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Practical English Morphology and Vocabulary 1

CRISTINA IONELA IOSIFESCU

PRACTICAL ENGLISH

MORPHOLOGY AND VOCABULARY

2 Cristina Ionela Iosifescu

Editura Aius PrintEd este recunoscută CNCSIS (2010-2012)

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naţionale României

IOSIFESCU, CRISTINA IONELA Practical English morphology and vocabulary / Cristina Ionela Iosifescu. - Craiova: Aius Printed, 2011 ISBN 978-606-532-112-1 ……………. © Editura Aius Printed, Craiova, 2011 str. Paşcani, nr. 9, 200151 tel./ fax: 0251-596136 e-mail: [email protected] www.aius.ro

ISBN 978-606-562-112-1


CRISTINA IONELA IOSIFESCU

PRACTICAL ENGLISH

MORPHOLOGY AND

VOCABULARY


I. INTRODUCTION

This book is meant to be a multipurpose guide for both teachers and students. It deals with both theoretical and practical aspects of the English teaching and the English learning process.

The idea of writing this book came as a necessity as both teachers and students need additional material to support their efforts during teaching or learning English.

The teaching experience itself needs the teacher to be creative and the student to be active and involved. Consequently, this book presents a new way of teaching the tenses of the indicative. Most of the English grammar books which are meant to teach the Romanian students the English tenses start with the three moments in time: the present, the past, the future. Thus, the students are taught: The Present Tense Simple and Continuous as tenses of the present moment, the Past Tense Simple and Continuous, The Present Perfect Simple and Continuous, the Past Perfect Simple and Continuous as tenses of the past moment and the Future Tense Simple and Continuous, the Future Perfect Simple and Continuous as tenses of the future moment.

This book deals with a different way of teaching the tenses of the indicative: it takes the aspect into consideration.

The aspect is the grammatical category which shows the way the speaker sees the action, either in progress at a certain moment in time (the continuous aspect) or perfected before a certain moment in time (the perfective aspect). The Romanian students face difficulties while dealing with the English aspect as they are not familiar with the grammatical category of aspect; the Romanian verb does not explicitly display the


aspect. So, the new way of teaching the tenses of the indicative deals with: teaching the Present, Past, Future Tense Simple as tenses which are not marked from an aspectual point of view, the tenses of the continuous aspect (the Present Tense, Past Tense, Future Tense Continuous), the tenses of the perfective aspect (the Present, Past, Future Perfect Simple) and a combination of the continuous and perfective aspect (the Present, Past, Future Perfect Continuous).

Besides, the book also deals with elementary knowledge concerning each part of speech. It doesn’t show an exhaustive study of each part of speech, but it focuses on some main morphological difficulties.

The second part of the book is practical, in the sense that it asks both the teachers and the students to solve both morphology and vocabulary exercises in order to strengthen their knowledge of the English language.

The fact that most Romanian students choose to have their linguistic competences tested in the English language at the end of high school is now a certainty. Accordingly, the third chapter of the book aims at their improving the four linguistic skills: speaking, writing, reading, and listening.

The fourth chapter of the book suggests some tests which could be useful during the English lessons or just for personal testing. The next chapter gives ideas of some fillers which are likely to be used during the English lessons.

The advantage of this book is that it is both theoretical and practical and it is useful for both children and adults. Whoever uses it may choose to solve the exercises which agree with his/her level of English. Thus, it can be used by both beginners and advanced English speakers.

Good luck with your English!


II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

II.1. Why do we learn English?

“Why do we learn English?” is the question which could be asked by any person in the world, starting with the 20th century.

Many people state that English has become an international language, but most of the times they don’t ask why. The ones who ask are happy when they find simple answers such as: because of the Americans. What about the Americans? In 1865, during the civil war, the Americans were mostly a rural nation. Why are they the reason why English has become an international language nowadays?

Many linguists tried to foresee the future of the English language. Some of them said that it would become an international language, others didn’t agree. Time shows that the first ones were right.

So, the answer to our main question could be: we learn English because it has become an international language; many Romanian students learn it during school as a foreign language because it is an international language.

The next question is: why has English become an international language?

The reasons why English has acquired this status are mostly historical. The British Empire spread the English language into its colonies worldwide.

When people say the Americans they think of the inhabitants of the United States of America. Well, the United States of America is just a country in the American continent; the Mexicans are also Americans from the American continent.


Thus, English has become an international language nowadays because of the United States of America, not because of the entire American continent. The USA gained independence in the 18th century, George Washington was its first president and up to the 20th century this country was not the financial power it is today.

Europe was destroyed by the two world wars of the 20th century; it was the chance of the USA to become a great world power. So, after the second world war, the USA came with the idea of the European Union. After the wars, the country became strong enough to interfere with European course of history because of their financial interventions, such as the Marshall plan in 1947.

Accordingly, the English language was again taken back to the continent in its American variant due to the financial support given by the USA.

Thus, English was spread in its British variant due to the British Empire and it was spread in its American variant due to the USA.

The two variants are just one language, with slight differences in pronunciation and vocabulary; that is why there is just one English language which is spoken worldwide.

II.2. Why is English said to be an ‘easy’ language?

Ask any Romanian student which language is easier to learn: English or French? English or German?

The answer is always English. English is considered to be easy to be learned, but of course it has its difficulties.

The reasons why we hear the above answer are both linguistic and historical.

Modern English is an analytic language, i.e. it doesn’t use inflections to change the form of the words. It displays its grammatical categories by means of auxiliary verbs or prepositions. So, there is no need for a Romanian student who


learns English as a foreign language to learn a very long list of inflections specific to every part of speech.

Again, the historical reason why the Romanian students consider English to be an easy language is traced back to the 11th century when the British throne was conquered by the duke of Normandy who became William the Conqueror after his coronation as the British king in 1066. He imposed the French language to the British royal court, so French became the language of the upper social classes. Both French and English were spoken at the same time in the same place and that is why English borrowed words from French.

Both French and Romanian are Romance languages (or Latin languages); English is a Germanic language. So, all the English words which the Romanian students identify as identical or similar with some Romanian words are in fact French words which were borrowed by the English language in the 11th century.

Consequently, English sounds familiar to many peoples of different origins. This could also be a reason why English is very widely spoken around the world.

English is an easy language only from a subjective point of view. From an objective point of view, it is just today’s international language.

II.3. A synthesis of English morphology

II.3.1. The noun

The noun is the part of speech which names object, things. e.g. room, knowledge, advice, paper, course book, teacher, etc. The grammatical categories (criteria according to which

the form of the noun changes) of the noun are: - Number - Gender - Case


Number deals with singular and plural.

There are some nouns in the English language which don’t add –s for the plural, but they have irregular plurals.

Examples of irregular plurals: 1) country – countries 2) mango – mangoes 3) brush – brushes 4) match – matches 5) dress – dresses 6) fox – foxes 7) half – halves 8) knife – knives 9) life – lives 10) tooth – teeth 11) goose-geese 12) foot – feet 13) man – men 14) woman – women 15) mouse – mice 16) criterion – criteria 17) phenomenon – phenomena 18) crisis – crises 19) thesis – theses 20) synthesis – syntheses

Gender refers to male/female.

Examples: Masculine – Feminine Man – Woman

Monk – Nun Boy – Girl Bachelor – Spinster King – Queen Bull – Cow Stallion – Mare


We should pay attention to gender words which involve sexual discrimination because we need to be politically correct.

Mankind discriminates women = human race, humanity Case refers to the form of the noun to agree with different

cases. There is an extensive use of case prepositions in the

English language because of the fact that English is an analytic language; they are specific to different cases.

Case Specific preposition(s) Accusative On, in, with, for, from, etc

The book is on the table. (a place modifier in the Accusative) Remember that the direct object does not have a specific preposition in the English language I see the children. (direct object)

Dative To I give the books to the children. (Indirect Object) But: I give the children the books.

Genitive Of The pages of the book look clean. (whose pages?) But, there is also a synthetic Genitive – ‘s The boy’s book looks clean. (whose book?)

II.3.2. The article

The article is the part of speech which determines the noun by individualization, that is it shows whether the speaker knows/doesn’t know the object he/she is talking about.

Thus, we have 2 possible situations: The speaker KNOWS the object he/she is talking about

THE DEFINITE ARTICLE The (nouns both in the singular and plural) The story The stories

The speaker DOESN’T KNOW the object he/she is talking about

THE INDEFINITE ARTICLE A (nouns in the singular); an + vowel A story; an elephant Some (nouns in the plural) Some stories


Do not use articles: • with proper names: Mary

But: the Browns (the entire family) the United States of America (compound nouns) the Balkans (names of mountains) the Thames (names of rivers)

• with general statements e.g. School teaches us important things of life.

• with moments of the day e.g. at noon, at dusk, at night But: in the morning, in the evening

• with nouns which are used for their real

purpose e.g. go to school, to church, to hospital, to university, college But: I go to the school for a social meeting. (school is meant for learning)

• with pronominal adjectives e.g. this book, my book, which book?

Do use articles:

• with prepositions e.g. There is milk in the fridge.

• with adjectives in the relative superlative e.g. The greatest story is yours!

• with ordinal numerals e.g. The fourth magazine is scientific.

II.3.3. The adjective

The adjective is the part of speech which shows a quality/feature of the noun.

Rules: 1) the English adjective is always placed before the noun: a happy day


2) the form of the English adjective is invariable, that is it doesn’t change according to the grammatical categories of number, gender or case of the noun it determines: some happy days

Consequently, the only grammatical category of the adjective is the comparison.

The degrees of comparison of the adjective: I. smart, big, intelligent, difficult, etc. II. comparative: a) of superiority: - the short adjectives add – er to form this degree of

comparison. Note: the short adjectives are made up of one syllable, two

syllables at the most. E.g. smarter - the long adjectives add more in front of the adjective E.g. more intelligent

b) of equality – it obeys the following pattern: as+adjective+as

E.g. as smart as as intelligent as a) of inferiority – it obeys the following patterns: not as+adjective+as

less+adjective+than E.g. not as smart as not as intelligent as less smart than less intelligent than III. superlative: a) relative superlative - the short adjectives add –est to form this degree of

comparison (they are preceeded by the definite article) E.g. the smartest - the long adjectives add the most in front of the adjective E.g. the most intelligent


b) absolute superlative – it obeys the following pattern: very+adjective

E.g. very smart very intelligent

Irregular degrees of comparison:

Comparative of superiority

Relative superlative

good better the best bad worse the worst Much/many more the most Little less the least Far farther (space distance)

further (time distance) the farthest (space distance) the furthest (time distance)

II.3.4. The pronoun

The pronoun is a part of speech which replaces a noun (pro=for; it stands for the noun)

The book = it Rule: any pronoun which determines a noun becomes an

adjective. This is a house. (=pronoun) This house is big. (=adjective).

Types of pronouns:

1) The personal pronouns

The personal pronouns as subject The personal pronouns as object I Me you You he Him she Her it It we Us you You they Them


e.g. He is here. (=subject) I see him. (=direct object).

2) The possessive pronouns The possessive pronouns The possessive adjectives mine My Yours Your his His hers Her - Its Ours Our Yours Your Theirs Their

E.g. The book was not theirs. (=pronoun) Their book was not on the table (=adjective)

3) The demonstrative pronouns Close Far Identity Differentiation Singular this that The same Another

The other Plural These Those The same Others

Other The others

E.g. These problems are so unpredictable. The same situations are really complicated. Another man helped me. Others didn’t come on time. – Other students came

on time.

4) The relative – interrogative pronouns Case Persons Objects N. Who Which Acc. Who(m) Which D. Who(m) Which G. Whose Whose


E.g. Who helped you with the homework? (the interrogative pronouns are used in simple sentences)

I don’t know who helped you with the homework. (the relative pronouns are used in complex sentences).

But: what is also a relative- interrogative pronoun and adjective.

E.g. What is wrong with you? (interrogative pronoun) What boy was right? = Which boy was right?

(interrogative adjective) 5) The indefinite pronouns

Simple indefinite pronouns

Compound indefinite pronouns

Quantity indefinite pronouns

Countable nouns

Uncountable nouns

-body, -one, -thing many

much some somebody, someone,

something

any anybody, anyone, anything

every everybody, everyone, everything

both

all

each

several

(a) few

(a) little

E.g. Somebody has just arrived. A few eggs were in the fridge, but there was little milk for

the cake. (the eggs are enough, the milk is not enough). Have you got any stamps? – No, I haven’t got any.


6) The negative pronouns

Simple negative pronouns Compound negative pronouns -body, - one, - thing

No nobody, no one, nothing

E.g. Nobody helped me with the homework. (the verb is in the affirmative form).

Rule: there is no double negation in the English language. Thus, we use the verb in the affirmative form with a negative pronoun/adjective.

Or, we can use the verb in the negative form with the indefinite pronoun any. This is not true for the negative subject (see the above example *Anybody didn’t help me with the homework).

E.g. I see nothing in the street. I don’t see anything in the street. 7) The reflexive /emphatic pronouns

Personal pronouns Reflexive/emphatic pronouns I myself you yourself he himself she herself it itself we ourselves you yourselves they themselves

E.g. I see myself in the mirror. (the reflexive pronoun is preceded by its antecedent in the same clause.)

John himself carried the boxes.


8) The reciprocal pronouns

Two objects/persons More than two objects/persons Each other One another

E.g. Tom and Jerry fight each other. My classmates help one another.

II.3.5. The numeral

The numeral is the part of speech which shows the number or the order of objects.

E.g. Three students finished the project. The third student finished the project.

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Numerals such as: hundred, thousand, million, billion never get the plural when they are preceded by other numerals. e.g.

three hundred children hundreds of children five thousand books BUT thousands of books seven million people millions of people

Reading the years means reading the numerals two by two: 1324 – thirteen twenty-four 1083 – ten eighty-three 1710 – seventeen ten 1205 – twelve oh five 2010 – twenty ten (the tendency of the 21st century is two

thousand and ten)

2) The ordinal numerals

- they show the order of objects

1st the first -st

2nd the second -nd

3rd the third -rd

4th the fourth -th

5th the fifth -th

12th the twelfth -th

20th the twentieth -th (y-ie)

21st the twenty first -st

22nd the twenty-second -nd

23rd the twenty-third -rd

25th the twenty-fifth -th

30th the thirtieth -th (y-ie)

40th the fortieth -th (y-ie)

50th the fiftieth -th (y-ie)


The ordinal numerals are used to show the days of the month: December 24th (the twenty-fourth day of December).

3) The fractional numerals

- they show the ratio, that is parts of numbers

1/4 one fourth 2/7 two sevenths 5/10 five tenths 1/2 one half 3.8 three (point) eight

4) The collective numerals

- they show a group of objects

a group of 2 both

a group of 3 all three a group of 4 all four a group of 5 all five

5) The multiplicative numerals

- they multiply the number of objects

multiplied by 2 twofold (double) multiplied by 3 threefold (triple) multiplied by 4 fourfold (quadruple) multiplied by 5 fivefold (quintuple)

6) The distributive numerals

- they describe an alternating series of objects - they don’t have a distinct form, but they use

distributive pronouns/adjectives


Each student Every two students Every other day Every three plants

7) The adverbial numerals

- they show the number of times the action of the verb is repeated

Once He came once. Twice She shouts twice. Three times I read the poem three times. Four times You opened the door four times.

II.3.6. The preposition

The preposition is the part of speech which makes the noun agree with different cases (see II.3.1. The noun).

There are prepositions in the English language which are specific to different cases.

e.g. The end of the story was unexpected. (the genitive)

I give the money to the estate agent. (D.O. + to- dative I.O)

BUT I give the estate agent the money. (dative I.O.+D.O) The flowers are from my friends. (the accusative).

II.3.7. The verb

The verb is the part of speech which shows actions and states.

The grammatical categories of the verb are: - person and number - mood - aspect - tense - voice

Person and number are the grammatical categories which show whether a verb is in a finite or in a non-finite mood, i.e.


the form of the verb changes/doesn’t change according to person and number.

Mood – there are both finite (their form changes according to the grammatical categories of person and number) and non-finite moods (their form doesn’t change according to the grammatical categories of person and number).

The finite moods are: 1) The indicative – e.g. Many accidents happen daily. 2) The subjunctive – e.g. If only we were happier! 3) The conditional – e.g. I would read the book if I

had time. 4) The imperative – e.g. Open the books! The non-finite moods are:

1) The infinitive – e.g. to ask, to write 2) The gerund – e.g. asking, writing 3) The participle – the present participle: e.g. asking,

writing – the past participle: e.g. asked, written

The difference between the gerund (V-ing) and the present participle (V-ing):

- the gerund is sometimes used as the second verb in a sequence of verbs

e.g. I avoid talking to my relatives. - the present participle is used with the auxiliary verb to be to form the continuous aspect

e.g. I am talking to my relatives.

