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    Transforming Citieswith TransitRobert Cervero

    Panel onPlanning the Future ofCities & Urban Mobility

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    Motorization & Car-Dependent Cities

    • Equate with:

     – Air Pollution…Local & Global – Fossil Fuel Dependence

     – Social Exclusion

     – Neighborhood Disruption

     – Mounting Congestion -- Erodes Economic

    Growth & Quality of Life (Time Pollution)

    Induced Demand

    Can’t Built Your way Out of

    Traffic

    Congestion 

    Developed World 

    :

    9

    0

    % of added

    capacity gets consumed within 3

    -

    5 years

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    ASI Model: Avoid, Shift, Improve

    Avoid Shift Improve

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    Urban Visions Driving Transport Investments

    Urban Vision/Land Use

    TransportInfrastructure

    • Developing Countries: with more congestion &pent-up demand for accessible locations,

    expect stronger city-shaping impacts of new

    motorways, metros, BRT

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    Land Use Visions shaping

    Transport Programs

    COPENHAGEN’s FINGER PLAN

    Ballerup

    Omstad

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    Copenhagen

    The Bicycle City

    The Micro-Scale

    Rail Station

    Protected Bike Parking

    at Rail

    Station

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    1953 1974COPENHAGEN: LAND RECLAMATION FROM THE PRIVATE CAR

    20101978

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    3D’s of the

    Built Environment 

    Density

    Diversity   Design

    Less VKT/capita

    Impacts 

    R. Cervero & K. Kockelman, Travel

    Demand and the 3Ds: Density, Diversity,

    Design, Transportation Research, 1996.

    Sustainable Urbanism: Shaping Travel Through City Design

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    Dense & CompactUrban Form Matters

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    Civic

    Commercial

    Residential

    Before After  

    DIVERSITY: Mixed Land Uses

    Advantages of Mixed Uses:

    • Shortens trips; promotes

    walking/cycling & transit

    • Allows consolidating trips

    -- “trip chaining”

    • Spreads trips throughout day/

    week – activates/invigorates

    the project; natural surveillance

    • Allows shared parking

    Neighborhood

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    Mockingbi rd Stat ion 

    BeforeAfter 

    Reinventing/Reimagining: Adaptive Re-Use in Dallas

    Before AfterPlano Trans it Vil lage 

    Mockingbi rd Stat ion 

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    From mall parking lot to MXD of condos, senior housing, and daylit creek park 

    Thornton Place, Northgate Mall, North Seattle, WA: LEED-ND pilotprogram

    Northgate

    Transit

    Center

    Adaptive Re-Use: Seattle Shopping Mall

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    Place making/Public realm 

    DESIGN

    “Softening” perceptions of densities 

    Enhancing walking environments 

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    Urban Design & Pedestrian Access to Metros

    1.739.500

    352.800

    157.200

    -

     200.000

     400.000

     600.000

     800.000

     1.000.000

     1.200.000

     1.400.000

     1.600.000

     1.800.000

     2.000.000

    New York London Beijing

    Jobs accessed by foot

    within 20 minutes from a

    major CBD metro station

    Source: World Bank, Urban

    Transport for Development, 2008

    Beijing Central Station

    l i i i i l f hi i i

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    Key TOD Planning & Design Principles for Chinese Cities

    Break Up the Superblocks! 

    Source: Calthorpe Associates,

    Transit Oriented Districts Plan, Liangjiang New District, Chongqing Planning Bureau, 2013

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    Transit Oriented Development (TOD)• Compact

    • Mixed Land Uses

    • Pedestrian-friendly design

    • Physically “oriented” to transit; not just “adjacent”

    Transit Station & Environs – “A Place to Be…Not Just to Pass Through”

    Site Design

    Calthorpe’s

    ModelPleasant Hill

    California

    BART

    TOD

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    TOD is not new

    1906

    1912

    T it O i t d D l t (TOD) i St kh l

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    Retail

    Core

    Multi-familyHousing

    Single-

    Family

    Housing

    Green

    Area

    Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in StockholmTOD on a Green Field: Văllingby

    Industrial

    Zone

    Vällingby

    Single-

    FamilyHousing

    Single-

    Family

    Housing

    Tramway Spine

    Skinny Streets/

    Traffic Calming

    Hammarby

    Sjöstad Congestion Pricing

    Community

    Gardens

    TOD on a Brown Field: Hammarby Sjȫstad 

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    TODMobile Sources

    Green UrbanismStationary Sources

    • Design

    World-class transit

    (trunk & distribution)

    Station as hub)

    • Non-motorized access

    (bikepaths, ped-ways)

    • Bikesharing/

    Carsharing

    • Minimal Parking

    (reduced land

    consumption, building

    massing &

    impervious surfaces)

    • Energy self-sufficient

    (renewably powered –

    solar, wind turbines)

    • Zero-waste (recycle;re-use; methane

    digesters; rainwater

    collection for irrigation& gray-water use)

    • Community gardens

    (compost, canopies,

    food security)

    • Buildings: Green Roofs,

    Orientation (optimaltemperatures),

    Materials(reycled; low impact)

    Green TODA Marriage of TOD & Green Urbanism

    R. Cervero and K. Sullivan, 2011, Green TODs: Marrying Transit-Oriented

    Development and Green Urbanism. International Journal of Sustainable

    Development & World Ecology , Vol. 18, No. 3, 2011, pp. 210-218;.

