Download - Convertoare Statice multinivel
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Convertoare statice multinivelConvertoare statice multinivel
Note de Curs Prof. Univ. Dr. Ing. Dan FLORICAU
Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
Note de Curs Prof. Univ. Dr. Ing. Dan FLORICAU
Universitatea POLITEHNICA din Bucureti
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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AplicatiiAplicatii
9 Domeniu cu o crestere importanta9 Tensiuni de 2 la 10kV9 Puteri de la 300kW la 10MW
Marine
Propulsion marine
Conversia de Energie de Putere MareExemplu: Reglarea vitezei in cadrul aplicatiilor de tensiune medie
MtallurgieLaminoir
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Celula elementar de comutaie 2NCelula elementar de comutaie 2N
Proprieti:V ripple = EF ripple = fpV max IGBT = E
Proprieti:V ripple = EF ripple = fpV max IGBT = E
Dispozitive semiconductoare de putere:-gama limitat (
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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AplicaiiAplicaii
Wind energy
Pompare,
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Power Static Converters
Matrix Converter
Flying Capacitor Cascaded
Topologies Hybrid Topologies
Cycloconverter Current Source
2-Level VSI
NPC Coupled Inductor
SMC 3L-CI 3L-SNPC
Cascaded NPCs 5L-NPC-CI
3L-ASNPC
NPC+ Cascaded H-Bridge
FC+ Cascaded H-Bridge
Other Other
MMC Cascaded Half-Bridge
CHB Cascaded H-Bridge
Equal DC sources
Unequal DC sources
7L-ASNPC
H-NPC
3L-ANPC
5L-ANPC-FC
AVNPC
Direct Conversion AC/AC
Indirect Conversion(DC-Link) AC/DC/AC
Voltage Source
Multilevel Converters
Topologies elaborated byDan FLORICAU
5L-ANPC-CI
Convertoare statice: clasificareConvertoare statice: clasificare
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Creterea grosimii
Cresterea suprafetei
Grosime
Dispozitive semiconductoare de putereDispozitive semiconductoare de putere
9 Cresterea capabilitatii in tensiune (+)9 Reducerea performantelor (-)
Suprafata
9 Cresterea curentului (+)9 Performante echivalente (=)
Calibrul intreruptoarelor de putere
Suprafata de siliciu a
dispozitivului semiconductor
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Pentru a obine aceste niveluri de tensiune / putere, dou soluii sunt posibile:
9 Fractionarea in tensiune9 Asocierea celulelor de comutatie sau a convertoarelor
Avantaje
9 Cresterea puterii9 Cresterea performantelor9 O mai buna modularitate9Mai multe grade de libertate
Dezavantaje
9 Repartizarea tensiunii la bornele intreruptoarelor9 Utilizarea gradelor de libertate
Fracionare sau asociereFracionare sau asociere
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Avantaje:
9 Cresterea tensiunii9 Intreruptoare de calibru redus9Macro-intreruptoare mai performante9 Cresterea fp
Dezavantaje:
9 Repartizarea solicitarilor in tensiune9 Nici-o ameliorare a formelor de unda
Asocierea serie a intreruptoarelorAsocierea serie a intreruptoarelor
9 Repartizarea tensiunii la bornele intreruptoarelor9 Asocierea celulelor de comutatie sau a convertoarelor
Asocierea serie:
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Avantaje
9 Cresterea curentului comutat
Dezavantaje
9 Nici o ameliorare a performantelor9 Nici o ameliorare a formelor de unda
Asocierea paralela a intreruptoarelorAsocierea paralela a intreruptoarelor
9Cresterea curentului
Asocierea paralela:
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Celule de comutatie suprapuse
Structura 3L- SC4 (Stacked Cells, Bhagwat-1980)Structura 3L- SC4 (Stacked Cells, Bhagwat-1980)
S1, S2c
ik
uk
S1c+ S2
ik
uk
Properties:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fp
Properties:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fp
V max IGBTV max IGBT
Proprietati ale intreruptoarelor
E
iload
A O
S1
S1c S2
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
E/2
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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E
iload
A O
S1
S1c S2
S2c
+ -
+ -
Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells)
E
iload
A O
S1
S1c S2
S2c
+ -
+ -
10*iload
uAOE/2
E/2
Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells)
Celule de comutatie suprapuse
S1c+S2 interuptor in 4 cadrane ?S1c+S2 interuptor in 4 cadrane ?
