Download - Stiinte Juridice an II ID Engleza
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GO ... LEGALGO ... LEGAL
AsistAsist. Univ.. Univ. drddrd LauraLaura--Rebeca PrecupRebeca Precup--StiegelbauerStiegelbauer
[email protected]@yahoo.comTel: 0723888647Tel: 0723888647
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A 1000 miles trip starts with theA 1000 miles trip starts with the
first step!first step!
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DoesDoes hehe workwork??HeHe doesdoes notnot workworkHeHe worksworks
Do IDo I workwork??I doI do notnot workworkII dondontt workwork
II workworkSHORTSHORTINFINITVEINFINITVE
HE/SHE/IT +HE/SHE/IT +
S, ESS, ES
--somethingsomethinghappenshappens
repeatedlyrepeatedly
--howhow oftenoften
somethingsomething
happenshappens
--oneone actionaction
followsfollows anotheranother--thingsthings in generalin general
--afterafterthethe
followingfollowing verbsverbs::
toto lovelove,, toto hatehate,, toto
thinkthinketcetc
--futurefuture meaningmeaning::
TimetablesTimetables,,
programsprograms
everyevery dayday
sometimessometimes
alwaysalways
oftenoften
usuallyusually
seldomseldomnevernever
firstfirstthenthen
PRESENTPRESENTSIMPLESIMPLE
Exemplu laExemplu la
interogativinterogativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
negativnegativ
ExeExemplumplu lala
afirmafirmativativ
FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE
SPECIFICESPECIFICE
TIMPULTIMPUL
The Tenses
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DidDid hehe workwork??HeHe diddid notnot workwork..HeHe didndidntt workwork..
HeHe workedworked..
DidDid II workwork??II diddid notnot workwork..
II didndidntt workwork..
II workedworked..--regularregular::
INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
++ --EDED
--irregularirregular::
22ndnd columncolumn ofof
table oftable of
irregularirregular
verbsverbs
--actionaction tooktookplaceplace
inin thethepastpast,, mostlymostly
connectedconnected withwith anan
expressionexpression ofoftimetime
(no(no connectionconnection toto
thethepresentpresent))
lastlast
agoago
in 1990in 1990
yesterdayyesterday
PAST SIMPLEPAST SIMPLE
IsIs hehe workingworking??HeHe isis notnot workingworking..
HeHe isnisntt workingworking..HeHe isis workingworking..
HeHess workingworking..
Am IAm I workingworking??I amI am notnot workingworking..
IImm notnot workingworking..
I amI am workingworking..
IImm workingworking..
TO BETO BE
(AM, ARE,(AM, ARE,
IS) +IS) +
INFINITIVEINFINITIVE+ ING+ ING
--somethingsomething isis
happeninghappening atat thethe
samesame timetime ofof
speakingspeaking ororaroundaround itit
-- futurefuture meaningmeaning::
whenwhen youyou havehave
alreadyalready
decideddecided andand
arrangedarranged toto dodoitit (a(a fixedfixedplan,plan,
date)date)
nownow
atat thethe momentmoment
LookLook!!
ListenListen!!
PRESENTPRESENT
CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
Exemplu laExemplu la
interogativinterogativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
negativnegativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
afirmativafirmativ
FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE
SPECIFICESPECIFICE
TIMPULTIMPUL
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HasHas hehe workedworked??HeHe hashas notnot
workedworked..
HeHe hasnhasntt workedworked..
HeHe hashas workedworked..
HeHess workedworked
HaveHave II workedworked??II havehave notnot workedworked..
II havenhaventt workedworked
II havehave workedworked..
IIveve workedworked..
HAVE/HAS +HAVE/HAS +
PASTPAST
PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE
**
* (infinitive +* (infinitive +
--eded) or (3) or (3rdrd
columncolumn ofof
table oftable of
irregularirregular
verbsverbs))
--youyou saysay thatthat sthsth..
hashas happenedhappened ororisis
finishedfinished inin thethe
pastpast andand itit hashas aa
connectionconnection toto thethe
presentpresent
--actionaction startedstarted inin
thethepastpast andand
continuescontinues upup toto
thethepresentpresent
justjust
yetyet
nevernever
everever
alreadyalready
soso farfar
upup toto nownow
sincesince
forfor
recentlyrecently
PRESENTPRESENT
PERFECTPERFECT
SIMPLESIMPLE
WasWas hehe workingworking??HeHe waswas notnot
workingworking..
HeHe wasnwasntt
workingworking..
HeHe waswas
workingworking..
WasWas II workingworking??II waswas notnot workingworking..
II wasnwasntt workingworking..
II waswas workingworking..WAS/WEREWAS/WERE
++
INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
++ inging
--anan actionaction
happenedhappened inin thethe
middlemiddle ofofanotheranother
actionaction--someonesomeone waswas
doingdoing sthsth.. atat aa
certaincertain timetime (in(in
thethepastpast)) -- youyou dodo
notnot knowknow whetherwhether
itit waswas finishedfinished oror
notnot
whilewhilePASTPAST
CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
Exemplu laExemplu la
interogativinterogativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
negativnegativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
afirmativafirmativ
FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE
SPECIFICESPECIFICE
TIMPULTIMPUL
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HadHad hehe workedworked??HeHe daddad notnot
workedworked..
HeHe hadnhadntt workedworked..
HeHe hadhad workedworked..
HeHedd workedworked..
HadHad II workedworked??II hadhad notnot workedworked..
II hadnhadntt workedworked..
II hadhad workedworked..
IIdd workedworked..