The aspect is the grammatical category of the verb which shows the way the speaker sees the action. Thus, the speaker can see the action:

- in progress at the present, past or future moment – the continuous aspect


past present future

_______________/__________________/________________

→ / → / → Past tense continuous Present tense continuous Future tense continuous

- perfected (completed) before the present, past or

future moment – the perfective aspect

past present future

Past Present future

perfect simple perfect simple perfect simple

The continuous aspect is always formed with the auxiliary verb to be in the present, past or future and the present

participle of the main verb (V-ing) The perfective aspect is always formed with the auxiliary

verb to have in the present, past or future and the past

participle of the main verb (V-en). The tenses of the indicative are:

Tense Form Example the present tense

simple -s (he, she, it) He studies

the past tense simple -ed; the 2nd form He studied the future tense simple will+infinitive He will study the present tense

continuous to be (present)+V-ing He is studying

the past tense to be (past) +V-ing He was studying


continuous the future tense

continuous to be (future)+V-ing He will be studying

the present perfect simple

to have (present)+V-en He has studied

the past perfect simple to have(past)+V-en He had studied the future perfect

simple to have(future)+V-en He will have

studied the present perfect continuous

to have(present)+to be(-en)+V-ing

He has been studying

the past perfect continuous

to have(past)+to be(-en)+V-ing

He had been studying

the future perfect continuous

to have(future)+to be(-en)+V-ing

He will have been studying

1. The present tense simple – expresses an action which

happens habitually at the present moment. e.g. She reads a novel every week. 2. The past tense simple – expresses an action which

happened at a certain moment in the past. e.g. She read a novel last week. 3. The future tense simple – expresses an action which

will happen at a certain future moment. e.g. She will read a novel tomorrow. 4. The present tense continuous – expresses an action

which is in progress at the present moment. e.g. She is reading a novel now. 5. The past tense continuous – expresses an action which

was in progress at a certain past moment. e.g. She was reading a novel this time yesterday. 6. The future tense continuous – expresses an action

which will be in progress at a certain moment in the future. e.g. She will be reading a novel this time tomorrow. 7. The present perfect simple – expresses a past action

which is perfected just before the present moment.


e.g. She has just read a novel. 8. The past perfect simple – expresses a past action which

was perfected before a past moment or another past action. e.g. She had read the novel when I talked to her. 9. The future perfect simple – expresses a future action

which will be perfected before a future moment or another future action.

e.g. She will have read the novel before I talk to her. 10. The present perfect continuous – expresses an action

which began before the present and it is still in progress at the present moment.

e.g. She has been reading the same novel for a few days. 11. The past perfect continuous – expresses an action

which began before another past moment/action and it was still in progress at the past moment.

e.g. She had been reading the same novel for weeks when I talked to her.

12. The future perfect continuous – expresses an action which will begin before another future moment/action and it will still be in progress at the future moment.

e.g. She will have been reading the same novel for weeks when I talk to her.

Negatives and questions There are two basic rules as far as the negative and

interrogative forms of the indicative mood are concerned: 1) If a tense uses an auxiliary verb in the

affirmative form, it uses the same auxiliary verb to form the negative and interrogative forms. Note: if the tense uses more than one auxiliary verb in the affirmative, it uses the first auxiliary verb to form the negative and interrogative forms


I will speak I will not speak; Will I speak? I am speaking I am not speaking; Am I speaking? I was speaking I was not speaking; Was I speaking? I will be speaking I will not be speaking; Will I be speaking? I have spoken I have not spoken; Have I spoken? I had spoken I had not spoken; Had I spoken? I will have spoken I will not have spoken; Will I have spoken? I have been speaking I have not been speaking; Have I been

speaking? I had been speaking I had not been speaking; Had I been

speaking? I will have been speaking

I will not have been speaking; Will I have been speaking?

2) If a tense doesn’t use an auxiliary verb in the affirmative form, it uses the auxiliary verb to do to form the negative and interrogative forms.

You speak You do not speak She speaks She does not speak She spoke She did not speak

There is a tendency in modern English to no longer use doesn’t in the third person singular, the present tense simple, but don’t. This is true for slang English, but the tendency of the English language to lose inflections is obvious during centuries. So, English could lose the inflection for the third person singular, the present tense simple, the negative form.

The indicative is the only finite mood which has tenses because it is the only one which expresses real, factual actions.

The subjunctive expresses hypothetical actions, that is why we canțt say they happen at a certain moment in time.

e.g. I wish I knew the lesson. (= I don’t know it at the present moment).

I wish I had known the lesson. (= I didn’t know it at the past moment)


They hurried lest they should be late. (= their delay was hypothetical)

The conditional also expresses hypothetical actions. It is said to be a sort of subjunctive because of its meaning and form; its form is identical with one of the forms of the analytic subjunctive (would).

e.g. I would help you if I knew what to do. The imperative is said to be a sentence type: - the declarative sentence – makes a statement e.g. I had hardly come back home when they paid me a

visit. - the interrogative sentence – asks a question e.g. Have you ever been to Paris? - the exclamatory sentence – shows a strong emotion e.g. What a boring lesson! - the imperative question – gives an order, a command e.g. Don’t touch the wires! The voice is the grammatical category of the verb which

shows whether the subject is the doer or the receiver of the action expressed by the verb:

- when the subject is the doer – the active voice - when the subject is the receiver – the passive voice An active sentence can be turned into a passive sentence

according to the following syntactic and morphological rules: - the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of

agent of the passive sentence; the direct object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence.


My mother reads some magazines. – active sentence S P D.O (direct object)

Some magazines P by my mother.

S O.A (object of agent)

- from a morphological point of view, the auxiliary verb to

be is used and the past participle of the main verb. e.g. Some magazines are read by my mother. – passive

sentence The English language uses both the direct object and the

indirect object as subject in the passive voice. Most of the times, the choice is for the indirect object because its referent is a person.

e.g. The parents gave us a good education. (S+P+I.O+D.O) – active sentence

A good education was given to us by the parents – passive sentence.

We were given a good education by the parents. – passive voice (more frequent).

People consider him to be a genius. (Accusative +infinitive) – active sentence.

He is considered to be a genius. (Nominative +infinitive) – passive sentence.

II.3.8. The adverb

The adverb is the part of speech which describes the action expressed by the verb.

The adverbs can show the circumstances of the action. Thus, there are adverbs such as:

- adverbs of place – describe the place of the action


e.g. where, everywhere, wherever - adverbs of time – mark the time of the action

e.g. when, whenever, never, yesterday - adverbs of manner – describe the way the action is

done. They are derived from adjectives with the suffix – ly. e.g. rapidly, carefully, quietly.

The above adverbs become adverbial modifiers of place, time or manner in the complex sentences; there is a strict order of these modifiers in the complex sentence: manner – place –

time (time can also be placed at the beginning of the sentence, before the subject).

e.g. Every day she goes rapidly wherever she is needed. The adverbs can be used either in the simple sentences

(interrogative adverbs) or in the complex sentences (relative adverbs).

Relative –interrogative adverbs where when how how much

e.g. Where is the library? He wants to know where the library is. How much does this action tell about his personality? We don’t understand how much this action tells

about his personality. As far as the form of the adverbs is concerned, there are

both simple and compound adverbs.

Simple adverbs Compound adverbs where anywhere, somewhere, everywhere, nowhere,

wherever when whenever how anyhow, somehow, however


II.3.9. The interjection

The interjection is the part of speech which describes natural sounds or noises.

Examples of interjections Ouch! Wow! Aye! Oh! Yeah!

e.g. Oh! I must have forgotten your name!

II.3.10. The conjunction

The conjunction is the part of speech which relates identical or different parts of the sentences or whole sentences.

Thus, there are: - coordinating conjunctions – join elements which are

equal from a grammatical point of view - subordinating conjunctions – relate a subordinated

element to the main element Coordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions and because but if or unless nor in order that, so that so as long as

The above examples prove that the conjunctions are both simple conjunctions and compound conjunctions.

e.g. The weather is sunny, but I can’t go out in the park. John worked hard and (he) finished the project on

time. – the identical subject of the second clause can be omitted when the two clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction.

I will be late unless I hear the alarm clock. – the negative conjunction requires the affirmative form of the verb of the subordinate clause.


III. EXERCISES

III.1. Morphology exercises

1. Translate into English:

1) Înțeleg ei importanța acestor chestiuni sau le ignoră? 2) Nu ne ajută pentru că e mereu prea ocupat pentru

problemele noastre. 3) Nu se trezește la timp pentru că nu aude niciodată

ceasul deșteptător. 4) Face multe fotografii pentru că este pasionat de această

activitate; este mai mult decât un hobby, este o formă de artă. 5) Luăm întotdeauna cele mai bune decizii: echipa noastră

analizează opțiunile și face pasul corespunzător. 6) Când mergi la pescuit? Merge și Maria cu tine, de

asemenea? 7) Nu s-a prezentat, cu toate acestea, știm cine este acel

individ. 8) Aleargă în fiecare dimineață pentru că vrea să se

mențină în formă. 9) Nu are timp să asculte problemele noastre sau nu are

timp să arate că-l interesează. 10) Dosarele sunt gata, de aceea nu înțelege lipsa lor de

eficiență.

2. Fill in the blanks with the right article (definite article, indefinite article, zero article):

1. I found ………… pet under ……………. stairs because Mickey is always afraid of thunders.


2. ……….. winter is cold and nasty but this particular winter will be ………… worst.

3. He swam ………… his way out of prison but ………… Danube River is more than difficult to swim.

4. I don’t know what it was; I heard ……………… noise and ……………… people were staring.

5. She took ………….. good night sleep; this is what she always does at ……………. night.

6. She always goes to ……………. church on ………… Sunday morning because she feels like ………… sinner.

7. ……… Linda is ………. their cousin, but …………. members of the family are not aware of this.

8. They live in …………. United States of America; they moved to ……………. Detroit last year, but I don’t know …………... name of ……………. street.

9. ……….. manager assistant types ………………. letters every day but they are never right.

10. ……… boys will be boys: they never pay attention to ……………. details of …………… girl’s outfit.

3. Use the following words in order to form sentences:

a)cities/problems/the/as/the/lack/of/greatest/the/safety/world/social/of/face/such

b)which/Carpathians/mountains/the/landscape/the/are/our/the/of/country/natural/enrich

c)few/the/she/classes/schedule/the/go/every/time/busiest/because/is/to/doesn’t/day/years/ in/past/the.

d)a/of/country/to/they/but/social/government/of/are/the/ours/problems/every/responsibilities/have/seems/have/the/forgotten/concern

e)we/view/the/of/at/importance/all/matter/of/point/of/end/of/realized/the/his


4. The following text contains ten mistakes or extra words. Identify them and translate the text:

When we go to school we seem to forget the things that really matter. We consider the teachers a sort of enemies who will give us bad grades and who they are never supporting. This is the general perception nowadays because teenagers are no longer interesting in building a successful career. Most of them face family problems. Other are not aware of the importance of a safe and sound education.

The consequences of these matter are a social disaster because the societies no longer emphasize the education. The only thing teenagers want after they will finish high school is money. Some of them know how to earn them, but others get into trouble.

Most people protect themselves from the others, though not all so aggressively, that’s why they are strong societies, based on education and weak societies, based on human instincts.

- Use the above text to identify the following parts of speech: a definite article, an indefinite article in the singular, a verb in the infinitive, 3 prepositions, a verb in the negative form

5. Choose the correct form of the verbs in brackets:

a) My English teacher ……………………………(talk) about the irregular verbs daily.

b) Right now some children ……………………… (have) breakfast, others ……………………… (play) in the park.

c) Mary ……………………. (not come) home yesterday evening; she ………………… (sleep) in a hotel.

d) When I ………………………… (meet) her, she …………………(run) to school.


e) My desk mate ……………………….(not be) ready with the project last semester.

f) When I grow up, I ……………………………... (travel) around the world.

6. Fill in the blanks with the missing article and provide the explanation of your choices:

….. law tells us what is right and what is wrong within ……. societies. But, …… people are ….. ones who decide to perform …….. certain action. Sometimes, what you do, or you don’t do is up to your …….. judgment. At …….. same time, ……….. people act without knowing …… legal circumstances of their actions. It is their ……… fault because we should know ……… law of ……. state we live in; consequently, ……… ignorance is also punished.

For instance, ……. citizen who lives in ……. United States of America has the rights and obligations provided by ……… Constitution of this state. They are not the same as the rights and obligations of any other citizen living elsewhere, ……… Canada, for example. But, we all have the same human rights and liberties, irrespective of where we live: either you live on ……. continent or across ….. ocean, we share ……. common fundamental rights and liberties which govern …….. existence of any ……. human being.

7. Expand the sentences with the info in brackets:

1) There is a difficult run (5 miles, get, prize) 2) The guests asked for a glass (wine, not like, spirits). 3) She has been looking for a room (ladies, fix, hair,

meeting). 4) The robber used a knife (silver, unlock, enter, house). 5) I found out about the accident (car, serious, consequences). 6) Susan is very untidy (hair, look, so strong and healthy).


8. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense

1) I …………………………………… (not go) to school yesterday morning because I felt sick.

2) You ………………………….(be) ready for the English lesson?

3) The people in the street …………………………… (try) to help her last week, but now there is no one to help her.

4) I ……………………………… (give) her a call tomorrow morning.

5) Your parents …………………………………….. (wake up) so early in the morning?

6) The children …………………………………… (eat) all the cakes yesterday.

7) Scientists …………………………….. (not have) a fixed time schedule; a scientist ……………………. (work) all the time.

8) You …………………………….. (understand) the question when the teacher asked you something?

9) My friends ………………………………. (not see) the movie yesterday because they were more interested in the homework.

10) I …………………………… (help) you tomorrow morning because my mornings are very busy.


1) Nu învață cum să facă față acestor situații pentru că așteaptă ajutor de la părinți.

2) De ce folosește aceleași unelte? Nu sunt niciodată cele mai bune pentru că nu prinde niciodată vreun peste.

3) Vecinul meu va vinde casa, însă nu știu nimic despre prețul caselor în zonă.

4) Nici măcar nu știe de ce nu te poate ajuta.


5) Nu are dreptate pentru că argumentele lui nu-i sprijină punctul de vedere.

6) Încearcă să adoarmă la ora 10 seara pentru că nu vrea sa fie obosit în dimineața următoare.

7) Cumpără legume dar nu gătește mâncare; știe că legumele proaspete sunt foarte sănătoase.

8) Spală vasele în fiecare seară pentru că nu-i place mizeria din bucătarie.

9) Se înscrie în competiție în fiecare an, problema e că nu câștigă niciodată.

10) În fiecare săptămână are un program fix: stie ce să facă, dar uneori nu știe ce să nu facă.

10. Use the following verb expressions to fill in the

blanks: look at, look daggers, look big, look into, look after, look over, look up (X2), look out, look for, look north

1) She has always been ………………….. to me and that’s why I can’t possibly rely on her opinions: she would never disagree with my point of view.

2) I tried to ……………….. this book, but I don’t exactly understand French; therefore, I gave up, it was useless.

3) ……………………..! You are about to step on a banana peel, it could be dangerous.

4) My cousin has been ………………… her wellbeing, but she has never been self-centered.

5) Dad has ………………… a new car but he couldn’t find the right one.

6) I will ………………… the final details of the report, but I can’t promise you any serious changes.

7) When I entered the room, he was very angry; he …………………….. at me.

8) Things are …………………………………; don’t worry about your profit!


9) The house ……………………., but the owners had no idea what star they were ………………….every night.

10) Mark was trying to …………………………, but the girl never went out with him again.


1) Nu au știut ce se va întampla cu ei; când i-am întâlnit încercau să rezolve situația, dar nu au găsit banii.

2) A înțeles ce s-a întâmplat pentru că ajunsese mai devreme, cu toate acestea, nu a auzit prima parte a discursului.

3) Mi-a spus că doctorii pregătiseră instrumentele, erau gata să înceapă operația.

4) Știe de ce nu i-ați dat niciodată o mână de ajutor: sunteți răi, egoiști și nepăsători.

5) În vremurile străvechi, oamenii credeau că focul este un element natural important.

6) Voi afla ce se va întampla cu ei, dar nu voi ști când vor fi duși înapoi în țara lor natală.

7) Știe că vei veni, dar va fi mai mult decât încântat dacă vei aduce și copiii.

8) Nu a știut că fuseseră legați de promisiunea lor: o promisiune e o datorie pe care nu o poți încălca.

9) Nu a văzut ce s-a întâmplat pe strada, dar a auzit niște țipete pe care nu le mai auzise niciodată.

10) Știe că vei găsi un mod sa-l ajuți: nu a știut niciodată că viața e grea.

12. Fill in the blanks with it/there:

1) ……………….. have been many difficulties with the manager but we succeeded in meeting his needs.

2) ………………….. is important to realize the depth of his statements.


3) I found ………………. hard to understand his actions, but it didn’t matter in the end.

4) ………………. appears that luck is a crucial element in one’s life: either good or bad luck.

5) ………………... will be many people in the streets, asking for their constitutional rights to be observed.

6) …………… doesn’t matter: you will do as you are told. 7) ………………. was likely to rain, but the sun shines

brightly. 8) ……………….was difficult to solve the dilemma: no

one knew how to act properly. 9) ……………. seems that many people have lost their

jobs, thus, their earnings have decreased dramatically. 10) The trainer considers ………………. to have been the

central element of this training activity.

13. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verbs in brackets:

I suddenly ………………………… (wake up) in a maze. Everything ……………… (spin) round and round. I ……………….. (want) to scream, but I couldn’t. Nevertheless, it felt like …………………. (scream). I ……………. (see) a door but I ………………. (not enter) it. Someone ……………..… (yell). I …………………… (not hear) such a strong voice before. I …………….. (try) to find my way out when another door ………………….(open). This time, I ……………….. (enter) the room and it…………… (seem) that an old lady ………………. (clean) it for ages. Yet, it ……………… (be) still dusty. Something …………….. (move). It …………………. (sound) like the wind. I could feel a hand …………………….. (pat) my shoulder. I ………… (look) back …. It ……………… (be) mom “It’s time to wake up, the alarm clock………………… (ring) for minutes”. When


I …………….. (wake up) I…………………….. (realize) I……………… never…………….. (be) so scared in my entire life. Thank God it………….. (be) just a dream! But, dreams ……………. (be) part of our reality, some say. Who …………… (be) the old lady? …………… I …………… (know) her?

14. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the

following verbs:

1) My brother …………………… abroad every summer. a. don’t travel b. travels c. travel 2) Right now, all the children …………………………….

in the school yard. a. are playing b. played c. play 3) Mom …………………………..go to work yesterday

morning because she felt sick. a. went b. didn’t go c. doesn’t go 4) My best friend ……………………….. me the book

tomorrow morning. a. brings b. will brings c. will bring 5) I ………………….. to tell you the truth, but you are

not paying attention to me. a. am trying b. am tryng c. try 6) My friend ………………………. a summer in France,

but he came back last September. a. spend b. spent c. spents

15. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the following verbs:

1) It ………………… me $200 because it was an expensive product, but people have always needed it.

a. Costed b. cost c. costing


2) When she opened the window, it ……………………… a. Was raining b. rained c. had been raining 3) ……………. Mary …………. interested in your point

of view? a. Did be b. was c. were 4) Instead of doing his homework, my son

…………………….. the TV commercials daily which is a waste of time.

a. watch b. is watching c. watches 5) Mother………… always……….…. all the doors and

windows, she can’t stand them open. a. Shut b. shutted c. has shut

16. Give the definitions of the following expressions in

the sense of showing their use (the passive voice)

a. Smart suit = it is used………………………………….. ……………………………..……………………………………

b. Out fashioned = it is used……………………………… ………………………..…………………………………………

c. Iron helmet = it is used………………………………… ……………..……………………………………………………

d. Ankle-length skirt= it is used…………………………... ……………..……………………………………………………

e. Casual shoes= they are used…………………………… ………………………..…………………………………………

17. Fill in the blanks with the right tense of the verbs in

brackets:

Mother ………………….. (wake) me up every morning. I ……………………. (not like) the mornings, I really like the evenings, I work better in the evening. For example, last night I ………………… (do) my English homework and everything


………………… (be) so perfect. Two days ago, I ………….. (not have) time to do my homework at night and I ……………….(waste) the entire morning with a very easy homework. I can’t focus in the morning, I am sleepy, I …………. (be) in a bad mood. When I grow up, I …………… (go) to work in the afternoon. I hate the morning schedule. I also …………………… (not like) it when I was younger, but now I really …………….. (hate) it. From now on, I will do things my way; so, I ………………. (wake up) late tomorrow morning in order to have a good day.

18. Match the following verbs in different tenses with

their auxiliary verbs for the negative and interrogative forms:

He drove to be in the present tense - ? We are going to do in the past tense - ? She eats will They will study to do in the present tense - ? It rained did

19. Rephrase the following sentences:

a) My son has never tried to improve his school performance.

Never………………………………………………………………………………….

b) Mother had no sooner prepared breakfast than I woke up. No sooner ………………………………………………… c) Who is your friend? Mary asked………………………………………………... d) Our duty is to obey the law of our country. All citizens……………………………………………...…. e) If you worry more, you will get older. The more……………………………………………..……


20. Choose the right answer:

a) The waiter brought us a special soup which I …………………………. before.

a. didn’t taste b. hadn’t tasted b. c. haven’t tasted d. will taste

b) The police officer said the prisoners ………………… taken back to jail soon.

a. will be b. would be b. c. shall be d. will be being

c) Mark lives ………………. away from school than his desk mate.

a. further b. far b. c. farther d. farthest

d) If I ……………………. younger, I would travel around the world.

a. were b. was b. c. would be d. have been

e) The poet speaks ………………………… to our ears. a. softer b. soft b. c. softy d. softly


a) My sister was reading “Romeo and Juliet” this time last year.

“Romeo and Juliet”………..……… …………………….. b) I know I bought paper pins, but I can’t find them. I remember…………………………...…………………… c) My cousin worked hard and won the competition. It was …………………………………………...………… d) Whenever she leaves, please accompany her to the

station! It…………………………………………..………………..


e) A. Lincoln kept the USA together during the civil war, therefore the country still exists.

If…………………………………………………………………………………


a) Mother ………………………. the table last evening and I washed the dishes.

a. laid b. lay c. lain d. lie

b) I need to stop ……………… some more indispensable things from my old address.

a. collecting b. collect c. to collect d. recollect

c) I suddenly realized that she …………………………. the same clothes for a few days.

a. was wearing b. had been wearing c. has been wearing d. is wearing

d) If my parents had had more free time, we …………… the Sundays together.

a. would had spent b. would have spend c. would have spent d. would spent

e) The English teacher will probably reexamine the students next week if their results ………………

a. didn’t improve b. haven’t improved c. hadn’t improved d. hadn’t been improved

23. Identify all the possessive pronouns and adjectives in the following text:

My friends think I have very useful books, but they are mine. Our family has a very interesting family book collection and all the books on our shelves are very interesting. When I need a book, I go to my shelf. My sister has hers; sometimes I


need one of her books and I simply take it. She doesn’t know that I take her books. Dad reads his favourite books all the time. He likes literature. He has his books from my grandparents. Their books are very old, but they are clean and spotless. I know about respect and I respect my books. So, I can’t give any book to my friends because all my books are clean and protected.


a) Did Mary …………………… to plant some trees in her garden last week?

a. manage b. managed c. manages b) The child ………………… the lyrics of this Christmas

carol. c. forget b. forgave c. forgot

c) The workers worked hard to ………………………… this bridge.

a. built b. build c. building d) Jane …………….. her scarf every time she takes a trip.

a. loses b. loose c. lose e) My neighbour …………………. his car in front of the

building. a. park b. doesn’t park c. parking

f) Her colleagues ………………….. in the school yard yesterday morning.

a. wasn’t b. weren’t c. didn’t be

25. Use the following words to make active sentences and then turn them into the passive voice:

1) Mary/write/letter/every week. 2) The students/understand/lesson/next morning. 3) John/wash/car/yesterday evening. 4) My parents/bring/puppy/last night.


5) The children/open/books/page 27/the next English lesson.

6) His sister/lay/dinner/table/last evening.

26. Fill in the blanks with the right modal verb:

have to, ought to, can, may, must (x2), shall, should 1) A person …………….. take care of his/her voice. 2) ………….. I start my speech? 3) Your voice has been hoarse for a few days; you

………………definitely see a doctor. 4) There’s too much noise in your room; ……………..

you speak louder? 5) Each competitor ……………….have his musical

abilities tested. 6) The doctor says that I …………….. take this medicine

to cure my sore throat. 7) This …………. be your problem: you can’t get your

tongue round foreign pronunciation. 8) The Government…………….give a speech on the

financial crisis we face today.

27. Read the following complex sentences, identify the relative clauses and turn them into participle clauses:

1) Clothes which are bought in expensive shop clothes are

very trendy. 2) Teenagers who grasp the taste of fashion will never

wear silly clothes again. 3) Elegant clothes which are made by famous tailors are

very expensive. 4) Middle-aged persons who disregard fashion save a lot

of money.


5) Celebrities who spend a huge amount of money on clothes must be very rich.

6) Skirts and trousers which are sold in second-hand shops look rather worn-out.

7) Women who wear elegant dresses are very feminine. 8) Expensive jewels which are matched with expensive

clothes make you look glamorous.

28. Put the verbs in brackets into the right tense:

When I was younger, I ……………….(get up) very late in the morning. I ………… (be) late for the English classes. Later, I found out about respect because my parents got me a dog. My dog ………….. (kiss) me in the morning when he wanted to go out. At first, I was too lazy to wake up, but then there was a lot of mess on the floor which I had to clean. So, I learnt about responsibility and respect for my dog. Now, he ……………(wake) up later than I do. We have a good relation, but he ……………… (always chew) my shoes. I bought him toys, it was useless; he likes my shoes. I guess he ………….. (chew) my shoes whenever he feels like chewing.

29. Use your own ideas to fill in the blanks:

a) All the people who _____________________________ b) The clothes which______________________________ c) Many cruel children who________________________ d) The emo teenagers who_________________________ e) Your yellow T-shirt which _______________________

30. Choose the right preposition for the following adjectives and then use them in sentences of your own:


Of (x2) With(x2) On At About In interested good fond unhappy proud keen obsessed enthusiastic

31. Answer the following questions:

1) How do we form the continuous aspect? What kind of actions does it express?

2) How do we form the perfective aspect? What kind of actions does it express?

3) How many classes of verbs are there considering their lexical meaning?

4) How do we further divide the dynamic verbs? Give examples.

5) How do we further divide the state verbs? Give examples. 6) Which are the exceptions which allow the state verbs to

be used in the continuous aspect


1) El trântea ușa la mașină; chiar și acum o trântește, deși mașina e a lui.

2) Abia acum înțelege de ce este o persoană solitară; nu i-au plăcut niciodată prietenii zgomotoși.

3) A pregătit dintotdeauna cele mai bune mese; chiar acum gustăm gogoșile pe care le-a făcut mama.

4) Trântește ușa pentru că nu se închide; lucrez la un articol important, dar nu mă mai pot concentra din cauza zgomotului.

5) Frunzele toamnei miros deosebit; mă bucur să-mi petrec


timpul în grădină, chiar acum miros un mănunchi de iarbă uscată. 6) Citea lecțiile de mai multe ori când am vorbit cu ea și

de aceea le știa foarte bine. 7) Când l-am cunoscut îi plăcea să asculte muzică bună;

ascultam muzică când mi-am dat seama că devenise cel mai bun prieten al meu.

8) Lua micul dejun ieri pe vremea asta, de aceea n-a răspuns la telefon.

9) Cartea era citită de un coleg de-al meu când am mers la bibliotecă; când o va termina, o va duce înapoi la raft.

10) Înțelegea ce îi spuneai, era cel mai relaxat (easy-going) elev din clasă, însă vinerea trecută pe vremea asta era preocupat de viitoarele lui examene.

11) Spune că vorbește întotdeauna prea tare și această situație ne deranjează pentru că pare că se ceartă cu noi.

12) Ne înțelege chiar acum, deși rareori e de acord cu ceilalți. 13) Deși gătește foarte bine, întotdeauna gustă supa și mai

adaugă niște sare. 14) Încercăm să vă ajutăm, însă la rândul vostru, nu

sunteți deloc interesați de eforturile noastre. 15) Ia masa chiar acum, deși e destul de târziu; nu are

grijă de sănătatea lui. 16) Chiar acum rezolvă problema la matematică și știe

toate răspunsurile. 17) Se gândește să renunțe la fumat pentru că e cel mai

rău obicei al ei. 18) Știu că își pregătește întrebările pentru examen, însă

nu-și imaginează că acesta e cel mai greu. 19) Se întamplă să fie un elev foarte bun, însă acum e

supărat și nu e atent la lecții. 20) Aceleași răspunsuri sunt plictisitoare; chiar acum

urăsc persoanele care știu toate răspunsurile.



1) I made the wrong decision about my job. Mary said………………………………………………….. 2) You were supposed to help your relatives. Your relatives…………………………………..…………. 3) I haven’t seen your cousin for 5 years. The last time ……………………………………………… 4) They were sure of your statements. They took…………………………………………………. 5) Mary helped us with the right directions. It was…………………………………...…………………. 6) Some neighbours were out in the street yesterday morning. There………..……………………………………………..

34. Give the present and past participles of the following verbs:

Amaze - ……………………………………………...…… Overwhelm - ……………………………………………… Astonish - ………………………………………....……… Embarrass - …………………………………………..…… Improve - .………………………………………………… Threaten - ………………………………………………… Warn -………..……………………………………………. Surprise - …………………………………….…………… Fascinate - …..…………………………………………….. Defy - ………………………………………...…………… Deny - ……………………………………………………..

35. Choose the right participle of the following verbs to fill in the blanks:

to amaze, to threaten, to surprise, to improve, to overwhelm, to defy, to astonish


1) She came up with an ___________________ proposal, but no one was paying attention.

2) The children were ___________________by the robber who had broken into their house.

3) You have such a _____________________ behavior! I wouldn’t have expected so much help from you!

4) The manager had a very _________________ point of view and all the employees were _________________.

5) All the students in the classroom were _________________ by the amount of new information.

6) His speech has ________________, but still he didn’t have much to say.


1) Este incredibil cât este de dificil să înveți o limbă străină; etapa de învățare te îndrumă, iar etapa de dobândire te face mai bun.

2) Este probabil ca ei să te însoțească, deși au fost foarte ocupați în ultima vreme.

3) Va fi mama cea care îmi va da sfatul potrivit; a știut întotdeauna ce e mai bine pentru mine.

4) Durerea de stomac a facut imposibil să pornesc mașina pentru a ajunge la timp la serviciu.

5) Este neobișnuit să descoperi că mulți oameni nu știu ce au de făcut; de cele mai multe ori, rănesc persoanele din jurul lor doar pentru că sunt limitați.

6) A considerat o greșeala să încerce să te facă să înțelegi. 7) Nu contează unde va merge; va întalni colegi de

serviciu care îl vor sprijini. 8) A fost romanul pe care l-am citit acela care m-a facut să

mă gândesc la complexitatea vieții. 9) Au găsit ciudat să completeze o cerere și apoi să plece

acasă.


10) Se pare că nu a adus sufiicente argumente și exemple ca să-și susțină punctul de vedere.

37. Fill in the blanks with the missing words:

“My curiosity about the sporting ………………………. (1) was piqued by an episode that took ……………… (2) in the US a number of years ago but came to …………………. (3) only recently in Britain, when Ffyona Campbell, a distance walker, admitted that she had lied about a walk across the United States. During a 1000-mile stretch, she said, she had cheated, accepting occasional rides from her companion and driver.

‘Nobody knew, nobody was hurt, I rationalized’ Campbell wrote in her book “The Whole Story”, published …………….. (4) controversy last November in Britain. Campbell’s American crossing was the first of four tremendous walks, totaling 19,586 miles, that won her a place in the Guinness ……………………….(5) of Records.

Campbell is, to put it ………………….. (6) a difficult person. Restless, self-absorbed, and prone to moralistic ……………………….(7), she covers her body with the logos of corporate sponsors. She walks …………………….. (8) than any other woman before her but generally doesn’t seem …………………….. (9) a single pretty thing ………………. (10) the way” (text adapted from Advanced Gold, Longman, p. 221).

1 lie/ life/ lay 2 part/ place/ spirit 3 dark/ morning/ light 4 amid/ between/ before 5 book/ notebook/ keyboard 6 mild/ mildly/ wildly 7 prayers/ sayings/ pronouncements 8 further/ far/ farther


9 to grasp/ to notice/ to introduce 10 around/ along/ away 38. Make up sentences in which to use:

- a possessive pronoun as a predicative - a demonstrative adjective of identity + a verb in the

present perfect simple, the negative form - an interrogative adjective + a verb in the past tense simple - a relative pronoun/adjective in the genitive + a verb in

the present tense simple - the adjective far in the relative superlative (+time) - the adjective far in the relative superlative (+distance) - a possessive adjective and the verb “to be” in the past

tense simple, the negative form - the verb “to be” + subject - an ordinal numeral + a verb in the past tense continuous - an irregular adjective in the relative superlative and a

verb in any tense, the negative form

39. Correct the mistakes in the following sentences:

1) They take the worse decisions possible, but nobody know they’re reasons.

2) Mary and John are some reliable peers, but are some worst aspects of that behavior of them.

3) Than, he decides to turn of the light and annoy the persons whose eyes are sensible to dark.

4) Most people face the lack of interested in strong arguments.

5) They are seated in a queue every morning in order to buy milk and fruits.

6) The next day, we founded out others matters who gave us many clues.


7) The other were some friends of them whom they hadn’t seen for a hole life.

8) Everybody were in the nearby but nobody didn’t have time to help me.

9) He has never joined his career, but now he must had have advices from his superviser.

10) He’s not idle but is busy with any others things.