iload>0, iload0, iload0 Sr
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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1 Duty cycle
vAO [u.r.]
1 2
-1 1 0
Sd1
Sd2
Sr
Comanda PWMComanda PWM
1Durate de conductie T1
2Durate de conductie T2
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Analiza FFT a tensiunii de iesire pentru 3L-SCAnaliza FFT a tensiunii de iesire pentru 3L-SC
Spectrul tensiunii de iesire 2N:
Spectrul tensiunii de iesire 3N-SC:
f1=50Hzfp=1kHz
10*iload
uAOE/2
E/2
iloadf1=50Hz
fp=1kHz
ppmax fL
EfL
/EI == 842
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Structura 3L-NPC (Neutral Point Clamped)Structura 3L-NPC (Neutral Point Clamped)
Principiul structurii:
9 Conectarea serie a intreruptoarelor9 Utilizarea diodelor clamp pentru a fixa tensiunea la bornele intreruptoarelor S1 si S2c atunci candconduc S2 si S1c9 divizarea tensiunii de alimentare
1Durata de conductie T1
2Durata de conductie T2
Celula 1: S1-S1c
Celula 2: S2-S2c
(Nabae, 1981)(Nabae, 1981)
+ -
+ -
E
O
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
Du
Dd
2 1
Raport de conductie
vAO [u.r.] 1
1
0 -1
iload
R
L
A
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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3L-NPC: Configuratii posibile3L-NPC: Configuratii posibile
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
Du
Dd
E
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
Du
Dd
E
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = fpV max IGBT = E/2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = fpV max IGBT = E/2
S1 et S2 = ONS1c et S2c = OFF
S1 et S2 = OFFS1c et S2c = ON
S1 et S2c = OFFS1c et S2 = ON
VAO = E/2
VAO = -E/2 VAO = 0
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
Du
Dd
E
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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+ -
+ -
iload
A O
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
Du
Dd
E
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
Du
Dd
E
Tensiune zero la iesire: 2 cazuri posibileTensiune zero la iesire: 2 cazuri posibile
iload>0 iload
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells)
10*iload
uAOE/2
E/2
Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells) Structure 3L- SC (Stacked Cells)
Celula 3L-NPC
Celula 3L-NPC = 2 celule de baza + 2 diode clampCelula 3L-NPC = 2 celule de baza + 2 diode clamp
iload>0, iload0, iload0 Sr
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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1 Duty cycle
vAO [u.r.]
