) used for beyond seeming thermodynamics limit?(Zhong Lin Wang+), vi-f If cost is low, high performance Solid State Device (p20-23) can replace photovoltaics to generate electricity up to 50 times more than photovoltaics per same area(Ka Matsubara+),

vi-g Larger than unity thermodynamic light efficiencies, when cooling involved (cold electricity link?[supercurrent plus]: p64,65): Part of mainstream in Soviet-Russia since 1930s(SI Vavilov, YP Chukova, Yu Slyusarenko+); related to over unity anti-stokes excitation from lattice energy(Letokhov+), laser cooling+, Converting lattice vibrations into infrared photons(Raj Ram+), Solar cell illuminated by circularly polarized light generates charge/spin currents far more than spin polarization of carrier density(I uti, Ja Fabian+), >> continue


28


>> continued- 1. Excess S-Q SJ Solar cell: vi-h Quantum efficiency COP >1, Singlet Exciton Fission cell(Congreve, Ma Bhm+), vi-i Infrared & Heat absorbing Iron oxide based Charge Ordering RFeO4 solar cell(Green Ferrite: Na Ikeda) in which electric dipole depends on electron correlations(not covalency, ie controllable by spin?), 24hr power generation, and COP>1 indication, seemed commercial ready but shelved? vii Heavier on theory: Fill factor(FF, Available power at the maximum point) modelling shows higher limit for Organic Solar Cell(VA Trukhanov+), Nanostructured cell limit doesnt apply(Yunlu Xu+), Combine Upconversion & MEG(Shpaisman+), Application of Photonic Bose-Einstein condensates(BEC) to concentrate, amplify, store light etc. Some algae-bacterias photon-to-charge conversion ratio is close to 100%(FH Alharbi+), But S-Q limit seems to come from non-empirical data(& new data after 1960s excluded) & based on 2nd law of thermo-dynamics(Bolin Liao+), which has (ignored) contradictions (p95-98) and considered as conditional reference by many even in mainstream level, at least privately.

2. Under S-Q limit? Photovoltaic Solar Cell: but still significant cost reduction methods, commercialized or prototype lowest cost products, some redundant: i 25% field efficiency SJ silicon cell(Solvoltaics+), ii Optical Rectification non-semiconductor cell(Ste Rand+),

29


>> continued- 2. Under S-Q limit? Solar Cell: iii Consolidated solar cell(M Baldo), iv Low cost thin film/organic solar cell by light trapping: classical limit 15x exceeding nanophotonic type: by resonance for full absorption (Shanhui Fan+), or by Fullerene C60(Sunpower C60)/Coherent Population Trapping(CPT), Electromagnetically Induced Transparency(EIT) link, v Titanium based spray DSSC solar cell is 10% efficiency but cost is >



>> continued-3. Concentrated ThermoPhotoVoltaics:

For efficiency only: Mainstream ignored aerospace targeting Boeing-Spectrolabs Multi Junction solar cell CDO-100-C3MJ/C4MJ is average efficiency 38.5/40 % in 2009/10 for terrestrial market, and sells to civilian companies(OEM?), SolAero-Emcore was 37% in 2007, Hybrid concentrated PV & thermo-acoustic engine(Northrop Grumman), MicroLinks specialized dual-junction solar cell works at 400C, PhotoElectrowetting/Optofluidics sun tracker by Teledyne, etc.

Due to their space industry sales, there might be classified more robust products. Civilian market focused companies RD lab efficiency is 45% level in 2016 (Spectrolab linked Amonix-Arzon Solar, Lattice-Matched solar cell by Solar Junction +), * What happens if Optical Vortex Soliton & Self-Focusing element is applied?



>> continued SOLAR: 4. Non Std Concentrated Solar Power(CSP), i 30%+ field efficiency Dish Stirling(parabolic), (CSPs drop performance as much as 85-90% at rain or cloudy weather), lowest cost available solar in sunny area: Rippaso Stirling Hybrid, Cleanergy, United Sun Systems -all linked to Sweden, Schlaich Bergermann & Partner -Germany, US Majors participated in 1980s-90s but withdrawn(McDonnell Douglas, Cummins), No water use, Much less land needs(2.5ha/mw) with Module based 10-50kw installation,


>> continued SOLAR: 6. Unique niche specific installation solar cell: low efficiency(5-10%) but attachable/wearable/textile Organic PhotoVoltaics(Samsung, Mitsubishi+) for convenience, by low cost material/manufacturing: from Hetrojunction, Dye Sensitized(DSSC) to Perovskite use, Thermoelectric/fibreoptic textile with 3-5% level(NASA+),