HAD + PASTHAD + PAST
PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE
**
* (infinitive +* (infinitive +
--eded) or (3) or (3rdrd
columncolumn ofof
table oftable of
irregularirregularverbsverbs))
--mostlymostly whenwhen twotwo
actionsactions in ain a storystory
areare relatedrelated toto eacheach
otherother:: thethe actionaction
whichwhich hadhad alreadyalready
happenedhappened isisputput
intointo PastPast Perfect,Perfect,
thethe otherotheractionactionintointo SimpleSimple PastPast
thethepastpast ofofthethe
PresentPresent PerfectPerfect
alreadyalready
justjust
nevernever
PASTPAST
PERFECTPERFECT
HasHas hehebeenbeen workingworking??HeHe hashas notnotbeenbeen
workingworking..
HeHe hasnhasnttbeenbeen
workingworking..
HeHe hashasbeenbeen
workingworking..
HeHessbeenbeen
workingworking..
HaveHave IIbeenbeen workingworking??II havehave notnotbeenbeen
workingworking..
II havenhaventtbeenbeen
workingworking..
II havehavebeenbeen
workingworking..
IIvevebeenbeen
workingworking..
HAVE/HAS +HAVE/HAS +
BEEN +BEEN +
INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
++
INGING
--actionactionbeganbegan inin
thethepastpast andand hashas
justjust stoppedstopped
--howhow longlong thethe
actionaction hashasbeenbeen
happeninghappening
--emphasisemphasis::
lengthlength ofof
timetime of anof an
actionaction
allall dayday
thethe wholewhole dayday
howhow longlong sincesince
forfor
PRESENTPRESENT
PERFECTPERFECT
CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
Exemplu laExemplu la
interogativinterogativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
negativnegativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
afirmativafirmativ
FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE
SPECIFICESPECIFICE
TIMPULTIMPUL
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WillWill hehe workwork??HeHe willwill notnot workwork..
HeHe wonwontt workwork..HeHe willwill workwork..
HeHellll workwork..
ShallShall II workwork??II shallshall notnot workwork..II shallshall workwork..
IIllll workwork..
WILL/SHALWILL/SHAL
L +L +INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
--predictionspredictions aboutabout
thethe futurefuture ((youyouthinkthinkthatthat sthsth.. willwill
happenhappen))
--youyou decidedecide toto dodo
sthsth.. spontaneouslyspontaneously
atat thethe timetime ofof
speakingspeaking,, youyou
haven'thaven't mademade aa
decisiondecisionbeforebeforemainmain clauseclause inin
typetype I ofI ofthethe ifif
clausesclauses
nextnext weekweek
tomorrowtomorrow
FUTUREFUTURE
TENSETENSESIMPLESIMPLE
HadHad hehebeenbeen workingworking??HeHe hadhad notnotbeenbeen
workingworking..
HeHe hadnhadnttbeenbeen
workingworking..
HeHe hadhadbeenbeen
workingworking..
HeHeddbeenbeen
workingworking
HadHad IIbeenbeen workingworking??II hadhad notnotbeenbeen
workingworking..
II hadnhadnttbeenbeen
workingworking..
II hadhadbeenbeen
workingworking..
IIddbeenbeen
workingworking..
HAD + BEENHAD + BEEN
++
INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
++INGING
--howhow longlong
somethingsomething hadhad
beenbeen happeninghappening
beforebefore somethingsomethingelseelse happenedhappened
howhow longlong
sincesince
forfor
PASTPAST
PERFECTPERFECT
CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
Exemplu laExemplu la
interogativinterogativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
negativnegativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
afirmativafirmativ
FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE
SPECIFICESPECIFICE
TIMPULTIMPUL
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WillWill hehebebe workingworking??HeHe willwill notnotbebe
workingworking..
HeHe wonwonttbebe
workingworking..
HeHe willwillbebe
workingworking..
HeHellllbebe
workingworking..
ShallShall IIbebe workingworking??II shallshall notnotbebe
workingworking..
II shallshallbebe
workingworking..
IIllllbebe workingworking..
WILL/SHALWILL/SHAL
L + BE +L + BE +
INFINITVE +INFINITVE +
inging
AnAn actionaction willwillbebe
ininprogressprogress atat aa
certaincertain timetime inin thethe
futurefuture.. ThisThis actionaction
hashasbegunbegunbeforebefore
thethe certaincertain timetime..
--SomethingSomething
happenshappensbecausebecauseitit normallynormally
happenshappens..
FUTUREFUTURE
CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
IsIs hehe goinggoing toto workwork??HeHe isis notnot goinggoing toto
workwork..
HeHess notnot goinggoing toto
workwork..
HeHe isis goinggoing toto
workwork..
HeHess goinggoing toto
workwork..
Am IAm I goinggoing toto workwork??I amI am notnot goinggoing toto
workwork..
IImm notnot goinggoing totoworkwork..
I amI am goinggoing toto
workwork..
IImm goinggoing totoworkwork..
BE (AM,BE (AM,
ARE, IS)ARE, IS)
+ GOING TO+ GOING TO++
INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
--whenwhen youyou havehave
alreadyalready decideddecided toto
dodo sthsth. in. in thethefuturefuture
--whatwhat youyou thinkthink
whatwhat willwill happenhappen
GOING TOGOING TO
Exemplu laExemplu la
interogativinterogativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
negativnegativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
afirmativafirmativ
FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE
SPECIFICESPECIFICE
TIMPULTIMPUL
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WillWill hehe havehavebeenbeenworkingworking??HeHe willwill notnot havehavebeenbeen workingworking..
HeHe wonwontt havehave
beenbeen workingworking..
HeHe willwill havehavebeenbeen workingworking..
HeHellll havehavebeenbeen
workingworking..