40. Make up sentences with the following words in the plural: half, phenomenon, country, mouse, knowledge, leaf.

41. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense:

a.I ……………………………… (hope) to find the right answers when the time was up.

b.Every afternoon, my mother …………………… (cook) dinner and Mary …………………….(help) her.

c.When I have a job, I …………………………… (wake up) earlier every morning.

d.In 1865, people ………………….… (not have) access to information.

f.At the moment, we …………………………(try) to find the advantages of this hobby.

g.My friend was making a fruit salad when I ………………………….. (visit) her.

h.Mark ……………………..(listen) to music every morning, but it …………………….. (not be) what he was doing last morning.

i. My friends ……………………… (bring) the popcorn and I ………………….. (make) the pancakes yesterday evening.

j.……………………… (be) you happy with the news about the weather?


k.She …………………………………… (not understand) why you were so angry.

l. Last week I …………. (not find) my skates and that is why I …………… (spend) my time watching TV.

m. Their friends ……………………… (take) a trip to London this time next week.

n. Every Sunday, she ……………………..(go) to church and then she ……………………. (cook) lunch.

o. I ……………..(lose) my keys a few days ago, it ……………….. (be) impossible to enter my house so I …………………. (pay) him a visit.

p. When she came, the kids ……………... (have) a pillow fight; the house …………………. (be) a disaster.

q. I am sure he ……………………….. (help) us when he comes to town.

42. Ask the questions whose answers are the following:

Q…………………………………………………...……………………………?

A. I think I was watching TV. Q…………………………………………………...………

…………………….? A. No, I slept like a log last night. Q……………………………………………………...……

…………………….? A. I don’t know what she looked like. Q…………………………………………………...………

…………………….? A. I don’t think there were any engineers in the conference

hall. Q………………………………………………...…………

………………….…? A. His bad English reflects his lack of interest.


43. Fill in the blanks with the right word:

Any complicated situation complicated has two ways: a way out and a way ……………...(1) The moment you try to find your way out, you can’t avoid thinking …………….. (2) possible solutions. The problem is you never know ……………… (3) the best solution is. People avoid making decisions because they are afraid …………….. (4) their consequences. But, any decision is …………… (5) than no decision at all.

For instance, a student can’t decide whether to take guitar lessons or English lessons in his/her free ………………….. (6) The best solution is to take them both, but there is not enough time. Another possible solution is to take guitar lessons because he/she likes music, or to take English lessons because they …………………. (7) more useful. ……………………(8) can he/she do? Give him/her any other ideas!

44. Choose the correct answer:

1. My mates said they ……………………… fond of foreign literature.

a. are b. will be c. were 2. She understands she doesn’t have …………………

confidence when it comes to competitions. a. no b. any c. none 3. ……………….. don’t agree with your point of view. a. Others b. Same c. Other 4. When I met her, she lived …………….. from the

supermarket; later, she bought a car. a. the furthest b. farther c. further 5. ……………. elementary school begins when you are 7. a. - b. the c. an


45. Use the following words to fill in the blanks:

seem, bored, trip, open, excited, fight, gloves, luggage It was a nice winter day. My family decided to take a

…………………..(1) in the mountains; we were all very …………………..(2) about it. The night before, I didn’t sleep at all, I was thinking of all the snow in the mountains.

In the morning, we were ready to go, but my younger sister overslept; her ……………………… (3) wasn’t ready. So, we left an hour later. There was a traffic jam because everybody was going to the mountains that weekend. We got …………………..(4) in the car because all the other cars didn’t ……………………..(5) to move. At noon, we were hungry. We were lucky to have some sandwiches in our bags.

We finally got to a cottage which was fully booked. Fortunately, we found another cottage which had some ……………………..(6) rooms. Soon, I was trying to find my …………………… (7) in the bags; I found them and I went out to play with the snow. We all had a snow ……………………..(8); then, we built a snowman.

Use the above text to identify the following parts of speech: a. A verb in the past tense continuous b. A verb in the negative form c. A compound noun d. A personal pronoun as a direct object e. A possessive adjective f. A word which is formed by derivation

Further practice:

Translate into English: 1) Încearcă să nu deranjeze pe nimeni, dar de cele mai

multe ori nu reușește să facă lucrul ăsta.


2) Ceilalți nu găsesc nimic interesant de făcut și de aceea se plictisesc; cu cât se plictisesc mai mult, cu atât privesc mai mult la TV.

3) Se așteaptă să fie contactat de niște persoane importante, deși nu recunoaște, nu se așteptă la rezultate pozitive.

4) Alte situații pe care el încearcă să evite să le înfrunte nu au cele mai bune soluții.

5) Mulți oameni știu destul despre acele probleme cu dieta terapeutică, dar nu e nicio diferență pentru ei.

6) Valorile sociale despre care vorbește au fost întotdeauna destul de apreciate, dar, în ceea ce îl privește, nu-și dă seama de lucrul ăsta.

7) Se întamplă să vorbească despre multe adevăruri generale, însă nu găsește mijloacele de comunicare potrivite.

8) Deși pretinde că alege cei mai buni prieteni, nimeni nu încearcă vreodată să-l ajute.

9) O schimbare privitoare la starea vremii îi face pe mulți oameni să se teamă că planeta va dispărea în curând.

10) Viitoarele lui probleme vor părea neimportante când va încerca să înfrunte ceea ce e pe cale să se întample.

11) Încerc să fiu atent, dar nu se merită să-l ascult. 12) Are mai multe păreri, însa nu-i acord nicio atenție

evidentă. 13) Nu spune niciodata nimic interesant; a devenit

plictisitor de ceva vreme încoace. 14) Cu cât îmbatrânește mai mult, cu atât înțelege totul

mai bine. 15) Găsește interesant să ne supere cu aceleași întrebări,

așa că este absurd să-l considerați un prieten al nostru. 16) Fie va veni la timp, fie îl vom astepta acolo; nu există

nicio îndoială că e o persoana de încredere. 17) Nu are cea mai bună părere despre tine; pare a fi

prietenul nostru, de fapt, îi plac bârfele.


18) Deși îl cumpărăm în fiecare zi, sunt multe persoane care susțin că acest ziar de scandal nu merită cumpărat.

19) Niciunul dintre ei nu-și acceptă contribuția privitoare la rezultatele sedinței.

20) Găsesc a nu fi interesant să faci aceleași lucruri în fiecare zi; te plictisești.

21) Cele două fete ale lor merg la școală dimineața, de aceea nu a fost nimeni acasă.

22) Se întamplă să greșim când suntem siguri de bunele sentimente ale oamenilor.

23) Celelalte două ziare nu au fost pe masă când am luat micul dejun ieri dimineață.

24) Au fost niste obiecte vechi într-o cutie sub pat, dar caietele tale de engleză nu au fost acolo.

25) Nu înțelege complexitatea acestor situații; chiar acum încearcă să descopere motivul lor și nu își imaginează că mai mulți factori necunoscuți la produc în fiecare zi.

26) Alt fel de știri apar în asemenea ziare care vorbesc despre evenimente zilnice; chiar acum, toate ziarele vorbesc despre un furt neobișnuit.

27) Acele idei ale lor nu au nicio consecință care merită menționată; acum lucrează la ceva nou, însă nu este o idee mai bună decât cele anterioare.

28) Își pregătește micul dejun chiar acum; face asta la 6:45 în fiecare dimineață de când avea 18 ani.

29) Se întâmplă să știm despre ce vorbești; suntem mai interesați de subiect decât tu însuți!

30) Nu este la fel de harnic ca și acei colegi ai lui și nu spun asta doar pentru a provoca o părere proastă despre el: în timp ce vorbesc, lucrează la planul lucrării și spune că a avut mai multe probleme cu ea în timp ce alți colegi au terminat-o acum câteva zile.

31) Nici nu plouă, nici nu ninge, însă vremea e destul de neplacută!


32) E dispus să învețe lucruri noi; chiar acum învață despre tehnicile de autoapărare.

33) Citește romane în fiecare an, însă de câteva luni citește niște poezii pe care le găsește foarte expresive.

34) Spune multe glume pe care aproape nimeni nu le înțelege niciodată și e singurul care le găsește mai mult decât amuzante; chiar acum vorbește cu o doamnă în vârstă căreia, sunt sigur, îi spune una din acele glume ale lui.

35) Niște întrebări ale lor au avut mai multe variante corecte și nu fusesem destul de inspirat să-mi dau seama de asta.

36) Când va prezenta niște noi prieteni, îi vei saluta și vei încerca să zâmbești larg.

37) Într-adevar, niște elevi au avut un comportament ciudat și agresiv, însă acest punct de vedere ni se pare extrem.

38) Tu pari devotat acestei misiuni, dar lui nu-i pasă de succesul activității.

39) Jane pare mai tânără, dar are un comportament matur; cu cât îmbătrânește, cu atât părerile ei sună mai interesant.

40) Te voi ajuta cu bagajul sau îți voi împrumuta bani pentru taxi, dar, te rog, nu-mi cere să te însoțesc la gară.

41) Acel loc i-a adus multe amintiri neplăcute și de aceea evitase să viziteze acele rude.

42) Dacă va pierde cheile, se gândește că o va suna pe sora ei, de aceea nu-și face prea multe griji.

43) El nu are nicio idee interesantă, cu toate acestea, e foarte zgomotos când se gândește la ceva.

44) Nu știe cine a fost acolo când a luat micul dejun 45) Vorbește despre lucururi interesante, dar e felul de

persoană ale cărei idei nu sunt legate logic și de aceea e dificil să o înțelegi.

46) Nu ne-a înțeles niciodată și nu a fost de acord cu acest comportament al nostru.

47) Vrea sa îi ajute? Nu, nu prea, pentru că acei prieteni ai lui nu au auzit niciodată proverbul “Prietenul la nevoie se cunoaște”.


48) Alte păreri au avut consecințe negative, dar rezultatul a fost unul mulțumitor.

49) Adaugă mai multe legume oricărei salate pentru că iubește legumele și fructele indiferent de anotimp.

50) E suparată de câteva zile, dar nu știu de ce; pare bolnavă, dar știu că e doar obosită și foarte supărată.

51) Alt cuvânt potrivit completează acest text; să scurtăm textul și să evităm cuvintele necunoscute!

52) Întotdeauna ne sună dimineața devreme deși nu are nimic interesant de spus; spune “O zi plăcută!” și apoi închide.

53) Nu a fost nimeni pe stradă dar au fost niște zgomote ciudate.

54) Nu este nimic în acea cameră și de aceea a părut mai încăpătoare.

55) Nu are nimic care ar putea fi dăunător în aceste împrejurări.

56) Cu toate acestea, nu a aflat niciodată despre existența vreunui frate/soră.

57) Nimeni nu a fost niciodată mai interesat de aceste proiecte decât noi, dar nu am avut timp suficient să participăm la ele.

58) Cel mai nou stil în ceea ce privește arhitectura a fost inspirat de acea clădire străveche.

59) Această jignire este specifică unei persoane a cărei lipsă de educație a fost evidentă.

60) Ne atrage atenția de fiecare dată când privim în altă parte și spune că nu suntem atenți la subiect.

61) Vacanța nu a fost la fel de plăcută ca și perioada când am avut acel succes profesional.

62) Eșecul lor este cel mai enervant pentru că arată părțile negative ale personalității lor.

63) Nu ai avut niciodată cele mai bune sfaturi care sunt, de obicei, utile în astfel de situații.

64) Acea experiență a avut un efect benefic asupra noastră pentru că ne-a deschis calea către noile întâmplări ce aveau să vină.


65) Un lucru neobișnuit a avut consecințe dezastruoase, adică a fost ciudat că planul a avut defecte din cauza lipsei ei de interes și experiență; însă, rezultatul a fost mai bun decât cel pe care îl așteptaserăm.

66) Nici nu a avut mai multe întrebări suplimentare, nici nu a știut răspunsurile.

67) Fie nu a vorbit cu nimeni, fie nu a fost acolo. 68) Acele îndoieli ale lor au fost considerate la fel de

importante ca și afirmațiile anterioare. 69) Niciunul dintre ei nu m-a ajutat deși erau toți colegii mei. 70) Niciunul dintre cei doi membri ai echipei nu a avut

niciun indiciu privitor la motivele nenorocirii. 71) Au fost întotdeauna mai multe întamplări nefericite și

de aceea am renunțat. 72) Oricine merge la munte se îndrăgostește de acele

peisaje la fel de impresionante ca și basmele. 73) Nu înțelege nimic în ceea ce ne privește și sunt

mândră să spun că nu mă simt deranjată de toate neînțelegerile. 74) Nimic nu este mai neplăcut decât o persoana gata să

izbucnească în lacrimi pentru orice mic amănunt. 75) Al 33-lea articol a fost mai puțin interesant decât

celelalte; nu e nicio pierdere că nu l-ai citit; sunt multe astfel de articole în ziarele de scandal.

76) Lungimea poveștii a fost factorul principal al plictiselii noastre.

77) Ceilalți colegi au fost mai ocupați decât noi, dar s-au distrat mai mult în timpul lor liber făcând o excursie în acele părți ale țării.

78) Nici tu, nici ceilalți nu aveți nicio idee despre greșelile lor și comportamentul adecvat în situații de criză; altceva trebuia făcut.

79) Prima recenzie a fost interesantă, a doua a fost plictisitoare și apoi am plecat din încăpere când alții intrau în sălile de curs.


80) Era ceva pe masă însă nu cred că banii tăi au fost acolo. 81) Nici nu știu nimic despre ei, nici nu vreau să aflu ceva. 82) Nu știe pe nimeni în orașul ăsta, nu are nici rude nici

prieteni și de aceea se simte singur din când în când. 83) Nu a vorbit niciodată despre acea minciună a ei; se

simte prea jenată să și-o amintească. 84) Acel copil nu are nimic în mână, dar pare foarte

suspect în mijlocul acestei mâini de oameni. 85) Cei care sunt prea obosiți nu vor să se ridice în

picioare și astfel colegii îi consideră a nu fi de încredere. 86) Daca îl vezi pe Kevin, spune-i că acele copii xerox ale

lui nu sunt gata; dacă va avea nevoie de ele mâine, amintește-i să vină mai devreme.

87) În mare, susține că am făcut niște greșeli și cifrele, rezultatul muncii noastre, nu sunt exacte.

88) Fie va găsi acei bani în alta parte, fie va vorbi cu șeful cu prima ocazie când îl va vedea.

89) Când va ajunge acasă, va deschide televizorul și va petrece mai multe ore uitându-se la nimic, irosindu-și timpul.

90) Nu era nicio revistă pe tejghea; baiatul ia toate revistele vechi și le aruncă de fiecare dată când vine la lucru dimineața.

91) Dacă te va înțelege, înseamnă că te va ajuta, dar nu putem fi siguri de nimic.

92) Unul dintre cei mai cunoscuți competitori care adesea participă la asemenea concursuri televizate nu are nicio idee care e lungimea râului Dunărea.

93) Dacă ieșea aseară, nu termina de citit romanul. 94) Aceste rude ale noastre pe care le apreciez cel mai

mult nu ne-au mai vizitat de o eternitate. 95) Se pregătea să înceapă jocul; nu jucase niciodată roata

norocului și nu știa ce să facă. 96) Nu ni s-au facut prezentările, dar arăți ca o veche

cunoștință de-a mea.


97) Ar fi deschis ușa dacă ar fi auzit soneria; probabil că nu era acasă.

98) Deveniseră prieteni când i-am cunoscut; cu cât se cunoșteau mai bine, cu atât deveneau mai puțin egoiști privitor la prietenia lor.

99) Deși nu era pe listă, a reușit să găsească o invitație la o astfel de petrecere la care nu fusese niciodată invitat.

100) Dacă ar fi citit scrisoarea ta la timp, te-ar fi iertat si ați fi încă prieteni astăzi.

III.2. Vocabulary exercises

1. Match the following words with their definitions and then use them in sentences of your own:

1) Robber a) caught in the act 2) Thief b) person who breaks into

a building in order to get stuff which doesn’t belong to him

3) Red-handed c) person who deals with the financial matters of an institution

4) Accountant d) proof of a certain

action or lack of action 5) Evidence e) a person who is used to

stealing 2. Most of the lines of the following text contain an extra

word; identify and take them out: Some people agree with the forthcoming end of the world.

Others don’t understand why so many people accept such a predicament with no sound strong evidence. Of course, the end


of the world is not something we are eager to embrace and none of us hopes to experience it one day.

Nevertheless, there are persons who they believe everything they are told; either they are used to believing everything or they are innocent enough not to look out for indications of the imminent danger.

Indeed, there are foretellers, but it doesn’t mean that they’re have always right. Nostradamus is one of the most famous such foretellers, but should we blindly obey his sayings or should we just go on with our lives? Life it is hard as it is; why should we make it harder while trying to find possible solutions to escape to the end of the world?

3. In most lines of the text bellow there is a spelling error. Find the errors and correct them:

When I first tried to find a job, I realized that life was hard. You need strong knownledge, you need experience, personal and professional skils and competences.

Durring high school, students don’t realize the importance of this matter. The moment you try to find a job, you become aware of the fact that your parents where right when they said life wasn’t easy. Everything seems to be perfect when you just go to school, but latter, things really get very complicated.

Nevertheless, many people think a good education is a crucial element in ones life.

What about work experience? How do we get that? If we atend classes, we are likely to get a good education.

Unless someone gives you the chance to work, irrespective off your lack of previous experience, you will never get a job. But, in order to get a well-payed job, you need a good education.

Consequentlly, you need both of them, everything seems to go round and round. Yet, how can a young man get a good job?