7. Solar thermal/heat: Disruptively low cost, often forgotten, instantly applicable with 50%+ efficiency with existing tech use, For residential, commercial, industrial(Industrial Heat Process, at least 60% of electricity is used to generate) application as co-heat source: i Solar Air Heating, Very scalable, Can be combined with Solar Thermal Collector: SolarWall(J Hollick)+, Low tech dessert area heating and cooling by Trombe Wall(M Dabaieh+), ii Solar thermal by hot water collecting: Enerworks +, Extensive District Heating system incorporation & heat storage in Denmark(Marstal, Brdsrup+), ->>cont



>> continued 7. Solar thermal/heat: iii Rare but most efficient(70%+) combined PV & Solar thermal unit type by hot water recovery while cooled temperature improves PV cell performance: eg Technique Solar(D Thoroughgood), Concentrated thermal at 80% efficiency(IBM), Similar concept with housing construction element added more energy produced than used home idea can be cost competitive depends on solar panel costing(Sonnenschiff-PlusEnergy-Heliotrope[R Disch], volution, Sous-le-Soleil, ArchiBlox+)

iv Solar Heat for Industrial Process(SHIP): suitable for low/mid temp needs, iv-a Food: Scheffler reflector etc use, pasteurizing, cooking(Tss-India+), iv-b Various Industrial: washing desalinating, drying, cooling, bleaching(Megawatt Solutions, Clique Solar ARUN, Trivelli Energi+), higher efficiency Linear Fresnels used Chromasun Micro-Concentrator, iv-c Utility: Gas-steam turbine augmenting or reduce start up time, Integrated Solar Combined Cycle(ISCC): Yazd Solar Energy +, iv-d Solar Thermal EOR(Enhanced Oil Recovery): Novatec Solar, GlassPoint+,


34

>> continued: 7. Solar thermal/heat: Solar thermal is applicable to most industries except Metal-Smelting(high temp system must be custom made) types, Cost justifiable even when heat storage is needed, Different temp types: Basic Standard Flat Plate Collector(


>> continued: SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER COST TYPES: WIND ENERGY, Wide range of under deployed different mechanics/tech available, extensively tested by labs & smaller scale models to back up claims, even mini turbines more efficient than larger conventional, but often much lower cost than all conventional energy tech, only in specific locality and not universally, but some are


>> continued: Wind: 1 Advanced VAWT(vertical axis wind turbine: Darrius & Savonius combo etc, material integrity improvement continued from past wind farm failures(Yih Ho Pao+): Turbina VAWT(Mi Tesic), Luethi Wind(M Luethi), Sambrabec Catavent - ERD qc(Obidniak),

2 Large VAWT types: Agile Power(Bahnmller), Terra Moya(R Taylor), Mass Megawatts(Jo Ricker: Multi-Axis Turbo system & MMW augmenter), New Millenium Wind(Drew Thacker, high profile with contracts- suddenly retracted), Wind Harvest International(B Thomas), 3 Maglev VAWT by Senzhen TYPMAR, Regenedyne (Choi & Jenkins), Mag-Wind(Rowan, later charged as fraud, typical event when inventor type free energy tech is commercialized p82,83), 4 Unconventional rotation type: Windpods (Attey), 5 Turbine engine type: Stormblade Wind(Jovanovic), Hush Wind Turbine(Ar OConnor), 6 Different blades or bladeless: Saphon(Aouini), de Archimedes (Ruijtenbeek), SpiralAirFoil(Parker & Noonan),

SCIENCE-LEGAL INACTIVE & NEWLY ACTIVE SUPER LOW COST TECH21: WIND

37

>> continued: Wind: 7 Specific Shaped Fluid dynamic effects: i Tesla Turbine: Tesnic(Ho Nica), spins with same speed as wind, extremely strong with high wind, close to 100% efficient, ii Magnus effect Rotor ship(Flettner) by Enercon E-ship1, but Rotor type oscillation wind generators are only marginally lower cost than conventional, iii DAWT: Airsynergy(J Smyth), iv Spiral magnus cylinder blades: Mecaro(Nob Murakami), needs electricity to initially activate generator, v Venturi rotor: Energy Ball Vindkraft,(van der Klippe), vi Conical Helicoid: Windstrument(Cl Clark), disruptively scalable, vii Rectangular building roof edges: Anerdgy WindRail(Sv Koehler), viii Others: BERWIAN wind concentrator(In Rechenberg), 3D wind turbine: Nheolis (Haddjeri, French govnt backing), Warp ENECO(Weisbrich),