1 2
-1 1 0
Sd1
Sd2
Sr
Implementarea comenzii PWMImplementarea comenzii PWM
1Durata de conductie
T1
2Durata de conductie
T2
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Analiza FFT a tensiunii de iesire pentru 3L-NPCAnaliza FFT a tensiunii de iesire pentru 3L-NPC
Spectrul tensiunii de iesire 2N:
Spectrul tensiunii de iesire 3N-NPC:
fs=50Hz
fp=1kHz
10*iload
uAOE/2
E/2
iload
ppmax fL
EfL
/EI == 842
fs=50Hzfp=1kHz
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Structura multinivel Flying Capacitor (FC)
+ 2L
Celula de baza
2LCelula de baza
+
E
iload + E/2
E
iload +
E
iload +
Principiul structurii:
9 Asocierea serie directa9 Adaugarea unei surse intermediare de tensiune9 Fractionarea tensiunii de intrare
3LCelula cu 3 niveluri de tensiune
(Meynard 1991)
Prin introducerea unei surseintermediare se fixeaza tensiunea la bornele intreruptoarelor
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Combinatii posibile (Chopper de t.c.) :
+
E
+
E/2
iload
C1 C2
S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E
+
E/2
iload S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E
+
E/2
iload S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E
+
E/2
iload S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E
+
E/2
iload S1 S2
S1c S2c
Vs = E Vs = E/2
Vs = E/2 Vs = 0
9 3 niveluri de tensiune [0, E/2, E]9 2 posibilitati pentru a face E/2
Identificarea celulelor de comutatieIdentificarea celulelor de comutatie
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Combinatii posibile (invertor cu punct median) :
+ E/2
+
E/2
iload S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E/2
+ E/2
+
E/2
iload S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E/2
+ E/2
+
E/2
iload S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E/2
+ E/2
+
E/2
iload S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E/2
9 3 niveluri de tensiune [-E/2, 0, E/2]9 2 posibilitati pentru a face 0
Vs = E/2 Vs = 0
Vs = 0 Vs = -E/2
+ E/2 +
E/2
iload
C1 C2
S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E/2
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Exemple de ralisation industrielle
Solutia Alstom:
9 Conversia 4 niveluri9 Structura Flying Capacitor
Locomotiva T13 care utilizeaza un convertor multinivel 3kV
Exemple de realizare industriela
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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+ E + E/2 iload
3~
+ E + E/2 iload
C1 C2
S1 S2
S1c S2c
Realizarea cu ajutorul unei surseideale:
Realizarea sursei intermediare
9 Structura PREA scumpa si complexa 9 Purtatoarele sunt decalate cu 180 (caz ideal)
Realizarea cu ajutorul unui condensatorflotant:
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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S1
Sd1 Sd2
S2
S2c
E/2
0
Sr
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
E/2 0
(a)
-E/2
VAO
S1c
P P O2O2 O1
S1
S1c
S2S2c
Sr
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
Sd1 Sd2
O3
E/2
-E/2
O4 NN
0
E/2 0
(b) VAO
O4
+ E/2 +
E/2
iload
C1 C2
S1 S2
S1c S2c
+
E/2
O A
Stratgie MLI (doublement de la frquence en sortie)
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fd/2V max IGBT = E/2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fd/2V max IGBT = E/2
FdLE
FdL/EImax == 1624
2Niveluri de tensiune: -E/2; 0Niveluri de tensiune: 0; E/2
Stratgie MLI (doublement de la frquence en sortie)Stratgie MLI (doublement de la frquence en sortie)Stratgie MLI (doublement de la frquence en sortie)Strategie PWM (dublarea frecventei aparente de comutatie)
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Bilant asupra controlului tensiunii flotante
9 Curentii la frecventa de comutatie participa la echilibrarea naturala9Daca sursele intermediare sunt dezechilibrate, exista armonici la frecventa de comutatie asupra tensiunii de iesirei
Trei solutii:
+ E + E/2 iload
C1 C2
S1 S2
S1c S2c
Rf Lf Cf
+ E + E/2 iload
C1 C2
S1 S2
S1c S2c
Control actif
Nu se face nimic Se adauga un filtru auxiliar Se introduce un control activ
(-) Echilibraj natural LENT(-) Daca nu exista sarcina, nu exista echilibrare(-) Daca sarcina este puternic inductiva(masina el.) exista putine armonici la Fp, deci echilibraj Goarte Lent (+) nu necesita nimic altceva
(+) Echilibraj natural RAPID(+) Echilibraj natural si in absenta sarcinii(+) Daca sarcina este puternic inductiva, nu este o problema(-) necesita introducerea unui filtru (pefaza)
(+) Echilibrare RAPIDA in bucla inchisa(-) Daca nu exista sarcina, nu exista echilibrare(-) Dinamica poate depinde de valoareacutrentului de iesire
+ E + E/2 iload
C1 C2
S1 S2
S1c S2c