4. Use the words at the end of each line in order to get the

proper adjectives to fill in the blanks:


People never get …………. messages. If they did, World War II CAUTION

wouldn’t have happened because they should have known better. The children who

outlived such world conflicts could no longer be ……………… when it came to FAITH

sensible and affectionate human beings. Nevertheless, there have been

……………….. attempts to reduce the harm caused by the two NUMBER

world wars of the 20th century. Consequently,………………….…… VOLUNTEER

actions of world powers tried to make Europe a better place. Some…………… CREATE

minds came up with the idea of the European Union, but it was the United States of America

that had an ………………………. role in creating this union of European states. ADVISE

Many politicians had the …………. mission of cleaning the mess of the ENVY

Second World War. The ………. management of European country relations DISASTER

before the wars led to pain, death and destruction. People should have

come up with ……………… ideas and avoid war because the entire ALTERNATE

…………… surroundings of human beings crashed together with ENVIRONMENT

their hope for a better life. 5. Match the following words with their definitions:

1) Teenager 1. a jewel you wear around your neck 2) Tailor 2. a person who makes clothes 3) Scarf 3. a young person who is no longer a child


4) Belt 4. people use it as a fastener 5) Tights 5. it protects your neck from cold

weather 6) Necklace 6. a warm coat which people wear with

bad weather 7) Overcoat 7. very stretched trousers

6. Give the synonyms of the following words: a) Smart = f) sterling = b) Hot= g) questionable = c) Strange = h) handsome = d) Ordinary = i) elementary = e) Large= j) irritating = 7. Use the words at the end of each line to get the

appropriate new words: a) You need to ………. your alternatives concerning your

future career. BROAD b) We all have an Achilles’ heel, that is we all have a

certain ………….. WEAK c) People used to admire………….. heroes of ancient

times. LEGEND d) Large corporations have introduced the concept o…….

judgment. SITUATION e) This child has always lacked the …………….. of his

age. VITAL

8. Use the words at the end of each line to get the appropriate new words:

a) She has always taken ……………. pictures; she hates the grim ones. HUMOR

b) People talk about…...................…environmental protection as a main human concern. ELEMENT


c) The E.U. prevents us from using…………. chemical substances. HARM

d) My mother is the …………… of self-respect and self-sacrifice. BODY

e) This piece of information is ………… for the national security. VALUE

9. Form new words to fill in the blanks: 1.We tried to find the persons who are ………….. for such

mistakes. RESPONSE 2. Robinson Crusoe built an ………. where he kept his

wild animals. CLOSE 3. You should know by now that all the exercises are

……….. COMPULSION 4. Many sociologists have tried to ………………. human

relations. CLASS 5. Please, read the …………… and you will find new

information. ATTACH 6. Your words are very …….….., but your voice is

…………… EXPRESS

10. Use the following words to get the right new word which fills in the blanks:

1) We talk about ……………. as an important cultural movement in human history. LIGHT

2) Their point of view is a rather ……….one. STATION

3) He can’t use this pencil; it needs to be …………….. SHARP

4) He hasn’t found a new job, but he’s rather ……………… FAITH

5) Her ……………… is due to her ……… language. ELEGANT, ACCESS

6) This……………. can no longer be fixed. UNDERSTAND


7) She has been very …….... lately; she must be in a good mood. ENERGY

8) The novel is so…..…..; I get bored while reading it. INTEREST

11. Choose the appropriate suffix to complete the words in the following sentences:

1) During the English literature lessons we talked about modern………… as a literary movement of the 20th century.

2) My person…………….. problems are not something you can easily understand.

3) The teacher needs to organ……….. the activities of a lesson, but the students are the most important members of the teaching activity.

4) We talk about equal……….. but only few persons understand its true meaning and value.

5) If the exam(in)………… are very demanding, I will definitely fail my English exams.

6) The Romanian students need to …………..rich their knowledge of the English language.

7) I want to special…………. in social sciences before I go to law school.

12. Find the compound words which describe the

following situations: - a machine which does the laundry = - a place where plants are grown under the proper

climatic conditions = - a document which allows a person to drive the car = - a delay = - the result of a situation = - a tank which simulates the natural conditions of a pond

where fish is kept =


- the response you get from the others and which you further use =

Use the above compound words in sentences of your own. 13. Give the synonyms of the following words and phrases

and use them in your own sentences: - appropriate - funny - point of view - queue - everyday

14. Match the following words with their definitions: a) Town 1) a person who lives in a city b) Building 2) a place where you buy what you need c) Shop 3)people build it out of bricks or concrete d) Magazine 4) people read it when they are bored e) Citizen 5) the person who lives next to you f) Neighbor 6) a place where people live and which

is smaller than a city

15. Make up sentences in which to use the following homographs:

- record - present - sound - read - close - bow - minute - tear


IV. PRACTICE

IV.1. Speaking

1. Travelling Why do people take trips? Are you fond of travelling?

Where would you like to travel and why? What is sightseeing? What is hitchhiking? Which are the best places to visit here in Romania? Make a list of 3 (or more) such places.

2. Teenagers

Give a speech on the social complaints of the teenagers. Think of your abilities as a teenager (as compared to a child’s abilities). Think of your social rights and obligations. Think of the permission you get/you don’t get as far as some of your actions are concerned. Use as many modal verbs as possible.

3. Health

Do you ever go jogging in the park? Do you eat healthy food? What do you do in order to keep fit? Are the home-made products better than the commercial ones?

4. Holidays Which is your favourite holiday? Which are the traditional

holidays in your country? How do you spend your holidays? Is there a reason why people forget about holidays?

5. Life and family What do you think of when you wake up in the morning?

Who are the persons who have always been close to you?


Which are your life goals? Have you got support from your family members?

6. Fashion Which are your favourite clothes? What is fashion? What

do you think about fashion nowadays? Why is it important in a teenager’s life?

7. Media Do you often listen to the radio? Do you watch TV?

Which are the advantages and disadvantages of media in one’s life? How do you get informed?

8. Society Do you thank the people around you? What is politeness?

Where is it taught? What are the social rules which need to be obeyed?

9. Education Are you happy with school nowadays? What is the school

of the future like? Is school forever? Are the teenagers aware of the importance of school?

10. Games Which is your favourite game? Why do people play

games? Do games necessarily involve competition? What is competition?

IV.2. Writing

1. Informal letter (e-mail) Your hobby is playing computer games. It is late at night,

you have just completed a difficult level of your favourite game, but new ideas come to your mind; you think your ideas could make the game better and you really need to share them.


Write an e-mail to your best friend to tell him/her about these ideas. (100-150 words)

2. Formal letter

When you were a child, your parents bought you a guitar. You haven’t learnt how to play it. You have just learnt about a music school in England which enrolls Romanian students. Write a letter to the contact person to inquire about the details of these classes, the enrollment requirements and the payment conditions. (200-250 words)

3. Preferences

Write about your favourite season. (200 words) Write about your favourite book. (200 words) Write about your favourite artist. (200 words)

4. Pollution – problematical writing Use this beginning to write your own essay about

pollution (250 words): What is pollution? Scientists try to explain it, but pollution is a very complex

matter because it is present in our everyday life. The air is polluted, the water is not clean, the entire Earth is not a clean environment.

But, we are the guilty ones. People never remember the importance of a clean nature, we only think of our comfort and our actions destroy the natural things around us: the animals, the plants, and also our health.

5. Animal rights – argumentative writing

Write about the animal rights. Talk about the wild animals and the pets. Think of our connection with the animals, the similarities and the differences between human beings and animals.


6. Article (narrative, descriptive, informative) Write an article about a charity event in your school you

have just attended.

7. Report Write a report on your school performance this year and hand

it to your form teacher who will give feed-back on your report.

8. Book review You have just read an English or American novel on

children/teenagers (novels such as: Oliver Twist or David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, etc.). Write your own review of the novel.

9. Pros/cons “Adolescence is about learning, adulthood is about

teaching”. Give pros/cons to express your opinions related to the above statement.

10. Quotes Comment upon the following: “Without friends no one

would choose to live, though he had all other goods.” (Aristotle).

IV.3. Reading

1)Read the text below. Are the sentences 1-7 ’Right’ (A) or ’Wrong’

(B)? If there is not enough information to answer ’Right’ (A) or

’Wrong’ (B), choose ’Doesn’t say’ (C). Mark A, B, or C on your sheet. Most people today are usually aware that fast food is not

the healthiest or "best" food to eat. Typically, the majority of people eat it several times a week or more. People generally eat fast food for a few main reasons, mostly because it's convenient, cheap and usually tastes pretty good.

The cost factor is certainly an understandable reason given the current state of the world economies and everyone's need to


tighten up on their spending. Nearly all books and documentaries that have come out in recent years showing how bad fast food is mostly focuses on its high fat/ high sodium content. Very few of them truly reveal the real dangers of consuming fast food and just why it is totally unfit for human consumption.

Certainly anyone who is interested in overcoming illness and disease and attaining higher levels of health and internal purity must vastly limit or completely eliminate their consumption of these so called foods. (www.naturalnews.com)

1. There are several reasons why people eat fast food. A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say

2. The fast food doesn’t usually taste good. A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say

3. Today, people need to save money. A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say

4. The fast food is low in proteins. A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say

5. All books and documentaries reveal the dangers of consuming fast food.

A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say 6. The fast food is considered to be unfit for human

consumption. A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say

7. People should not limit their consumption of the fast food.

A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say



’Wrong’ (B), choose ’Doesn’t say’ (C). Mark A, B, or C on your

sheet.

Scientists have warned of a rise in new diseases passed from animals to humans. At least 45 such diseases have been


reported to UN agencies over the past two decades and more are expected to be identified in coming years.The researchers believe we are now experiencing another transition driven by the destruction of plant and animal habitats, the loss of species and changes that have brought more humans into closer contact with animals than at any stage in human history.

HIV is the best known example of a disease passed from animals to humans which went on to cause the global Aids pandemic. The virus is thought to have crossed from chimpanzees to humans in West Africa in the last century and more than 25 million people worldwide have since died from it.

The swine flu pandemic that emerged in Mexico last March also resulted from the mixing of viruses that infected pigs, birds and humans to create a new pandemic strain.

Urbanisation has been a key factor, which has resulted in humans moving into previously undeveloped areas where they have come into closer contact with animals. Globalisation has compounded the problem because newly emerging diseases are transmitted faster and more widely than in the past. (www.telegraph.co.uk)

1. Scientists are not aware of the fact that diseases can be

passed from animals to humans. A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say

2. The UN agencies do not receive reports of such diseases.

A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say 3. Due to various changes, people have been brought into

closer contact with animals than ever before. A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say

4. The HIV virus was passed from chimpanzees to humans during the last century.

A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say


5. Experts have constantly tried to find a cure against the HIV virus.

A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say 6. The swine flu is a mixture of viruses.

A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say 7. Urbanisation resulted in humans moving into areas

where they came into closer contact with animals. A. Right B. Wrong c. Doesn’t say



’Wrong’ (B), choose ’Doesn’t say’ (C). Mark A, B, or C on your sheet.

Much like punk music or the Goth subculture which emerged in the early 1980s, the "emo" culture, which some refer to as a cult or a sect, is currently stirring up a heated controversy. The word "emo" – short for "emotional" – encapsulates a trend that's been sweeping over hundreds of thousands of teenagers from around the world. Its distinctive marks are a very specific dress code, listening to a certain type of music and an overall emotional attitude towards life, which some have labeled as "reveling in self-pity". Let's have a closer look at the characteristics of the emo dress code and the details that mark it as particular and distinctive.

One essential characteristic of an emo is the jet-black, dramatic hair. In fact, from what has been widely reported in the media and from the information available on the Internet, drama is an inherent part of the emo subculture, as is a sense rebellion and non-conformity.

However, the boundaries of drama are pushed further by emos than by most teenage fashion trends. Emo teens favor mainly black clothes – usually their street uniform comprises a pair of black or dark tight jeans, tight T-shirts which often bear the names of rock bands, studded belts, belt buckles, skate shoes, or other black shoes (often old and beaten up), as well as black glasses. Make-up is also important. Emos make liberal


use of black eyeliner, irrespective of whether we're talking about boys or girls. Music also plays a major part in defining their collective identity – and they will often accessorize their clothes with a music player.

It's essential to understand that emos regard themselves as misunderstood, rejected by their peers because of the inability to hide their feelings, and take great pleasure in brooding over their troubles – as a result, emo fashion reflects these attitudes and choices. (www.news.softpedia.com)

1. The emo culture is currently extinguished. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 2. The emo teenagers have specific clothes and they listen

to a certain type of music. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. Performance is an important part of their life. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 4. Only emo girls use black eyeliner. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. The emo subculture also means violent, irresponsible

actions. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 6.The emo teenagers consider themselves unable to hide

their feelings. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 7. The attitude of emos reflects their pride in knowing how

to solve their troubles. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say




Studies show that people learn words best by engaging as many of the five senses as possible. Associating a new word with a smell, touch, taste, or sound helps us recall the word for later use. So in addition to reading on a daily basis and


listening to speakers who use a different vocabulary than you do, you can add words to your working vocabulary list by exploring new activities. The following suggested activities will boost your vocabulary by engaging more of your senses and putting you into word-rich environments.

1. Take a class, any class. Learn a new skill. The skill could be knitting or sport fishing, cooking or carpentry, dancing or playing an instrument. Choose something you are interested in and which requires you to use your hands. Each craft or skill will have its own vocabulary. There will be words to describe the equipment, the processes, and the materials. Since you will be doing something with your hands (and maybe more parts of your body as in dancing), you will trigger more activity in your brain than if you just read the words on a page. The increased activity will create more connections in your brain.

2. Visit a museum. Children's museums are a great choice because they often feature interactive displays.

3. Go to the zoo. You'll find interesting animals with exotic names which originate from many different languages depending on where the animal normally lives. English is a living language which adopts foreign words to name things.

4. Garden. The lexicon of gardening is rich with Latin-based words describing plants – their names, the parts of the plant, and their life cycles. Latin provides the roots to many English words in the areas of law, science, and religion.

Learning new words can be easier, more enjoyable, and result in better retention if you can use multiple senses in the word-learning process. So add a new activity to your life and you'll soon master a whole new group of words! (www.edarticle.com)

1. People add new words to their vocabulary by reading and listening to other speakers.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say


2. People can learn new words better by using their five senses.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. When you perform an activity, your brain has a rest. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 4. The zoos have names depending on where the animals

normally live. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. Gardening is a very relaxing activity which many

people enjoy on a regular basis. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 6. Many English plants have Latin roots. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 7. Better word retention occurs when you associate words

with senses. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say




True friendship is seen through the heart not through the eyes. Friendship is one of those parts of life that we at times take for granted. It rolls off of our tongues as if we expect it to be present in all areas of our lives. We hear our ‘friendship is forever’ or ‘friends always’; sometimes they are just words. But in truth how many true friendships do you have? Think for a moment and list those you feel are true friends and those with which you have a close relationship. Are they true friends? Is their friendship from the heart? How many people do you truly see as friends?

When you look at your true friends you will uncover who you are. You will see a reflection of your soul and will in turn become educated in the pathway you follow. You will see your world before you and will see without any doubts the truth of your way. You see true friends are simply your self in disguise.


By uncovering that disguise you see before your eyes the world you created and the being your have become.

Friendship is a gift that two people give to each other. True friends form a special connection that will survive any storm. True friends understand being human and give the other room to grow. True friends are there even when they are not expected to be present.

Each friend represents a world in us, a world possibly not born until they arrive, and it is only by this meeting that a new world is born. (www.authorsden.com)

1. True friends are everywhere. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 2. Most of us take friendship for granted. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. True friends reveal nothing about who you are. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 4. Friendship can be defined as a special human

connection. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. Friends are meant to limit and suffocate the

development of your personality. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 6. The matter of friendship has thoroughly been discussed. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 7. One characteristic of true friendship refers to permanent

support. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say




Television is one of the most prevalent media influences in kids' lives. According to Kids' Take on Media, a survey conducted in 2003 by the Canadian Teachers’ Federation,


watching TV is a daily pastime for 75 percent of Canadian children, both boys and girls from Grade 3 to Grade 10.

How much impact TV has on children depends on many factors: how much they watch, their age and personality, whether they watch alone or with adults, and whether their parents talk with them about what they see on TV.

To minimize the potential negative effects of television, it's important to understand what the impact of television can be on children. Television can affect learning and school performance if it cuts into the time kids need for activities crucial to healthy mental and physical development. Most of children's free time, especially during the early formative years, should be spent in activities such as playing, reading, exploring nature, learning about music or participating in sports.

As well as encouraging a sedentary lifestyle, television can also contribute to childhood obesity by aggressively marketing junk food to young audiences. (www.media-awareness.ca)

1. A lot of children in Canada watch television on a daily basis. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 2. There are some factors which need to be taken into

consideration when we talk about TV influence on children. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. The potential negative effects of television can not be

avoided. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 4. Many children watch TV documentaries in order to get

new information. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. School helps children get mental and physical

development. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 6. Television helps children live an active life which

prevents obesity. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say


7. Many children eat fast food because of the TV commercials.





George Washington (1732-1799) was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1797, leading the American victory over Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander in chief of the Continental Army, 1775-1783, and presiding over the writing of the Constitution in 1787. As the unanimous choice to serve as the first President of the United States (1789-1797), he developed the forms and rituals of government that have been used ever since. The president built a strong, well-financed national government that avoided war, suppressed rebellion and won acceptance among Americans of all types. Acclaimed ever since as the "Father of his country", Washington, along with Abraham Lincoln, has become a central icon of republican values, self sacrifice in the name of the nation, American nationalism and the ideal union of civic and military leadership.