8 Airborne wind: majors(eg Google) participating: Altaeros(Glass), KiteGen (Ippolito), Ampyx(Koning & Ruiterkamp), e-kite(van den Brink), TwingTec(C Houle), Ocean freight free wind propulsion SkySails, 9 Omni directional: Katru IMPLUX(Sureshan), 10 Wind-solar hybrid(Skywolf/WindTamer: J Brock), Blue Energy(Melchior: structured & self cleaning solar surface),

11 Basic spiral convection & vortex effect, mostly by active engineers + mainstream academics + large corporate/Govt backing, Upright vortex or Along steep mountain contour pipe: Vortex Engine(Michaud), Tornado Wind Energy TWECS(Ja Yen), Windhamster(J Schatz), Microwave projection triggered tornado generator(Sl Tepic), Other research pre 1960s: (Cheng Ting Hsu, Nazare, Ma Haug, Be Dubo, Ma Menard+), After 1990s:(Stiig, Ma Tanner, Bubnov, Ra Menard, Ar Glezer, More common among Russian & Chinese academics+),


38

>> continued: Wind, 12 Downward vortex by water spray(P Carlson+), Sharav Sluices(Zaslavsky, Guetta, Israel Gov backed), side effect use for desalinating water, 13 Horizontal, large version of vortex tubes(De Oliver), Vsquare Wind(Ro Freda, US army link), Sheerwind INVELOX(Allaei), 14 Mini size vortex: Western Co Fotovoltaici(Gachechiladze & Cimini), Convection Mill model(AR Bennett, A Holmes), can be interpreted as ambient permanent free energy

15 Boundary Layer, Coupled Vortex Effect(Paraschivoiu, Daibiri+), Only small improvement but universal wind turbine performance booster adopter: Leviathan Wind Energizer(D Farb), 16 Oscillation based, no rotation, easily installed literally anywhere, highly scalable: Altenera BreezeBee(Mo Kaplan), Even more efficient Standing Wave causing Resonance freq. crossover type of: Self exciting vortex shedding Zephyr Energy Windbeam(Dy Thorp+), Aeroelastic flutter: Windbelt/Windcell(S Frayne), sold only under certain special conditions, some already copied: Wolt Wind Energy. If resonance creation is aimed (avoided by regular turbine for device integrity reason) it might further improve efficiency as seen in other techs. Also Piezo-Triboelectricity(p8 ),

17 Portable & foldable wind generator: Natural Power Concepts(J Pitre, US military link), Micro Windmill(Sm Rao), Ventus Folding Wind(Kuckir), 15-100cm diameter scalable & space fillable interconnected light turbines generates useable power from 2m/sec: MotorWind(Gambarota)


39

Hydro/Tidal/Wave, Some are much lower cost only in remote towns or private power generation, 1 Fundamentally conventional turbine operated super low cost hydro: eg Hydro-Qubec, Manitoba Hydro, Three Gorges Dam+,

2 Underwater tidal flow, Low head hydro, some regular hydro turbine: Benkatina (D Farb), Mako Turbine - SeaUrchin(M Urch), Beck Mickle Hydro allows full weight of water power capture with 70% range efficiency instead of regular premature turbine rotation (Gilmartin & Cattley), ORPC(Gorlov Turbine used), New Energy EnCurrent, Strom-Boje(F Mondl), Hydrovolts(Da Roth), Izumi si(V Markovic), Hydrocat, Larger scale: Verdant Power(D Corren), More efficient large scale Sundermann Turbine tilts power blades as rotate - vertical version of above Beck Hydro: Many of above are easy installation- no damming/digging, Often easy relocation, some show Betz law violation efficiency. Also large hydro dam equivalent in ocean: Mega scale tidal(B Davis+)

3 Use of both wave surging & webbing for power: Greenwave Energy, Use of highest & lowest point with in a set of wave scalable system: MotorWave(Gambarota): also can work as a floating connected "trompe"s to pump water to high land. No-moving -parts wave: Reverse MagnetoRestriction/Villari Effect use iMEC Oscilla Power, 4 Non Turbine, highly scalable, low speed workable: Vortex shedding oscillation VIVACE Vortex (Bernistas), Electroactive Polymer Artificial Muscle/Dielectric Elastomers electric generation on any moving water(Kornblush+), or by Nano Fibre (Huifang Xu+), Also Piezo-Triboelectricity(p8 ) 5 Liquid pipe flow electricity recovery: Lucid Energy(Schlabach+), 6 Also completely different far more efficient mechanics system exists but pseudoscience treatment due to over unity efficiency(p78)