    Overall Carbon Reduction/Energy Savings:

    33% below conventional development

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    Central Saint Giles, London … “Best” TOD in

    ITDB’s TOD Standard• 11-story office building with 405,000 ft2 of commercial space.

    • 15-story residential building with 109 dwelling units, half of which

    are affordable (in exchange for 2 more commercial floors).

    • Central pedestrian plaza between the 2 buildings, surrounded

    by 24,500ft2 of ground floor transparent retail & restaurant space.

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    TOD: Types & Functions• Market Served: Neighborhood; District; Regional

    • Land-Use Make-Up: Commercial-Office; Residential; Mixed-Use; “Complete Community”

    • Dominant Function:Node (access/logistics) vs. Place-Making (destination)

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    TOD Design Challenge: Conflict of Place and Node

    Node

    • Logistical Points – Interchange for Parking, Bus,Paratransit, Kiss-&-Ride, Taxi, Bikes, Scooters,

    Pedestrians, Delivery Trucks

    • Conflict Points - Safety 

    • Design Perspective – Engineering

    Place

    • Community Hub – Modern-day “Agora”

    • Attractive Milieu - Comfortable, Memorable,

    Accent on Aesthetics & Amenities, Connectivity,

    Legibility, Natural Surveillance

    • Design Perspective – Architecture/Planning

    O l i i l d

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    TOD Planning in Portland 50-year vision for

    managing region’s

    growth

    Hierarchy ofTransit-OrientedCenters: compact,

    mixed use, greatwalking, civic spaces,parking reforms

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    Planning for TOD: Building a TypologyMetro Portland

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    Stations

    with highest

    TOD Potential

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    • Exclusive Lanes: physical separation

    •  Advanced Bus Technology: clean fuels, light-weight materials, low floors, advancedcommunications, docking systems

    • Supportive Elements: signal priorities, busturnouts, curb realignments, AVL, automatedrouting & dispatching, NextBUS

    • Expeditious Fare Collection & Boarding:off -vehicle payment, smart cards

    High-capacity, high-quality

    services that mimic urbanrail at a much lower cost

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     Adelaide  TGB/  O - Bahn 

    BRT: Flexible, Versatile, Fast- Action

    • Eliminating the “Scourge

    of Public Transport”…the

    dreaded Transfer…by

    integrating line-haul & feeder

    functions

    Bus Transit’s Flexibility

    Advantages

    ResidentialCollection

    Destination Distribution 

    Line

    Haul

    Brisbane

    Busway 

    ld d

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    BRT Systems Worldwide (2013)

    Source: BRTData.org

    Average Weekday Riders per BRT Km among BRT Cities

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    Average Weekday Riders per BRT Km among BRT Cities,

    by Continent-Region, 2013 Source: BRTDATA.ORG

    Center-Lane Station withAt-Grade Crossing, Quito

    Bus Transit & Urban Development

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    Bus Transit & Urban Development 

    • Land-use impacts muted by:

     – Lower accessibility benefits (slowerspeeds, stop-and-go)?

     – Non-permanence of investment?

     – Negative externalities?

     – Stigma?

    • Exception: Dedicated Busways/BRT(…. plus pro-act ive, forw ard-looking 

    planning) 

    Curitiba BRT T it O i t d C id

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    Curitiba: BRT Transit Oriented Corridors

    LINEAL

    GROWTH

    • Trinary : High - Rise Mixed - Use Corr idors

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    Tools:• Transit-Oriented Zoning Envelopes: mixed-use bonuses; TDR

    • New medium- to large-scale development has to be on Structural Axis

    •Urban Design Standards

    • Betterment Tax Financing

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    Curitiba’s Multiple Service-Price Points

    SURFACE METRO

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    Compact, Mixed-Use,

    Ped-Friendly Corridors

    allow eff ic ient 2-way travel f low s 

    ¼ Mile

    Curitiba Brasíli

    á

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    Curitiba Brasíliá

    Transit trips/capita/year*

    334 95

     VKT/capita/ year**

    7,900 16,700

    Brasíliá

    Curitiba

    * Confederação National do Transporte, 2002.

    ** E. Santos, 2011, Pioneer in BRT and Urban Planning,

    Lambert Academic Press.