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Elemente de dimensionare
+ E + E/2 iload
C1 C2
S1 S2
S1c S2c
Rf Lf Cf
IGBT
Calibru in tensiune E/2 Calibru in curent Is Frecventa Fp
CondensatorIntermediar
Tensiune E/2
max2 VcFdpI
C s=
Filtraj
Factorul 4 ne permite sa reducem ondulatiilecurentului de 4 ori (la aceeasi inductivitate ca in cazulstructurii 2L) SAU reducerea inductivitatii de 4 ori pentruaceleasi ondulatii de curent
Sarcina auxiliara
Frecventa de rezonanta la Fp
dff
f fCL
== 21
102
.LCR
zf
ff
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Structura 3L-ANPC (Brckner, 2001)
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2
FdLE
FdL/EImax == 1624
2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fd/2V max IGBT = E/2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = Fd/2V max IGBT = E/2
PWM 1 PWM 2 PWM 3
FdLE
FdL/EImax == 84
2PWM 1PWM 2
PWM 3
1=3
1
vAO [u.r.] 1
2
-1 0
2 1
vAO [u.r.] 1
1 3
-1 0
Duty cycle Duty cycle
2
(b) (a)
Duty cycle 2 1
vAO [u.r.] 1
1 3
-1 0
(c)
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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3L-ANPC: Strategia PWM 1
2
1 Duty cycle
vAO [u.r.]
1 3
-1 1 0 (b)
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
(a)
Voltage levels: -E/2; 0Voltage levels: 0; E/2
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
S3
S3c
VAO
0
Sr*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
E/2 0
(a)
carrier H
O+
E/2
P
O+
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
S3
0
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
E/2 0
(b)
S3c
O-O-
-E/2
VAO
N
carrier L
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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10*iload
uAOE/2
-E/2
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
PWM 1: combinatii posibile
Sr>0 Sr
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
3L-ANPC: PWM 1
PWM 1: Implementare PSIM
Simulated results for the 3L-ANPC PWM-1 (VDC/2=1500V, R=5, L=10mH, M=0.8, fs=1000Hz)
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Pierderi totale in DSPPierderi totale in DSP
Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-ANPC PWM-1 converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=1000Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ++==
2cos
31cos
341
2MIdxxfxsinI2
21I 1T
21conTrms
The following hypotheses were considered to calculate the losses in power devices:
9 the load is linear;9 the load current is sinusoidal;9 the current and voltage ripples are neglected;9 the dead times of the IGBT modules are neglected.
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
( ) ( ) ( )[ ]+ ==
sincos
4M2IdxxfxsinI2
21I 1T
1conTavg
( ) ( )( )+==
cos1
22IdxxsinI2
21I 1swTavg
( )( ) ( ) +==
22sin
21IdxxsinI2
21I
21swTrms
T1
( ) [ ]= 0, x,xsinMxfT1
3L-ANPC: PWM 1
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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3L-ANPC: Strategie PWM 2
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
1=3
1
vAO [u.r.] 1
2
-1 0
Duty cycle
2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = FdV max IGBT = E/2
Sr>0Sr
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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Sr>0 Sr
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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S1
S3c
S2
S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
S1
S3c
S2
S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
10*iload
uAOE/2
-E/2
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
E/2
uAO=E/2 uAO=0
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
E/2
S1
S3c
S2
S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
S1
S3c
S2
S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
uAO=-E/2uAO=0
PWM 2: Combinatii posibile
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
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S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
3L-ANPC: PWM 2
PWM 2: Implementare PSIM
Simulated results for the 3L-ANPC PWM-12(VDC/2=1500V, R=5, L=10mH, M=0.8, fs=1000Hz)
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
37
Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-ANPC PWM-2 converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=1000Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ++==
2cos
31cos
341
2MIdxxfxsinI2
21I 1T
21conTrms
The following hypotheses were considered to calculate the losses in power devices:
9 the load is linear;9 the load current is sinusoidal;9 the current and voltage ripples are neglected;9 the dead times of the IGBT modules are neglected.