SCIENCE-LEGAL INACTIVE & NEWLY ACTIVE SUPER LOW COST TECH24: HYDRO

40

Biomass: Heavily related to human habitat/cultural activities, and usually not perceived as such, but becomes lowest cost sometimes when apply different sets of energy criteria. Then processes in some situation often produce Lowest cost energy even applying only current science paradigm:

- Even simply by use of conventional tech, i Applying different cost structure as by-product(eg Energy from non-seed or cellulosic content of plant, Sugar Cane Bagasse, Forest residue. Also high energy cost required waste water treatment drastically reduces energy needs or can even produce net power+), ii Minimum human living condition by-product(Energy produced from Waste disposal or Landfill Gas removal), iii Regional or Operational based: Mining Industry (explosive Coal Mine Methane exhaust utilization nets more income after spending money to set up ventilation-gas collection system). Forest Industry(Sawmill residue used to be burned is made into Pellets for increased income, Farm based Anaerobic Digestion system nets extra income etc

- Long researched tech with official breakthrough declared types, Some of well known actually quite energy industry disruptive techs are finally entering into mainstream approved commercialization during 2013-2015. This also would gradually reinforce idea of far more energy supply than demand for entire world combined in various forms, even with conventionally based technology use or criteria. Hence this can lay some foundations for further transition to currently pseudoscientized various completely unlimited energy ideas.

iv Cellulosic ethanol - 2nd generation biofuel, v Sub-SuperCritical Water/Hydrothermal Liquefaction/Thermal-Catalytic Depolymerization/Hot Plasma Gasification of all organic waste, Cold plasma treatment of liquid waste or gasification-gas cleaning, vi Reevaluation existing criteria of what is energy(Peat, Gas Hydrate+):

FORGOTTEN PERSPECTIVE MIGHT INDICATE LOWEST COST ENERGY: BIOMASS

41

FORGOTTEN PERSPECTIVE MIGHT INDICATE LOWEST COST ENERGY: BIOMASS -2

-->cont Biomass & others lowest cost in specific situations: Biomass related technologies are categorized as follows in this presentation, but there is a large degree of cross over:

1 FOREST RELATED: Woodland, Sawmill, Pulpmill+ 2 AGRICULTURAL: Farm grass+ 3 MUNICIPAL WASTE(MSW), Liquid Waste, INDUSTRIAL WASTE, AGRICULTURAL WASTE 4 OTHER BIOMASS,

! 1 FOREST RELATED: Largest use in biomass, 1a Non-industrial private wood burning/firewood use, particularly in non developed nations is deemed very large but no precise figure, many nations allow access for forest logging or growth debris by private individuals by default or by license, Very low efficiency heat use,

1b Industrial extra wood fibre recovery: There is extensive recovery of forest by thinning plantation as well as harvesting entire tree(including branches), and sometimes stump & root: Finland harvests more than 1 million m3/yr in recent years, some synergy with peat harvesting, increase minimum 10% of wood vol, much less extent done in Sweden, Baltics, UK. Infra set up with first certain duration of "investment period" is needed.

1c Forest Biomass Gasification: Net energy gain compared to simple combustion, Large power plant application is starting by overcoming tar issue etc(Nexterra, Cortus Energy, BioSynergi Proces+), Small volume use market has been served a long time by DIY type devices, but now being offered sophisticated devices(Entrade+), 1d Pellet(Pinnacle Pellet, JSC Vyborgskaya cellulose, German Pellets, Hrjedalens Miljbrnsle+), 80%+ of world demand comes from Western Europe

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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-->> cont: 1 FOREST RELATED:

1e Forest Residual converted to Cellulosic Ethanol: There are many combinations but main process combo can be by i -Enzymatic Hydrolysis based: Mild hydrolysis(low temp low pressure regular hot water to low temp subcritical range water) + Anaerobic Digestion(AD) etc(Chempolis, St1 biofuels, Borregaard+), ii-Gasification + reforming + Fischer Tropsch: can process whole wood fibre including lignin(UPM-Kymmene, Woodland Biofuels+), or same with Pyrolysis use(Ensyn Technologies, BTG Bioliquids+), iii-Sub/SuperCritical water(SCW) treatment, Process whole wood fibre (Licella - Ignite Energy Resources, Steeper Energy, Valmet+):