Abraham Lincoln (1809 – 1865) served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, preserved the Union, and ended slavery. Reared in a poor family on the western frontier, he was mostly self-educated. Lincoln has consistently been ranked by scholars as one of the greatest U.S. Presidents. (en.wikipedia.org)

1. George Washington is often praised as the “Father of His Country”.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 2. The American Constitution was amended in 1787. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say


3. G. Washington made his own will, disregarding acceptance among the American people.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 4. At the beginning of American history, most presidents

paid no attention to their families. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 5. A. Lincoln was the British president during the

American Civil War. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 6. Lincoln is the president who ended slavery in American

history. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 7. Both G. Washington and A. Lincoln have become

central icons of republican values, American nationalism and union.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say




Teenage pregnancy is defined as a teenaged or underaged girl (usually within the ages of 13–19) becoming pregnant. The term in everyday speech usually refers to women who have not reached legal adulthood, which varies across the world, who become pregnant. Whether fertility leads to early pregnancy depends on a number of factors, both societal and personal. Worldwide, rates of teenage pregnancy range from 143 per 1000 in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 in South Korea. Pregnant teenagers face many of the same obstetrics issues as women in their 20s and 30s. However, there are additional medical concerns for younger mothers, particularly those under fifteen and those living in developing countries. For mothers between 15 and 19, age in itself is not a risk factor, but additional risks may be associated with socioeconomic factors.


Data supporting teenage pregnancy as a social issue in developed countries include lower educational levels, higher rates of poverty, and other poorer "life outcomes" in children of teenage mothers. Teenage pregnancy in developed countries is usually outside of marriage, and carries a social stigma in many communities and cultures. For these reasons, there have been many studies and campaigns which attempt to uncover the causes and limit the numbers of teenage pregnancies. In other countries and cultures, particularly in the developing world, teenage pregnancy is usually within marriage and does not involve a social stigma. (en.wikipedia.org)

1. Teenage pregancy never happens in developed countries. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 2. Teeange pregnancy means a young girl gets pregnant. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 3. Parents never support pregnant teenage daughters. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 4. The law of every country never agrees with pregnant

teenagers. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 5. The medical dangers with teeanage pregnancies are

more in the developing countries A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 6. Teenage pregnancies within marriages are judged by all

societies. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 7. There is a constant concern with limiting the number of

teenage pregnancies through studies and campaigns. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say



’Wrong’ (B), choose ’Doesn’t say’ (C). Mark A, B, or C on your sheet. Tom and Jerry is an American animated series of

theatrical shorts, television shows and specials, feature film,


home films created by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer that centered on a never-ending rivalry between a cat (Tom) and a mouse (Jerry) whose chases and battles often involved comic violence.

The popular series features comedic fights between an iconic set of enemies, a house cat and mouse. The plots of each short usually center on Tom's numerous attempts to capture Jerry. Since Tom rarely attempts to eat Jerry and because the pair actually seem to get along in some cartoon shorts, it is sometimes unclear why Tom chases Jerry so much. Some reasons given may include normal enmity, Jerry's attempt at ruining a task that Tom is entrusted with, Jerry eating Tom's master's food which Tom has been entrusted with safeguarding, revenge, Jerry saving other potential prey (such as ducks, canaries, or goldfish) from being eaten by Tom, competition with another cat, and Jerry ruining Tom's attempts to seduce feline femme fatales, which Jerry does either out of disgust, jealousy, or just to be mean.

Music plays a very important part in the shorts, emphasizing the action, filling in for traditional sound effects, and lending emotion to the scenes. Generally, there is little dialogue as Tom and Jerry almost never speak, however minor characters are not similarly limited.

Tom and Jerry has a worldwide audience that consists of children, teenagers and adults, and has also been recognized as one of the most famous and longest-lived rivalries in American cinema. In 2000, TIME named the series one of the greatest television shows of all time. (Adapted from Wikipedia)

1. Tom and Jerry is about a never-ending rivalry between a cat and a mouse.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 2. Most of the times, Tom tries to catch Jerry, but he fails. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say


3. The viewer is always aware of Tom’s reasons to chase Jerry.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 4. Tom and Jerry are very talkative characters and all the

entertainment is based on their discourse. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 5. Both children and adults like it when the two

characters are friends. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say

6. People all over the world, people of all ages watch Tom

and Jerry. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 7. Tom and Jerry is a television show which has never

been ranked by film criticism. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say



’Wrong’ (B), choose ’Doesn’t say’ (C). Mark A, B, or C on your sheet. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into a natural

environment that causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the ecosystem i.e. physical systems or living organisms. Pollution can take the form of chemical substances or energy, such as noise, heat, or light. Pollutants, the elements of pollution, can be foreign substances or energies, or naturally occurring; when naturally occurring, they are considered contaminants when they exceed natural levels. Pollution is often classed as point source or nonpoint source pollution. The Blacksmith Institute issues annually a list of the world's worst polluted places. In the 2007 issues the ten top nominees are located in Azerbaijan, China, India, Peru, Russia, Ukraine, and Zambia.

In February 2007, a report by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), representing the work of 2,500 scientists from more than 130 countries, said that humans have


been the primary cause of global warming since 1950. Humans have ways to cut greenhouse gas emissions and avoid the consequences of global warming, a major climate report concluded. But in order to change the climate, the transition from fossil fuels like coal and oil needs to occur within decades, according to the final report this year from the UN's Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

Pollution control is a term used in environmental mana-gement. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil. Without pollution control, the waste products from consumption, heating, agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and other human activities, whether they accumulate or disperse, will degrade the environment. In the hierarchy of controls, pollution prevention and waste minimization are more desirable than pollution control. (en.wikipedia.org)

1. Pollution is referred to as disorder of the ecosystem because of contaminants.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 2. The elements of pollution are mainly chemical

substances. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. The worst polluted places in the world come from

nonpoint source pollution. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 4. Humans have been considered the main source of

global warming. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. The transition from fossil fuels to environmentally safer

fuels occurs within decades. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 6. The health of both children and adults is affected by

pollution. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say


7. Pollution control is worse than pollution prevention and waste minimization.





What’s the plane? In mathematics, a plane is any flat, two-dimensional

surface. The plane (geometry) is the abstract surface which has infinite width and length, zero thickness, and zero curvature.

A plane is the two dimensional analogue of a point (zero-dimensions), a line (one-dimension) and a space (three-dimensions). Planes can arise as subspaces of some higher dimensional space, as with the walls of a room, or they may enjoy an independent existence in their own right.

When working in two-dimensional Euclidean space, the definite article is used, the plane, to refer to the whole space. Many fundamental tasks in geometry, trigonometry, and graphing are performed in two-dimensional space, or in other words, in the plane. A lot of mathematics can be and has been performed in the plane, notably in the areas of geometry, trigonometry, graph theory and graphing.

Euclid set forth the first known axiomatic treatment of geometry. He selected a small core of undefined terms (called common notions) and postulates (or axioms) which he then used to prove various geometrical statements. Although the plane in its modern sense is not directly given a definition anywhere in the Elements, it may be thought of as part of the common notions.

In addition to its familiar geometric structure, the plane may be viewed at various other levels of abstraction. (en.wikipedia.org)

1. In mathematics, the plane is considered one of Euclid’s common notions.


A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 2. The plane is the abstract surface which refers to the

whole space. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 3. The plane has constantly been used for the first

axiomatic treatment of geometry. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 4. Students in European schools learn about the plane in

secondary school. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 5. The subspace of a higher dimensional space is a plane. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 6. Euclid proved various geometrical statements. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say 7. When viewed at different levels of abstraction, the

plane has an additional geometric structure. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t Say




The Ford Model T is an automobile that was produced by Henry Ford's Ford Motor Company from 1908 through 1927.The Model T set 1908 as the historic year that the automobile became popular. It is generally regarded as the first affordable automobile, the car that opened travel to the common middle-class American; some of this was because of Ford's innovations, including assembly line production instead of individual hand crafting. The first production Model T was produced on August 12, 1908 and left the factory on September 27, 1908, at the Piquette Plant in Detroit, Michigan. The Model T was the first automobile mass produced on assembly lines with completely interchangeable parts, marketed to the middle class.

There were several cars produced or prototyped by Henry Ford from the founding of the company in 1903 until the


Model T came along. Although he started with the Model A, there were not 19 production models (A through T); some were only prototypes. The production model immediately before the Model T was the Model S, an upgraded version of the company's largest success to that point, the Model N. The follow-up was the Ford Model A and not the Model U. Company publicity said this was because the new car was such a departure from the old that Henry wanted to start all over again with the letter A.

The Ford Model T was named the world's most influential car of the twentieth century in an international poll. Henry Ford said of the vehicle: "I will build a car for the great multitude. It will be large enough for the family, but small enough for the individual to run and care for. It will be constructed of the best materials, by the best men to be hired, after the simplest designs that modern engineering can devise. But it will be so low in price that no man making a good salary will be unable to own one—and enjoy with his family the blessing of hours of pleasure in God's great open spaces." (Adapted from en.wikipedia.org)

1. The ordinary American could not afford to buy a car until the Ford model T was marketed.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 2. Because of Ford’s innovations, the Ford factory opened

in September 1908. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. The Ford Model T was hand crafted with completely

interchangeable parts. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 4. The Model S preceded the model T and came after the

model N. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. The Model U is a prototype model which was

conceived a century later. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say


6. An international poll quotes what Henry Ford said of the Model T.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 7. The Ford Model T was within the means of a man

making a good salary at the beginning of the 20th century. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say




When your parents were young, people could buy cigarettes and smoke pretty much anywhere – even in hospitals! Ads for cigarettes were all over the place. Today we're more aware about how bad smoking is for our health. Smoking is restricted or banned in almost all public places and cigarette companies are no longer allowed to advertise on TV, radio, and in many magazines.

Almost everyone knows that smoking causes cancer, emphysema, and heart disease; that it can shorten your life by 10 years or more; and that the habit can cost a smoker thousands of dollars a year. So how come people are still lighting up? The answer, in a word, is addiction.

Smoking is a hard habit to break because tobacco contains nicotine, which is highly addictive. Like heroin or other addictive drugs, the body and mind quickly become so used to the nicotine in cigarettes that a person needs to have it just to feel normal.

People start smoking for a variety of different reasons. Some think it looks cool. Others start because their family members or friends smoke. Statistics show that about 9 out of 10 tobacco users start before they're 18 years old. Most adults who started smoking in their teens never expected to become addicted. That's why people say it's just so much easier to not start smoking at all. (kidshealth.org)

1. Cigarette advertisements are everywhere. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say


2. There are laws which restrict or ban people from smoking in public places.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. Beside health problems, smoking is also a very

expensive habit. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 4. The reason why people buy cigarettes is that it contains

nicotine. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. There is a wide range of reasons why people start

smoking. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 6. Millions of people die every year because of smoking. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 7. According to statistics, 9 out of 10 smokers regret

starting smoking before the age of 18 and say it’s so much easier not to start smoking.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 14) Read the text below. Are the sentences 1-7 ’Right’ (A) or ’Wrong’



For much of the world, vegetarianism is largely a matter of economics: Meat costs a lot more than, say, beans or rice, so meat becomes a special-occasion dish (if it's eaten at all). Even where meat is more plentiful, it's still used in moderation, often providing a side note to a meal rather than taking center stage.

In countries like the United States where meat is not as expensive, though, people choose to be vegetarians for reasons other than cost. Parental preferences, religious or other beliefs, and health issues are among the most common reasons for choosing to be a vegetarian. Many people choose a vegetarian diet out of concern over animal rights or the environment. And lots of people have more than one reason for choosing vegetarianism.


Different people follow different forms of vegetarianism. A true vegetarian eats no meat at all, including chicken and fish. A lacto-ovo vegetarian eats dairy products and eggs, but excludes meat, fish, and poultry. It follows, then, that a lacto vegetarian eats dairy products but not eggs, whereas an ovo vegetarian eats eggs but not dairy products.

A stricter form of vegetarianism is veganism (pronounced: vee-gun-izm). Not only are eggs and dairy products excluded from a vegan diet, so are animal products like honey and gelatin.

Following a vegan diet could lead to nutritional deficiencies in some people. Teens need to be sure their diets include enough nutrients to fuel growth. If you're interested in following a vegan diet it's a good idea to talk to a registered dietitian. He or she can help you design meal plans that include adequate vitamins and minerals. (kidshealth.org)

1. Food cost is a reason why people choose to become vegetarians.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 2. Vegetarians think meat costs more than beans or rice. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. Eggs are excluded by all forms of vegetarianism. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 4. The number of vegetarians in the United States of

America is constantly growing. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. Dairy products can be eaten by lacto-ovo vegetarians. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 6. A vegan diet includes honey which could lead to

nutritional deficiencies in some people. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 7. A dietitian gives you the adequate vitamins and

minerals. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say


15)Read the text below. Are the sentences 1-7 ’Right’ (A) or

’Wrong’ (B)? If there is not enough information to answer ’Right’

(A) or ’Wrong’ (B), choose ’Doesn’t say’ (C). Mark A, B, or C.

Hollywood is a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California – situated west-northwest of Downtown Los Angeles. Due to its fame and cultural identity as the historical center of movie studios and movie stars, the word "Hollywood" is often used as a metonym of American cinema, and is often interchangeably used to refer to the greater Los Angeles area in general. The nicknames StarStruck Town and Tinseltown refer to Hollywood and its movie industry. Today, much of the movie industry has dispersed into surrounding areas such as the Westside neighborhood, but significant auxiliary industries, such as editing, effects, props, post-production, and lighting companies remain in Hollywood, as does the backlot of Paramount Pictures.

The first feature film made specifically in a Hollywood studio, in 1914, was The Squaw Man, directed by Cecil B. DeMille and Oscar Apfel, and was filmed at the Lasky-DeMille Barn among other area locations.

By 1911, Los Angeles was second only to New York in motion picture production, and by 1915, the majority of American films were being produced in the Los Angeles area. By 1920, Hollywood had become world-famous as the center of the United States film industry.

After many years of serious decline, when many Hollywood landmarks were threatened with demolition, Hollywood is now undergoing rapid revitalization with the goal of urban density in mind. Many developments have been completed, typically centered on Hollywood Boulevard. Many older buildings have also been converted to lofts and condominiums. In addition, numerous fashionable bars, clubs, and retail businesses have opened on or surrounding the boulevard, returning Hollywood to a center of nightlife in Los Angeles. (Adapted from en.wikipedia.org)


1. Hollywood is located in the state of California. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 2. Hollywood stands for American cinema. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. The only companies in Hollywood are film companies. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 4. The Squaw Man was filmed in a Hollywood studio in

1914. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. Hollywood aims to become densely populated. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 6. The Hollywood stars are interested in its rapid

revitalization. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 7. The wholesale businesses in Hollywood make it a

center of nightlife in Los Angeles. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say

16)Read the text below and use the information it contains to

choose the correct answer: A, B, C or D.

New York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. The largest city in the USA, New York City has a significant impact on global commerce, finance, media, culture, art, fashion, research, education, and entertainment. As host of the United Nations Headquarters, it is also an important center for international affairs. The city is often referred to as New York City or the City of New York to distinguish it from the state of New York, of which it is a part.

Located on a large natural harbor on the Atlantic coast of the Northeastern United States, the city consists of five boroughs: The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island. The city's 2009 estimated population approached 8.4 million, and with a land area of 305 square miles (790


km2), New York City is the most densely populated major city in the United States. The New York metropolitan area's population is the USA's largest, estimated at 19.1 million people over 6,720 square miles

New York was founded as a commercial trading post by the Dutch in 1624. The settlement was called New Amsterdam until 1664 when the colony came under English control. New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the country's largest city since 1790. As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York City, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world. (en.wikipedia.org)

1. New York city is: a. a capital city of the world b. one of the most populated areas in the world c. one of the most populous towns d. a sparsely populated metropolis

2. New York deals with international affairs because: a. It is the host of many nationalities b. the United Nations Headquarters are sited in New

York c. It has a global effect d. It is the largest city in the USA

3. The structure of New York consists of: a. Boroughs b. Districts c. Neighbourhoods d. Counties

4. The most populated city of the United States of America is: a. Washington DC b. New York c. Chicago d. Kansas


5. At the end of the 18th century, the capital city of the USA was: a. Washington b. Alabama c. Detroit d. New York

6. In 1790, New York was: a. the most populated city of the USA b. the largest city in the world c. the largest city of its country d. the wealthiest city in the USA

7. One distinctive feature of New York is: a. It has its own English variant b. Many hundreds of languages are spoken c. It has 800 hundred languages which, in their turn,

have hundreds of dialects d. It does not display linguistic diversity



Two and a Half Men is an American television comedy series which premiered on CBS on September 22, 2003. Starring Charlie Sheen, Jon Cryer, and Angus T. Jones, the show is about a hedonistic jingle writer, Charlie; his uptight brother, Alan; and Alan's growing son, Jake. Charlie's free-wheeling life is complicated and altered when his brother gets divorced and moves, along with his son, into Charlie's beach-front Malibu house.