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    Low-Income Social Housing

    removed from Curitiba’sBRT corridors.Source: Duarte and Ultramari, 2012

    Following in Curitiba’s Footsteps: Latin American BRTs

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    Following in Curitiba s Footsteps: Latin American BRTs

    São Paulo Belo Horizonte Quito

    Bogotá Ciudad de México León

    Volvo

    The BRT “Gold Standard”

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    1995

    Bogotá’sTransMilenio

    2001

    BRT matching the Throughputsof Metros: Dual Carriageways

    The BRT Gold Standard

    > 2 million riders per day

    TransMilenio has (mostly) failed to sprawn TOD

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    Median-Lane Operations (Low-Cost Investment) haslikely suppressed TransMilenio’s City-Shaping Impacts

    TransMilenio has (mostly) failed to sprawn TOD

    Serves marginal neighborhoods

    Poor Pedestrian Environments at Stations

    Bogota: Transformation of Station Areas 1998-2011

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    End Station Pairs Intermediate Station Pairs

    Bogota: Transformation of Station Areas, 1998-2011Matched Pair Comparisons  – Americas Corridor

    H. Suzuki, R. Cervero, K. Iuchi, 2013,

    Transforming Cities with Transit, World

    Bank.

    Bogotá’s Metrovivienda:

    http://www.ced.berkeley.edu/faculty/cervero_robert/Transforming%20Cities--COMPLETE.jpghttp://www.ced.berkeley.edu/faculty/cervero_robert/Transforming%20Cities--COMPLETE.jpg

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    Metrovivienda 

    Bundling low-cost

    Housing & Transport

    Free feeder

    buses

    Bogotá s Metrovivienda:

    Affordable Housing & Mobility

    TransMilenio

    BRT

    Bogotá’s

    Transportation

    Demand Management

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    Bogotá s Transportation Demand ManagementAuto-Restraints/Safe Pedestrian/Bike Corridors

    Before

    After

    Ciclovia

    Car-Free Sundays

    BRT & TOD in Guangzhou

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    Seamless & Connected

    • Skywalks blend into

    pedestrian network• Gentle grades/Landscaped

    • Links to 2nd floor retail

    shops

    BRT & TOD in Guangzhou

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    Perpendicular “Green Connectors”

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    Integration of BRT station bridge &

    building, with double-tier bike parking

    under the bridge.

    Public Bikes at Huajing Xincheng BRT

    station. The bike lane is paved and separated by

    a line of trees.

    BRT-Metrorail Physical Integration

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    N = 27R. Cervero and D. Dai, BRT TOD, 2014.

    Global BRT Study: Implementation Tools and Barriers

    BRT TOD Implementation Tools

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    p

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    Land Value Benefits of TOD

    t tion

    PercentIncrease

    in

    LandV

    alue

    Distance from Station

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    ½ Mile 1 Mile¾ Mile¼ Mile

    Land Value Premium in TODs

     t tion

    PercentIncrease

    in

    LandV

    alue

    Distance from Station

    5

    10

    15

    20

    25

    30

    35

    ½ Mile 1 Mile¾ Mile¼ Mile

    Land Value Premium in TODs

    Being Savvy

    Commercial Land Value Impacts, Seoul Korea: Distance to BRT Stops

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    Before (2004)After: 2005

    U.S. BRT Systems

    &

    Urban Regeneration:

    (2 U.S. cities with biggest

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    Pittsburgh East Busway: 9 miles;

    2002: 60 new developments within

    1500ft. of stations - $302 million in

    value

    y gpopulation losses)

    Cleveland Euclid Ave. BRT: $200

    million investment; $4.3 billion innew development (Cleveland Clinic

    - $1.2 billion expansion; Playhouse

    Square; Entertainment District)

    Midtown Mixed-UseDistrict; Zoning Overlays

    63’ Diesel-Electric

    Hybrids

    36 stations; 4.5 miles dedicated BRT;

    2.6 miles mixed-traffic

    Removed 1 lane;

    Funneled to parallel roads

    Close

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    • “Sustainable cities will never appear if the

    Transport System is not sustainable”UN Habitat, Global Report , 2013.

    • Aims: Transit should be more than “mobility”

    investments for relieving traffic congestion;should exploit transit’s city-shaping

    opportunities created by Rail/BRT; should

    be an integral, upfront part of the systemplanning, not an afterthought

    Close

    Close

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    •Visions & Planning Matter: Embrace pro-active

    planning; 3D’s – density, diversity, design (& breakup the LeCorbusier superblocks!)

    • Opportunities: Global South – rapidly urbanizing,modernizing & motorizing – is where TOD holds most promise;

    BRT TOD particularly promising. 2010-2030: 90% of urban

    population growth (2 billion new urbanites) will be in non-OECD countries – mostly cities 100K to 500K inhabitants

    • Supplement BRT/Transit Investments with TDM & Auto-

    Restraint measures – a Suite of Mobility Actions (upgradetransit, cycling, walking; price, regulate, restrain private car uses)

    Close


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