1f Pulp mill Black Liquor(BL) enhanced utilization: BL is by far the largest energy source and core process medium in chemical pulp process that repeatedly gets cleaned & burned its lignin & hemi cellulose as pulpmill's energy source during operation: i High energy content lignin as oil for fuel & chemical raw material (Lignol-RenFuel): lab type environment generation, dedicated large plant doesn't exist, ii Replace Tomlinson boiler by PulseEnhanced Black Liquor Gasification(ThermoChem Recovery International), or regular Gasification, & other methods of more energy recovery, option for biofuel etc(Chemrec se, Babcock & Wilcox+)


43

2 AGRICULTURAL NON CROP PLANT PORTION(also called advanced ethanol, 2nd generation biofuel etc): to be made info Cellulosic Ethanol: politically much larger ramification unlike forestry feedstock biofuel. This has been commercialized many times prior but very frequent untimely events from losing money, to suddenly financial backers withdraw, or projects halt with no clear reason given etc. Most techs are actually higher cost than existing fuel, but it is listed since a few are lowest cost in some situations, or depended on feed stock cost calculations.

Finally after 2014, some consistent operations of this tech have been established, while many others are still on pilot production by using 3rd party system without own facilities(not listed here): 2a Enzymatic Hydrolysis: i Introductory type Cellulosic Ethanol by "bolted on" to existing food stock ethanol plant: corn kernel fibre processing to increase extra 5% of ethanol production(Cellerate-Syngenta+), only 3rd party line production but claims < $1/gallon(< $0.265/litre)(GeoSynFuels), ii Regular stand alone type Ethanol production, some require catalytic pretreatment which might increase cost: (Clariant, Inbicon, Iogen ca, Zeachem, American Process, Bioflex - GranBio, Beta Newables, Abengoa Bioenergy+), Largest 2nd generation bio ethanol operation as of 2016(Dupont+), Largest overall bio ethanol maker participates (POET llc),

2b Gasification + Steam Reform + Fischer-Tropsh type: (Ineos+)


44

3 MUNICIPAL WASTE(MSW), Liquid Waste, INDUSTRIAL WASTE, AGRICULTURAL ANIMAL WASTE (this presentation treats animal fat/cooking oil as part of existing fuel & it is not discussed):

3a Anaerobic Digestion - Bacteria to consume waste to produce Methane: Also note at least some of those microoranisms are electrically active(mainstream science accepted idea: Geobacter etc) and produce also anomalous field with various antioxident & electrical effects(rejected idea).

Completely mainstream tech and widely used as default process in many nations/sectors to produce "free" energy while infrequently used or almost forgotten by others.

i Sophisticated large-mega sized Bio methane production(engine feedable), to Electrical generation systems with various scales: Largest types(Axpo Kompogas, STRABAG Umweltanlagen+), Mid to large size installation: (EnviTec Biogas, BTA international, OWS nv, Xergi, Planet-Biogas, IES BIOGAS, BTS Biogas +), Smaller types(WELTEC BIOPOWER, ENSPAR Biogas, Schmack Biogas, CH Four Biogas+), Focused on upgrading biogas systems(MalmbergGruppen+)

Many installations operate like farming coop, for this type of sophisticated system Germany has highest installation(10,000units) & most power generation per capita: followed by rest of Europe(UK, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Austria, Denmark, Czech, Sweden etc), Less extent in North America, or rest of world, UK strength is also in sewage biogas & Landfill Gas,


45

-->> cont; 3 MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, ANIMAL WASTE: 3a Anaerobic Digestion :

ii Less sophisticated appearance or small to mid sized type is also actively offered, particularly in India/Bangladesh area(Biotech India, Beta Pak Biogas, Puxintech+), Also significant family/housing based DIY type system in some nations around the world(eg Deenbandhu units in India: 4million+), Energy securing conscious China's national policy installed DIY type system in rural community at least 40million units.

Professionally made home based system sold(HomeBiogas, Bsustain, Vivesty +), Fancy type ethanol production home unit operates with very limited feedstock(Micro Fueler), also septic tank replacement or converter types(BiogasPro Agama+)

3b Plastic to Oil: After recycling, still about 130million tons/yr disposed world total, of which a fraction(but rapidly increasing) is made into fuel. Even if 90% of all plastic is is converted with 70% efficiency recovery to fuel(PVC[Polyvinyl chloride] & PET[Polyethylene terephthalate] is 30-40% range recovery even rest of plastic can be 90%), it would make up still negligible about 1-1.5% of world oil consumption. But substantial benefit to the plastic to fuel converting operation or community that owns it, generally unreported in west but active operation world wide, more in oil shortage China and India etc, than in west. Large Western mainstream corporations so far infrequently involved and even when do, avoid direct involvement & work through subsidiaries or as joint venture. -->>continued