ShallShall II havehavebeenbeen
workingworking??II shallshall notnot havehave
beenbeen workingworking..II shallshall havehave
beenbeen workingworking..
IIllll havehavebeenbeen
workingworking..
WILL/SHALWILL/SHAL
L + HAVEL + HAVE
+ BEEN+ BEEN
++
INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
+ ING+ ING
--sthsth.. willwill alreadyalready
havehave happenedhappened
beforebefore aa certaincertain
timetime inin thethe futurefuture
--emphasisemphasis::
lengthlength ofof
timetime of anof anactionaction
FUTUREFUTURE
PERFECTPERFECT
CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
WillWill hehe havehave workedworked??HeHe willwill notnot havehave
workedworked..
HeHe wonwontt havehave
workedworked..
HeHe willwill havehave
workedworked..
HeHellll havehave
workedworked..
ShallShall II havehave workedworked??II shallshall havehave notnot
workedworked..
II shallshall havehave
workedworked..
IIllll
havehave
workedworked..
WILL/SHALWILL/SHAL
L + HAVE +L + HAVE +
PASTPAST
PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE
**
* (infinitive +* (infinitive +
--eded) or (3) or (3rdrd
columncolumn ofof
table oftable of
irregularirregular
verbsverbs))
--sthsth.. willwill alreadyalready
havehave happenedhappened
beforebefore
aa
certaincertain
timetime inin thethe futurefuture
FUTUREFUTURE
PERFECTPERFECT
SIMPLESIMPLE
Exemplu laExemplu la
interogativinterogativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
negativnegativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
afirmativafirmativ
FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE
SPECIFICESPECIFICE
TIMPULTIMPUL
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WouldWould hehebebe workingworking??HeHe wouldwould notnotbebe
workingworking..
HeHe wouldnwouldnttbebe
workingworking
HeHe wouldwouldbebe
workingworking..
WouldWould IIbebe workingworking??II wouldwould notnotbebeworkingworking..
II wouldnwouldnttbebe
workingworking..
II wouldwouldbebeworkingworking..
WOULD +WOULD +BE +BE +
INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
+ ING+ ING
--sthsth.. thatthat mightmighthappenhappen
emphasisemphasis:: lengthlength
ofoftimetime of anof an
actionaction
CONDITIONACONDITIONALL
CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
WouldWould hehe workwork??HeHe wouldwould notnot
workwork..
HeHe wouldnwouldntt
workwork..
HeHe wouldwould
workwork..
WouldWould II workwork??II wouldwould notnot workwork..II wouldnwouldntt workwork..
II wouldwould workwork....
WOULD +WOULD +INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
--sthsth.. thatthat mightmighthappenhappen
--mainmain clauseclause inin
typetype II ofII ofthethe ifif
clausesclauses
CONDITIONACONDITIONAL SIMPLEL SIMPLE
Exemplu laExemplu la
interogativinterogativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
negativnegativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
afirmativafirmativ
FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE
SPECIFICESPECIFICE
TIMPULTIMPUL
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WouldWould hehe havehavebeenbeen
workingworking??
HeHe wouldwould notnot
havehavebeenbeen
workingworking..
HeHe wouldnwouldntt havehave
beenbeen workingworking..
HeHe wouldwould havehave
beenbeen workingworking..
WouldWould II havehavebeenbeen
workingworking??
II wouldwould notnot havehave
beenbeen workingworking..
II wouldnwouldntt havehave
beenbeen workingworking..
II wouldwould havehave
beenbeen workingworking..
WOULD +WOULD +
HAVE +HAVE +
BEEN +BEEN +
INFINITIVEINFINITIVE
+ ING+ ING
--sthsth.. thatthat mightmight
havehave happenedhappened inin
thethepastpast
((It'sIt's tootoo latelate nownow.).)
emphasisemphasis:: lengthlength
ofoftimetime of anof an
actionaction
CONDITIONACONDITIONA
L PERFECTL PERFECT
CONTINUOUSCONTINUOUS
WouldWould II havehave workedworked??HeHe wouldwould notnot
havehave workedworked..
HeHe wouldnwouldntt havehave
workedworked..
HeHe wouldwould havehave
workedworked
WouldWould II havehave workedworked??
II wouldwould notnot havehave
workedworked..
II wouldnwouldntt havehave
workedworked..
II wouldwould havehave
workedworked..
WOULD +WOULD +
HAVE +HAVE +
PASTPAST
PARTICIPLEPARTICIPLE
**
*(infinitive*(infinitive ++
--eded) or (3) or (3rdrd
columncolumn ofof
table oftable of
irregularirregular
verbsverbs))
--sthsth.. thatthat mightmight
havehave happenedhappened inin
thethepastpast
((It'sIt's tootoo latelate nownow.).)