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
( ) ( ) ( )[ ]+ ==
sincos
4M2IdxxfxsinI2
21I 1T
1conTavg
( ) ( )( )+==
cos1
22IdxxsinI2
21I 1swTavg
( )( ) ( ) +==
22sin
21IdxxsinI2
21I
21swTrms
( ) [ ]= 0, x,xsinMxfT1
3L-ANPC: MLI 2
T1
Pierderi totale in DSPPierderi totale in DSP
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
38
3L-ANPC: Strategie PWM 3 (Prof. D. FLORICAU, 2008)
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = 2FdV max IGBT = E/2
Proprietati:V ripple = E/2F ripple = 2FdV max IGBT = E/2
Sr>0Sr
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
39
Sr>0 Sr
-
Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
40
10*iload
uAOE/2
-E/2
PWM 3: Spectru de armonici pentrutensiunea de iesire
Spectre de la tension de sortie 2N:
Fs=50Hz
Fd=1kHz
Fs=50Hz
2Fd=1000Hz
Spectre de la tension de sortie 3N-ANPC PWM 3:
Fd=500Hz
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
41
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
3L-ANPC: PWM 3
PWM 3: Implementare PSIM
Simulated results for the 3L-ANPC PWM-3 (VDC/2=1500V, R=5, L=10mH, M=0.8, fs=500Hz)
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
42
Simulated distribution of losses in 3L-ANPC PWM-3 converter featuring Eupec IGBTs (VDC= 3000V, Irms=200A, fs=500Hz, Eupec FF200R33KF2C): (a) PF=-1, M=0.05, (b) PF=1, M=0.95
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ++==
2cos
31cos
341
2MIdxxfxsinI2
21I 1T
21conTrms
The following hypotheses were considered to calculate the losses in power devices:
9 the load is linear;9 the load current is sinusoidal;9 the current and voltage ripples are neglected;9 the dead times of the IGBT modules are neglected.
S1
S3c
S2 S1c
S3
S2c
+ -
+ -
E
A O iload
R
L
( ) ( ) ( )[ ]+ ==
sincos
4M2IdxxfxsinI2
21I 1T
1conTavg
( ) ( )( )+==
cos1
22IdxxsinI2
21I 1swTavg
( )( ) ( ) +==
22sin
21IdxxsinI2
21I
21swTrms
( ) [ ]= 0, x,xsinMxfT1
3L-ANPC: PWM 3
T1
Pierderi totale in DSPPierderi totale in DSP
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
43
Celula de comutatie 5L-SMC (Gateau, 2001)
VDC
iload
A O
+ -
+ -
+ -
VDC
iload 3L-FC(1991)
3L-SC(1980)
iload A O
+ -
+ -
VDC
+
5L-Stacked Multilevel Converter(Gateau, 2001)
-
Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
44
Celula de comutatie 5L-ANPC (Barbosa, 2005)Celula de comutatie 5L-ANPC (Barbosa, 2005)
+ -
VDC
iload
+ -
+ -
VDC
iload A O
+
ANPC-3L(2001)
FC-3L(1992)
5L-Barbosa Topology (2005) (5L-ANPC)
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
VDC
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
45
Strategia PWM pentru 5L-ANPCStrategia PWM pentru 5L-ANPC
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
VDC
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
S3
S3c
S4
S4c
R
L
S1
S1c
S2S2c
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
VDC/4 0
(a)
carrier 1 carrier 2
P1 P1
VDC/2
0
VAO
S3, 4S3c, 4c
P1O+ O+
VDC/4
S1
carrier 1 carrier 2
S2
S2c
S3, 4
VDC/2
0
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
VDC/4
0(b)
S3c, 4c
VDC/4
VAO
S1c
VDC/4
P2P2 P1P1 P1
Higher levels: 0, +VDC/4, +VDC/2Higher levels: 0, +VDC/4, +VDC/2
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
46
Strategia PWM pentru 5L-ANPCStrategia PWM pentru 5L-ANPC