46

-->> cont; 3 MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, ANIMAL WASTE: 3b Plastic to Oil:

i Pyrolysis: Oxygen deprived heating causes generation of liquid fuel, gas, and char. Most system can only take selective plastic(usually no PET & PVC), some can recover fuel with all plastic but most of cases oil quality suffers beyond 3-5% range PET/PVC and emit toxic fume, corrode or clog process line. Many system can only make "crude oil", and need further processing to use as gasoline or diesel replacement. Some system has adjustment to change recovery of oil vs char: when focused to generate fuel, tires are generally weightwise 30-40% recovery to fuel, plastics are 60-90% level. It can be adjusted to have lower fuel produced with higher char/carbon recovery. All infeed material needs to be shredded.

This leaves currently only handful of devices/operations that can take a-all plastics, b-final direct gasoline-diesel equivalent/boiler useable oil without violating emission criteria(Klean Industries, Blest+): usually custom ordered type system needs to be made with premium price for corrosion-clogging control, & chlorine separation etc. But Wada method allows al plastic with no customization(Hokupere yukakangen+), Created 50% PVC feedable device in 1990s and shelved the tech(Toshiba+)


47

-->> cont; 3 MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRI ANIMAL WASTE: 3b Plastic to Oil: i Pyrolysis:

Can make gasoline-diesel equivalent fuel If no PET, and PVC is fed(Royco Beijing+), Large number of installations(HuayinEnergy, Beston Plastic, Shangqiu Ruixin Environmental, Klean Industries, Cynar Plastic+) European market targeted device comes with CHP(GB Pyrolysis+), High profile portable small device, with large devices has option of processing PET & PVC(Blest) Zero emission claimed system(Ecomation Oy +), Rare mainstream corporate involvement(Agilyx)

ii Catalytic Depolymerization: Depends on catalyst often same strong effect as Sub-SuperCritical water & categorization is difficult(ReCycled Refuse International, Pyrocrat Systems LLP, Enviro-Power Pte +), Doubly rare strong Western mainstream exposure + with successful continuous operation in US(PK Clean),

3c SuperCritical/SubCritical water treatment/Hydrothermal Liquefaction: Also can gasify heavily by changing parameters or treat non-liquefied portion for the second around process. Almost complete liquefaction requires certain mineral catalysis(usually recoverable). Some history of abrupt withdrawal from this tech by many companies often observed in similar way as by other "real disruptive tech". Processes all plastic or all organic waste with high fuel recovery very quickly with low cost, operation companies aim to promote devices in larger market of biomass and Waste to Energy as often all feedstock mixable, hence no particular focus on plastic only(SteeperEnergy, Muradel, Genifuel+): some devices can take the load with less or no shredding with little extra time needs


48

-->> cont; 3 MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRI ANIMAL WASTE:

3d Combustion: i Direct combustion: Instead of burying trash into landfill, burning to produce electrical power, Well developed technology to specifically handle Waste mix, many in North West Europe also produces CHP. Sometimes criticized for high NOx/SOs emission, but in many G7 type level nations usually far below regulation requirement,

But electrical power efficiency is sometimes quite low with 15-20% range(eg: emission & ash reduction focus in Japan), still overall not high: 20-30+ %. Most conventional large scale scale combustion system(Stoker & reverse grate: Martin GmbH, Keppel Seghers, Hitachi Zosen INOVA+), Due to large system existence, some European trash market demand exceeds supply: Sweden & Germany purchases/imports trash from other EU nations. ii SRF/RDF: Compressed cube shaped & packaged combustion boiler feedable trash(Sita UK, BMH Technology+), SRF(Solid Recovered Fuel) has EU standard based, while RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) can be any burnable waste(NOVAGO+)

3e Gasification & combustion: "Value added" combustion with options of making liquid fuels/chemicals/storage: i Conventional type: 500-600C low temp with lowest emission for large industrial operations with ash vitrification(Ebara, Mitsubishi Hvy), Coal added to "fudge" efficiency to 32%(JFE), Had good growth till 2000s but lost to newer tech competitors recently(Thermo Select+), Mid size catering(Kinsei Sangyo+), Smaller scale or containerized mini community/mining camp etc WtE gasification-treatment system(Waste to Enegy Canada, Ostrand jp+), ii Claim on complete thermal oxidation of all organic waste with no emission ie no chimney(Zeros inc/Ste Clark)