--mainmain clauseclause inin
typetype III ofIII ofthethe ifif
clausesclauses
CONDITIONACONDITIONA
L PERFECTL PERFECT
Exemplu laExemplu la
interogativinterogativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
negativnegativ
Exemplu laExemplu la
afirmativafirmativ
FORMULAFORMULAUTILIZAREUTILIZARECUVINTECUVINTE
SPECIFICESPECIFICE
TIMPULTIMPUL
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THE KEY OF SUCCESS IN
SPEAKING
SHALL/WILLSHALL/WILL
+ BE + BEING+ BE + BEING
+ VB III+ VB III
SHALL/WILLSHALL/WILL
+ HAVE ++ HAVE +
BEEN +BEEN +
BEING + VBBEING + VB
IIIIII
AM/ARE/IS +AM/ARE/IS +
BEING + VBBEING + VB
IIIIII
HAVE/HAS +HAVE/HAS +
BEEN +BEEN +
BEING + VBBEING + VB
IIIIII
WAS/WERE +WAS/WERE +
BEING + VBBEING + VB
IIIIII
HAD + BEENHAD + BEEN
+ BEING ++ BEING +
VB IIIVB III
The Passive VoiceThe Passive VoiceContinuous AspectContinuous Aspect
SHALL/WILL +SHALL/WILL +
BE +VB IIIBE +VB IIISHALL/WILL +SHALL/WILL +
HAVE + BEENHAVE + BEEN
+ VB III+ VB III
AM/ARE/IS +AM/ARE/IS +
VB IIIVB IIIHAVE/HAS +HAVE/HAS +
BEEN + VB IIIBEEN + VB IIIWAS/WERE +WAS/WERE +
VB IIIVB IIIHAD + BEEN +HAD + BEEN +
VB IIIVB III
The Passive VoiceThe Passive VoiceSimple AspectSimple Aspect
SHALL/WILL +SHALL/WILL +
BE + VB I +BE + VB I +
INGING
SHALL/WILL +SHALL/WILL +
HAVE + BEENHAVE + BEEN
+ VB I +ING+ VB I +ING
AM/ARE/IS +AM/ARE/IS +
VB I + INGVB I + INGHAVE/HAAS +HAVE/HAAS +
BEEN + VB I +BEEN + VB I +
INGING
WAS/WERE +WAS/WERE +
VB I + INGVB I + INGHAD + BEEN +HAD + BEEN +
VB I + INGVB I + ING
The Continuous AspectThe Continuous Aspect
SHALL/WILL +SHALL/WILL +
VB IVB I
SHALL/WILL +SHALL/WILL +
HAVE + VB IIIHAVE + VB III
VB I (IIIVB I (III sgsg --s,s, --
eses))
HAVE/HAS +HAVE/HAS +
VB IIIVB III
VB IIVB IIHAD + VB IIIHAD + VB III
Future TenseFuture TenseFuture PerfectFuture PerfectPresent TensePresent TensePresentPresent
PerfectPerfectPast TimePast TimePast PerfectPast Perfect
The Simple AspectThe Simple Aspect
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A faceA faceDoneDoneDidDid
To DoTo Do
AA tiatiaCutCutCutCut
To CutTo Cut
AA costacostaCostCostCostCostTo CostTo Cost
AA veniveniComeComeCameCame
To ComeTo Come
AA alegealegeChosenChosenChoseChose
To ChooseTo Choose
AA cumpracumpraBoughtBoughtBoughtBought
To BuyTo Buy
AA aduceaduceBroughtBroughtBroughtBrought
To BringTo Bring
AA ruperupe, a, a spargespargeBrokenBrokenBrokeBrokeTo BreakTo Break
AAncepencepeBegunBegunBeganBegan
To BeginTo Begin
AA fifiBeenBeenWas / wereWas / were
To BeTo Be
Romanian TranslationRomanian TranslationPast ParticiplePast ParticiplePastPastInfinitiveInfinitive
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AA uitauitaForgottenForgottenForgotForgot
To ForgetTo Forget
AA zburazburaFlownFlownFlewFlew
To FlyTo Fly
AA gsigsiFoundFoundFoundFound
To FindTo Find
AA simsimiiFeltFeltFeltFelt
To FeelTo Feel
AA hrnihrniFedFedFedFedTo FeedTo Feed
AA cdeacdeaFallenFallenFellFell
To FallTo Fall
AA mncamncaEatenEatenAteAteTo EatTo Eat
A conduceA conduceDrivenDrivenDroveDrove
To DriveTo Drive
AA beabeaDrunkDrunkDrankDrank
To DrinkTo Drink
AA desenadesenaDrawnDrawnDrewDrew
To DrawTo Draw
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AA aprindeaprindeLitLitLitLit
To LightTo Light
AA lsalsa, a, a prsiprsiLeftLeftLeftLeft
To LeaveTo Leave
AA tiitiiKnownKnownKnewKnew
To KnowTo Know
AA ineine, a, a pstrapstraKeptKeptKeptKept
To KeepTo Keep
AA rnirniHurtHurtHurtHurtTo HurtTo Hurt
AA loviloviHitHitHitHit
To HitTo Hit
AA auziauziHeardHeardHeardHeardTo HearTo Hear
AA aveaaveaHadHadhadhad
To HaveTo Have
AA dadaGivenGivenGaveGave
To GiveTo Give
AA lualuaGot, gotten (AE)Got, gotten (AE)GotGot
To GetTo Get
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AA fugifugiRunRunRanRan
To RunTo Run
AA clriclriRiddenRiddenRodeRode
To RideTo Ride
AA citicitiReadReadReadRead
To ReadTo Read
AA punepunePutPutPutPut
To PutTo Put
AA pltipltiPaidPaidPaidPaidTo PayTo Pay
AA depdepiiOvertakenOvertakenOvertookOvertook
To OvertakeTo Overtake
AAntlnintlniMetMetMetMet
To MeetTo Meet
AAnsemnansemnaMeantMeantMeantMeant
To MeanTo Mean
A faceA faceMadeMadeMadeMade
To MakeTo Make
AA pierdepierdeLostLostLostLost