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
VDC
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
S3
S3c
S4
S4c
R
L
S1
carrier 3 carrier 4
S2
S2c
S3, 4
-VDC/2
0
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
VDC/4 0
(c)
S3c, 4c
-VDC/4
VAO
S1c
-VDC/4
O- O-N1 N1 N1
S1
S1c
S2S2c
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
VDC/4
0
(d)
carrier 3 carrier 4
N1 N1
-VDC/2
0
VAO
S3, 4S3c, 4c
N1N2
-VDC/4 N2
-VDC/4 Lower levels: 0, -VDC/4, -VDC/2Lower levels: 0, -VDC/4, -VDC/2
Fig. 18
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
47
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
VDC
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
S3
S3c
S4
S4c
R
L
Rezultate ale simularilor pentru 5L-ANPCRezultate ale simularilor pentru 5L-ANPC
VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
48
Celula de comutatie 3L-SNPC (Floricau, 2007)
Este alcatuita din 6 intreruptoare (3 celule de comutatie: S1-S1c , S2-S2csi S3-S3c) si doua diode clamp (Du, Dd) ;
Fiecare intreruptor este capabil sa suporte o tensiune egala cu VDC/2.
iload
+ -
+ -
VDC
A O
S1
S1c S3
S3c S2c
S2 Du
Dd
2 1
vAO [u.r.] 1
10.5
3
-1 0
Duty cycle
(a) PWM1 (b) PWM2
2 1
Duty cycle
1
1 3
vAO [u.r.] -1 0
Celulele de comutatie sunt comandatecu rapoartele de conductie 1, 2 si 3:
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
49
Strategia PWM-1 pentru 3L-SNPC
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
S3 S3c
VAO
0
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
VDC/2 0
(a)
carrier H
O+
VDC/2
P
O+
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
S3
0
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
VDC/2 0
(b)
S3c
O-O-
-VDC/2
VAO
N
carrier L
Voltage levels: -VDC/2; 0Voltage levels: 0; VDC/2
N state
iload>0
+ -
+ -
VDC
A
O
iload0 iload0
+ -
+ -
A O
S1
S1c S3
S3c S2c
S2 Du
Dd
O+ state
iload
-
Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
50
Strategia PWM-2 pentru 3L-SNPC
S1
S1c
S2 S2c
0
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
VDC/2 0
(a)
carrier 1 carrier 2
O2+ O1+ O1+
VDC/2
-VDC/2
VAO
P P
S3
S3c
O1- state
iload>0 + -
+ -
VDC
A
O
iload0
iload0
+ -
+ -
A O
S1
S1c S3
S3c S2c
S2 Du
Dd
O1+ state
iload
-
Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
51
Rezultate experimentale pentru 3L-SNPC
3L-SNPC Structure
FPGA Card
RL LoadR=16.7L=6mH
iload
+ -
+ -
VDC
A O
S1
S1c S3
S3c S2c
S2 Du
Dd R
L
100V/div, 5A/div, 4ms/div
3L-SNPC
-
Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
52
Celula de comutatie 3L-ASNPC (Floricau, 2009)Celula de comutatie 3L-ASNPC (Floricau, 2009)
+ -
+ -
VDC
iload A O
+
3L-ANPC(2001)
3L-SC(1980)
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
VDC
3L-Active SNPC (Floricau, 2009)
iload A O
+ -
+ -
VDC
Fig. 25
Fig. 26
Fig. 27
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
53
Strategia PWM pentru 3L-ASNPCStrategia PWM pentru 3L-ASNPC
+ -
+ -
VDC
iload
A O
S1
S2c S3
S4c S3c
S2 S1c
S4
(a)
1
Duty cycle
vAO [u.r.] 1
1=2 3=4
(b) -1 0
0.5
R
L
Fig. 28
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
S3c = S4 = S4c = 0
0
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
VDC/2 0
(a)
carrier 2 carrier 1
O2+ O1+ O1+
VDC/2
-VDC/2
VAO
P P
S3
Fig. 29