49

-->> cont; 3 MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRI ANIMAL WASTE:

3f Gasification+Reforming/Catalytic conversion to liquid fuel(GTL), Methane to gasoline etc: Close relation or often same tech as wood/Coal to liquid fuel: Succeeding commercialization on & off since 1940s(Germany, Japan+), then extensively in 1960s-90s South Africa(at one time almost all gasoline was made from coal via FischerTropsch(F-T) process: (Sasol+), Also mini scale operation from 70s in west with same/similar process for coal liquefaction or methane to gasoline type process(Shell, Exxon Mobile+): it is notable there is beyond statistically probable on-time success rate difference between advanced nations(particularly in US) and 3rd world nation when new ground braking energy tech/project is introduced.

After yr2000 commercialization examples: Sasol active outside of S Africa, Large Gas To Liquid (GTL) refinery: PetroSA, Underground Coal To Liquid(CTL) process: small scale(Linc Energy - Carbon Energy+). Sub-SuperCritical water & F-T(REG Synthetic fuels+), General CTL became significant focus in China since around 2008(YitaiGroup.com . , Jincheng Anthracite Mining Group +), also direct coal liquefaction: semi pseudoscience in western media level(Shenhua Group , Yanzhou Mining Group +) Western mainstream media/govn't/NGO generally didn't introduce the tech till around 2012 in connection with biomass related subject. -->> continue


50

->> cont; 3 MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, ANIMAL WASTE: 3f Gasifying & Gas To liquid(GTL) fuel:

Although various GTL techs differ from each other, produced Waste based liquid fuel become lowest cost fuel in many regions and mildly disruptive(most companies persist in emphasizing "small scale") & somewhat game changing since this reinforce public perception it can apply to a- all organic mass: forest, plant, b- lower cost than liquid fuel widely available methane can be processed(natural gas, coal gas, CoalBed Methane+):(Enerkem, ThermoChem - Fulcrum Energy, Biofuels Power, Velocys, CompactGT+), additionally even CO2 as fuel source(LanzaTech+), This tech has support from major Western local governments, international corporations/mainstream group recently to indicate another official wider availability of energy source, Small trailer portable device(Maverick Synfuels)

3g Less Conventional Gasification or Liquefaction: i Hot Plasma Gasification: Original use was toxin decomposition or metal recovery from waste. This is a "conventional" plasma tech with well known key players(Plasco, Alter NRG - Westinghouse, Advanced Plasma Power+), less known successful installations(InEnTec, Peat International, EuroPlasma +), ii Steam Plasma: less fume than hot plasma, much lower CAPEX & OPEX: portable size, plasma gas is water/steam: more like low energy use SuperCritical water(SCW) based gasification: Effective oxidizing effect(ie moisture insensitive, no NOx or Dioxin). But mostly pilot type commercialization as industrial unit since current focus is mostly on full decomposition rather than fuel generation(PlasmaAir AG, Forest Plasma Lab, Strebl Energy+), Rare energy/gasification focus exists(Green Science , Plazarium+)


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-->> cont; 3 MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRI ANIMAL WASTE: 3g Less Conventional Gasification or Liquefaction: iii MicroPlasma: Related to string of highly economically disruptive effects(Torsion field), and Official Western research in dealing with organic material is avoided, Effects generated by: Rotating Magnetic Field( ECOUOM+), Rotating Electrode( +), Self running oxygen-charging PyroMagnetic Furnace(popular amongst fringe industrial operations in Japan)(ZeroMozJapan, T.H. ELEMA ENG. CO, Jimdo +), Gasification is quite effective but that part is not commercialized, Minor heat recovery utilization from trash "incineration" with some models. Some PyroMagnetic Furnace is completely self running with no outside power needed, Has anomalous pseudoscientized but useful effects like radiation remediation etc(p98-123, p156): Currently commercialized focus is for mostly fertilizer generation, complete organic trash decomposition down to magnetized ash yield with anomalous bioenhancing effects all with almost no exhaust fume(indoor use ok). Effects for non-organic matter(metal) are main science approved & commercialized but overall ignored tech.

iv Cold Plasma gas reforming-cleaning-gasification: Unlike hot plasma, Cold Plasma has ionization in electron only and not in molecules: Very low power use, less fume than hot plasma, usually lower cost process than any mainstream equivalent methods(except occasionally SuperCritical water methods next page): Usually container portable system Sludge/waste water gasification(MagneGas, TopLine Energy, AdaptiveArc, FabGroups - HydroQuebec+), Both solid & liquid waste(Enersol Technologies+), GlidArc use:(PowerCan 200, Mill Hand Thailand+), *note cold plasma effects are still in process of transitioning from pseudoscience status into Western acceptance,