To LoseTo Lose
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AA stastann picioarepicioarestoodstoodStoodStood
To StandTo Stand
AA vorbivorbiSpokenSpokenSpokeSpoke
To SpeakTo Speak
AA dormidormiSleptSleptSleptSlept
To SleepTo Sleep
AA stastajosjosSatSatSatSat
To sitTo sit
A seA se scufundascufundaSunkSunkSankSank
To SinkTo Sink
AA cntacntaSungSungSangSang
To SingTo Sing
AA scuturascutura,,ShakenShakenShookShookTo ShakeTo Shake
AA trimitetrimiteSentSentSentSent
To SendTo Send
AA vedeavedeaSeenSeenSawSaw
To SeeTo See
AA spunespuneSaidSaidSaidSaid
To SayTo Say
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1818
AA scriescrieWrittenWrittenWroteWrote
To WriteTo Write
AA cctigatigaWonWonWonWon
To WinTo Win
AA purtapurtaWornWornWoreWoreTo WearTo Wear
A seA se trezitreziWoken upWoken upWoke upWoke up
To Wake upTo Wake up
AAnnelegeelegeUnderstoodUnderstoodUnderstoodUnderstood
To UnderstandTo Understand
AA gndigndiThoughtThoughtThoughtThought
To ThinkTo Think
AA spunespuneToldToldToldTold
To TellTo Tell
AAnvnvaa pepe cinevacinevaTaughtTaughtTaughtTaught
To TeachTo Teach
AA lualuaTakenTakenTookTook
To TakeTo Take
AAnotanotaSwumSwumSwamSwam
To SwimTo Swim
A (se)A (se)
lipilipi
StuckStuck
StuckStuck
To StickTo Stick
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1919
99 -- ninenine
2929twentytwenty -- ninenine9090 -- ninetyninety1919nineteennineteen88eighteight
2828twentytwenty -- eighteight8080eightyeighty1818eighteeneighteen77sevenseven
2727twentytwenty -- sevenseven7070seventyseventy1717 -- seventeenseventeen66sixsix
2626twentytwenty -- sixsix6060sixtysixty1616sixteensixteen55fivefive
2525twentytwenty -- fivefive5050fiftyfifty1515fifteenfifteen44fourfour
2424twentytwenty -- fourfour4040 -- fortyforty1414 -- fourteenfourteen33threethree
2323twentytwenty -- threethree3030thirtythirty1313thirteenthirteen22twotwo
2222twentytwenty twotwo2020twentytwenty1212twelvetwelve11oneone
2121twentytwenty oneone1010tenten1111eleveneleven00zerozero
2121--29, ..., 9129, ..., 91--999910, 20, ...., 9010, 20, ...., 901111--191900--99Numbers
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100100oneone hundredhundred / a/ a hundredhundred101101oneone hundredhundred andand oneone
325325threethree hundredhundred andand twentytwentyfivefive
10001000oneone thousandthousand / a/ a thousandthousand
1 5041 504oneone thousandthousand fivefive hundredhundred andand
fourfour1 000 0001 000 000oneone millionmillion / a/ a millionmillion
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THE NOUN
BearBearSheShe--bearbearHeHe--bearbear
SpouseSpouseBrideBrideGroomGroom
FriendFriendGirlfriendGirlfriendBoyfriendBoyfriendGrandchildGrandchildGranddaughterGranddaughterGrandsonGrandson
FowlFowlHenHenRoosterRooster
OxOxCowCowBullBull
DeerDeerDoeDoeBuckBuck
BusinesspersonBusinesspersonBusinesswomanBusinesswomanBusinessmanBusinessmanBarBar
attendantattendant
BarmaidBarmaid
BarmanBarman
PolicePolice officerofficerPolicewomanPolicewomanPolicemanPoliceman
ComunComunFemininFemininMasculinMasculin
Substantivul este partea de vorbire care denumete fiine, plante, lucruri, noiuni. n limbaenglez, la fel ca n limba romn, exist substantive proprii si substantive comune. In limbaenglez exist 4 genuri, spre deosebire de limba romn unde exist doar trei genuri. Existgenul masculin (denumete fiine de sex brbtesc), genul feminin (denumete fiine de sex
feminin), genul neutru (denumete obiecte ale caror gen nu ne intereseaz) i genul comun(denumete substantive cu o singur form pentru ambele sexe).
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Pluralul substantivului se marcheaz adugnd terminaias.
DARsubstativele terminate ns, -z, -sh, -ch ix primesc terminaiaes (bus-buses, fox-foxes, match-matches, etc). Dac terminaiach se pronun(k) atunci se adaug doar terminaia s. Dacy final este precedat de o
consoan atunci se transform nie i se adaugs (baby-babies).
Exist cteva substantive la care pluralul difer, nu merge dup nici oregul (man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, child-children,mouse-mice, sheep-sheep, game-game, goose-geese, ox-oxen, louse-
lice, deer-deer, etc).