There have been seven seasons of Two and a Half Men, with an additional two seasons to come. The show has ranked among the Top 20 programs every season since it first aired. In 2010, CBS and Warner Bros. Television reached a multi-year broadcast agreement for the series, renewing it through at least the 2011–12 season.


As of 2010, seven seasons have been broadcast and the show has been renewed for two more seasons. Each episode is titled with a quotation from it; unlike most episodic television, the episode title usually bears no relationship to any of the plotlines; the quote fragment being completely out of context. The show's 100th episode ("City of Great Racks") aired on October 15, 2007. To celebrate this, a casino-inspired party was held at West Hollywood's Pacific Design Center. Warner Brothers Television also distributed blue Micargi Rover bicycles adorned with the Two and a Half Men logo along with the words "100 Episodes." Each bicycle came with a note saying "You've made us very proud. Here's to a long ride together." The cast also gifted the crew with sterling silver key rings from Tiffany & Co. The key rings were attached to small pendants with "100" inscribed on one side and Two and a Half Men on the other.

Following a February 2010 announcement that Charlie Sheen was entering rehab, filming of the show was temporarily stopped. Filming of the show resumed on March 16, 2010. On April 1, 2010, People.com reported that after 7 seasons Charlie Sheen announced he was considering leaving the show. On May 18, 2010 New Zealand website "Stuff" reported that a press release issued by Charlie Sheen's publicist confirmed that Sheen had signed a new contract for a further two years. (en.wikipedia.org)

1. Television comedy series a. started with Two and a Half Men b. stars Charlie Sheen, Jon Cryer and Angus T. Jones c. is illustrated by shows like Two and a Half Men d. was premiered on CBS

2. The jingle writer character is: a. pleasure-giving b. self-gratifying c. self-supporting d. bad-tempered


3. The plot of Two and a Half Men: a. is complicated when Alan moves to Charlie’s house b. mentions Charlie’s free-wheeling life c. is about Charlie, his brother Alan and Alan’s

son, Jake d. is altered by Alan’s divorce.

4. The show: a. has had good ranking every season since first aired b. is the 20th comedy show in any rank c. has been among the first programs ever aired d. has ranked its seven seasons.

5. The show’s 100th episode: a. happened at a casino-inspired party b. was celebrated c. meant riding bicycles d. was an episode about the distribution of sterling

key rings from Tiffany & Co. 6. Filming of the show:

a. has never been closed b. has never been resumed c. was stopped on February and resumed on March d. started with its 7 seasons

7. After seven seasons, Charlie Sheen: a. had been filming for two years b. thought of leaving the show c. signed a new contract with his publicist d. issued a press release.



The Industrial Revolution was a period from the 18th to the 19th century where major changes in agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and technology had a profound effect on the socioeconomic and cultural conditions of the times. It began


in the United Kingdom, then subsequently spread throughout Europe, North America, and eventually the world.

The Industrial Revolution marks a major turning point in human history; almost every aspect of daily life was influenced in some way. Most notably, average income and population began to exhibit unprecedented sustained growth. In the two centuries following 1800, the world's average per capita income increased over 10-fold, while the world's population increased over 6-fold.

Starting in the later part of the 18th century, there began a transition in parts of Great Britain's previously manual labour and draft-animal–based economy towards machine-based manufacturing. It started with the mechanisation of the textile industries, the development of iron-making techniques and the increased use of refined coal. Trade expansion was enabled by the introduction of canals, improved roads and railways.

The first Industrial Revolution, which began in the 18th century, merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships, railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electrical power generation. The period of time covered by the Industrial Revolution varies with different historians.

Some 20th century historians have argued that the process of economic and social change took place gradually and the term revolution is a misnomer. This is still a subject of debate among historians. Economic historians are in agreement that the onset of the Industrial Revolution is the most important event in the history of humanity since the domestication of animals and plants. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution).

1. The industrial revolution: a. had no effect on human history b. is a time of improvement of human conditions c. is a time of irregular change d. had social negative effects


2. The following aspects of human life were influenced by the industrial revolution: a. there was a notable growth of population b. the income was average c. the exhibitions were unprecedented d. life was sustained

3. In the 19th and 20th centuries: a. the income varied b. there was over a sixfold growth of population c. the world’s per capita income was folded d. the average increased over 10-fold

4. The mechanisation meant: a. transition to manual labour b. machine-based manufacturing c. techniques of the textile industry d. a tradition

5. An aspect of the second industrial revolution deals with: a. the building of ships b. the electrical power c. paved roads d. combustion of engines

6. Revolution isn’t the appropriate term because: a. it is a misnomer b. there was a sudden economic and social change c. the revolutionary process took place gradually d. 20th century historians have an argument

7. The domestication of animals and plants: a. is prior to the industrial revolution b. takes the onset of industrial revolution as its

most important step c. is a matter of agreement d. is debatable




Between 5 to 6 liters of blood circulate around the body, which accounts for 8% of human body weight. Normally no-one gives blood circulation a second thought, until something goes wrong, that is. Sometimes a number of red blood cells in the circulatory system drops way below normal. This condition is known as anemia. What can be done to counter anemia naturally?

There are a number of causes of anemia. It can be caused by a hemorrhage due to an accident or an illness. Slow bleeding from a stomach or intestinal ulcer may also cause varying degrees of anemia. Adolescents, pregnant women and those consuming a poor diet are particularly prone to suffer from anemia.

Macrocytic anemia is a condition which is caused by the enlarged size of the red blood corpuscles. This may be due to a deficiency of folic acid and/or vitamin B12. A deficiency of folic acid and vitamin B12 is usually related to dietary inadequacy, certain alimentary diseases or liver diseases. Vegetarians may be at risk of developing macrocytic anemia due to the lack of vitamin B12 in their diet.

Since one of the causes of macrocytic anemia is poor diet, improving one's diet to include foods which are rich in folic acid, iron and vitamin B12 will help remedy the problem. Foods that are high in vitamin B12 include organic meat, fish, eggs, raw milk and other dairy products, while sea vegetables may also contain a certain amount. Leafy green vegetables, such as spinach and lettuce, are a main source of folic acid.

Beetroot and beetroot juice contain many essential elements such as potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sulphur, iodine, iron, copper, carbohydrates, protein, fat and vitamins B1, B2, B6, niacin, and vitamin P. With its high iron content, beetroot helps in the formation of red blood cells. The juice of


red beetroot strengthens the body's powers of resistance and has proven to be an excellent remedy for anemia, especially in children and teenagers.

One of the most important ways of combating the potentially deadly condition of anemia is to maintain a healthy diet. Avoid junk food and eat your vegetables! (www.naturalnews.com)

1. The human blood which circulates around the body: a. accounts for 8% of human blood b. forms the human circulatory system c. is restricted to 5 or 6 liters d. drops below normal.

2. Anemia is: a. a blood disease b. a human condition c. bleeding d. red blood cells

3. One cause of anemia is: a. a bad stomach b. headaches c. pregnancy d. the old age

4. Macrocytic anemia: a. is related to deficiencies of folic acid and B12

vitamin b. is a dietary inadequacy c. contains a certain amount of red blood cells d. includes varying developing forms.

5. A poor diet: a. can never be a healthy diet b. causes certain alimentary diseases c. contains B12 vitamin d. is one of the causes of macrocytic anemia.


6. Foods that are rich in B12 vitamin: a. include milk, cheese, yoghurt b. are not eaten by vegetarians c. are a remedy to any health problem d. cure liver diseases.

7. A healthy diet: a. prevents the body from fighting diseases b. means avoiding junk food c. inflicts anemia d. is a diet based on beetroot and beetroot juice.



Climate change is with us. A decade ago, it was conjecture. Now the future is unfolding before our eyes. Canada's Inuit see it in disappearing Arctic ice and permafrost. The shantytown dwellers of Latin America and Southern Asia see it in lethal storms and floods. Europeans see it in disappearing glaciers, forest fires and fatal heat waves.

Scientists see it in tree rings, ancient coral and bubbles trapped in ice cores. These reveal that the world has not been as warm as it is now for a millennium or more. The three warmest years on record have all occurred since 1998; 19 of the warmest 20 since 1980. And Earth has probably never warmed as fast as in the past 30 years – a period when natural influences on global temperatures, such as solar cycles and volcanoes should have cooled us down. Studies of the thermal inertia of the oceans suggest that there is more warming in the pipeline.

Climatologists reporting for the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) say we are seeing global warming caused by human activities and there are growing fears of feedbacks that will accelerate this warming.

People are causing the change by burning nature's vast stores of coal, oil and natural gas. This releases billions of


tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) every year, although the changes may actually have started with the dawn of agriculture, say some scientists.

The physics of the "greenhouse effect" has been a matter of scientific fact for a century. CO2 is a greenhouse gas that traps the Sun's radiation within the troposphere, the lower atmosphere. If current trends continue, we will raise atmospheric CO2 concentrations to double pre-industrial levels during this century. That will probably be enough to raise global temperatures by around 2°C to 5°C.

Warming is bringing other unpredictable changes. Melting glaciers and precipitation are causing some rivers to overflow, while evaporation is emptying others. Diseases are spreading. Some crops grow faster while others see yields slashed by disease and drought. Strong hurricanes are becoming more frequent and destructive. Arctic sea ice is melting faster every year, and there are growing fears of a shutdown of the ocean currents that keep Europe warm for its latitude.

As natural ecosystems – such as coral reefs – are disrupted, biodiversity is reduced. Most species cannot migrate fast enough to keep up, though others are already evolving in response to warming. (www.newscientist.com)

1. Climate change:

a. deals with a present conjecture. b. is seen through its different effects in different

areas of the world c. is lethal d. unfolds its future

2. The global temperatures: a. have raised in the past three decades b. are measured by scientists c. are naturally influenced d. faced a world record in 1998


3. The global warming: a. is caused by human activities b. is a constant fear of climatologists c. gives feedbacks on natural disasters d. suggests acceleration.

4. The carbon dioxide: a. is produced because of agriculture b. changes according to the coal it comes from c. is put in vast stores d. is released in billions of tonnes every year.

5. The greenhouse effect: a. happens because of the CO2 in the atmosphere b. is a natural phenomenon, irrespective of human

activity c. did not happen in pre-industrial centuries d. will raise global temperatures by around 2°C to

5°C. 6. Because of warming:

a. heart diseases are spreading b. crops grow naturally c. the sun becomes destructive d. rivers empty or overflow.

7. Many species: a. migrate to colder areas b. expand their reduced biodiversity c. progress in order to keep up with warming d. are disrupted.

IV.4. Listening

Tips to better listening skills: 1) listen to the audio file twice 2) initially, you listen for general comprehension (some

exercises are based only on general aspects of the text)


3) then, you listen for specific information which you can write down on your paper while listening: you can write numbers, names, or any other details

4) don’t forget to browse the exercises if they are available to you before listening to the audio file: it gives you a hint on what you are about to listen to.

5) don’t panic if you don’t understand certain words: try to pay attention to the words you understand instead of the ones you don’t understand

6) stay silent while you listen to the tape 7) don’t miss information from the tape, especially at the

end of the tape 8) when you solve multiple choice exercises, avoid

choosing your answers while listening to the text: you might be caught in choosing an answer and you miss the next correct answer

9) identify the text type: a narrative text, a descriptive text, a dialogue, a monologue in order to get the right message

10) remember the text you listen to as accurately as possible

The topics of the listening exercises can be very different, but you always need to find a familiar aspect of the text you listen to in order to listen to it properly.

If you want to improve your listening skills, you need a lot of practice: start listening to the lyrics of your favourite songs, start watching English movies, or you can listen to your English teacher carefully during your English lessons – this a primary form of practicing your listening skills.


V. TESTS

TEST (1)

1. Choose the correct variant: They try to prevent us …………. telling you the truth.

a. of b. from c. for d. with 2. Choose the correct variant: The others are more

interested ………….. these matters. a. in b. of c. by d. for 3.Choose the correct variant: She is the one who decides

………… our future and I don’t like this situation. a. for b. on c. about d. in 4. The right translation of the following sentence “Hoții nu

au multe ieșiri” is: a. The thifs don’t have many ways out b. The thieves don’t have much ways out. c. The thieves don’t have many ways out. d. The thieves have not many ways out. 5. Give the synonym of the following phrasal verb “carry

out”: a. carry b. complete c. happen d. become 6. The subject of the following sentence “There is nothing

wrong with him” is: a. nothing b. wrong c. is nothing d. no subject 7. The right translation of the following sentence “El nu

are un comportament suficient de potrivit” is: a. He doesn’t have an appropriate enough behaviour b. He doesn’t have an enough appropriate behaviour c. He doesn’t has an appropriate enough behaviour d. He hasn’t an enough appropriate behaviour.


8. The meaning of the word “to frighten” is: a. to scare b. to scary c. to fry d. to find 9. The meaning of the word “likely” is: a. pleasant b. probably c. like d. really 10. The function of “them” in the following sentence “The

guns don’t belong to them” is: a. subject b. direct object c. predicative d. indirect object

11. Choose the correct sentence: a. The crisis is as big than its consequences b. The crises is as big as its consequences c. The crisis is as big as its consequences d. The crisis is as big as it’s consequences. 12. Choose the correct sentence: a. Other face problems with terrorism. b. Others face problems with terrorism. c. Others faces problems with terrorism. d. Others face problems with terorism. 13. Choose the correct variant: The Prime Minister

concentrates ………. the financial solutions: a. in b. on c. of d. to 14. Choose the correct variant: “Boys are more

independent ………… girls”: a. as b. like c. than d. such 15. Choose the correct variant: That man is accused

……… robbery: a. of b. with c. by d. for 16. The correct translation of the following sentence “Nu

sunt motive care arată lipsa lor de vină” is: a. There are any reasons which show their lack of guilt. b. There are no reasons which show their lack of guilt. c. There are no reasons which shows their lack of guilt. d. There aren’t any reasons which show their lack of

guilty.


17. The synonym of the word “border” is: a. bored b. boast c. limit d. ruler 18. The synonym of the word “cautious” is: a. careful b. careless c. caution d. curly 19. Choose the right sentence: a. Great leaders of the world have great bibliographies. b. Great world’s leaders have great biographies. c. Great leaders of world have great biographies. Great leaders of the world have great biographies. 20. The right translation of the following sentence “Au

fost mai multe probleme de siguranță națională” is: a. There were more national security problems. b. There were more security national problems. c. There were national security more problems. d. It were more national security problems. 21. Choose the correct variant: This machine is out of

………..; I can’t use it. a. question b. mind c. order d. reach 22. Choose the right sentence: a. The governors’ tasks are of utmost importance for the

future of the country. b. The governor’s tasks are of utmost importance for the

future of the country. c. The tasks of the governors are of utmost importance for

the future of the country. d. The governor’s tasks is of utmost importance for the

future of the country. 23. Choose the right variant: It reminds us of the

………….circumstances of the accident. a. some b. same c. so d. such 24. Choose the antonym of the following word “success”: a. failure b. failment c. insuccess d. successless


25. The right translation of the sentence: “Nu are niciun rost!” is:

a. This is no any good! b. This is any good! c. This is no good! d. No good this is! 26. Choose the right variant: Your uniform was the …….. a. twentyth – one b. twenty – first c. twentieth- one d. twentieth – first 27. The right translation of the following sentence “Ne-au

făcut să înfruntăm pericolul” is: a. They made us to face the danger. b. They made us face the danger. c. They made us facing the danger. d. They made we face the danger. 28. Choose the right variant: They will protect the values

they believe ……… a. for b. about c. for d. in 29. Choose the right variant: We always do ……… in our

exams. a. good b. well c. many d. over 30. Choose the right sentence: a. Those children learn English easily in the classroom

everyday. b. Everyday, that children learns English easily in the

classroom. c. Those children learn English easy in the classroom

everyday. d. Those children learn English in the classroom easily

everyday. 3 points for each correct answer.


TEST (2)

SUBJECT I Read the following text, identify its ideas and comment

upon them. (250 words/ 25 lines)

“All through that summer the work of the farm went like clockwork. The animals were happy as they had never conceived it possible to be. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure, now that it was truly their own food, produced by themselves and for themselves, not doled out to them by a grudging master. With the worthless parasitical human beings gone, there was more for everyone to eat. There was more leisure too, inexperienced though the animals were. They met with many difficulties--for instance, later in the year, when they harvested the corn, they had to tread it out in the ancient style and blow away the chaff with their breath, since the farm possessed no threshing machine--but the pigs with their cleverness and Boxer with his tremendous muscles always pulled them through. Boxer was the admiration of everybody. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time, but now he seemed more like three horses than one; there were days when the entire work of the farm seemed to rest on his mighty shoulders. From morning to night he was pushing and pulling, always at the spot where the work was hardest. He had made an arrangement with one of the cockerels to call him in the mornings half an hour earlier than anyone else, and would put in some volunteer labour at whatever seemed to be most needed, before the regular day's work began. His answer to every problem, every setback, was "I will work harder!"--which he had adopted as his personal motto.

But everyone worked according to his capacity. […]The reading and writing classes, however, were a great success. By


the autumn almost every animal on the farm was literate in some degree.

As for the pigs, they could already read and write perfectly. The dogs learned to read fairly well, but were not interested in reading anything except the Seven Commandments.