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-->> cont; 3 MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRI ANIMAL WASTE: 3g Less Conventional Gasification/Liquefaction:

v Sub-SuperCritical Water(SCW)/Thermal liquefaction-depolymerization(SCW is above either 374C or Pressure 221bar-22.1Mpa- 3250psi[221times ambient level], SubCritical water is technically anything over 100C with ambient pressure but usually lot closer to SCW level): Highly potent and can gasify/liquify/decompose any organic matter at low cost(GreatPoint Energy, AltacaEnerji, Biomass Technology Group BV, Earth Wind & Fire Technologies+), This and cold plasma effect is fully science approved, yet has economic-structure-changing tech efficiency applicable in various industries: Often use of specific catalysis(KOH, K2CO3, Ni etc) to maximize liquid fuel recovery instead of gasifying or decomposing into water & CO2 etc. Energy generation application is treated extremely low key & often avoided at mainstream level(Less dramatic than Cold fusion commercialization treatment but somewhat similar), One high profile company rather mysteriously lost large $ or entire industry suddenly drop entire business in mass with no clear explanation(Changing World Technologies, Dozen mainstream companies in Japan)(For more details see water tech report [click here] and search "ORGANO"), Only high profile SCW energy use is power generation steam medium efficiency increase. Some offer heavier catalyst reliance than hydrolysis element(Greenbase Sepadu, Green Power Inc, Alphakat+), Not water but similar process with lab success by cellulose liquefaction with phenol, glycerol etc as SuperCritical medium. vi Super low cost Solar Thermal use Gasification(Al Weimer+), vii Molten metal gasification method(Hydromax Diversified Energy+), Successfully operated own pilot plant(Ze-Gen)


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-->cont 3 MUNICIPAL, INDUSTRIAL, AGRI ANIMAL WASTE: 3e Landfill Gas (LFG): Slightly over 50% of gas emitted at landfill is recoverable methane generated by oxygenless anaerobic decomposition of buried organic waste. Although energy production is negligible as a whole macro scale(eg UK deemed 6TWh/yr level, 0.2% of entire power needs), if consider toxic gas removal process as cost, then LFG becomes significant "free" energy in local landfill area. Also at some locations it becomes lowest cost energy as is. Methane carbon footprint reduction has various incentives & benefits.

UK, US, Canada leads in energy recovery from Landfill Gas:(Cambrian Energy, Viridor, DTE Biomass, CLP Envirogas, Infinis, Republic Services, LFG Technologies, Biffa, Progressive Waste, Ener-G+). At those most advanced nations, it is deemed overall 15-50% of methane gas is recovered for power generation: eg UK is deemed to recover 80% of entire LFG as flared or power/heat production, with 50-70% of that is actually used for power generation combustion Continental Europe, Australia follow (Green Gas International BV, Landfill Gas Industries+)

Fair portion of gas is let off as flaring(burning) even there is LFG management system in place(Hofstetter BV, GC Environmental, Comcor Environmental +), Some small old landfill sites can also recover energy(Deponigas ApS+), Much higher utilization % at large landfills, Power generation needs proper gas filtering of siloxane, H2S etc(Unison Solutions, Xebec, PpTek, SulfaCHAR, Prodeval +), recovery around 30-35% range with large majority Reciprocating Engine special flexible power generator(Siloxa AG, GE Jenbacher - Clarke-Energy+), 1MW+ capacity(can produce more than 1MW per hr) type system can use Gas Turbine, a few add CHP for higher recovery, or profitable Landfill gas to liquid fuel is a pilot+ level commercialization(Renovare Fuels, Velocys+)

Note: Current waste land fill use is close to none in Germany, Netherlands, Sweden etc, more 3-5 nations with 5% range: those nations are not focused on LFG recovery as future energy source.


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4 OTHER BIOMASS,: 4a Oil bearing Algae: Mainstream groups emphasizes price parity is far away, but some of pilot type commercialization/full commercialization product seems to be lowest cost in some selected cases while cost is coming down rapidly :

-LOW COST ELEMENTS: its high caloric content, order(s) of magnitude higher oil yield per growth area than many biofuel crops, or artificial indoor farming(Solazyme+) with efficient-fast-economical & easy harvestability-proces

fuziunea la rece, tesla, unde scalare, câmp de torsiune, energie gratuită.. = toate pseudo...

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