a cake of soap=o bucat de spuna drop of oil=o pictur de uleia sheet of paper=o foaie de hrtiean item of news=o tirea glass/a bottle of water=u pahar/o sticl cu apa spoonful of sugar=o lingur de zahr
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THE ADJECTIVE
thethe worstworstworseworsebadbad,, illill
thethe bestbestbetterbettergoodgood,, wellwell
thethe clevercleverestestclevercleverererclevercleverLUNGILUNGI
thethe mostmost realrealmoremore realrealrealreal
thethe mostmost incredibleincrediblemoremore incredibleincredibleincredibleincredible
thethe mostmostpatientpatientmoremorepatientpatientpatientpatient
thethe mostmostbeautifulbeautifulmoremorebeautifulbeautifulbeautifulbeautifulADJECTIVEADJECTIVE
LUNGILUNGI
thethe mostmostmoremore
thethe thinnthinnestestthinnthinnererthinthin
thethebiggbiggestestbiggbiggererbigbig
thethe darkdarkestestdarkdarkererdarkdark
thethe strangstrangesteststrangstrangererstrangestrange
thethe lowlowestestlowlowererlowlow
thethe coldcoldestestcoldcolderercoldcold
thethe newnewestestnewnewerernewnew
--estest // --iestiest--ererADJECTIVEADJECTIVE
SCURTESCURTEADJECTADJECT
IVEIVE
REGULREGUL
ATEATE
SUPERLATIVSUPERLATIVCOMPARATICOMPARATI
VVPOZITIVPOZITIVFELFEL
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Pronumele nehotrtEach, every = fiecare
Each other = unul pe / spre ctre altulEverybody = toi, toat lumea
Everything = tot, totulEveryone = toi, fiecareAll = tot, toat, toi , toate, totulOne =un, unul , una, cineva,
Another = un altul, o alta, nc unul, nc oOne another = unul, una pe celalalt / cealaltOther = alt, alt, ali., alte
The other =cellalt, cealalt, ceilali, celelalte
Others =alii, alteleThe others =ceilali, celelalteBoth =amndoi, amndou
Either =oricare dintre doi sau dou
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Neither =nici unu, una dintre doi sau
douSeveral =civa, cteva
Much =mult, multMany = muli, multe
Little = puin, puinFew =puini, puineSome = ceva, nite, unii, unele, cteva
Somebody = cinevaSomeone = careva, cineva
Something = cevaAny =oricare, orice, ceva, nite, vreun,
vreoAnybody =cineva, orice, nimeni
Anyone = careva, oricare, nimeniAnything = ceva, orice, nimicNobody = nimeni
No one = nici unul, nici oNothing =nimic
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PRACTICE MAKESPRACTICE MAKESTHE DIFFERENCETHE DIFFERENCE
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REPHRASING
I. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the
first sentence.
1. The Newmans lawyer won the first lawsuit on the second of October last year.
The .... .2. Youd better forget about going by yourself in that neighbourhood.
You .... .
3. Shall we all go for a walk after this trial is over?
Why........ .
How ... .4. I had to go to work although I wasn't feeling well.
I had to go ..... .
I had to go ..... .
5. They say that the Asian criminals are not as dangerous as other criminals from around
the world.It is ..... .
The Asian ...
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6. Jasons lawsuit wasnt as long as Brians.Brian .
7. He won the trial due to his hard work.
Because .
8. They had some problems while debating, so in the end they did not pass the law.If .
9. As a consequence of his fathers murder, he could not go to work anymore.
Since .. .
10. Although she was a good lawyer, she lost the case.
In spite .. .11. She missed the buss so she had to take a taxi in order to get to the police.
If . .
12. I enjoy going to the beach. My husband does not.
Even ... .
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I. For questions 1-9 read the text and decide which
answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is anexample at the beginning (0).
Example: (0) legally
MULTIPLE CHOICE EXERCISE
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You are going to read a newspaper article.Choose the answer (A, B, C, or D) which you
think fits best according to the text.
READING AND COMPREHENSION
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Former Illinois police sergeant Drew Peterson has been married four
times. Wife three, Kathleen Savio, died under mysteriouscircumstances in February 2004 just weeks before her divorce
settlement with Peterson was to become final. Her dead body was
found lying face down in an empty bathtub. Her hair was soaked in
blood from a head wound. A Coroners Jury ruled her death an
accident.
But Savios family members from the beginning believed that Peterson
was responsible for her death. It had been an abusive, violent marriagefrom the beginning. Who was responsible for the spousal abuse in the
marriage is still a subject of considerable debate. Kathleen tried to have
a domestic violence complaint filed against Peterson but he was never
charged. Kathleen, however, was charged twice in 2002 with batteryand domestic battery, although she was acquitted each time. Kathleen
reportedly told her family members that if something happened to her,
Peterson would be responsible.
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But despite the unusual circumstances surrounding Kathleens death,
there was never any serious law enforcement effort to charge Petersonwith any kind of crime associated with her death. Then in 2007
Petersons fourth wife, Stacy, disappeared under peculiar circumstances.
Stacys disappearance immediately drew virtual non-stop cable news
channel coverage. Nancy Grace could barely contain herself. She rodethat news pony to death until the Caley Anthony case broke in 2008
giving her another media pony to ride into the ground. Stacy Petersons
disappearance also gave the Savio family an opportunity to resurrect her
death from the grave. They pressed for an exhumation and a newautopsy. There were so many sound bites and news spins that the 24-
hour cable news cycle could barely keep abreast of the dizzying pace of
the coverage. There were times when the Peterson case forced a
historical presidential campaign to take a backseat to breaking news
about some new detail discovered in the case. Chris Matthews was not
the only cable chatterer who felt a tingle running up his leg.
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The daunting media coverage in the Peterson case was not lost on Illinois politicians,
particularly Will County states attorney James Glasgow. Within weeks of Stacysdisappearance, Glasgow joined the Illinois State Police by naming Peterson a
suspect in what they believed was a homicide instead of a disappearance. The
Savio family capitalized on this media-driven turn of events to secure the exhumation
of Kathleens body for a criminal autopsy. The results of that autopsy, photographs of
the crime scene, and police reports convinced Glasgow that Kathleen Savio had
been murdered.
But the county prosecutor had a problem. The physical evidence supporting the
homicide theory was not conclusive; and all the statements by members of the Savio
family based on what Kathleen reportedly told them and Kathleens own requests forprotective orders would be inadmissible in a court of law under traditional hearsay
rules of evidence. But State Sen. A.J. Wilhelmi, D-Joliet, found a way around the
hearsay rules of evidence by introducing a bill that would allow a judge to admit
hearsay evidence in a first-degree murder case if prosecutors could prove the
defendant killed the witness to keep him/her from testifying. The bill was enacted into
law, even as Wilhelmi and others tried to say the law was not in response to the
Drew Peterson case. Some Republican lawmakers disputed that claim.