THE SEVEN COMMANDMENTS

1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. 2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend. 3. No animal shall wear clothes. 4. No animal shall sleep in a bed. 5. No animal shall drink alcohol. 6. No animal shall kill any other animal. 7. All animals are equal. (adapted from Animal Farm, by

G. Orwell) SUBJECT II Comment upon the following “A thing of beauty is a joy

forever” (J. Keats). Support your ideas with arguments and examples. (250 words/25 lines)

SUBJECT III Comment upon the following: “Lost time is never found

again” (B. Franklin). Give arguments and examples to sustain your opinions. (250 words/25 lines).

Subject I – 30 points

Subject II – 30 points

Subject III – 30 points


TEST (3)

1. Read the following text, translate it, and then: - identify 3 nouns, 3 adjectives, 3 verbs - ask questions whose answers are the underlined words “Life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness – the Founding

Fathers were the first politicians to produce the explosive combination of individual rights and the pursuit of happiness in a sentence which was remarkable at the time – a perfect summary, in a few words, of exactly what was new about the new republic. It remains equally remarkable today, still the best statement, of what makes America American”.

2. Speak about England: its geography, its history, its

form of government, its people. 3. Use the following words in sentences of your own:

unhappy, channel, island. 4. Translate into English: a) Nimeni nu a văzut vreodata acel film foarte interesant. b) Ce a fost pe masă când ai intrat în cameră? Nu a fost

nimic pe masă, dar cred că era ceva pe scaun. c) Ea nu va afla nimic despre elevii care își vor petrece

vacanța în străinătate. d) A venit, a întrebat despre noi și a plecat; nu știu unde va

merge mâine. e) Înțelege ea de ce nu am timp să învăț mai mult? f) Ei au avut probleme cu mașina și de aceea nu merg la

munte sâmbăta aceasta. g) Poluarea aerului este o problemă majoră mondială, dar

înfruntăm o lipsă de soluții. h) Acel jucător de fotbal a avut talent, dar nu joacă astăzi

pentru că are probleme cu picioarele.


i) Poveștile lui nu sunt adevărate; nu cred ce spune despre această companie aeriană.

5. Comment upon the following: "Not everything that can

be counted counts, and not everything that counts can be

counted." (Albert Einstein). Give arguments and examples to sustain your ideas. (250 words/25 lines).

Subject 1 – 15 points




Subject 5 – 25 poins

TEST (4)

1. Give the synonyms of the following words and then use them in sentences of your own:

chance = get = talk= tell= enormous= 2. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words and then

translate the sentences: less expressive; biggest; worst; of the journey; neighbours’

a) She doesn’t speak about her …………… mistake. b) He tries to help the ………………. children get the ball

back. c) Our essays are ……………… than this review because

we don’t have literary skills. d) The tourists were interested in all the aspects

………….. , including the weather conditions.


e) The ……………. thing about you is your lack of honesty.

3. Speak about the most unbelievable happening of yours;

describe its circumstances, its outcome, and your wonder. 4. Comment upon the following: Reading is the smartest

way of spending our free time. Give arguments and examples to sustain your ideas. (250 words/25 lines)





TEST (5)

Subject I. A Make questios from the following words: a) your/football/which/favourite/team/is? b) times/museum/you/visited/many/how/a/have? c) write/morning/what/you/yesterday/did? d) people/their/problems/where/do/health/overcome? B. Answer the above questions. Subject 2. Rephrase the following sentences, using the

word given: a) I’m afraid I can’t remember the answer. I’m afraid ................... the answer (ABLE). b) I haven’t talked to them since we were children. The last ......................................... was 15 years ago

(TIME). c) Many people have criticized the performance. The performance ..................................... by many people

(HAS). d) The traffic jams give people frequent headaches.


The traffic jams are ........................... people have frequent headaches (WHY)

Subject 3. Speak about your hobbies and your passions. Give arguments and examples for your choice. (20- 25 lines)




TEST (6)

I.a) Read the following text and identify its main ideas (no more than 50 words):

“Television and audiovisual services are both cultural and economic services. A cultural service, because they have a role in safeguarding freedom of information; an economic service, because audiovisual services are traded in markets like other services. It is because of this double identity that television is regulated by a special media law in the European Union and on the national level, which takes into consideration both these aspects.

During the last decade there has been a crucial change in television technology, which results in different ways of informing the general public. The internet with its different platforms, cable providers and mobile phone networks allow for a new generation of business models and offer the consumer a previously unseen number of different services. The main difference between these new services and traditional TV broadcasting is that the former are transmitted on-demand without a fixed programme schedule. These services are much more individualized than in the past, providing the consumer with more freedom of choice and an interactive approach.

Thus, when speaking about these information, education and entertainment services nowadays, one can no longer mean only television broadcasting. They have expanded to audiovisual media services, and it is necessary to safeguard


consumers’ interests concerning freedom of information, the protection of minors and transparency on advertising in this non-linear world.

The definition of audiovisual media services includes economic services whose principal purpose is the provision of moving images with or without sound under the editorial responsibility of an audiovisual media provider in order to inform, educate or entertain and provided by means of electronic networks to the general public”

b) Comment upon the ideas of the text, taking into

consideration: two differences between new services and traditional TV broadcasting; the necessity to safeguard consumers’ interests.

II. Express your opinion on the following statement:

“Children today are given too much freedom” (250 words/25 lines).

Subject I – 60 points


TEST (7)

I.a) Read the following text and identify its main ideas (no more than 50 words):

“I got my job almost by accident. My brother had just become a Boy Scout, and we needed to buy his uniform. While my parents shopped for him at the Boy Scout Supply Shop, I stood in the doorway. After a few minutes, the store manager came and asked me if I were interested in a job. At the time, my only income came from occasional babysitting, so I accepted, and was interviewed and hired on the spot.

From then on, every Thursday and Saturday, my mother drove me to the shop where I am a clerk. I put the customers’


items in bags, hand them their receipt, and send them on their way. In addition to operating the cash register, a clerk has to fill out reports that allow the Boy Scouts to move up in ranking, take orders over the phone, and guide first – time parents of Cub Scouts (Boy Scouts for boys ages 5 to 10) through buying their first uniform.

Even though I don’t have as much free time anymore, I still love my job. The people I work with, including my boss, are kind, helpful, and fun to talk to; also, because most of them are adults, talking to them gives me a unique perspective on life in the “real world”. I’m also finally earning my own money, which means I no longer have to borrow from my parents every time I want to buy something. I have a degree of independence that I haven’t had before”.

b) Comment upon the ideas of the text, taking into

consideration: the responsibilities of having a job; the economic independence provided by a job.

II. Write an account of the most amazing experience of

your life. (250 words/ 25 lines). Subject I – 60 points


TEST (8)

1. Choose the right answer: a) He told us he ………………….read when he was 5. a. must b. could c. need b) We understood that she ………………….to read the

book. a. had b. can c. may c) They saw ………………..there because it was foggy. a. nobody b. anybody c. anyone


d) I read ………………. poems last Sunday. a. much b. any c. many e) You solved ……………….problem of all. a. as difficult as b. the most difficult c. more difficult. 2. Complete the following sentences with the verbs

between brackets in the right tense: a) He ……………….(ask) as many questions as possible

yesterday. b) We ……………………….(already meet) those friends

of yours. c) She …………………(not go) to work every morning

because she also works home. d) Our friends ……………………….(do) their homework

when we called them. e) I thought that he ………………….(be) right, but I

couldn’t tell for sure. 3. Talk about the importance of art in your lives; you may

refer to any kind or form of art. Give arguments and examples to sustain your opinions. (20-25 lines)




TEST (9)

1. a) Read the following text and translate it: “General elections usually take place every four years in

Britain. The country is divided into about 650 local constituencies and each district elects one Member of Parliament (MP). Anyone can stand for election but voters choose only one candidate and most of the seats in parliament are won by the main political parties. Voting is not compulsory and the turnout is sometimes


very low, especially in places that are considered to be safe seats for one of the big parties. The polling stations close at the end of the day, and then, the results are announced.”

b) make up questions whose answers should be the above underlined words.

2. Complete the following sentences: a) He is not here. If only ………………..………………… b) They didn’t come on time. I wish……………………… c) I forgot my documents at home. I wish………………… d) I don’t like the rainy weather. I wish…………………... 3. Translate into English: a) Ei vor veni dacă vor termina mai devreme. b) Nu am auzit niciodată o minciună mai mare c) Revistele pe care le citește sunt foarte interesante; sunt

reviste politice. d) Persoanele pe care le-a întâlnit acum două zile sunt

aceleași pe care le-a întâlnit când a mers la mare. 4. Speak about political correctness and incorrectness and

give examples. Subject 1 – 20 points




TEST (10)

1. Complete the following sentences with the right adverb in the appropriate degree of comparison, and then translate them:

a) If he doesn’t act …………………………………… (careful) when he chooses his friends, he will make some big mistakes.

b) He did ………………….. (good) in the exam and he is happy with his results.


c) You should work ……………………. (hard) if you want to improve your image.

d) The parents don’t understand us …………………… (much) than you do.

e) The terrorist attacks were ……………………….. (successful) completed because of new technological devices.

f) The river flows ........................... (rapid), but it is very polluted.

g) He doesn’t play the violin ……………………. (bad) than his colleagues.

h) He isn’t right, but this isn’t what he ……………….. (normal) does.

2. Translate the following sentences: a) Voi ar trebui să găsiți niște soluții mai bune la probleme

legate de mediu. b) Ea nu a găsit niște ambalaje din hârtie. c) Va participa la acele activități sociale, dacă va fi

interesată de temele lor. d) Nu mergea la scoala când am întâlnit-o. e) Dacă va întarzia, va pierde începutul lecției. f) Ar trebui să avem grijă de mediul înconjurător. g) Ele nu încercau să îi ajute cu tema. h) Vrea sa mearga la facultate pentru a invata despre

drepturile umane. 3. What do you think of your right to education? State your

opinions related to this social right and support them with arguments and examples. (250 words).





TEST (graduation exam)

I. (READING – A1, A2) Read the following text and choose the right answer:

“Christianity is the most widely practiced and declared religion in England. The Anglican Church of England is the established church of England holding a special constitutional position for the United Kingdom. After Christianity, religions with the most adherents are Islam, Hinduism, Judaism, Buddhism, etc.

Many of England's most notable buildings and monuments are religious in nature, including Stonehenge, Westminster Abbey, St Paul's Cathedral and Canterbury Cathedral. The festivals of Christmas and Easter, both of which are religious in origin, are still widely commemorated.

Christianity was first introduced through the Romans. Archaeological evidence for Christian communities begins to appear in the 3rd and 4th centuries. In 1536, the Church in England split from Rome over the issue of the divorce of King Henry VIII from Catherine of Aragon. The split led to the emergence of a separate ecclesiastical authority. Later the influence of the Reformation resulted in the Church of England adopting its distinctive reformed Catholic position known as Anglicanism.” (en.wikipedia.org)

1. Christianity is the prominent religion in the United Kingdom.

A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 2. Many famous buildings in England are symbols of

minor religions. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 3. Westminster Abbey is the place of coronation of British

kings. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say


4. Henry VIII ruled England in the 16th century. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say 5. Anglicanism is a reformed Catholic religion. A. Right B. Wrong C. Doesn’t say

II. (WRITING – a) A1, A2; b) B1, B2) a) Write an e-mail to a friend inviting him/her to your

birthday party. b) Write an essay on the following topic: “Changes are the

excitement of life”. III. (SPEAKING A1, A2, B1, B2) Answer the following

questions: a) Have you ever taken a trip abroad? b) What is travelling in your opinion? Mention its

advantages and disadvantages c) What do you think of the people who are not aware of

famous places in the world?


VI. FILLERS

Fillers are meant to help both the students and the teacher relax during the English lessons, or they can just fill an amount of time of the lesson.

They can take 3 minutes, up to 5 minutes, and they refer to activities such as the following:

1) write as many words as possible you have heard lately in the English language (the last week, or the last two weeks), and then read your words

2) play the hangman – the students pair up: one of them thinks of a word and uses blanks to express its letters; the other student guesses the letters unless he wants to be hung; then, they change roles.

3) a student says a letter; the others must find as many words as possible which start with that letter

4) a student draws something on the blackboard; the others must guess what it is and talk about the picture on the blackboard

5) a student says a word; another student is asked to use that word in a sentence; the next student has to choose a word from the previous sentence and use it in another sentence, and so on until all the students say a sentence.

6) a student mimes certain actions; the other students must guess what the actions are and say the verbs which express the names of the actions.

7) the students form groups of 5 students at least; each member of the group writes down the first English word that comes to his/her mind. If they do it 3 times, they get 15 words at least; then they are asked to form as few meaningful


sentences as possible which contain all their words; the group with the fewest meaningful sentences wins.

8) a student is asked to say as many English words as possible in a minute or a minute and a half. Then, the others are asked to write down all the words they remember. At the end of the activity, the student who told the words must give feedback.

9) a student is asked to give a short definition of something; the other students have 3 guesses to find what it is. If the students don’t guess, the student who gives the definition is asked to give more details. There are 3 guesses again, and so on until the students guess what the definition is about.

10) sing a little English song, a Christmas carol, a jingle of a TV commercial, or any other musical pieces the students can sing.


VII. CONCLUSIONS

English is a challenge today: many people want to be able to speak English because it is widely spread around the world.

This book is meant to help both the students and the English teachers with their learning and teaching. It addresses students because it gives them both theoretical and practical aspects of English morphology. Thus, they can improve their knowledge of English morphology and they can also practice it.

There are no solutions to the exercises in this book, because we think the students must be confident enough to solve the exercises on their own, instead of cheating. The students are likely to cheat when they are not sure of the correct answers. So, they turn the pages to the keys of the exercises and they just get the right answers. We want the students to find the answers due to their efforts, because this is the only way for them to understand and remember certain grammatical structures which they may find problematic.

Moreover, this book is also meant to help the Romanian students prepare for their exams, especially the graduation exam. The students who finish high school are worried about their English exam because its new methodology makes it a rather difficult one. This is the reason why this book contains some exercises which give the students indications concerning their future exams: there are reading, speaking, writing and listening exercises which are meant to improve all these skills which are tested during the graduation exam.

The book also addresses English teachers because they can use it as an auxiliary material during their English lessons. It is both a theoretical and practical support which brings additional exercises which can be combined with the exercises in the


textbooks. It also gives teachers some teaching ideas, thus it has a vaguely methodological character.

In addition, teachers can also use this book to revise their knowledge when it comes to their exams, because all the theoretical aspects are explained in a rather schematic structure. This structure is meant to make the book easy to be used. It is not based on the morphological patterns used by different linguists, but it merely tries to emphasize the general knowledge of English morphology.

I would very much like to thank my students because they have always been my constant source of inspiration when it comes to teaching English, and I truly hope this book will make you all better English speakers.


VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Close, R.A – 1975 – A Reference Grammar for Students of

English, Harlow, Longman Gălețeanu, G., Comișel, E. – 1996 – Gramatica limbii

engleze pentru uz școlar, Ed. Omegrapres, București Leech, G. – 1989 – An A-Z English Grammar and Usage,

Printed in Hong Kong Levițchi, L., Preda, I. – 1994 – Gramatica limbii engleze,

Editura Gramar, București Levițchi, L. – 1970 – Limba engleză contemporană,

Morfologie, Editura Didactică și Pedagogică, București Murar, I. – 2004 – The English Verb, Editura Universitaria,

Craiova Nedelcu, C. – 2004 – English Grammar, Editura Universi-

taria, Craiova Swan, M. – 1980 – Practical English Usage, Oxford

University Press, London Thomson, A.J., Martinet, A.V. – 1997 – A Practical

English Grammar, Oxford University Press, London Vince, M., Sunderland, P. – 2003 – Advanced Language

Practice, Macmillan en.wikipedia.org www.naturalnews.com www.telegraph.co.uk www.news.softpedia.com www.edarticle.com www.authorsden.com www.media-awareness.ca www.kidshealth.org www.naturalnews.com www.newscientist.com


CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION...........................................................................5 II. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND...............................................7

II.1. Why do we learn English? ......................................................7 II.2. Why is English said to be an ‘easy’ language?.......................8 II.3. A synthesis of English morphology........................................9

II.3.1. The noun ..........................................................................9 II.3.2. The article ......................................................................11 II.3.3. The adjective..................................................................12 II.3.4. The pronoun...................................................................14 II.3.5. The numeral ...................................................................18 II.3.6. The preposition ..............................................................22 II.3.7. The verb .........................................................................22 II.3.8. The adverb .....................................................................29 II.3.9. The interjection ..............................................................31 II.3.10. The conjunction ...........................................................31

III. EXERCISES...............................................................................32 III.1. Morphology exercises..........................................................32 III.2. Vocabulary exercises...........................................................64

IV. PRACTICE.................................................................................71 IV.1. Speaking ..............................................................................71 IV.2. Writing ................................................................................72 IV.3. Reading................................................................................74 IV.4. Listening............................................................................107

V. TESTS .......................................................................................109 VI. FILLERS ..................................................................................126 VII. CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................128 VIII. BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................130 CONTENTS ...................................................................................131