S1 = S1c = S2 = 0
carrier 2 carrier 1
S3
S3c
S4
VDC/2
0
V*
0 Tsw/2 Tsw
VDC/2 0
(b)
S4c
O1-
N N
O2-O1-
-VDC/2
VAO
S2p
-
Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
54
+ -
+ -
iload
A O
VDC
S1
S1c
S2
S2c
S3
S3c
S4
S4c
R
L
Rezultate ale simularilor pentru 5L-ANPCRezultate ale simularilor pentru 5L-ANPC
VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9
Fig. 30
Fig. 31
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
55
Rezultate ale simularilor pentru 3L-ASNPCRezultate ale simularilor pentru 3L-ASNPC
+ -
+ -
VDC
iload
A O
S1
S2c S3
S4c S3c
S2 S1c
S4 R
L
Fig. 32VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
56
Rezultate ale simularilor pentru ASNPC-3LRezultate ale simularilor pentru ASNPC-3L
Fig. 34
+ -
+ -
VDC
iload
A O
S1
S2c S3
S4c S3c
S2 S1c
S4 R
L
VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
57
Rezultate ale simularilor pentru ASNPC-3LRezultate ale simularilor pentru ASNPC-3L
+ -
+ -
VDC
iload
A O
S1
S2c S3
S4c S3c
S2 S1c
S4 R
L
Fig. 35VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, Fs=500Hz, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
58
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1
Power Factor
L
o
s
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
W
] PC1 PC2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1
Power Factor
L
o
s
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
W
]
PC1 PC2
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1
Power Factor
L
o
s
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
W
] P S1 P S1c P S2 P S2c
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1
Power Factor
L
o
s
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
W
]
P S1 P S1c P S2 P S2c
Fig. 42.a
Fig. 42.b
Fig. 43.a
Fig. 43.b
Distributia pierderilor in 5L-ANPC si 3L-ASNPC (M=0.05)Distributia pierderilor in 5L-ANPC si 3L-ASNPC (M=0.05)
5L-ANPC: M=0.05, Fsw=10000 Hz 3L-ASNPC: M=0.05, Fsw=20000 Hz
BSM 300 GB 60 DCL (600) BSM 300 GB 120 DCL (1200)
I(load) RMS =200A
-
Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
59
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1
Power Factor
L
o
s
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
W
]
PC1 PC2
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1
Power Factor
L
o
s
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
W
]
PC1 PC2
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1
Power Factor
L
o
s
s
D
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
W
]
P S1 P S1c P S2 P S2c
0
100
200
300
400
500
1 0.86 0.7 0.5 0 -1
Power Factor
L
o
s
s
d
i
s
t
r
i
b
u
t
i
o
n
[
W
]
P S1 P S1c P S2 P S2c
5L-ANPC: M=0.95, Fsw=10000 Hz 3L-ASNPC: M=0.95, Fsw=20000 Hz
Fig. 44.a
Fig. 44.b
Fig. 45.a
Fig. 45.b
BSM 300 GB 60 DCL (600) BSM 300 GB 120 DCL (1200)
I(load) RMS =200A
Distributia pierderilor in 5L-ANPC si 3L-ASNPC (M=0.95)Distributia pierderilor in 5L-ANPC si 3L-ASNPC (M=0.95)
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Prof. Dan FLORICAU Note de Curs - v.01 (2011-2012) Universitatea POLITEHNICA Bucuresti
60
Studiu comparativStudiu comparativ
Fig. 46 5L-ANPC: Fsw=500 Hz Fig. 47 3L-ASNPC: Fsw=1000 Hz
VDC=800V, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9VDC=800V, R=1, L=1mH, M=0.9