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Glasgow finally had what he needed to secure a first degree murder indictment against Peterson in connection with
Kathleen Savios death. Peterson was indicted on May 7, 2009 in a two-count first degree murder indictment, charging that
he killed his former wife by forcing her to inhale fluid. Glasgow immediately rushed before the news cameras,
announcing: In essence, what youre basically allowing the victim of a violent crime to do is testify from the grave.
One of Petersons attorneys, Joel Brodsky, was not impressed with this new legal reasoning. He said the law had
been passed specifically to put his client behind bars based on nothing more than rumor and innuendo and that the law
denied a defendant of his constitutional right to confront his accusers. Theyre changing the law, changing the rules,
changing forensic findings to get [Peterson], Brodsky told the media. The law [is] not supposed to be made for a
particular case. []Swayed by the media fanaticism led by the likes of Nancy Grace and non-stop Just In or breaking news
coverage on the cable news channels, the Illinois Legislature passed a Drew Peterson Law designed to usurp him of the
essential constitutional right of confrontation because of the popular public belief that he is obviously guilty. The Illinois
Legislature does not have the legal authority to undermine Drew Petersons established and clearly recognized right of
confrontation guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution. As with most Americans, we do not know if Drew Peterson is in fact
guilty of killing his third wife Kathleen or whether he was criminally responsible for the disappearance of his fourth wife
Stacy. What we do know, and what we will never relinquish to media hysteria, is our belief that Drew Peterson, like every
individual accused of a crime, enjoys a constitutionally-protected presumption of innocence which Illinois legislators and
state prosecutors are attempting to deny him. What we believe, and truly hope, is that the Illinois Legislature has set up a
constitutional confrontation that will end with the U.S. Supreme Court striking down the Drew Peterson Law just as it
struck down Dwayne Giles California murder conviction.
Legislators and State Prosecutors Attempting to Deny
Confrontation, Clause Guarantees, Presumption of InnocenceA Drew Peterson Defense, John Floyd and Billy Sinclair, Provided
by John T. Floyd Law Firm By: Houston Criminal Defense
Attorney John Floyd and Paralegal Billy Sinclair,
Copyright Clearance 14 August 2009
1. The text suggests that:
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A. Kathleen Savio died before the divorce
B. Drew Peterson killed his wife
C. Kathleen Savio was the sergeants second wife
D. Kathleen Savio was still alive when the police found her body in an empty bathtube.
2. According to the writer:
A. Peterson was charged with domestic violence
B. Kathleen was charged with domestic violence
C. Kathleens family knew Peterson would kill her
D. The subject of spousal abuse was very much debated in the media.
3. Which of the following views does the writer express?A. Nancy Grace was Petersons third wife
B. The Savio family exhumated Stacxys body
C. The case of Stacy Peterson took a backseat to breaking news
D. The Glasgow police decided Kathleen Savio had bee murdered by Chris Matthews
4. According to the text:
A. Due to Senator A. J. Wilhelmi, the judge admitted the hearsay evidence in a first-degree murder case.
B. The physical evidence supportingthe homicide theory was admitted in a court of law under traditional hearsay
rules of evidence.
C. Peterson was not charged with a first degree murder
D. Joel Brodsky, the attorney, claimed it had been a fair trial, despite the rumors and innuendos.
5. In the last paragraph we learn that:
A. Prosecutors in the Peterson case faound it very easy to prove that Peterson murdered Kathleen Savio to keep
her from testifying against her.
B. Kathleen Savio had requested a protective order.
C. The Glasgow legislature passed a Drew Peterson Law designed to usurp him of the essential constitutional
right of confrontation.D. Most Americans do not believe that Peterson is in fact guilty of killing his third wife.
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WRITING
I. You have just finished Law School and you are asked by the Deanof the Faculty to write an article in the local newspaper in which
you should promote the Law School. In the same article you should
also underline the importance and the responsibility this school
involves.
Write your article in approximately 250 words.
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Crime categories
A crime is an illegal act which may result in prosecution and punishment by thestate if the accused (= the person or people charged with a crime) is / areconvicted (= found guilty in a court of law). Generally, in order to be convicted ofa crime, the accused must be shown to have committed an illegal (= unlawful)act with a criminal state of mind.
Look at the list of crimes in the box, then look at the categories below.Decide which category each one comes under, and write the crime in theappropriate space in the table. Some crimes can be listed under more thanone category. One of the words / expressions in the list is not a crime.
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1. abduction 2. actual bodily harm 3. aiding and abetting (= assisting) an offender 4.
arson5. assault 6. battery 7. being equipped to steal 8. bigamy 9. blackmail
10. breach of the Official Secrets Act 11. breaking and entering 12. bribery 13. burglary13. careless or reckless driving 14. committing a breach of the peace 15. conspiracy
16. contempt of court 17. criminal damage (vandalism, and sometimes alsohooliganism)
18. deception or fraud in order to obtain property, services or pecuniary advantage19. driving without a licence or insurance 20. drug dealing 21. drunk in charge / drink
driving22. embezzlement 23. espionage 24. forgery 25. grievous bodily harm
26. handling stolen goods 27. indecency 28. indecent assault 29. infanticide
30. manslaughter 31. misuse of drugs 32. money laundering 33. murder 34. obscenity35. obstruction of the police 36. paedophilia 37. perjury 38. perverting the course ofjustice
39. piracy 40. possessing something with intent to damage or destroy property41. possessing weapons 42. racial abuse 43. rape 44. robbery 45. sedition
46. suicide 47. terrorism 48. theft 49. treason 50. unlawful assembly 51. wounding
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Crimes
against theperson
Crimes
againstproperty
Public
orderoffences
Road
trafficoffences
Sexualoffences
Politicaloffences
Offencesagainst
justice
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Name the offence
Look at these situations, then decidewhich crime has been, or is being,committed in each case.
1. TV Newsreader: Police believe the fire was started deliberately at around 2o'clock this morning when burning paper was pushed through the letterbox.
They are appealing for witnesses to the event.
2. Crown Prosecutor: Tell us in your own words exactly what happened.Witness: We were in the bar when a man walked up to the victim,pointed a gun at his head and said 'You're a dead man.' Then he pulled the trigger three times
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3.Police constable: You were going in excess of 60, and this is a 30 zone.Man in car: I think you're mistaken, constable. I was well within the speedlimit.
4. Woman: When I got home, I discovered that my back door had been
broken open.Police officer: Had anything been stolen? Woman: Yes, my new laptop,200 in cash and my pet parrot.
5. Police officer: I'm sorry sir, but I have to report your actions to theproper authorities. Man: Look, officer, here's 50. Let's just pretend thisdidn't happen, eh?
6. Interviewing detective: All right, Dagsy. We know you didn't dothe Cornmarket Street bank job yourself, but we know that you
were involved somehow.Police suspect: I was just driving the carMr Regan, honest. And I didn't know what the others were up tountil they came back with bags of cash.
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Criminal procedureWhen the accused knows that he isgoing to stand trial, he asks a solicitorto prepare his case.
The information collected is thengiven to a barrister who willdefend him in court.
In a criminal case, the police willhave their own barrister, who isknown as the CrownProsecutor.
These two barristers are referred to
throughout the trial as counsel for thedefence and counselfor the prosecution.
Before the trial begins, the counselsreview their evidence and decide howto present their case.
Members of the jury, when required, areselected and briefed on their duties. Adate for the trialis arranged.
At the beginning of the trial, the judgeasks the defendant how he pleads:'guilty' or 'not guilty'
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Both counsels then address the jury with a
summary of what they believe is true, andexplain what the jury will hear at the trial.
The counsel for the prosecution then callsand questions witnesses. The counsel forthe defence can cross-examine thesepeople. The defendant will also be
questioned by both counsels.
At the end of the trial, the counselssummarise the facts as they seethem, and the jury then
retires to deliberate in private.
When the jury has reached its verdict, it
returns to the court and the foreman of thejury delivers the verdict to the court.
If the defendant is found tobe 'not guilty', he isacquitted.
However, if the jury's verdict is 'guilty',the defendant is convicted andsentenced by the judge.
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The defendant may have to serve a custodial sentence (in otherwords go to prison), he may be
given a suspended sentence, or he may be fined (or acombination of two of these).
If the defendant is not happy with the decision of the court, he is
free to appeal to a highercourt. The highest courts for appellants in England and Wales arethe House of Lords and the
Court of Justice of the European Communities (also called theEuropean Court of Justice, or ECJ
for short).
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1. By the operation of the law.2. Caught in the act of committing acrime.3. On the face of it, or as things seem atfirst.4. A gift (usually money) with noobligations attached.
5. Starting again.6. On its own, or all alone.7. The right to be heard in a court.8. Among / In addition to other things.9. A legal action or application pursued byone party only.10. After the event.11. Equally, or with no distinction.
12. An act, such as murder, which is acrime in itself.13. When a threat is implied in a contract,and as a result the contract is invalid.14. A legal remedy against wrongfulimprisonment.15. Taken as a matter of fact, eventhough the legal status may not be
certain.16. For a short time.17. Legal action against a person (forexample, one party in a case claims thatthe other should do some act or paydamages).18. By this fact, or the fact itself showsthis to be true.
19. Acting in place of a parent.20. A matter on which a judgement hasbeen iven.
Latin words and expressions are still relatively common in the legal profession. Howmany of the meanings on the left can you match with the expressions on the right?
abinitio
actusreusadlitem
bonafide(s)
bonavacantia
consensusad idem
corpusdelicti
defacto
dejure
denovodoli
capax
doliincapax
ex
gratia
exparte
ex post facto
21. A decision correctly made by a court, whichcan be used as a precedent
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habeascorp
us
in flagrantedelicto
in locoparentis
in personam inrem
interalia
in terrorem
ipsofacto
ipsojure
locus
standi
malain
se
malaprohibita
mensrea
non compos mentis
onusprobandi
paripass
u
percuriam
per se
primafacie
protempore
quid pro
quo
resjudicata
uberrimae
fidei
ultravires
can be used as a precedent.
22. Capable of committing a crime.
23. The duty to prove that what has been allegedin court is true.
24. In total good faith, a state which should existbetween parties to some types of legalrelationship.
25. A real agreement to a contract by bothparties.
26. A situation where the legal title is clear.27. Referring to the case at law.28. Mad, or not completely sane.29. With no owner, or no obvious owner.
30. The mental state required to be guilty ofcommitting a crime.31. An action done in return for something done
or promised.32. From the beginning.33. Legal action against a thing (for example, one
party claims property or goods in thepossession of another).
34. An act forbidden by criminal law.35. Not capable of committing a crime.36. The real proof that a crime has been
committed.37. An act which is not a crime, but is forbidden.38. In good faith.
39. Acting in a way which exceeds your legalpowers.
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For the exam:From the book GOLEGAL
1. Exercise 1 page 42. Exercise 2 page 5
3. Exercise 4 pag 6
4. Exercise 1 page 19
5. Exercise 1 page 24
6. Exercise 1page 31
7. Exercise 2 page 34
8. Exercise 3 page 379. Exercise 1, 2, 3 page 68
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THANK YOU VERYTHANK YOU VERYTHANK YOU VERYTHANK YOU VERYMUCH FOR YOURMUCH FOR YOURMUCH FOR YOURMUCH FOR YOUR
ATTENTIONATTENTIONATTENTIONATTENTION